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Cacodylic Acid

PubChem CID
2513
Structure
Cacodylic Acid_small.png
Cacodylic Acid__Crystal_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • cacodylic acid
  • Dimethylarsinic acid
  • 75-60-5
  • Hydroxydimethylarsine oxide
  • Chexmate
Molecular Weight
138.00 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2004-09-16
  • Modify:
    2025-01-11
Description
Cacodylic Acid can cause cancer according to The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Cacodylic acid appears as a colorless, odorless crystalline solid. Melting point 195-196 °C. Toxic by ingestion and irritating to skin and eyes.
Sodium cacodylate appears as a white crystalline or granular solid with a slight odor. Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption. Used as a herbicide.

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Cacodylic Acid.png

1.2 3D Status

Conformer generation is disallowed since MMFF94s unsupported element

1.3 Crystal Structures

1 of 2
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CCDC Number
Crystal Structure Data
Crystal Structure Depiction
Crystal Structure Depiction

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

dimethylarsinic acid
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C2H7AsO2/c1-3(2,4)5/h1-2H3,(H,4,5)
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

OGGXGZAMXPVRFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

C[As](=O)(C)O
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

C2H7AsO2
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

75-60-5
124-65-2
917-76-0

2.3.2 Deprecated CAS

11126-73-1, 58114-73-1, 8073-10-7
63665-22-5
11126-73-1, 58114-73-1

2.3.3 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.4 UNII

2.3.5 UN Number

2.3.6 ChEBI ID

2.3.7 ChEMBL ID

2.3.8 DrugBank ID

2.3.9 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.10 HMDB ID

2.3.11 KEGG ID

2.3.12 Metabolomics Workbench ID

2.3.13 NCI Thesaurus Code

2.3.14 Nikkaji Number

2.3.15 NSC Number

2.3.16 Wikidata

2.3.17 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

  • Acid, Cacodylic
  • Acid, Dimethylarsinic
  • Cacodylate
  • Cacodylic Acid
  • Dimethylarsinate
  • Dimethylarsinic Acid

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
138.00 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
2
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
137.966199 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
137.966199 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
37.3 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
5
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
62
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Cacodylic acid appears as a colorless, odorless crystalline solid. Melting point 195-196 °C. Toxic by ingestion and irritating to skin and eyes.
Sodium cacodylate appears as a white crystalline or granular solid with a slight odor. Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption. Used as a herbicide.
Hygroscopic solid; [Merck Index] Colorless odorless hygroscopic solid; [CAMEO] White crystalline solid; [MSDSonline]
Trihydrate: White deliquescent solid; [Hawley] Colorless to light yellow odorless solid; [HSDB] White to yellowish odorless solid; [MSDSonline]
Solid

3.2.2 Color / Form

Crystals from alcohol and ether
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 263
Colorless
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 187
TRICLINIC CRYSTALS
Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. C-277
White; water solutions may be dyed blue
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.
Colorless to light yellow
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.
Crystalline solid
Farm Chemicals Handbook 2001. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister 2001., p. C 363

3.2.3 Odor

Odorless
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 187
None
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

3.2.4 Boiling Point

greater than 392 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
>200 °C
Ahrens, W.H. Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society of America. 7th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Science Society of America, 1994., p. 45

3.2.5 Melting Point

383 to 385 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
140 °F 140 °F for trihydrate. Liquifies in water of hydration at 140 °F and becomes anhydrous at 284 °F (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
195 °C
Lide, DR (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 81st Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2000, p. 3-15
200 °C
Farm Chemicals Handbook 2001. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister 2001., p. C 363
MP: APPROX 60 °C; 200 G/100 CC OF WATER @ 15-20 °C; 40 G/100 CC OF ALCOHOL@ 25 °C; 100 G/100 CC OF 90% ALCOHOL @ 15-20 °C /SODIUM CACODYLATE TRIHYDRATE/
Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 73rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1992-1993., p. 4-97

3.2.6 Solubility

Very soluble (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Soluble in acetic acid
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 263
Soluble in ethanol; insoluble in diethyl ether
Lide, DR (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 81st Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2000, p. 3-15
In water, 2X10+6 mg/l @ 25 °C.
Yalkowsky SH, Dannenfelser RM; The AQUASOL dATAbASE of Aqueous Solubility. Fifth ed, Tucson, AZ: Univ Az, College of Pharmacy (1992)
Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium, 11 th ed., British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, England 1997, p. 418
Soluble in short chain alcohols; insoluble in diethyl ether.
Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium, 11 th ed., British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, England 1997, p. 418

3.2.7 Density

greater than 1.1 at 68 °F (est.) (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
greater than 1 at 68 °F (est) (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

3.2.8 Vapor Pressure

0.0000001 [mmHg]
0.00000003 [mmHg]

3.2.9 Stability / Shelf Life

COMPLETELY STABLE IN STORAGE.
Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois: Weed Science Society of America, 1983., p. 87

3.2.10 Decomposition

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /arsenics/.
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 1862
Decomposed by powerful oxidizing or reducing agents.
Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium. 10th ed. Surrey, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1994., p. 353
When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /arsenic & sodium oxide/.
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 1862

3.2.11 Corrosivity

All formulations are mildly corrosive.
Ahrens, W.H. Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society of America. 7th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Science Society of America, 1994., p. 46
Corrodes common metals, but reaction is not hazardous.
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

3.2.12 Dissociation Constants

pKa = 1.57
Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p. 8-45
pKa = 6.29
Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium, 11 th ed., British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, England 1997, p. 418

3.2.13 Collision Cross Section

112.5 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW; Method: calibrated with polyalanine and drug standards]

3.2.14 Other Experimental Properties

Hygroscopic
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 263
Forms water-soluble sodium and potassium salts
Farm Chemicals Handbook 2001. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister 2001., p. C 68
It is decomp by powerful oxidizing or reducing agents.
Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium, 11 th ed., British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, England 1997, p. 419
Compatible with hard waters.
Ahrens, W.H. Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society of America. 7th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Science Society of America, 1994., p. 46
Granules; slight odor; liquefies in its water of hydration at about 60 °C; becomes anhydrous at 120 °C; burns with a bluish flame, emitting a garlic-like odor; pH about 8-9 /Sodium cacodylate trihydrate/
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1473
Deliquescent; white, amorphous crystals or powder; loses water at 120 °C /Sodium cacodylate trihydrate/
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 1012

3.3 Chemical Classes

Metals -> Arsenic Compounds, Organic

4 Spectral Information

4.1 1D NMR Spectra

1 of 2
1D NMR Spectra
1H NMR: 6487 (Sadtler Research Laboratory spectral collection)
2 of 2
1D NMR Spectra

4.1.1 1H NMR Spectra

1 of 2
Spectra ID
Instrument Type
JEOL
Frequency
300 MHz
Solvent
D2O
Shifts [ppm]:Intensity
1.97:1000.00
Thumbnail
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2 of 2
Instrument Name
Varian A-60
Source of Sample
Fisher Scientific Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Copyright
Copyright © 2009-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.1.2 13C NMR Spectra

1 of 2
Source of Sample
Fisher Scientific Company, Fair Lawn, New Jersey
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
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2 of 2
Instrument Name
Varian HA-100
Copyright
Copyright © 2002-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
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4.2 Mass Spectrometry

4.2.1 GC-MS

1 of 3
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NIST Number
76490
Library
Main library
Total Peaks
66
m/z Top Peak
91
m/z 2nd Highest
121
m/z 3rd Highest
105
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 3
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NIST Number
235819
Library
Replicate library
Total Peaks
65
m/z Top Peak
91
m/z 2nd Highest
105
m/z 3rd Highest
121
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.2.2 Other MS

Other MS
MS: 76490 (NIST/EPA/MCDC Mass Spectral Database 1990 version)

4.3 IR Spectra

IR Spectra
IR: 18107 (Sadtler Research Laboratory IR grating collection)

4.3.1 FTIR Spectra

1 of 2
Technique
KBr WAFER
Source of Sample
The Ansul Company, Chemical Division
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
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2 of 2
Technique
KBr WAFER
Source of Sample
Ansul Chemical Company, Marinette, Wisconsin
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
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4.3.2 ATR-IR Spectra

Instrument Name
Bio-Rad FTS
Technique
ATR-Neat (DuraSamplIR II)
Source of Spectrum
Forensic Spectral Research
Source of Sample
Sigma-Aldrich Company
Copyright
Copyright © 2010-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.4 Raman Spectra

Technique
FT-Raman
Source of Spectrum
Forensic Spectral Research
Source of Sample
Sigma-Aldrich Company Llc.
Copyright
Copyright © 2015-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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6 Chemical Vendors

7 Drug and Medication Information

7.1 Therapeutic Uses

Dermatologic Agents
National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings online file (MeSH, 1999)
MEDICATION (VET): IN CHRONIC ECZEMA, ANEMIA AND AS A TONIC.
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 244
Dermatologic
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 244
MEDICATION (VET): Has been used in chronic eczema, anemia, as a tonic.
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 1359
MEDICATION (VET): FORMERLY AS IV THERAPY (AS MIXED SODIUM AND IRON CACODYLATES) IN CONVALESCENCE, ANEMIAS, AND SKIN DISEASES OF HORSES, CATTLE AND DOGS. ...OCCASIONALLY USED ORALLY...FOR CATS AND DOGS...
Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1974., p. 288

8 Agrochemical Information

8.1 Agrochemical Category

Herbicide

9 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

9.1 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Herbicides
Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses (POACEAE), and woody plants. Some plants develop HERBICIDE RESISTANCE. (See all compounds classified as Herbicides.)

9.2 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

... ABSORPTION RATES ... FROM RAT SMALL INTESTINE ... WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT SUGGEST THAT THESE CMPD /INCL CACODYLIC ACID/ MAY BE ABSORBED PREDOMINANTLY BY PASSIVE DIFFUSION.
The Chemical Society. Foreign Compound Metabolism in Mammals Volume 3. London: The Chemical Society, 1975., p. 189
IN 5 HEALTHY FOREST WORKERS EXPOSED TO CACODYLIC ACID DURING 2 MO PERIOD, URINARY ARSENIC WAS USED AS INDEX OF EXPOSURE.
WAGNER SL, WESWIG P; ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH 28 (2): 779 (1974)
... ROOT ABSORPTION OF THE MONOSODIUM SALT OF METHANEARSONIC ACID (MSMA), CACODYLIC ACID, ARSENATE, & ARSENITE FROM NUTRIENT SOLN (1X10-4 M) /WAS STUDIED/. THE ORDER OF CONCN IN ROOTS WAS ARSENATE /HIGHEST, THEN/ ARSENITE, METHANEARSONIC ACID, CACODYLIC ACID. HOWEVER ... IF THE RATIO OF ARSENICAL CONCN IN TOPS TO THAT IN THE ROOTS WAS A MEASURE OF TRANSPORT, CACODYLIC ACID WAS TRANSPORTED TO THE TOPS 5 TO 10 TIMES MORE RAPIDLY THAN METHANEARSONIC ACID, ARSENITE, OR ARSENATE. TOXICITY OF ARSENICALS WAS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO ROOT CONCN.
Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degredation and Mode of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975., p. 764
CACODYLIC ACID HAS ERYTHROCYTE AFFINITIES AS FOLLOWS: RAT HIGHEST, THEN RABBIT, THEN HUMAN.
STEVENS JT ET AL; TOX APPL PHARM 41 (1): 221 (1977)
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for DIMETHYLARSENIC ACID (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
FIVE DOSES OF SODIUM CACODYLATE (194 MG) WERE ADMIN IV TO 2 HORSES AT 2 DAY INTERVALS. URINARY ARSENIC CONTENT WAS DETERMINED FOR 5 DAYS AFTER FINAL DOSE AT WHICH TIME CONCN WERE CLOSE TO CONTROL SAMPLES. ORG ARSENICALS ARE MORE RAPIDLY EXCRETED BY ANIMALS THAN INORG CMPD.
LITTLEJOHN A, VIRLAS D; BR VET J 136 (2): 190-2 (1980)

9.3 Metabolism / Metabolites

... METAB OF CACODYLIC ACID IN BLACK VALENTINE BEANS /WAS STUDIED/. ANALYSIS OF THE EXTRACT REVEALED AS, PRESUMED TO BE CACODYLIC ACID /CA/, IN THE CHROMATOGRAM WHERE CA SHOULD HAVE BEEN. THE ABSENCE OF AS3+ & MSMA /MONOSODIUM METHANEARSONATE/ WAS DEMONSTRATED. IN SEPARATE EXPT, NO ARSINE ... DETECTED EVEN THOUGH SEVERE TOXICITY DEVELOPED ... . IN CONCLUSION, APPARENTLY NO DEGRADATION OF CACODYLIC ACID OCCURS IN PLANTS BASED ON LIMITED STUDIES. VARIOUS ORGANISMS, HOWEVER, ARE CAPABLE OF REDUCING CACODYLIC ACID TO DI- OR TRIMETHYLARSINE.
Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degredation and Mode of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975., p. 755
INGESTION OF WINE CONTAINING 50 UG AS3+ & 13 UG AS5+ INCR URINE LEVELS OF AS3+, AS5+, & DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID IN HUMAN. AS3+ & 5+ LEVELS WERE NORMAL AFTER 20 HR, BUT DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID LEVELS WERE NOT NORMAL UNTIL 85 HR LATER.
CRECELIUS EA; ERDA SYMP SER 42 (BIOL IMPLIC MAT ENVIRONMENT PROC ANNU HANFORD LIFE SCI SYMP 15TH): 63-8 (1977)
METHANOBACTERIUM SPECIES (STRAIN M.OH) IN AN INCUBATION MIXTURE UNDER ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS REDUCED CACODYLIC ACID TO DIMETHYLARSINE IN ABSENCE OF A C-1 DONOR.
MCBRIDE BC ET AL; ACS SYMP SER 82 (ISS ORGANOMETALS ORGANOMETALLOIDS: OCCURRENCE FATE ENVIRON): 94-115 (1978)
AFTER IV ADMIN OF INORG ARSENIC TO DOGS, METABOLITE DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID APPEARED RAPIDLY IN ERYTHROCYTES, THEN IN PLASMA. WITHIN 6 HR MOST ARSENIC REMAINING WAS DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID. BOTH INORG ARSENIC & DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID WERE RAPIDLY EXCRETED IN URINE.
CHARBONNEAU SN ET AL; TRACE SUBST ENVIRON HEALTH 12: 276 (1978)
For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for DIMETHYLARSENIC ACID (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
... METAB OF CACODYLIC ACID IN BLACK VALENTINE BEANS /WAS STUDIED/. ANALYSIS OF THE EXTRACT REVEALED AS, PRESUMED TO BE CACODYLIC ACID /CA/, IN THE CHROMATOGRAM WHERE CA SHOULD HAVE BEEN. THE ABSENCE OF AS3+ & MSMA /MONOSODIUM METHANEARSONATE/ WAS DEMONSTRATED. IN SEPARATE EXPT, NO ARSINE ... DETECTED EVEN THOUGH SEVERE TOXICITY DEVELOPED ... . IN CONCLUSION, APPARENTLY NO DEGRADATION OF CACODYLIC ACID OCCURS IN PLANTS BASED ON LIMITED STUDIES. VARIOUS ORGANISMS, HOWEVER, ARE CAPABLE OF REDUCING CACODYLIC ACID TO DI- OR TRIMETHYLARSINE. /CACODYLIC ACID/
Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degredation and Mode of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975., p. 755
METHANOBACTERIUM SPECIES (STRAIN M.OH) IN AN INCUBATION MIXTURE UNDER ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS REDUCED CACODYLIC ACID TO DIMETHYLARSINE IN ABSENCE OF A C-1 DONOR. /CACODYLIC ACID/
MCBRIDE BC ET AL; ACS SYMP SER 82 (ISS ORGANOMETALS ORGANOMETALLOIDS: OCCURRENCE FATE ENVIRON): 94-115 (1978)

9.4 Biological Half-Life

When administered to rats, cacodylic acid was rapidly absorbed from the lung with a half-time of 2.2 min. Peroral absorption half-time was 248 min. The half-time for clearance from the whole blood after iv, intratracheal and peroral administration as 92, 76 and 90 days, respectively. In pregnant rats cacodylic acid readily crossed the placenta. The small amount of carbon dioxide evolved indicated that only a small fraction of the dose was demethylated.
Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides-Update III. Special Scientific Report- Wildlife No. 232. Washington, DC: U.S.Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1980., p. 39
When administered to rats, cacodylic acid was rapidly absorbed from the lung with a half-time of 2.2 min. Peroral absorption half-time was 248 min. The half-time for clearance from the whole blood after intravenous, intratracheal and peroral administration as 92, 76 and 90 days, respectively. In pregnant rats, cacodylic acid readily crossed the placenta. The small amount of carbon dioxide evolved indicated that only a small fraction of the dose was demethylated. /Cacodylic acid/
Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides-Update III. Special Scientific Report- Wildlife No. 232. Washington, DC: U.S.Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1980., p. 39

9.5 Biochemical Reactions

9.6 Transformations

10 Use and Manufacturing

10.1 Uses

EPA CPDat Chemical and Product Categories
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
Sources/Uses
Used as a herbicide; [Sullivan, p. 981] Used as a drug (dermatological and veterinarian); [Merck Index] Used as a preharvest desiccant, a soil sterilant, a chemical warfare agent, a timber thinning defoliant, and a sugarcane ripener; [HSDB] Used as a defoliant and herbicide registered to control weeds under non-bearing citrus trees, around buildings, and for lawn renovation; [Reference #1]
Sullivan - Sullivan JB, Krieger GR (eds). Clinical Environmental Health and Toxic Exposures. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001., p. 981
Merck Index - O'Neil MJ, Heckelman PE, Dobbelaar PH, Roman KJ (eds). The Merck Index, An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, 15th Ed. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013.
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure
Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]
Sources/Uses
Used as herbicide (sod, turf, ornamentals, and nonbearing citrus), cotton defoliant, and veterinary treatment for chronic eczema and anemia; [HSDB] Used in analytical chemistry; [MSDSonline]
For Dimethylarsenic Acid (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 012501) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pesticide Program's Chemical Ingredients Database on Dimethylarsenic Acid (75-60-5). Available from, as of May 24, 2001: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
PREHARVEST DESSICANT
White-Stevens, R. (ed.). Pesticides in the Environment: Volume 1, Part 1, Part 2. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1971., p. 35
Herbicide; soil sterilant; chemical warfare; timber thinning.
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 187
Cacodylic acid is a contact herbicide which defoliates or desiccates a large variety of plants.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V21 (1983) 280
For more Uses (Complete) data for DIMETHYLARSENIC ACID (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
For Sodium cacodylate (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 012502) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pesticide Program's Chemical Ingredients Database on Sodium cacodylate (124-65-2). Available from, as of May 24, 2001: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
Herbicide/defoliant (cotton)
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1473
General weed control, sod and turf edging renovation, ornamentals, nonbearing citrus, cotton defoliant.
Farm Chemicals Handbook 2001. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister 2001., p. C 363
MEDICATION (VET)

10.1.1 Use Classification

Hazard Classes and Categories -> Carcinogens
Hazard Classes and Categories -> Carcinogens, Reactive - 1st degree
HERBICIDES

10.1.2 Household Products

Household & Commercial/Institutional Products

Information on 2 consumer products that contain Dimethylarsinic acid in the following categories is provided:

• Landscaping/Yard

• Pesticides

Household & Commercial/Institutional Products

Information on 2 consumer products that contain Sodium cacodylate in the following categories is provided:

• Landscaping/Yard

• Pesticides

10.2 Methods of Manufacturing

ALKYLATION OF DISODIUM METHANEARSONATE WITH METHYL CHLORIDE FOLLOWED BY ADDITION OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID.
SRI
MOST CACODYLIC ACID IS MADE COMMERCIALLY BY REACTING THE MONOSODIUM SALT OF METHANEARSONIC ACID WITH METHYL CHLORIDE @ 5 PSI & 80 °C ... .
Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degredation and Mode of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975., p. 751
By distilling a mixture of arsenic trioxide and potassium acetate, and oxidizing the resulting product with mercuric oxide.
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 187
... Prepared commercially by the alkylation of methanearsonic acid, disodium salt with methyl chloride, followed by addition of hydrochloric acid ... .
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V23 46 (1980)
... distillation of a mixt of arsenic trioxide and potassium acetate ... yields Cadet's liq, containing ... dimethylarsine oxide. This is oxidized with mercuric oxide yielding crystals of cacodylic acid which is neutralized with sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide.
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1473
... BY TREATMENT OF METHYLARSINE OXIDE WITH METHYL IODIDE & SODIUM HYDROXIDE IN METHYL ALCOHOL ... IT IS PREPARED COMMERCIALLY BY ALKYLATION OF METHANEARSONIC ACID, DISODIUM SALT WITH METHYL CHLORIDE ... .
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V23 60 (1980)
Oxidation and neutralization of cacodyl oxide. /Sodium cacodylate trihydrate/
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 1012

10.3 Impurities

Dimethylarsinic acid is available as a technical grade, containing 65% active ingredient and the following possible impurities: sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, methylarsonic acid and arsenic acid.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V23 46 (1980)

10.4 Formulations / Preparations

USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 012501; Trade Names: Silvisar 510; Arsan; Phytar 560, component of (with 012502); Rad-E-Cate 35.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pesticide Program's Chemical Ingredients Database on Dimethylarsenic Acid (75-60-5). Available from, as of May 24, 2001: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
PHYTAR 560 (2.48 LB/GAL CACODYLIC ACID EQUIVALENT AS SODIUM SALT); PHYTAR 138 (65% CADODYLIC ACID); PHYTAR 160 (3.25 LB/GAL CACODYLIC ACID EQUIV).
Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection. 7th ed. Publication 1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada: Information Canada, 1982., p. 76
Fisher purified cacodylic acid contains 95.5% cacodylic acid.
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. V1 417
Concentrated solution
Farm Chemicals Handbook 2001. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister 2001., p. C 68
For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for DIMETHYLARSENIC ACID (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 012502; Trade Names: Ansar 160; Ansar 560; Bolls-Eye; Chemaid; Phytar 560, component of (with 012501); Rad-E-Cate 25.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pesticide Program's Chemical Ingredients Database on Sodium cacodylate (124-65-2). Available from, as of May 24, 2001: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
PHYTAR 160 CONTAINS 3.25 LB/GAL; RAD-E-CATE 35 CONTAINS 3.25 LB/GAL & SURFACTANT; PHYTAR 560 CONTAINS 2.48 LB/GAL & SURFACTANT; BROADSIDE CONTAINS 3.0 LB/GAL MSMA & 1.25 LB/GAL NA-CACODYLATE; CHEX-MATE CONTAINS 3.00 LB/GAL MSMA, 1.25 LB/GAL NA-CACODYLATE & SURFACTANT. RAD-E-CATE 25 CONTAINS 2.48 LB/GAL & SURFACTANT; BOLLS-EYE CONTAINS 3.10 LB/GAL; PHYTAR 535 CONTAINS 3.25 LB/GAL; PHYTAR 138 CONTAINS 80% SODIUM-CACODYLATE & IS FREE ACID. /FROM TABLE/
Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degredation and Mode of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975., p. 753
SODIUM CACODYLATE IS AVAILABLE FOR FARM APPLICATIONS AS CONCENTRATED SOLN, AS 25% SOLN WITH SURFACTANT, IN COMBINATION WITH DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID OR IN COMBINATION WITH METHANEARSONIC ACID, MONOSODIUM SALT & SURFACTANT.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V23 47 (1980)
Bolls-eye; Phytar 560; Rad-E-cate 16; Rad-E-cate 25; Rad-E-cate 35
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National Library of Medicine's current MEDLARS file., p. 85/8405
For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for SODIUM CACODYLATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.5 Consumption Patterns

COTTON USES, 25%; INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIAL USES-EG, WEED CONTROL ON UTILITY & RAILROAD COMPANY RIGHTS-OF-WAY, 75% (1978)
SRI

10.6 U.S. Production

(1978) 1.27X10+9 G
SRI
(1981) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 2.27X10+6 G
SRI

10.7 General Manufacturing Information

EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Arsinic acid, As,As-dimethyl-: ACTIVE
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Arsinic acid, As,As-dimethyl-, sodium salt (1:1): ACTIVE
CACODYLIC ACID WAS KNOWN PRIOR TO 1900 & WAS USED MEDICALLY. ... CACODYLIC ACID PROVED TO BE A BETTER SOIL STERILIZER THAN METHANEARSONIC ACID, SODIUM ARSENITE, & SEVERAL OTHER ... & /WITH/ DALAPON SPRAYS CONTROLLED ORCHARDGRASS & KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS.
Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degredation and Mode of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975., p. 748
Used as a directed spray, postemergence. Rates: 3 to 10 lb/acre. Mix with water plus 2 qt surfactant per 100 gal of solution and apply at 40 gallons per acre. All formulations are 100% water soluble.
Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois: Weed Science Society of America, 1983., p. 87
CONTAINS APPROX 35% ARSENIC (47% IN ANHYDROUS FORM).
Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1974., p. 534
Grades or purity: 22-28% sodium cacodylate, 3-5% cacodylic acid, balance inert solid (or water).
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.
... The safe parenteral dose (300 mg) is significantly larger than the safe oral dose (60 mg) because acidic gastric juice rapidly frees inorganic arsenic, presumably as arsenic acid, which is then reduced to trivalent arsenous oxide.
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-131

11 Identification

11.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD IS DESCRIBED FOR DETERMINING DIMETHYLARSINIC ACIDS.
HENRY FT, THORPE TM; J CHROMATOGR 166 (2): 577 (1978)
ANALYSIS & SPECIATION OF ARSENIC IN ... SOIL SAMPLES TREATED WITH ARSENICAL HERBICIDES WAS CARRIED OUT BY EMISSION SPECTROMETRY.
MOHAN MS ET AL; INT J ENVIRON ANAL CHEM 11 (3-4): 175-88 (1982)
NIOSH Method 5022. Determination of Organic Arsenic by Ion Chromatography/Hydride Atomic Absorption. This method is applicable to air samples. The compounds covered by this method are: methylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, and p-aminophenyl arsenic acid. Detection limit is unspecified.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 4th ed. Methods A-Z & Supplements. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Aug 1994.
AOAC Method 526.16. Arsenic in Sodium Cacodylate. Titrimetric Method.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. and Supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Analytical Chemists, 1990, p. V1 501
SODIUM CACODYLATE IN DISTILLED WATER OR SEWAGE SLUDGE WAS ELECTROPHORESED IN 0.05 M SODIUM CITRATE BUFFER AT PH 7 FOR 60 MIN & DEVELOPED WITH (NH4)2 GIVING GOOD COLOR DEFINITION.
EDWARDS T ET AL; J CHROMATOGR 106 (1): 210-2 (1975)

11.2 Clinical Laboratory Methods

DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID WAS DETERMINED IN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES BY COLORIMETRY.
LAKSO JU ET AL; J AGRIC FOOD CHEM 27 (6): 1229-33 (1979)
In studies on arsenic exposure and its monitoring, a method for the selective determination of dimethylarsinic acid in urine was developed. The method is based on the ion-pair chromatographic separation of arsenic species and continuous hydride generation for the determination of arsenic in the chromatographic effluent by atomic absorption spectrometry. The chromatographic separation was completed within 4 min by using Bu4N+ in phosphate buffer as the ion-pairing agent and a C18 reversed-phase column. The detection limit was 4.7 ug/cu dm of arsenic dimethylarsinic acid. This detection limit is not low enough to detect the lowest levels of these arsenic species in the urine of unexposed subjects. However, accurate measurement of the concn due to occupational exposure is easily achieved.
Hakala E, Pyy L; J Anal At Spectrom 7 (2): 191-6 (1992)
DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID WAS DETERMINED IN BLOOD & URINE OF ANIMALS BY GC WITH FLAME-IONIZATION DETECTION OR THERMIONIC SPECIFIC DETECTION FOLLOWING PREPN OF STABLE LIPOPHILIC DERIVATIVES.
BECKERMANN B; ANAL CHIM ACTA 135 (1): 77-84 (1982)
GC/MASS SPECTROMETRY WAS USED TO DETERMINE DIMETHYLATED ARSENIC IN BLOOD, URINE, AND FECES OF RATS. /Dimethylated arsenic/
ODANAKA Y ET AL; J AGRIC FOOD CHEM 26 (2): 505 (1978)
FRACTIONAL DETERMINATION OF URINARY DIMETHYLARSENIC ACID & OTHER ARSENIC COMPD BY REDN VOLATILIZATION & ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY.
YAMAUCHI H, YAMAMURA Y; SANGYO IGAKU 21 (1): 47-54 (1979)

11.3 NIOSH Analytical Methods

12 Safety and Hazards

12.1 Hazards Identification

12.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 2
View All
Pictogram(s)
Acute Toxic
Environmental Hazard
Signal
Danger
GHS Hazard Statements

H301 (94.1%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H331 (94.1%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H400 (90.2%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (98%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P301+P316, P304+P340, P316, P321, P330, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 51 reports by companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

12.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Acute Tox. 3 (94.1%)

Acute Tox. 3 (94.1%)

Aquatic Acute 1 (90.2%)

Aquatic Chronic 1 (98%)

Acute Tox. 3 (96.3%)

Acute Tox. 3 (92.6%)

Aquatic Acute 1 (87%)

Aquatic Chronic 1 (94.4%)

12.1.3 Health Hazards

Chemical is essentially non-irritating in contact with skin or eyes. Ingestion causes arsenic poisoning, but symptoms are delayed. (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Moderately toxic; probable oral lethal dose in humans is 0.5-5 g/kg or between 1 ounce and 1 pint (or 1 lb.) for a 70 kg (150 lb.) person. It may cause disturbances of the blood, kidneys, and nervous system. (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
ERG 2024, Guide 151 (Cacodylic acid)

· Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin.

· Avoid any skin contact.

· Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.

· Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause environmental contamination.

12.1.4 Fire Hazards

Behavior in Fire: May form toxic oxides of arsenic when heated. (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Poisoning potential is high when heated to decomposition, or on contact with acids or acid fumes, because it emits highly toxic fumes of arsenic. Avoid water solution in contact with active metals (iron, aluminum, zinc). (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
ERG 2024, Guide 151 (Cacodylic acid)

· Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.

· Containers may explode when heated.

· Runoff may pollute waterways.

12.1.5 Hazards Summary

There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of dimethylarsenic acid. . . . Arsenic in drinking-water is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). [IARC] A forestry worker injecting trees with silvicide containing cacodylic acid developed anorexia, nausea, and abdominal pain; He had elevated urine arsenic, and symptoms subsided after termination of exposure; [HSDB] Essentially non-irritating in contact with skin and eyes; [CHRIS] Not converted into inorganic arsenic in the body; [Nordberg, p. 590] Most excreted unchanged; [Rosenstock, p. 947]
Nordberg - Nordberg GF, Fowler BA, Nordberg M (eds). Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, 4th Ed. Boston: Elsevier, 2015., p. 590
Rosenstock - Rosenstock L, Cullen MR, Brodkin CA, Redlich CA (eds). Textbook of Clinical Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2nd Ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2004., p. 947
Some converted to inorganic trivalent arsenic in the body; [Merck Index] Cacodylic acid is not converted into inorganic arsenic in the body; [Nordberg, p. 590] A skin and eye irritant; [HSDB] An irritant; [MSDSonline] Most excreted unchanged; [Rosenstock, p. 947] The bladder and thyroid are target organs; Not carcinogenic up to doses resulting in regenerative proliferation; Developmental studies of rats and rabbits along with a two-generation reproductive study show no indication of increased susceptibility; [Reference #1] See Dimethylarsenic acid.
Merck Index - O'Neil MJ, Heckelman PE, Dobbelaar PH, Roman KJ (eds). The Merck Index, An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, 15th Ed. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013.
Nordberg - Nordberg GF, Fowler BA, Nordberg M (eds). Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, 4th Ed. Boston: Elsevier, 2015., p. 590
Rosenstock - Rosenstock L, Cullen MR, Brodkin CA, Redlich CA (eds). Textbook of Clinical Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2nd Ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2004., p. 947

12.1.6 Fire Potential

Nonflammable
Farm Chemicals Handbook 1993. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1993., p. C-62
Not flammable
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

12.1.7 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

Essentially non-irritating in contact with skin or eyes.
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.
A skin and eye irritant.
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 1862
Irritating to skin and eyes.
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

12.1.8 EPA Hazardous Waste Number

U136; A toxic waste when a discarded commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate.
D004; A waste containing arsenic may or may not be characterized as a hazardous waste following testing by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure as prescribed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations. /Arsenic/

12.2 Safety and Hazard Properties

12.2.1 OSHA Standards

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-Hr Time Weighted Avg: 0.5 mg/cu m. /Arsenic, organic cmpd (as As)/
29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/2001)
29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/2001)

12.3 First Aid Measures

12.3.1 First Aid

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: Some heavy metals are VERY TOXIC POISONS, especially if their salts are very soluble in water (e.g., lead, chromium, mercury, bismuth, osmium, and arsenic). IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. Also locate Ipecac syrup or a glass of salt water in case the medical advisor recommends inducing vomiting. Usually, this is NOT RECOMMENDED outside of a physician's care. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

Warning: Effects usually appear within 30 to 60 minutes but may be delayed for several hours. Caution is advised.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Sodium Cacodylate Exposure: Acute exposure to sodium cacodylate may be fatal. Headache, red-stained eyes, and a garlicky odor of the breath may be the first effects noticed. Other signs and symptoms include generalized weakness, intense thirst, muscle cramping, seizures, toxic delirium, and shock. Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal pain, and diarrhea may occur. Hypotension (low blood pressure), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), pulmonary edema, ventricular fibrillation, and other cardiac abnormalities are usually found following severe exposure. Sodium cacodylate is corrosive to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to sodium cacodylate may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to sodium cacodylate.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. RUSH to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to sodium cacodylate.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas for at least 15 minutes with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. RUSH to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Give the victims water or milk: children up to 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old, 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz or 1 cup). Water or milk should be given only if victims are conscious and alert.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. RUSH to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
ERG 2024, Guide 151 (Cacodylic acid)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingestedor inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuouscompressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

12.4 Fire Fighting

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

(Non-Specific -- Pesticide, Solid, n.o.s.) Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing. Move container from fire area, if you can do so without risk.

(Non-Specific -- Pesticide, Solid, n.o.s.) Extinguish with dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, fog, or foam. (EPA, 1998)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

12.4.1 Fire Fighting Procedures

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of water sources and sewers.
Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994., p. 185
If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Keep runoff water out of sewers and water sources.
Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994., p. 971

12.5 Accidental Release Measures

Public Safety: ERG 2024, Guide 151 (Cacodylic acid)

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

Spill or Leak: ERG 2024, Guide 151 (Cacodylic acid)

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

· For solids, prevent dust cloud and avoid inhalation of dust.

12.5.1 Isolation and Evacuation

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Evacuation: ERG 2024, Guide 151 (Cacodylic acid)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

Spill

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

Fire

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

12.5.2 Disposal Methods

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D004, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.
40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/91)
40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/91)
Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U136, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.
40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/89)
Storage: To convert the gas-cleaning residues obtained during the metallurgical processing of arsenic-containing ores into a portable and less water-soluble form, the metals are precipitated as hydroxides by using an excess of lime water and the arsenic is precipitated as calcium arsenate and calcium arsenite. This "arsenic sludge" is recycled, on the one hand, in order not to lose the valuable metals, and on the other, in order to reduce the problem of arsenic sludge disposal.
United Nations. Treatment and Disposal Methods for Waste Chemicals (IRPTC File). Data Profile Series No. 5. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Environmental Programme, Dec. 1985., p. 96
United Nations. Treatment and Disposal Methods for Waste Chemicals (IRPTC File). Data Profile Series No. 5. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Environmental Programme, Dec. 1985., p. 96
A poor candidate for incineration.
USEPA; Engineering Handbook for Hazardous Waste Incineration p.3-14 (1981) EPA 68-03-3025

12.5.3 Preventive Measures

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers.
Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994., p. 185
Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994., p. 971
Personnel protection: Avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning material. Keep upwind. ... Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment.
Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994., p. 185
Keep out of reach of children. ... Avoid inhalation of spray mist. Avoid spray drift to desirable plants.
Farm Chemicals Handbook 1993. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1993., p. C-314
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
Personnel protection: ... Keep upwind. ... Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment.
Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994., p. 971
ELECTRON MICROSCOPISTS SHOULD SEE THAT EXTREME CARE IS EXCERCISED DURING PREPN OF CACODYLATE BUFFERS.
WEAKLEY BS; J MICROSC (OXF) 109 (2): 249-51 (1977)

12.6 Handling and Storage

12.6.1 Nonfire Spill Response

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. For solids, prevent dust cloud and avoid inhalation of dust. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

12.6.2 Storage Conditions

KEEP WELL CLOSED.
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 244
DO NOT STORE NEAR FERTILIZERS, SEEDS, INSECTICIDES, /OR/ FUNGICIDES.
Farm Chemicals Handbook 1993. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1993., p. C-62
Do not store near fertilizers, seeds, insecticide, or fungicides.
Farm Chemicals Handbook 1993. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1993., p. C-314

12.7 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

Protective Clothing: ERG 2024, Guide 151 (Cacodylic acid)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

12.7.1 Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)

0.5 [mg/m3], as As

12.7.2 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines

Emergency Response: ERG 2024, Guide 151 (Cacodylic acid)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

12.7.3 Other Standards Regulations and Guidelines

... The following countries had adopted the ... TLV of 0.5 mg/cu m: Austria, Belgium, Finland, Japan, and Holland. Czechoslavakia, East Germany, Hungary and Poland ... USSR ... 0.3 mg/cu m; Romania and Switzerland, 0.2 mg/cu m; Sweden 0.05 mg/cu m; and Italy 0.25 mg/cu m. /Arsenic and sol cmpd/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986., p. 37
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986., p. 37

12.7.4 Allowable Tolerances

Tolerances are established for residues of the defoliant cacodylic acid (dimethylarsenic acid), expressed as As2O3, in or on raw agricultural commodities as follows: 2.8 ppm in or on cottonseed; 1.4 ppm in the kidney and liver of cattle; and 0.7 ppm in meat, fat, and meat byproducts (except kidney and liver) of cattle.
40 CFR 180.311 (7/1/2000)
Tolerances for total residues of combined arsenic (calculated as As) in food are established as follows: (a) In edible tissues & in eggs of chickens & turkeys: 0.5 ppm in uncooked muscle tissue; 2 ppm in uncooked edible by-products; & 0.5 ppm in eggs. (b) In edible tissues of swine: 2 ppm in uncooked liver & kidney; 0.5 ppm in uncooked muscle tissue & by-products other than liver & kidney. /Arsenic/
21 CFR 556.60 (4/1/2001)
21 CFR 556.60 (4/1/2001)

12.7.5 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Dust respirator; goggles; protective clothing. (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
RUBBER GLOVES, GOGGLES OR FACE SHIELD, RUBBER APRON.
Farm Chemicals Handbook 1993. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1993., p. C-62
Rubber gloves, goggles or face shield for eye protection, rubber apron.
Farm Chemicals Handbook 1993. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1993., p. C-314
Personnel protection: ... Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Wear appropriate chemical protective clothing.
Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1992., p. 834

12.8 Stability and Reactivity

12.8.1 Air and Water Reactions

Hygroscopic. Water soluble.
Soluble in water.

12.8.2 Reactive Group

Acids, Carboxylic
Salts, Basic

12.8.3 Reactivity Profile

CACODYLIC ACID is a weak acid. Dissolves in water to yield solutions containing more hydrogen ions than pure water contains and so having a pH less than 7.0. Is neutralized exothermically by all bases to produce water plus a salt. Reacts (but usually slowly) with active metals to form gaseous hydrogen and a metal salt. Such reactions occur in principle for the solid acid but are quite slow if the solid acid remains dry. The solid may absorb enough water from the air and dissolve sufficiently in it to corrode or dissolve iron, steel, and aluminum parts and containers. Reacts with cyanide salts to generate gaseous hydrogen cyanide. Flammable and/or toxic gases and heat may be generated with diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, and sulfides. Also may react with sulfites, nitrites, thiosulfates (to give H2S and SO3), dithionites (SO2), to generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat. Reaction with carbonates and bicarbonates generates a harmless gas (carbon dioxide) but still some heat. Can be oxidized exothermically by strong oxidizing agents and reduced by strong reducing agents; a wide variety of products is possible. May initiate polymerization reactions; may catalyze (increase the rate of) chemical reactions.
SODIUM CACODYLATE gives basic solutions in water. Corrodes common metals, but reaction is not hazardous. (USCG, 1999). Liquefies in its own water of crystallization when heated to 60 °C; becomes anhydrous at 120 °C [Merck]. Burns with a bluish flame, emitting a garlic-like odor [Merck].
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

12.8.4 Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities

HAZARDOUS WHEN WATER SOLN IS IN CONTACT WITH ACTIVE METALS, E.G., /IRON, ALUMINUM, AND ZINC/.
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 1862
... WHEN WATER SOLN OF ARSENICALS ARE IN CONTACT WITH ACTIVE METALS SUCH AS /IRON, ALUMINUM, OR ZINC/, HIGHLY TOXIC FUMES OF ARSENIC ARE EMITTED. /ARSENIC CMPD/
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 275
At pH 7, dimethylarsinic acid forms a water-soluble sodium salt (sodium dimethylarsinate), which is deliquescent.
Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium. 10th ed. Surrey, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1994., p. 353
... WHEN WATER SOLN OF ARSENICALS ARE IN CONTACT WITH ACTIVE METALS SUCH AS /IRON, ALUMINUM, OR ZINC, HIGHLY TOXIC FUMES OF ARSENIC ARE EMITTED. /ARSENIC CMPD/
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 275

12.9 Transport Information

12.9.1 DOT Emergency Guidelines

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for DIMETHYLARSENIC ACID (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Combustible)/ Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for SODIUM CACODYLATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.9.2 Shipping Name / Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO

UN 1572; Cacodylic acid
IMO 6.1; Cacodylic acid

12.9.3 Standard Transportation Number

49 215 57; Cacodylic acid

12.9.4 Shipment Methods and Regulations

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
49 CFR 171.2 (7/1/2000)
49 CFR 171.2 (7/1/2000)
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.
IATA. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 42nd Ed. Montreal, Canada and Geneva, Switzerland: International Air Transport Association, Dangerous Goods Regulations, 2001., p. 128
IATA. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 42nd Ed. Montreal, Canada and Geneva, Switzerland: International Air Transport Association, Dangerous Goods Regulations, 2001., p. 225
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.
IMDG; International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code; International Maritime Organization p.6093 (1998)
IMDG; International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code; International Maritime Organization p.6255 (1998)

12.9.5 DOT Label

Poison

12.10 Regulatory Information

California Safe Cosmetics Program (CSCP) Reportable Ingredient

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity; Cardiovascular Toxicity; Dermatotoxicity; Developmental Toxicity; Neurotoxicity; Other Toxicological Hazard Traits; Respiratory Toxicity

Authoritative List - CECBP - Priority Chemicals; IARC Carcinogens - 2B; Prop 65

Report - regardless of intended function of ingredient in the product

REACH Restricted Substance

Restricted substance: Sodium dimethylarsinate

EC: 204-708-2

Restriction condition document: PDF link

REACH Restricted Substance

Restricted substance: Dimethylarsinic acid

EC: 200-883-4

Restriction condition document: PDF link

New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Sodium cacodylate: HSNO Approval: HSR005439 Approved with controls
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Arsinic acid, dimethyl-: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

12.10.1 Atmospheric Standards

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Dimethylarsenic acid is included on this list.
Clean Air Act as amended in 1990, Sect. 112 (b) (1) Public Law 101-549 Nov. 15, 1990
(a) The owner or operator of an existing glass melting furnace subject to the provisions of this subpart shall comply with either paragraph (a)(1) or (a)(2) of this section ... (1) Uncontrolled total arsenic emissions from the glass melting furnace shall be less than 2.5 Mg (2.7 ton) per year, or ... (2) Total arsenic emissions from glass melting furnace shall be conveyed to a control device and reduced by at least 85%. /Total arsenic/
40 CFR 61.162(a) (7/1/2001)
40 CFR 61.162(a) (7/1/2001)
(b) The owner or operator of a new or modified glass melting furnace subject to the provisions of this subpart shall comply with either paragraph (b)(1) or (b)(2) of this section ... (1) Uncontrolled total arsenic emissions from the glass melting furnace shall be less than 0.4 Mg (0.44 ton) per year, or ... (2) Total arsenic emissions from glass melting furnace shall be conveyed to a control device and reduced by at least 85%. /Total arsenic/
40 CFR 61.162(b) (7/1/2001)
40 CFR 61.162(b) (7/1/2001)
The owner or operator of each copper converter subject to the provisions of this subpart shall reduce inorganic arsenic emissions to the atmosphere by meeting the following design, equipment, work practice, and operational requirements: (1) Install, operate, and maintain a secondary hood system on each copper converter. Each secondary hood system shall consist of a hood enclosure, air curtain fan(s), exhaust system fan(s), and ductwork that conveys the captured emission to a control device ... (2) Optimize the capture of secondary inorganic arsenic emission by operating the copper converter and secondary hood systems at all times ... . /Inorganic arsenic/
40 CFR 61.172(b) (7/1/2001)
40 CFR 61.172(b) (7/1/2001)
Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Sodium cacodylate is included on this list.
Clean Air Act as amended in 1990, Sect. 112 (b) (1) Public Law 101-549 Nov. 15, 1990

12.10.2 Federal Drinking Water Standards

10 ug/l /Arsenic/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present

12.10.3 State Drinking Water Guidelines

(AZ) ARIZONA 10 ug/L /Arsenic/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(CT) CONNECTICUT 10 ug/l /Arsenic/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present

12.10.4 Clean Water Act Requirements

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Arsenic & cmpd/
40 CFR 401.15 (7/1/2001)
40 CFR 401.15 (7/1/2001)
For the maximum protection of human health from the potential carcinogenic effects due to exposure of arsenic through ingestion of contaminated water & contaminated aquatic organisms, the ambient water concn should be zero based on the nonthreshold assumption for this chemical. However, zero level may not be attainable at the present time. Therefore, the levels which may result in incremental increase of cancer risk over the lifetime are estimated at 1X10-5, 1X10-6, & 1X10-7. The corresponding criteria are 22 ng/l, 2.2 ng/l, & .22 ng/l, respectively .... For consumption of aquatic organisms only, excluding consumption of water, the levels are 175 ng/ml, 17.5 ng/l, & 1.75 ng/l, respectively. /Arsenic/
USEPA; Quality Criteria for Water 1986: Arsenic: Human Health Criteria (May 1, 1986) EPA 440/5-86-001
USEPA; Quality Criteria for Water 1986: Arsenic: Human Health Criteria (May 1, 1986) EPA 440/5-86-001
D004; A solid waste containing arsenic may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste.
40 CFR 261.24 (7/1/2001)
40 CFR 261.24 (7/1/2001)

12.10.5 CERCLA Reportable Quantities

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1 lb or 0.454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).
40 CFR 302.4 (7/1/2000)
Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Sodium cacodylate is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100 or 10,000 lbs. Extremely hazardous substances that are solids are subject to either of two threshold planning quantities ... The lower quantity applies only if the solid exists in powdered for and has a particle size less than 100 microns; or is handled in solution or in molten form; or meets the criteria for a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of 2, 3 or 4 for reactivity. If the solid does not meet any of these criteria, it is subject to the upper ... threshold planning quantity ... .
40 CFR 355 (7/1/2000)

12.10.6 RCRA Requirements

U136; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when cacodylic acid, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).
40 CFR 261.33 (7/1/2000)

12.10.7 FIFRA Requirements

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Cacodylic acid is found on List B. Case No: 2080; Pesticide type: Herbicide; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): cacodylic acid; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 06/07/91, 03/03/95, 10/13/95; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.
USEPA/OPP; Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration and Special Review p.166 (Spring, 1998) EPA 738-R-98-002
Tolerances are established for residues of the defoliant cacodylic acid (dimethylarsenic acid), expressed as As2O3, in or on raw agricultural commodities as follows: in or on cottonseed; in the kidney and liver of cattle; and in meat, fat, and meat byproducts (except kidney and liver) of cattle.
40 CFR 180.311 (7/1/2000)
If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. /Arsenical cmpd, liquid, NOS/
Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994., p. 104
Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994., p. 104
If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. /Arsenical cmpd, solid, NOS/
Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994., p. 105
Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994., p. 105
As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Sodium cacodylate is found on List B. Case No: 2080; Pesticide type: Herbicide; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Sodium cacodylate; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 06/07/91, 03/03/95, 10/13/95; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.
USEPA/OPP; Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration and Special Review p.166 (Spring, 1998) EPA 738-R-98-002

12.11 Other Safety Information

Chemical Assessment

IMAP assessments - Arsinic acid, dimethyl-: Environment tier I assessment

IMAP assessments - Arsinic acid, dimethyl-: Human health tier I assessment

Chemical Assessment

IMAP assessments - Arsinic acid, dimethyl-, sodium salt: Environment tier I assessment

IMAP assessments - Arsinic acid, dimethyl-, sodium salt: Human health tier I assessment

12.11.1 Toxic Combustion Products

May form toxic oxides of arsenic when heated.
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.
Arsenic-containing fumes are emitted.
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

13 Toxicity

13.1 Toxicological Information

13.1.1 EPA IRIS Information

Toxicity Summary
EPA IRIS Summary PDF (Update: Nov-01-1992 )

13.1.2 RAIS Toxicity Values

Oral Acute Reference Dose (RfDoa)(mg/kg-day)
0.12
Oral Acute Reference Dose Reference
OPP
Oral Chronic Reference Dose (RfDoc) (mg/kg-day)
0.014
Oral Chronic Reference Dose Reference
OPP
Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose (RfDos) (mg/kg-day)
0.003
Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose Reference
PPRTV Archive
Oral Slope Factor (CSFo)(mg/kg-day)^-1
0.25
Oral Slope Factor Reference
PPRTV Archive

13.1.3 EPA Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides

Acute or One Day PAD (RfD) [mg/kg/day]
0.12
Acute or One Day HHBPs [ppb]
800
Acute HHBP Sensitive Lifestage/Population
Children
Chronic or One Day PAD (RfD) [mg/kg/day]
0.014
Chronic or One Day HHBPs [ppb]
83
Chronic HHBP Sensitive Lifestage/Population
General Population

13.1.4 Evidence for Carcinogenicity

Cancer Classification: Group B2 Probable Human Carcinogen
USEPA Office of Pesticide Programs, Health Effects Division, Science Information Management Branch: "Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential" (April 2006)
CLASSIFICATION: D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: No human data and inadequate data in animals. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. /cacodylic acid/
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Summary on Cacodylic acid (75-60-5). Available from, as of March 15, 2000: https://www.epa.gov/iris/

13.1.5 Carcinogen Classification

IARC Carcinogenic Agent
Dimethylarsinic acid
IARC Carcinogenic Classes
Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans
IARC Monographs
Volume 100C: (2012) Arsenic, Metals, Fibres, and Dusts

13.1.7 Adverse Effects

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

13.1.8 Acute Effects

13.1.9 Toxicity Data

LCLo (rat) = 4,900 mg/m3/4h

13.1.10 Interactions

The influence of the methyltransferase inhibitor periodate oxidized adenosine on the metabolism of arsenite was investigated in mice and rabbits. Groups of male NMRI-mice and New Zealand rabbits were given intraperitoneal (ip) injections of 100 um periodate oxidized adenosine per kilogram (kg) 15 min before an intravenous injection of 0.04 mg/kg (74)As labeled arsenite or injections of (74)As labeled arsenite only. These animals were kept for 16 to 72 hr in metabolic cages designed to separate urine and feces. The urinary concn of dimethylarsenic acid (DMA), the major arsenic metabolite, was measured. Other groups of animals were injected with (74)As labeled arsenite and periodate oxidized adenosine or (74)As labeled arsenite only and killed between 1 to 72 hr. Blood, liver, kidney, lung, epididymis, and portions of skin were removed and measured for (74)As content in a gamma scintillation counter. Also, subcellular fractionation of liver tissue was performed and the concentration of (74)As was ascertained. The urinary excretion of (74)As was lower in mice and rabbits treated with periodate oxidized adenosine prior to arsenite administration than in animals treated with arsenite only. Injection of periodate oxidized adenosine prior to arsenite produced a 25 to 70% decrease in the production of dimethylarsenic acid, implying that S-adenosylmethionine was the methyl donor for the methylation of inorganic arsenic in vivo. The fecal excretion of (74)As was less than 4% of the dose, independent of treatment and animal species. Periodate oxidized adenosine treated animals had 2 to 6 times higher concentrations of (74)As in tissues than that in controls, the effect being first observed in liver tissues. The subcellular distribution of (74)As in liver of mice was not affected by periodate oxidized adenosine treatment in that 50% was found in the soluble cytoplasmic fraction and 20 to 30% was found in thenuclear fraction, independent of the treatment.
Marafante E, Vahter M; Chemico-Biological Interactions 50 (1): 49-57 (1984)
Muscarinic receptorsare altered by sulfhydryl reagents. Arsenic cmpd, which have been used as insecticides, exert their toxic effects by combining with sulfhydryl groups. The action of arsenicals on the muscarinic receptor from invertebrate and vertebrate species (locust and rat) was compared. Disulfide reducing reagents dithiothreitol and British Anti-Lewisite, but not arsenicals, inhibited (3)H quinuclidinyl benzilate binding. However, after disulfide reduction, arsenicals caused a further inhibition of muscarinic binding. The effect of dithiothreitol + arsenicals was largely irreversible. The locust receptors were more sensitive to the action of both disulfide reagents either in the absence or presence of arsenicals than the rat receptors. The sulfhydryl reagent p-chloromercuric benzoate was more effective at inhibiting the locust receptors than the rat receptors, but addition of arsenicals did not cause further inhibition in either the locust or rat receptors. In locust, dithiothreitol + cacodylate and dithiothreitol + arsenite caused a reduction in the number of sites without modifying the affinity of (3)H quinuclidinyl benzilate binding. In rat, dithiothreitol + arsenite caused a decrease in the affinity, while dithiothreitol + cacodylate caused a decrease in the affinity of (3)H quinuclidinyl benzilate binding and its number of sites. Competition experiments after dithiothreitol + cacodylate showed that the IC50 remained unchanged in the locust. In the rat, the IC50 for atropine was increased and increased for carbachol. These results are explained assuming that the binding site of the locust receptor has a disulfide group similar to that of the mammalian receptor, but that th hydrophobic interactions within the binding site are weaker in the locust receptor.
Fonseca MI et al; Biochem Pharmacol 41 (5): 735-42 (1991)

13.1.11 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

FIRST AID: Get medical aid. Eyes, skin, flush with flowing water immediately and continuously for 15 minutes. Inhalation, materials nonvolatile but if spray drift is inhaled, treat as ingestion. ... May be treated as for general arsenic poisoning.
Farm Chemicals Handbook 1993. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1993., p. C-62

13.1.12 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/CACODYLIC ACID IS/ HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED. AVOID INHALATION OF SPRAY MIST.
Farm Chemicals Handbook 1993. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1993., p. C-62
To analyze the mechanisms of arsenic induced gene damage, found previously in lungs of mice and rats orally administered dimethylarsinic acid, a major metabolite of inorganic arsenics, an in vitro system with human alveolar type II (L-132) cells was used. The exposure to 10 mM dimethylarsinic acid for 10 hr caused significant single-strand breaks in DNA of the cells. At an earlier period of the exposure, the replicative DNA synthesis was markedly suppressed, and the chain length of the nascent DNA was shorter than that of the control, suggesting that the template DNA received some modification other than strand breaks. The modification, being repairable, was sensitive to UV irradiation to cause strand breaks.
Tezuka M et al; Biochem Biophys Res Commun 191 (3): 1178-83 (1993)
Ingestion of 77 mg/kg arsenic (as dimethyl arsenic acid and dimethyl arsenate) induced vomiting, abdominal pain, hyperactive bowel, and diarrhea ... .
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Arsenic p. 107 (2000)
Support for sensitization to DMA is provided in a case control study of a 26-yr-old woman who was occupationally exposed to DMA and experienced eczema on her face ... . Patch testing confirmed an allergic reaction to DMA, and avoidance of DMA resulted in disappearance of the symptoms.
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Arsenic p. 131 (2000)
... FORESTRY WORKER ... INJECTING TREES WITH SILVICIDE, CHIEFLY CONTAINING CACODYLIC ACID, COMPLAINED OF ANOREXIA, NAUSEA, ABDOMINAL PAIN & ... /HAD/ ELEVATED ARSENIC URINE LEVEL. FREE OF EXPOSURE ... SYMPTOMS GRADUALLY SUBSIDED. /ARSENIC SILVICIDE/
Hamilton, A., and H. L. Hardy. Industrial Toxicology. 3rd ed. Acton, Mass.: Publishing Sciences Group, Inc., 1974., p. 34
STRONG GARLIC ODOR IS IMPARTED TO BREATH, SWEAT, & URINE.
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-131
Ingestion or excessive inhalation causes irritation of stomach and intestines with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shock, rapid pulse, coma.
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.
Irritating to skin and eyes.
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

13.1.13 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

100 & 1000 PPM BY WT ... CACODYLIC ACID /IN 60% SUCROSE SYRUP IS/ ... EXTREMELY TOXIC TO NEWLY EMERGED WORKER BEES ... MODERATELY TOXIC @ 10 PPM BY WT. ... NO DIFFERENCES IN TOXICITY ... OBSERVED BETWEEN PURIFIED & COMMERCIALLY FORMULATED HERBICIDES.
Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degredation and Mode of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975., p. 761
PRIMARY DERMAL IRRITATION INDEX--RABBITS--0.3. ESSENTIALLY NONIRRITATING TO THE SKIN WHEN ACCIDENTALLY APPLIED TOPICALLY. ... OCULAR IRRITATION SCORE--RABBITS--2.0. ESSENTIALLY NON-IRRITATING TO THE EYE WHEN ACCIDENTALLY EXPOSED.
Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois: Weed Science Society of America, 1983., p. 88
... EFFECT ON CELL DIVISION /IN PLANTS WAS STUDIED/. CACODYLIC ACID ... ACTED ON SPINDLES (COLCHINIC EFFECT). CACODYLIC ACID & CYCLOHEXYLARSINIC ACID WERE THE MOST POWERFUL ARSENICALS EXAMINED IN ACTING ON CHROMOSOMES. AS A RESULT, THEY ARE CONSIDERED MITOTIC POISONS.
Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degredation and Mode of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975., p. 766
FETUSES FROM PREGNANT HAMSTERS TREATED IP WITH 1000 MG CACODYLIC ACID ON DAYS 8, 11, OR 12 OF GESTATION WERE RESORBED. TREATMENT WITH 900 MG/KG CAUSED A HIGH DEGREE OF FETAL WASTAGES, WITH THE GREATEST EFFECTS BEING DUE TO TREATMENT ON DAYS 8 OR 9. GROWTH WAS REDUCED FOLLOWING ALL TREATMENTS EXCEPT DAY 8 & GROSS MALFORMATIONS WERE OBSERVED FOLLOWING ALL TREATMENTS EXCEPT DAY 12.
HOOD RD ET AL; BULL ENVIRON CONTAM TOXICOL 29 (6): 679-87 (1982)
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for DIMETHYLARSENIC ACID (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
APPROX 100 & 1000 UG/L (AS ARSENIC) DID NOT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT SURVIVAL OF OTHER TEST SPECIES AFTER 28 DAYS OR REDUCE YOUNG PRODUCTION IN DAPHNIA AFTER 14 DAYS OF EXPOSURE.
SPEHAR RL ET AL; ARCH ENVIRON CONTAM TOXICOL 9 (1): 53-63 (1980)
EFFECTIVE CONCN CAUSING 50% INHIBITION OF MICROBIAL DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY (IC50) WAS CALCULATED. IC50 VALUE FOR SODIUM CACODYLATE WAS 2000 PPM.
LIU D; BULL ENVIRON CONTAM TOXICOL 26 (2): 145-9 (1981)
The effect of pure sodium cacodylate on dividing cells was studied. The root meristematic cells of Allium cepa leguminosae (the roots were squashed in acetoorcein) and endosperm cells of Haemanthus katherinae Bak. (in vitro observations) were used. Serious disturbances in karyokinesis and cytokinesis were found that led most often to the formation of polyploid or multinucleate (Allium cepa) cells. These results point to damage of the mitotic spindle and phragmoplast.
Tarkowska JA; Acta Soc Bot Pol 57 (3): 329-40 (1988)
The induction of hepatic zinc-thionein by various chemical forms of arsenic and modulation by selenium were investigated in mice. The four representative forms of arsenic tested were the organic cmpd methylarsonate and dimethylarsinate, and the inorganic cmpd m-arsenite and arsenate. Male ICR mice were administered doses of respective arsenic cmpd either orally or ip. Twenty-four hours later, livers were assayed for zinc concn by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Metallothionein determination was made by HPLC/atomic absorption spectrophotometry by cadmium displacement of zinc. The mortality rate of the mice within 24 hr of ip injection as a function of dose indicated that the inorganic arsenic cmpd were much more toxic than the organic arsenic cmpd. The inorganic cmpd also induced hepatic zinc-thionein at doses one order of magnitude lower than the organic cmpd. There were no significant differences in results between oral and ip administration. The coadministration of selenite and m-arsenite ip induced approximately one fifth as much hepatic zinc-thionein as selenite alone but a comparable amount to that of m-arsenite alone. It was concluded that hepatic zinc-thionein induction by the arsenic cmpd examined parallels their respective toxicities. Inhibition of selenite induction of zinc-thionein by m-arsenite could relate to the ability of arsenic and selenium to reduce each other's toxicity.
Maitani T et al; Toxicology Letters 39 (1): 63-70 (1987)

13.1.14 Non-Human Toxicity Values

LD50 Rat oral 700 mg/kg
Farm Chemicals Handbook 1993. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1993., p. C-62
LC50 Rat male inhalation (exposure to dust): > 6.9 mg/l/2 hr
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983., p. 329
LC50 Rat female inhalation (exposure to dust): > 3.9 mg/l/2 hr
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983., p. 329
LC50 Mouse inhalation (exposure to dust): > 6.4 mg/l/2 hr
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983., p. 329
For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for DIMETHYLARSENIC ACID (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.2 Ecological Information

13.2.1 EPA Ecotoxicity

Pesticide Ecotoxicity Data from EPA

13.2.2 Ecotoxicity Values

LC50 Gammarus fasciatus more than 100 mg/l/96 hr at 15 °C, mature, static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material, 100%/
U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Resource Publication No. 137. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980., p. 66
LC50 Palaeminetes 28 mg/l/96 hr at 21 °C, mature (95% confidence limit 14-58 mg/l) Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l ascalcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material, 100%; tested in hard water, 272 ppm calcium carbonate/
U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Resource Publication No. 137. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980., p. 66
LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) 17 mg/l/96 hr at 18 °C, wt 0.8 g (95% confidence limit 15-19 mg/l) static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material, 100%/
U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Resource Publication No. 137. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980., p. 66

13.2.3 US EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants

1 of 2
Resident Soil (mg/kg)
7.80e+03
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
1.20e+05
Tapwater (ug/L)
6.90e+02
MCL (ug/L)
8.0E+01(G)
Risk-based SSL (mg/kg)
1.60e+00
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
1.00e-01
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Soil Saturation Concentration (mg/kg)
1.83e+02
2 of 2
Resident Soil (mg/kg)
1.30e+03
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
1.60e+04
Tapwater (ug/L)
4.00e+02
MCL (ug/L)
8.0E+01(G)
Risk-based SSL (mg/kg)
1.10e-01
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
2.00e-02
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed Dermally from Soil
0.1

13.2.4 US EPA Regional Removal Management Levels for Chemical Contaminants

1 of 2
Resident Soil (mg/kg)
2.30e+04
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
3.50e+05
Tapwater (ug/L)
2.10e+03
MCL (ug/L)
8.0E+01 (G)
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
1.00e-01
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Soil Saturation Concentration (mg/kg)
1.83e+02
2 of 2
Resident Soil (mg/kg)
3.80e+03
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
4.90e+04
Tapwater (ug/L)
1.20e+03
MCL (ug/L)
8.0E+01 (G)
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
2.00e-02
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed Dermally from Soil
0.1

13.2.5 Environmental Fate / Exposure Summary

Dimethylarsenic acid's production and use as an herbicide, soil sterilant and in timber thinning will result in its direct release to the environment. Inorganic arsenic compounds in water or soil can undergo biochemical transformations that may result in the formation of dimethylarsenic acid. Dimethylarsenic acid is also formed in the ambient atmosphere by the oxidation of gaseous methylated arsines that are emitted to air as biological conversion products from bacteria and fungi. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 4.6X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates dimethylarsenic acid will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase dimethylarsenic acid will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 31 days. If released to soil, dimethylarsenic acid is expected to be tightly bound to soil and have low mobility. The pKa of dimethylarsenic acid is 1.57, indicating that this compound will exist as the anion in the environment. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process because the anion is not expected to volatilize. Dimethylarsenic is expected to biodegrade in soil; incubation of dimethylarsenic acid in two soils for six weeks resulted in 4-43% degradation. If released into water, dimethylarsenic acid is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment. Dimethylarsenic acid is expected to biodegrade in water. In a die-away test using river sediments, the degradation half-life of dimethylarsenic acid was about 30 days. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process because the anion is not expected to volatilize. A BCF of 21 for mosquito fish suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. The organic functional groups of dimethylarsenic acid are generally resistant to aqueous environmental chemical hydrolysis. Occupational exposure to dimethylarsenic acid may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where dimethylarsenic acid is produced or used. Urinary excretion of arsenic has been directly correlated with worker exposure to dimethylarsenic acid. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to dimethylarsenic acid via inhalation of ambient air containing methylated arsines. (SRC)

13.2.6 Natural Pollution Sources

Inorganic arsenic compounds in water or soil can undergo biochemical transformations that may result in the formation of dimethylarsenic acid(1); these transformations are most likely to occur under aerobic or slightly anaerobic conditions(1). Dimethylarsenic acid is formed in the ambient atmosphere by the oxidation of gaseous methylated arsines that are emitted to air as biological conversion products from bacteria and fungi(2-4); since biological activity is greatest in the summer and least in the winter, the highest atmospheric levels of dimethylarsenic acid are found during the summer and the lowest levels are found in winter(2).
(1) Lemmo NV et al; J Environ Sci Health A18: 335-87 (1983)
(2) Mukai H et al; Nature 324: 239-41 (1986)
(3) Wong PTS et al; Trac Sub Environ Health 11: 100-6 (1977)
(4) Cox DA, Alexander M; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 9: 84-8 (1973)

13.2.7 Artificial Pollution Sources

Dimethylarsenic acid's production and use as an herbicide, soil sterilant, and in timber thinning(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).
(1) Lewis RJ Sr, ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. NY, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc, p. 187 (1997)

13.2.8 Environmental Fate

TERRESTRIAL FATE: ... /CACODYLIC ACID/ REACTS /IN SOIL/ WITH TRIVALENT CHROMIUM, SILVER NITRATE & OTHER METAL IONS ... MAY FORM CYCLIC TYPES OF CMPD UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS.
Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degredation and Mode of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975., p. 752
TERRESTRIAL FATE: CHEM & BIOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF ARSENICAL IN SOIL: IN SOIL CACODYLIC ACID MAY UNDERGO SALT FORMATION, ADSORPTION, ION EXCHANGE, DEMETHYLATION (OXIDATIVE), REDN, & METHYLATION (REDUCTIVE). /FROM TABLE/
Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degredation and Mode of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975., p. 759
TERRESTRIAL FATE: CACODYLIC ACID FORMED INSOL CMPD WITH SOIL.
Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degredation and Mode of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975., p. 758
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Dimethylarsenic acid is expected to have low mobility in soils(1-4). Organoarsenicals, such as dimethylarsinic acid, are adsorbed by clays soils(1). After rapid initial adsorption, changes occur which result in the redistribution of dimethylarsinic acid into a less soluble form associated with aluminum in the soil(1). The dimethylarsinic acid is fixed by iron and aluminum in the soil, although not as strongly as inorganic arsenate(1). Arsenic residues in browse and herbaceous vegetation in Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, and western larch forests in which trees were treated with cacodylic acid, sodium salt for thinning were relatively low(1). Large quantities of arsenic did not move from the forest floor into the soil, indicating that arsenic residues were tightly bound in the foliage(1). Only small amounts of arsenic were detected in streams in forests treated with cacodylic acid or its sodium salt(1). A pKa of 1.57(5) indicates that dimethylarsenic acid will ionize in water(SRC); therefore, dimethylarsenic acid is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from moist soil surfaces(SRC). Dimethylarsenic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 4.6X10-3 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(6). Generation of C-14 labeled CO2 from C-14 labeled dimethylarsenic acid in a clay loam soil reached about 13% (over 98 days of incubation) in soil that had been adapted to dimethylarsenic acid, but was less than 2% in unadapted soil(7); the degradation was presumably microbial in nature(7). Incubation of dimethylarsenic acid in two Japanese soils for a period of six weeks resulted in 4-43% degradation(8); 0% degradation occurred in sterile controls(8). In another study in soil, 36% of dimethylarsenic acid was converted to a volatile organoarsenical compound and 47% to carbon dioxide and arsenate within a 24-week period(9).
(1) Norris LA et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxic 30: 309-16 (1983)
(2) Midwest Research Inst; Substitute Chemical Program - Initial Scientific Review of Cacodylic Acid. USEPA-540/1-75/021 (1975)
(3) Wauchope RD, McDowell LL; J Environ Qual 13: 499-504 (1984)
(4) Wauchope RD; J Environ Qual 4: 355 (1975)
(5) Lide DR, ed; CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc, p. 8-45 (1996)
(6) Lyman WJ; p. 31 in Environmental Exposure From Chemicals Vol I, Neely WB, Blau GE, eds, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (1985)
(7) Woolson EA, Kearney PC; Environ Sci Technol 7: 47-50 (1973)
(8) Odanaka Y et al; J Pesticide Sci 10: 681-9 (1985)
(9) Verschueren K; Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 4th ed. NY, NY: John Wiley 1: 417 (2001)
For more Environmental Fate (Complete) data for DIMETHYLARSENIC ACID (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.2.9 Environmental Biodegradation

DEGRADATION OF CACODYLIC ACID TO CARBON DIOXIDE & ARSENATE /IN SOIL/ APPEARS TO BE MICROBIAL IN NATURE & IS PROBABLY DEPENDENT ON SOIL ORGANIC MATTER CONTENT ... .
Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degredation and Mode of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975., p. 759
... CACODYLIC ACID APPARENTLY DEGRADED AEROBICALLY BY 2 MECHANISMS: CLEAVAGE OF C-AS BOND(S) & REDN TO VOLATILE ORGANOARSENICAL, PROBABLY DIMETHYLARSINE OR AN OXIDE. UNDER ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS, ONLY VOLATILE CMPD FORMED. DEGRADATION WAS SLOW ... 15-80% (14)C ACTIVITY LOST IN 32 WK, DEPENDING ON SOIL TYPE.
Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degredation and Mode of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975., p. 758
When applied to soil, cacodylic acid decreased by two routes. The observation of a pungent garlic odor suggested production of alkylarsine and a source of arsenic loss. Degradation to CO2 and arsenate by microbial action was another route for cacodylic loss.
Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides, Update II. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report - Wildlife No. 2l2. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978., p. 23
In a die-away test using river sediments, the degradation half-life of dimethylarsenic acid was about 30 days(1); degradation of dimethylarsenic acid corresponded with formation of arsenate(1); no degradation occurred in sterile controls(1). Generation of C- 14 labeled CO2 from C-14 labeled dimethylarsenic acid in a clay loam soil reached about 13% (over 98 days of incubation) in soil that had been adapted to dimethylarsenic acid, but was less than 2% in unadapted soil(2); the degradation was presumably microbial in nature(2). Incubation of dimethylarsenic acid in two Japanese soils for a period of six weeks resulted in 4-43% degradation(3); 0% degradation occurred in sterile controls(3). In another study in soil, 36% of dimethylarsenic acid was converted to a volatile organoarsenical compound and 47% to carbon dioxide and arsenate within a 24-week period(4).
(1) Holm TR et al; Limnol Oceanogr 25: 23-30 (1980)
(2) Woolson EA, Kearney PC; Environ Sci Technol 7: 47-50 (1973)
(3) Odanaka Y et al; J Pesticide Sci 10: 681-9 (1985)
(4) Verschueren K; Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 4th ed. NY, NY: John Wiley 1: 417 (2001)
ANAEROBIC: Under anaerobic conditions, 61% of dimethylarsenic acid was converted to a volatile organoarsenical compound within a 24-week period and was lost from the soil system(1).
(1) Verschueren K; Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 4th ed. NY, NY: John Wiley 1: 417 (2001)

13.2.10 Environmental Abiotic Degradation

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of dimethylarsenic acid with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 5.2X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 31 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The organic functional groups of dimethylarsenic acid are generally resistant to aqueous environmental chemical hydrolysis(2). Dimethylarsenic acid reacts with iron and aluminum hydroxides in soil to form insoluble compounds(3). Dimethylarsenic acid does not chemically oxidize under mild oxidizing conditions(4).
(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993)
(2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods NY, NY: McGraw-Hill p. 7-4 (1982)
(3) Woolson EA; pp. 741-77 in Herbicides 2. 2nd ed. NY, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc (1976)
(4) Braman RS, Foreback CC; Science 182: 1247-9 (1973)

13.2.11 Environmental Bioconcentration

A BCF of 21 was measured for mosquito fish in a model ecosystem study(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).
(1) Isensee AR et al; Environ Sci Technol 7: 841-5 (1973)
(2) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)

13.2.12 Soil Adsorption / Mobility

Organoarsenicals, such as dimethylarsinic acid, are adsorbed by clays soils(1). After rapid initial adsorption, changes occur which result in the redistribution of dimethylarsinic acid into a less soluble form associated with aluminum in the soil(1). The dimethylarsinic acid are fixed by iron and aluminum in the soil, although not as strongly as inorganic arsenate(1). Leaching tests conducted in specially constructed boxes with clay, silt loam, and sandy soils noted strong adsorption to all soils, although a small degree of leaching did occur(2). The adsorption of dimethylarsenic acid to sediments and soil was found to depend on clay content, iron oxide content, and pH(3,4); adsorption increases with increasing clay and iron oxide content and with higher pH(3,4). Herbicidal applications of dimethylarsenic acid that were applied to forest floors in the northwestern US were found to be tightly bound, and did not leach in soil(5).
(1) IARC; Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO 23: 71 (1980)
(2) Midwest Research Inst; Substitute Chemical Program - Initial Scientific Review of Cacodylic Acid. USEPA-540/1-75/021 (1975)
(3) Wauchope RD, McDowell LL; J Environ Qual 13: 499-504 (1984)
(4) Wauchope RD; J Environ Qual 4: 355 (1975)
(5) Norris LA et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxic 30: 309-16 (1983)
ORGANOARSENICALS, SUCH AS DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID ... & SODIUM CACODYLATE ARE ADSORBED BY CLAY SOILS. ... DOWNWARD LEACHING OF METHANEARSONIC ACID SALTS HAS ALSO BEEN REPORTED. THE METHANEARSONIC ACID SALTS & DIMETHYLARSINIC ACID ARE FIXED BY IRON & ALUMINUM IN SOIL, ALTHOUGH NOT AS STRONGLY AS INORGANIC ARSENATE.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V23 71 (1980)

13.2.13 Volatilization from Water / Soil

A pKa of 1.57(1) indicates that dimethylarsenic acid will ionize in water(SRC); therefore, dimethylarsenic acid is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(SRC). Dimethylarsenic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 4.6X10-3 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2).
(1) Lide DR, ed; CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc, p. 8-45 (1996)
(2) Lyman WJ; p. 31 in Environmental Exposure From Chemicals Vol I, Neely WB, Blau GE, eds, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (1985)

13.2.14 Environmental Water Concentrations

IN INTERSTITIAL WATER A FEW PERCENT /OF ARSENIC WAS/ DIMETHYLARSENIC ACID.
CRECELIUS EA; LIMNOL OCEANOGR 20 (3): 441 (1975)
SURFACE WATER: The concentrations of dimethylarsenic acid in a wide range of fresh natural waters including lakes, rivers and ponds in and around Tampa, FL were in the range of <0.02-0.62 ug/l(1). Lake, river and pond waters from the Moira River area in Ontario, Canada, which flows through an abandoned smelter (still emitting high levels of arsenic from its watershed) contained 2.3-3.3 ug/l of dimethylarsenic acid(2). SEAWATER: Saline waters at several locations along the shores of Tampa Bay contained 0.2-1.0 ug/l of dimethylarsenic acid(1).
(1) Braman RS, Foreback CC; Science 182: 1247-9 (1973)
(2) Wong PTS et al; TracSub Environ Health 11: 100-6 (1977)
DRINKING WATER: No dimethylarsenic acid was detected (detection limit of 0.02 ug/l) in Tampa, FL tap waters(1).
(1) Braman RS, Foreback CC; Science 182: 1247-9 (1973)
GROUNDWATER: The concentration of dimethylarsenic acid in well water at a remote camping site near the Withlacocochee River in FL was 0.2 ug/l(1).
(1) Braman RS, Foreback CC; Science 182: 1247-9 (1973)

13.2.15 Atmospheric Concentrations

RURAL/REMOTE: The levels of dimethylarsenic acid in air over an unpolluted island and over a rural inland area in Japan were in the range from 0.007 to 0.071 ng arsenic/cu m during 1984-1986 monitoring(1); a seasonal variation was observed with highest levels in summer and lowest levels in winter(1). Upper levels of dimethylarsenic acid of 0.030 to 0.270 ng arsenic/cu m were detected in Japanese air(2); the dimethylarsenic acid was in the form of inhalable particles(2).
(1) Mukai H et al; Nature 324: 239-41 (1986)
(2) Tanaka S et al; Nippon Kagaku Kaishi 4: 637-42 (1984)

13.2.16 Plant Concentrations

THE DEFOLIANT FORMULATION BOLLS-EYE, WHICH CONTAINS CACODYLIC ACID & ITS SODIUM SALT, & INORGANIC ARSENIC WAS SPRAYED ON COTTON & RESIDUES WERE DETERMINED 2, 4, 8, & 25 DAYS AFTER APPLICATION. TOTAL ARSENIC, METHANEARSINIC ACID & TOTAL CACODYLICS & ARSENATE PEAKED IMMEDIATELY AFTER SPRAYING & DECLINED. BY DAY 8 THE LEVELS WERE NOT SIGNIFICANTLY ABOVE PRE-APPLICATION BACKGROUND LEVELS. COTTON SEED (TOTAL ARSENIC) LEVELS WERE LOW, SUGGESTING NO DETECTABLE TRANSPORT.
MASTRADONE PJ, WOOLSON EA; BULL ENVIRON CONTAM TOXICOL 31 (2): 216-21 (1983)

13.2.17 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

... WORKERS THINNING FORESTS ... ARE AT RISK OF EXPOSURE.
Hamilton, A., and H. L. Hardy. Industrial Toxicology. 3rd ed. Acton, Mass.: Publishing Sciences Group, Inc., 1974., p. 33
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 354 workers (304 of these are female) are potentially exposed to dimethylarsenic acid in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to dimethylarsenic acid may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where dimethylarsenic acid is produced or used(SRC). Urinary excretion of arsenic has been directly correlated with worker exposure to dimethylarsenic acid(2,3). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to dimethylarsenic acid via inhalation of ambient air containing gaseous methylated arsines(SRC).
(1) NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983)
(2) Wagner SL, Weswig P; Arch Environ Health 28: 77-9 (1974)
(3) Norris A; pp. 109-21 in ACS Symp Ser. Dermal Exposure Relat Pestic Use (1985)

13.2.18 Body Burden

Urinary excretion of arsenic has been directly correlated with worker exposure to dimethylarsenic acid(1,2). Blood levels of arsenic does not seem to be correlated with worker exposure to dimethylarsenic acid(1). Herbicide workers using poor handling and application techniques had urine arsenic levels as high as 1.8 ppm which corresponded to an exposure of at least 0.036 mg As/kg body wt/day(2); proper handling techniques and protective gear reduced exposure by an order of magnitude(2). In forestry workers, the urinary dimethylarsenic acid level during an 11 week observation period ranged from 24-172 ug/24 hr compared to a range of 26-73 ug/24 hr for non-exposed workers(1). Urine samples of humans were found to contain an average of 15 ug/l of dimethylarsenic acid which constituted an average of 66% of the total urinary excretion of arsenic(3).
(1) Wagner SL, Weswig P; Arch Environ Health 28: 77-9 (1974)
(2) Norris A; pp. 109-21 in ACS Symp Ser (Dermal Exposure Relat Pestic Use) (1985)
(3) Braman RS, Foreback CC; Science 182: 1247-9 (1973)

14 Associated Disorders and Diseases

15 Literature

15.1 Consolidated References

15.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

15.3 Springer Nature References

15.4 Wiley References

15.5 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

15.6 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

15.7 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

16 Patents

16.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

16.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

16.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

16.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

16.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

17 Interactions and Pathways

17.1 Protein Bound 3D Structures

17.1.1 Ligands from Protein Bound 3D Structures

PDBe Ligand Code
PDBe Structure Code
PDBe Conformer

17.2 Chemical-Target Interactions

17.3 Pathways

18 Biological Test Results

18.1 BioAssay Results

19 Taxonomy

The LOTUS Initiative for Open Natural Products Research: frozen dataset union wikidata (with metadata) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.5794106

20 Classification

20.1 MeSH Tree

20.2 NCI Thesaurus Tree

20.3 ChEBI Ontology

20.4 KEGG: Pesticides

20.5 ChemIDplus

20.6 CAMEO Chemicals

20.7 ChEMBL Target Tree

20.8 UN GHS Classification

20.9 EPA CPDat Classification

20.10 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

20.11 CCSBase Classification

20.12 EPA DSSTox Classification

20.13 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Classification

20.14 Consumer Product Information Database Classification

20.15 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

20.16 LOTUS Tree

20.17 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

20.18 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

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    https://www.epa.gov/chemicals-under-tsca
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    https://www.epa.gov/tsca-inventory
  8. EPA DSSTox
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
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  16. NJDOH RTK Hazardous Substance List
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  31. EPA Chemical and Products Database (CPDat)
  32. EPA Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database
  33. EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants at Superfund Sites
  34. IUPAC Digitized pKa Dataset
  35. NMRShiftDB
  36. SpectraBase
  37. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
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CONTENTS