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Acetone

PubChem CID
180
Structure
Acetone_small.png
Acetone_3D_Structure.png
Acetone__Crystal_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • acetone
  • 2-propanone
  • 67-64-1
  • propanone
  • propan-2-one
Molecular Weight
58.08 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2004-09-16
  • Modify:
    2025-01-04
Description
Acetone is a manufactured chemical that is also found naturally in the environment. It is a colorless liquid with a distinct smell and taste. It evaporates easily, is flammable, and dissolves in water. It is also called dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, and beta-ketopropane. Acetone is used to make plastic, fibers, drugs, and other chemicals. It is also used to dissolve other substances. It occurs naturally in plants, trees, volcanic gases, forest fires, and as a product of the breakdown of body fat. It is present in vehicle exhaust, tobacco smoke, and landfill sites. Industrial processes contribute more acetone to the environment than natural processes.
Acetone appears as a clear colorless liquid with a sweetish odor. Flash point 0 °F. Less dense than water. Vapors are heavier than air. Used as a solvent in paint and nail polish removers.
Acetone is a methyl ketone that consists of propane bearing an oxo group at C2. It has a role as a polar aprotic solvent, a human metabolite and an EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor. It is a methyl ketone, a ketone body, a volatile organic compound and a member of propanones.

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Acetone.png

1.2 3D Conformer

1.3 Crystal Structures

1 of 7
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CCDC Number
Associated Article
Crystal Structure Data
Crystal Structure Depiction
Crystal Structure Depiction

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

propan-2-one
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C3H6O/c1-3(2)4/h1-2H3
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

CC(=O)C
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

C3H6O
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

C3H6O

CH3-CO-CH3

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

67-64-1

2.3.3 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.4 UNII

2.3.5 UN Number

2.3.6 ChEBI ID

2.3.7 ChEMBL ID

2.3.8 DEA Code Number

6532 (DEA list II chemical)

2.3.9 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.10 FEMA Number

2.3.11 HMDB ID

2.3.12 ICSC Number

2.3.13 JECFA Number

139

2.3.14 KEGG ID

2.3.15 Lipid Maps ID (LM_ID)

2.3.16 Metabolomics Workbench ID

2.3.17 NCI Thesaurus Code

2.3.18 Nikkaji Number

2.3.19 NSC Number

2.3.20 PharmGKB ID

2.3.21 RTECS Number

2.3.22 RXCUI

2.3.23 Wikidata

2.3.24 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

Acetone

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
58.08 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
XLogP3-AA
Property Value
-0.1
Reference
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
58.041864811 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
58.041864811 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
17.1Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
4
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
26.3
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Acetone appears as a clear colorless liquid with a sweetish odor. Flash point 0 °F. Less dense than water. Vapors are heavier than air. Used as a solvent in paint and nail polish removers.
Water or Solvent Wet Solid; Liquid; NKRA
Colorless liquid with a fragrant, mint-like odor; [NIOSH]
Liquid
COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.
clear, colourless, volatile with a characteristic odour
Colorless liquid with a fragrant, mint-like odor.

3.2.2 Color / Form

Colorless volatile liquid
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 9

3.2.3 Odor

Fruity odor
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. 107
Characteristic odor
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 13

3.2.4 Taste

Pungent, sweetish
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 13

3.2.5 Boiling Point

133 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
56.08 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 3-4
56.00 to 57.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
The Good Scents Company Information System
56 °C
133 °F

3.2.6 Melting Point

-137 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
-94.9 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 3-4
-94.8 °C
-95 °C
-137 °F
-140 °F

3.2.7 Flash Point

0 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
-18 °C
-16.99 °C (1.42 °F) - closed cup
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Acetone. Product Number: 270725, Version 4.10 (Revision Date 11/24/2014). Available from, as of January 5, 2015: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
-4 °F (-20 °C) (Closed cup)
National Fire Protection Association; Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 14TH Edition, Quincy, MA 2010, p. 325-10
0 °F (closed cup)
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 22
-18 °C c.c.
0 °F

3.2.8 Solubility

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 72 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Miscible with water
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 13
Miscible with benzene
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 3-4
Miscible with alcohol, dimethylformamide, ether
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 13
1000 mg/mL at 25 °C
Solubility in water: miscible
miscible with water, alcohol, ether, chroroform and most fixed oils
Miscible

3.2.9 Density

0.791 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
0.7845 g/cu cm at 20 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 3-4
Relative density (water = 1): 0.8
0.790-0.793 (20° )
0.791
0.79

3.2.10 Vapor Density

2 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
2.0 (Air = 1)
CDC; International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC) 2012. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH). Ed Info Div. Available from, as of Feb 10, 2015: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcs/icstart.html
Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.0

3.2.11 Vapor Pressure

180 mmHg at 68 °F ; 270 mmHg at 86 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
231.0 [mmHg]
231 mm Hg at 25 °C
Alarie Y et al; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 134: 92-99 (1995)
Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 24
180 mmHg

3.2.12 LogP

log Kow = -0.24
Hansch, C., Leo, A., D. Hoekman. Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society., 1995., p. 6
-0.24
HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)

3.2.13 Henry's Law Constant

Henry's Law constant = 3.97X10-5 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C
Taft RW et al; Nature 313: 384-6 (1985)

3.2.14 Stability / Shelf Life

Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Acetone. Product Number: 270725, Version 4.10 (Revision Date 11/24/2014). Available from, as of January 5, 2015: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

3.2.15 Autoignition Temperature

869 °F (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
869 °F (465 °C)
National Fire Protection Association; Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 14TH Edition, Quincy, MA 2010, p. 325-10
465 °C

3.2.16 Viscosity

0.32 cP at 20 °C; 0.27 cP at 40 °C
Howard HL; Acetone. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (1999-2015). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: Jan 14, 2011.
0.34 mm²/s at 40 °C

3.2.17 Heat of Combustion

Liquid: -1789 kJ/mol
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 5-68

3.2.18 Heat of Vaporization

29.10 kJ/mol at 56.05 °C; 30.99 kJ/mol at 25 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 6-132

3.2.19 Surface Tension

0 °C: 26.2 mN/m; 20 °C: 23.7 mN/m; 40 °C: 21.2 mN/m
Howard HL; Acetone. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (1999-2015). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: Jan 14, 2011.

3.2.20 Ionization Potential

9.69 eV

3.2.21 Odor Threshold

Odor Threshold Low: 3.6 [mmHg]

Odor Threshold High: 653.0 [mmHg]

Detection odor threshold from AIHA (mean = 62 ppm)

Water: 20 mg/L (or 20 ppm, w/v); air: 13 uL/L (or 13 ppm, v/v).
AMOORE JE, HAUTALA E; J APPL TOXICOL 3 (6): 272-90 (1983)
Odor low: 47.5 mg/cu m; Odor high: 1613.9 mg/cu m
Ruth JH; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 47: A-142-51 (1986)

3.2.22 Refractive Index

Index of refraction: 1.3588 at 20 °C/D
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 3-4
1.356-1.360

3.2.23 Dissociation Constants

pKa = 20
Serjeant EP, Dempsey B; Ionisation constants of organic acids in aqueous solution. IUPAC Chem Data Ser No.23. NY,NY: Pergamon pp.989 (1979)

3.2.24 Kovats Retention Index

Standard non-polar
475.3, 481, 468, 481, 488.6, 471, 474, 466, 469.28, 469.41, 469.5, 469.67, 470.1, 470.23, 470.7, 470.9, 469, 469, 470, 470, 477, 478, 481, 484, 477.55, 475, 465, 459, 510, 472, 475, 479, 472, 450, 471, 472, 473, 480, 476, 470, 470, 473.1, 472, 470, 450, 497, 472, 487, 462, 477.4, 461.2, 460, 473, 473, 473, 465, 460, 469, 468, 469, 478
Semi-standard non-polar
503, 500, 500, 485, 488.2, 488.7, 503, 497, 437, 437, 450, 443.5, 439, 441, 444, 443, 470, 450, 447, 450, 439, 500, 500, 496, 496, 509, 512, 459, 471, 502, 502, 487, 501, 476.6, 508.6, 503, 496.7, 486.4, 503.9, 500, 500, 475.4, 500.8, 491, 474, 484, 474, 474, 466, 468, 466
Standard polar
813, 812, 813, 814, 819, 809, 813, 834, 842, 814, 830, 821.3, 814, 810, 808, 802, 813, 818, 811, 808, 816, 822, 821, 794, 835, 837.5, 840.8, 843.5, 813, 832, 814, 814, 814, 820, 818, 847, 785, 842, 824, 832, 800, 818, 841, 845, 814, 814, 775, 821, 841, 836, 813, 816, 821, 815, 814, 819, 811, 812, 820, 823, 788, 823, 847, 810, 827, 827, 828, 825, 835, 810, 835.6, 821.7, 831.2, 825.4, 834, 811, 816, 820, 816, 832, 814, 845, 798, 802.3, 817.8, 825, 814, 823, 824, 821, 846, 805, 824.3, 828.5, 820, 815, 820, 821, 820, 816, 810, 810, 822, 810, 822, 810, 847, 854, 819, 810, 800.8, 828.3, 820.4, 816

3.2.25 Other Experimental Properties

Saturation concentration: 553 g/cu m at 20 °C; 825 g/cu m at 30 °C
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. 107
Specific heat of liquid: 2.6 J/g (0.62 cal/g) at 20 °C; specific heat of vapor: 92.1 J/(mol x k) (22.0 cal/mol x k) at 102 °C; electric conductivity: 5.5x10-8 sec/cm at 25 °C; heat of formation at 25 °C: gas -216.5 kJ/mol, liquid: -248 kJ/mol
Howard HL; Acetone. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (1999-2015). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: Jan 14, 2011.
Heat of fusion: 5.77 kJ/mol
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 6-151
Partition coefficients at 37 °C for acetone into blood = 245; into oil = 86.
Sato A, Nakajima T; Scand J Work Environ Health 13: 81-93 (1987)
Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 1.80X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C
Atkinson R et al; Atmos Chem Phys 6: 3625-4055 (2006). Available from, as of Feb 10, 2015: https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/special_issue8.html

3.3 SpringerMaterials Properties

3.4 Chemical Classes

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

3.4.1 Drugs

3.4.1.1 Animal Drugs
Pharmaceuticals -> UK Veterinary Medicines Directorate List
S104 | UKVETMED | UK Veterinary Medicines Directorate's List | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.7802119

3.4.2 Cosmetics

Cosmetics ingredient -> Fragrance; Solvent
Denaturant; Solvent
S13 | EUCOSMETICS | Combined Inventory of Ingredients Employed in Cosmetic Products (2000) and Revised Inventory (2006) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2624118

3.4.3 Food Additives

FLAVOR ENHANCER, FLAVORING AGENT OR ADJUVANT, SOLVENT OR VEHICLE, WASHING OR SURFACE REMOVAL AGENT -> FDA Substance added to food

3.4.4 Fragrances

Fragrance Ingredient (Acetone) -> IFRA transparency List

3.4.5 Lipids

Fatty Acyls [FA] -> Oxygenated hydrocarbons [FA12]

3.4.6 Solvents

Solvents -> Ketones (<C12)

4 Spectral Information

4.1 1D NMR Spectra

1 of 2
1D NMR Spectra
NMR: 9288 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection)
2 of 2
1D NMR Spectra

4.1.1 1H NMR Spectra

1 of 4
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Spectra ID
Instrument Type
Varian
Frequency
500 MHz
Solvent
Water
pH
7.00
Shifts [ppm]:Intensity
2.22:100.00
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Spectra ID
Instrument Type
JEOL
Frequency
300 MHz
Solvent
CDCl3
Shifts [ppm]:Intensity
2.16:1000.00
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4.1.2 13C NMR Spectra

1 of 4
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Spectra ID
Instrument Type
Bruker
Frequency
125 MHz
Solvent
Water
pH
7.00
Shifts [ppm]:Intensity
218.09:5.32, 32.93:19.00, -0.00:5.84
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Spectra ID
Instrument Type
Varian
Frequency
25.16 MHz
Solvent
CDCl3
Shifts [ppm]:Intensity
30.81:1000.00, 206.55:522.00
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4.1.3 17O NMR Spectra

1 of 2
Copyright
Copyright © 2016-2024 W. Robien, Inst. of Org. Chem., Univ. of Vienna. All Rights Reserved.
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2 of 2
Copyright
Copyright © 2016-2024 W. Robien, Inst. of Org. Chem., Univ. of Vienna. All Rights Reserved.
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4.2 2D NMR Spectra

4.2.1 1H-13C NMR Spectra

2D NMR Spectra Type
1H-13C HSQC
Spectra ID
Instrument Type
Bruker
Frequency
600 MHz
Solvent
Water
pH
7.00
Shifts [ppm] (F2:F1):Intensity
0.00:0.02:0.21, 2.22:32.92:1.00
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4.3 Mass Spectrometry

4.3.1 GC-MS

1 of 16
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Spectra ID
Instrument Type
EI-B
Ionization Mode
positive
Top 5 Peaks

43.0 99.99

58.0 50.41

42.0 6.52

59.0 1.95

57.0 1.25

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Notes
instrument=JEOL JMS-D-3000
2 of 16
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Spectra ID
Instrument Type
EI-B
Ionization Mode
positive
Top 5 Peaks

43.0 99.99

58.0 24.56

15.0 20.70

27.0 7.85

42.0 7.65

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Notes
instrument=HITACHI M-80B

4.3.2 MS-MS

1 of 3
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Spectra ID
Instrument Type
EI-B (JEOL JMS-D-3000)
Ionization Mode
Positive
Top 5 Peaks

43.0 1

58.0 0.50

42.0 0.07

59.0 0.02

57.0 0.01

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Spectra ID
Instrument Type
EI-B (HITACHI M-80B)
Ionization Mode
Positive
Top 5 Peaks

43.0 1

58.0 0.25

15.0 0.21

42.0 0.08

27.0 0.08

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4.3.3 LC-MS

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MS Category
Experimental
MS Type
LC-MS
MS Level
MS2
Instrument Type
Quattro_QQQ
Ionization Mode
positive
Top 5 Peaks

58.0 100

42.0 74.11

59.0 68.99

43.0 68.05

57.0 46

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MS Category
Experimental
MS Type
LC-MS
MS Level
MS2
Instrument Type
Quattro_QQQ
Ionization Mode
positive
Top 5 Peaks

58.0 100

31.0 25.17

59.0 16.06

41.0 8.32

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4.3.4 Other MS

1 of 4
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Other MS
MASS: 61291 (NIST/EPA/MSDC Mass Spectral database, 1990 version)
2 of 4
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Authors
MASS SPECTROSCOPY SOC. OF JAPAN (MSSJ)
Instrument
JEOL JMS-D-3000
Instrument Type
EI-B
MS Level
MS
Ionization Mode
POSITIVE
Ionization
ENERGY 70 eV
Top 5 Peaks

43 999

58 504

42 65

59 20

57 13

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License
CC BY-NC-SA

4.4 UV Spectra

UV: 89 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection)
Lide, D.R., G.W.A. Milne (eds.). Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volume I. 3rd ed. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton ,FL. 1994., p. V5: 4466

4.5 IR Spectra

IR Spectra
IR: 77 (Sadtler Research Laboratories IR Grating Collection)

4.5.1 FTIR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
DIGILAB FTS-40
Technique
NEAT
Source of Sample
J. T. Baker Chemical Company
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Technique
CAPILLARY CELL: NEAT
Source of Sample
U.S. Testing Company, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.5.2 ATR-IR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Bio-Rad FTS
Technique
ATR-Neat (DuraSamplIR II)
Source of Spectrum
Forensic Spectral Research
Source of Sample
Sigma-Aldrich Inc.
Catalog Number
650501
Lot Number
13584TD
Copyright
Copyright © 2012-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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2 of 2
Technique
ATR-Neat
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.5.3 Near IR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
INSTRUMENT PARAMETERS=INST=BRUKER,RSN=6757,REO=2,CNM=HEI,ZFF=2
Technique
NIR Spectrometer= BRUKER IFS 88
Source of Spectrum
Prof. Buback, University of Goettingen, Germany
Copyright
Copyright © 1989, 1990-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
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2 of 2
Instrument Name
INSTRUMENT PARAMETERS=INST=BRUKER,RSN=6757,REO=2,CNM=HEI,ZFF=2
Technique
NIR Spectrometer= BRUKER IFS 88
Source of Spectrum
Prof. Buback, University of Goettingen, Germany
Copyright
Copyright © 1989, 1990-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
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4.5.4 Vapor Phase IR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
DIGILAB FTS-14
Technique
Vapor Phase
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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2 of 2
Instrument Name
Bruker IFS 85
Technique
Gas-GC
Copyright
Copyright © 1989, 1990-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
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4.6 Raman Spectra

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Raman Spectra
Raman: 162 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection)
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Instrument Name
Thermo Nicolet FT-Raman 960
Technique
FT-Raman
Copyright
Copyright © 2003-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.7 Other Spectra

Intense mass spectral peaks: 43 m/z, 58 m/z
Pfleger, K., H. Maurer and A. Weber. Mass Spectral and GC Data of Drugs, Poisons and their Metabolites. Parts I and II. Mass Spectra Indexes. Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany. 1985., p. 19

6 Chemical Vendors

7 Drug and Medication Information

7.1 FDA National Drug Code Directory

7.2 Drug Labels

Active ingredient and drug

7.3 Biomarker Information

8 Food Additives and Ingredients

8.1 Food Additive Classes

Flavoring Agents
JECFA Functional Classes

Flavouring Agent ->

FLAVOURING_AGENTFood Additives -> EXTRACTION_SOLVENT;

8.2 FEMA Flavor Profile

Pungent

8.3 FDA Substances Added to Food

Substance
Used for (Technical Effect)
FLAVOR ENHANCER, FLAVORING AGENT OR ADJUVANT, SOLVENT OR VEHICLE, WASHING OR SURFACE REMOVAL AGENT
FEMA Number
3326
GRAS Number
6
JECFA Flavor Number
139

8.4 Associated Foods

8.5 Evaluations of the Joint FAO / WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives - JECFA

Chemical Name
DIMETHYLKETONE
Evaluation Year
1998
ADI
No safety concern at current levels of intake when used as a flavouring agent
Tox Monograph

9 Agrochemical Information

9.1 Agrochemical Category

Solvent

10 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

10.1 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Solvents
Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant and Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) (See all compounds classified as Solvents.)

10.2 Bionecessity

Acetone is one of three ketone bodies that occur naturally throughout the body. It can be formed endogenously in the mammalian body from fatty acid oxidation. Fasting, diabetes mellitus and strenuous exercise increase endogenous generation of acetone. Under normal conditions, the production of ketone bodies occurs almost entirely within the liver and to a smaller extent in the lung and kidney. ... Products are excreted in the blood and transported to all tissues and organs of the body where they can be used as a source of energy. Two of these ketone bodies, acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate, are organic acids that can cause metabolic acidosis when produced in large amounts, as in diabetes mellitu
Environmental Health Criteria 207: Acetone. pp. 1-7 (1998) by the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation and the World Health Organization.

10.3 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

In rats receiving acetone in drinking water (7.5% v/v) for 11 consecutive days, plasma concentrations of acetone on day 1 were in the range of 315-800 ug/mL. The plasma concentration appeared to plateau at about 1,200 ug/mL by day 4.
DHHS/ATSDR; Addendum to the Toxicological Profile for Acetone p.? (August 2011). Available from, as of January 7, 2015: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp
Physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) modeling of human experimental data suggests difficulties to simultaneously describe the time courses of inhaled polar solvents in blood and breath, especially if exposures occur during physical exercise. We attribute this to the washin-washout effect in the airways. The aim was to develop a PBTK-model that explains the behavior of acetone in blood and exhaled air at different levels of physical exercise. The model includes exchange of inhaled solvent vapor with the blood flow via the mucosa and separate compartments to describe working and resting muscles. The developed model was contrasted to a traditional PBTK-model where the conducting airways were regarded as an inert tube. Our model predictions agrees well with experimentally observed acetone levels in both arterial blood and end- and mixed-exhaled air from 26 inhalation experiments conducted with 18 human volunteers at 0, 50, 100 and 150 W workload. In contrast, the inert-tube model was unable to describe the data. The developed model is to our knowledge the first which explains the toxicokinetics of acetone at such various levels of physical exercise. It may be useful in breath monitoring and to obtain more accurate estimates of absorbed dose during inhalation of polar volatiles.
Mork AK, Johanson G; Toxicol Lett 164 (1): 6-15 (2006)
Patients with severe diabetic ketoacidosis can have plasma acetone levels as high as 750 mg/L, which is up to 300 times the normal limit.
European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, ACETONE (67-64-1). Available from, as of January 22, 2007: https://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
Acetone is one of the least hazardous industrial solvents, but is highly volatile and may be inhaled in large quantities. It may be absorbed into the blood through the lungs and diffused throughout the body. Small quantities may be absorbed through the skin.
International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 38
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for ACETONE (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.4 Metabolism / Metabolites

... The role of CYP2E1 in acetone catabolism /was assessed/ by measuring acetone levels at different time points in rats that had been treated with diallyl sulfide (DAS, a CYP2E1 inhibitor) at a variety of dose levels. The study noted DAS dose-dependent increases in the time to peak blood acetone level and in the time to return to pre-dose levels, suggesting an important role of CYP2E1 in acetone catabolism.
DHHS/ATSDR; Addendum to the Toxicological Profile for Acetone p.6 (August 2011). Available from, as of January 7, 2015: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp
Acetone, one of the principal ketone bodies elevated during treatment with the ketogenic diet, exhibits anticonvulsant properties that may contribute to the seizure protection conferred by the diet. The anticonvulsant mechanism of acetone is unknown, but it is metabolized to several bioactive substances that could play a role. Acetone and its major metabolites-acetol, 1,2-propanediol, methylglyoxal, and pyruvic acid-were assessed for anticonvulsant activity in two mouse seizure models. Various doses of the substances administered intraperitoneally were characterized for their ability to elevate the threshold for clonic seizures induced by intravenous infusion of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and for protection against tonic seizures induced by subcutaneous bolus administration of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP). The inverted-screen test was used to assess acute neurological toxicity. Acetone (1-32 mmol/kg, i.p.), in a dose-dependent fashion, elevated the PTZ threshold and conferred protection against 4-AP seizures (ED(50), 26.3 mmol/kg). Effective doses of acetone (10-32 mmol/kg) did not cause motor impairment in the inverted-screen test (TD(50), 45.7 mmol/kg). In doses 10-fold greater than the minimally effective dose ofacetone (3.2 mmol/kg), the metabolites acetol, 1,2-propanediol, and pyruvic acid were inactive in the PTZ model. At higher doses that produced motor impairment, acetol and 1,2-propanediol (but not pyruvic acid) did elevate the PTZ threshold. Methylglyoxal had both proconvulsant and anticonvulsant actions, and had substantial toxicity, producing respiratory distress, motor impairment, and death. None of the acetone metabolites protected against 4-AP seizures. This study confirms the broad-spectrum anticonvulsant properties of acetone and indicates that the seizure protection conferred is unlikely to result from its major metabolic products.
Gasior M et al; Epilepsia 48 (4): 793-800 (2007)
Two pathways for the conversion of acetone to glucose are proposed, the methylglyoxal & the propanediol pathways. The methylglyoxal pathway is responsible for the conversion to acetol, acetol to methylglyoxal, & subsequent conversion of methylglyoxal to glucose. The propanediol pathway involves the conversion of acetol to L-1,2-propanediol by an as yet unknown process. L-1,2-propanediol is converted to L-lactaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase, & L-lactaldehyde is converted to L-lactic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase. Expression of these metabolic pathways in rat appears to be dependent on the induction of /acetone/ oxygenase & acetol monooxygenase by acetone.
Casazza JP et al; J Biol Chem 259 (1): 231-6 (1984)
Hepatic NAD-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase... enzyme is capable of catalyzing reverse reaction in which... acetone.../is reduced to alcohol/.
Testa, B. and P. Jenner. Drug Metabolism: Chemical & Biochemical Aspects. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1976., p. 310
For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for ACETONE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
The metabolic fate of acetone is independent of route of administration and involves three separate gluconeogenic pathways, with ultimate incorporation of carbon atoms into glucose and other products and substrates of intermediary metabolism with generation of carbon dioxide. The primary (major) pathway involves hepatic metabolism of acetone to acetol and hepatic metabolism of acetol to methylglyoxal, while two secondary (minor) pathways are partially extrahepatic, involving the extrahepatic reduction of acetol to L-1,2-propanediol. Subsequent conversion of acetol to methylglyoxal in microsomes is catalyzed by acetol monooxygenase (also called acetol hydroxylase), an activity also associated with cytochrome P-450IIE1, and also requires oxygen and NADPH. Methylglyoxal can then be converted to D-glucose by an unidentified pathway, and/or possibly by catalysis by glyoxalase I and II and glutathione to D-lactate, which is converted to D-glucose. Some of exogenous acetone is unmetabolized and is excreted primarily in the expired air with little acetone excreted in urine. (N004)

10.5 Biological Half-Life

Blood: 3 hours; whole body: 19-31 hours; [TDR, p. 17]
TDR - Ryan RP, Terry CE, Leffingwell SS (eds). Toxicology Desk Reference: The Toxic Exposure and Medical Monitoring Index, 5th Ed. Washington DC: Taylor & Francis, 1999., p. 17
Half-times for blood elimination of 3-3.9 hrs have been estimated in humans exposed to 100-500 ppm for 2-4 hrs. Elimination half-times of 3.9 hrs and 6.2 hrs have been estimated for arterial and venous blood, respectively. No differences in elimination half-times were found between men and women.
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Acetone p. 79 (1994)
Tissue distribution of 2(14)C-acetone following inhalation exposure to 1,200 mg/cu m (500 ppm) was studied in mice. .... Half-times for acetone elimination were 2-3 hr for blood, kidney, lung, brain, and muscle, and greater than 5 hr for subcutaneous adipose tissue. By 24 hr after exposure, acetone concentrations had returned to endogenous levels in all tissues.
European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, ACETONE (67-64-1). Available from, as of January 22, 2007: https://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
Two instances of finding abnormally high concentrations of acetone in urine (0.10 g/dL and 0.052 g/dL) without any measurable amounts of ethanol (<0.005 g/dL) or isopropanol (<0.005 g/dL) prompted a survey of the elimination kinetics of isopropanol and its metabolite acetone in humans. In a hospital patient who had ingested denatured alcohol, the elimination half-life (t(1/2)) of acetone during detoxification was 27 hr and not 3-5 hr as reported by other workers. Several other literature reports of individuals who had ingested isopropanol as well as controlled studies after administration of moderate amounts of acetone and/or isopropanol support the notion of a long elimination half-life of 17-27 hr for acetone compared with a t(1/2) of 1-3 hr for isopropanol.
Jones AW; J Anal Toxicol 24 (1): 8-10
The elimination half life in mice for acetone in various tissues was between 2 and 5 hr, with the subcutaneous adipose tissue showing the slowest release of acetone. Daily exposure of mice to 500 ppm acetone for 6 hr did not result in any day-to-day accumulation of acetone.
European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, ACETONE (67-64-1). Available from, as of January 22, 2007: https://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/

10.6 Human Metabolite Information

10.6.1 Tissue Locations

  • Adipose Tissue
  • Adrenal Gland
  • Bladder
  • Brain
  • Epidermis
  • Fibroblasts
  • Kidney
  • Liver
  • Neuron
  • Pancreas
  • Placenta
  • Testis
  • Thyroid Gland

10.6.2 Cellular Locations

  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
  • Mitochondria

10.6.3 Metabolite Pathways

10.7 Biochemical Reactions

10.8 Transformations

11 Use and Manufacturing

11.1 Uses

EPA CPDat Chemical and Product Categories
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
Sources/Uses
Used as a solvent and to produce methacrylates; [LaDou, p. 546] Used as an intermediate and solvent or cleaner (gum waxes, resins, fats, greases, oils, dyes, cellulosics, coatings, plastics, and varnishes); [ACGIH]
LaDou - LaDou J, Harrison R (eds). Current Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 5th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2014., p. 546
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure

Semiconductor Manufacturing [Category: Industry]

Painting (Solvents) [Category: Paint]

Silk-Screen Printing [Category: Other]

Activities with risk of exposure
Smoking cigarettes [Category: Food & Drugs]
For acetone (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 044101) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./
National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's Database on Database on Acetone (67-64-1). Available from, as of February 12, 2015: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered /pesticide/ products. ... "cancelled."
United States Environmental Protection Agency/ Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances; Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration, and Special Review. (1998) EPA 738-R-98-002, p. 289
Solvent for fats, oils, waxes, resins, rubber, plastics, lacquers, varnishes, rubber cements. Versatile reagent in organic synthesis. Manufacturing of coatings, plastics, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. In production of other solvents and intermediates including: methyl isobutyl ketone, mesityl oxide, acetic acid (ketene process), diacetone alcohol, bisphenol A, methyl methacrylate, explosives, rayon, photographic films, isoprene.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 13
In extraction of various principles from animal and plant substances; in paint & varnish removers; purifying paraffin; hardening and dehydrating tissues.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 13
For more Uses (Complete) data for ACETONE (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Most acetone produced is used to make other chemicals that make plastics, fibers, and drugs. Acetone is also used to dissolve other substances. Exposure may occur from breathing air, drinking water and eating food with acetone, and through dermal and eye contact. (N004)

11.1.1 Use Classification

Chemical Classes -> Volatile organic compounds
EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes -> Specialized Industrial Chemicals
Safer Chemical Classes -> Yellow triangle Yellow triangle - The chemical has met Safer Choice Criteria for its functional ingredient-class, but has some hazard profile issues
Food additives -> Flavoring Agents
Fragrance Ingredients
Flavoring Agents -> JECFA Flavorings Index

Flavouring Agent -> -> JECFA Functional Classes

FLAVOURING_AGENTFood Additives -> EXTRACTION_SOLVENT; -> JECFA Functional Classes

Hazard Classes and Categories -> Flammable - 3rd degree
Cosmetics -> Denaturant; Solvent
S13 | EUCOSMETICS | Combined Inventory of Ingredients Employed in Cosmetic Products (2000) and Revised Inventory (2006) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2624118
SOLVENTS

11.1.2 DEA Listed Chemicals

Name
Acetone
List II Chemical
A chemical, other than a List I chemical, specified by regulation that, in addition to legitimate uses, is used in manufacturing a controlled substance in violation of the Act.

11.1.3 Industry Uses

  • Solvent
  • Intermediate
  • Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
  • Propellants and blowing agents
  • Adhesives and sealant chemicals
  • Dyes
  • Intermediates
  • Fuels and fuel additives
  • Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing)
  • Other (specify)
  • Laboratory chemicals
  • Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)
  • Solubility enhancer
  • Propellants, non-motive (blowing agents)
  • Cleaning agent
  • Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories
  • Diluent
  • Processing aids not otherwise specified
  • Ion exchange agents

11.1.4 Consumer Uses

  • Laboratory chemicals
  • Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing)
  • Other (specify)
  • Adhesion/cohesion promoter
  • Absorbent
  • Solubility enhancer
  • Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)
  • Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
  • Solvent
  • Intermediate
  • Intermediates
  • Binder
  • Corrosion inhibitor
  • Cleaning agent
  • Drier
  • Propellants, non-motive (blowing agents)
  • Flux agent
  • Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories

11.1.5 Household Products

California Safe Cosmetics Program (CSCP)

Cosmetics product ingredient: Acetone

Reason for Listing: Identified as a neurotoxicant in the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry’s Toxic Substances Portal.

Potential Health Impacts: Neurotoxicity

Product count: 77

Household & Commercial/Institutional Products

Information on 1176 consumer products that contain Acetone in the following categories is provided:

• Auto Products

• Commercial / Institutional

• Hobby/Craft

• Home Maintenance

• Home Office

• Inside the Home

• Landscaping/Yard

• Personal Care

• Pesticides

• Pet Care

11.2 Methods of Manufacturing

Oxidation of cumene; dehydrogenation or oxidation of isopropyl alcohol with metallic catalyst; vapor-phase oxidation of butane; by-product of synthetic glycerol production.
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 9
The overall process for the production of acetone from benzene and propene consists of two major steps. In the first step cumene is produced from benzene and propene in the cumene process by Friedel-Crafts alkylation. Propane and other hydrocarbons contained in the propene feedstock are separated as low-boiling components in the cumene distillation unit. High-boiling components, mainly polyisopropylbenzenes, are separated as a residue. There is only a little amount of process water, which is generated from water dissolved in the benzene and propene feedstocks. In the second step (cumene oxidation, Hock process), cumene is first oxidized with atmospheric oxygen to cumene hydroperoxide (CHP). CHP is then cleaved to phenol and acetone by using a strong mineral acid as catalyst. Ketones, mainly byproducts from acetone, are separated as low-boiling components in the distillation. High-boiling components, which are mainly formed in the oxidation and cleavage unit, are separated as a residue. A certain amount of process water is generated in the phenol-acetone process and must be further treated in a biological wastewater treatment plant. The overall reaction can be considered as a dual oxidation: benzene is oxidized to phenol and propene is oxidized to acetone.
Weber M et al; Acetone. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2014). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: January 31, 2014
Another route to acetone is the dehydrogenation of 2-propanol (IPA), formed by hydration of propene. ... In 1970 ca. 50-60% of the total acetone production in the USA was derived from this route. Nowadays, the cumene oxidation process with acetone as coproduct is the main source of acetone worldwide.
Weber M et al; Acetone. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2014). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: January 31, 2014
In the absence of catalysts 2-propanol reacts with oxygen via a free-radical reaction to form acetone and hydrogen peroxide. Until the mid-1980s the Shell process used hydrogen peroxide for the manufacture of glycerol from propene. The theoretical yield of acetone based on glycerol produced is 1.26 kg/kg. Acetone yields of about 90% of theoretical were obtained.
Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 6th ed.Vol 1: Federal Republic of Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 2003 to Present, p. V1 202 (2003)
For more Methods of Manufacturing (Complete) data for ACETONE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.3 Impurities

Grade: Technical; chemically pure; NF; electronic; spectrophotometric.
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 9
Acetone is produced industrially in high grade (> 99.5% purity), the main impurity being water.
Weber M et al; Acetone. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2014). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: January 31, 2014

11.4 Consumption Patterns

33% Methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid and higher methacrylates; 17% solvents; 10% MIBK; 9% bisphenol-a; 7% aldol chemical; 6% pharmaceuticals and cosmetics; 2% methyl isobutyl carbenol; 4.5% exports; 11.5% misc (1985)
CHEMICAL PROFILE: ACETONE, 1985
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Acetone. Methylmethacrylate, methacrylic acid and higher methacrylates, 34%; coatings solvent, 15%; bisphenol-A, 12%; MIBK (methyl isobutyl ketone), 10%; solvent for cellulose acetate, 5%; drug and pharmaceutical applications, 5%; miscellaneous chemical and solvent uses, 6%; exports, 5%.
Kavaler AR; Chemical Marketing Reporter 232 (12): 70 (1987)
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Acetone. Demand: 1986: 1,936 million lb; 1987: 2,050 million lb; 1991 /projected/: 2,140 million lb.
Kavaler AR; Chemical Marketing Reporter 232 (12): 70 (1987)
Demand 1995: 2.76 billion pounds; 1996: 2.72 billion pounds; 2000 (projected) 3.2 billion pounds.
Kavaler AR; Chemical Marketing Reporter. Sept. 2, 1996
(2005) Global demand (consumption): 5 million tonne
Acetone Consumption
Direct solvent
% of 5 Million Tonne
31
Acetone Consumption
Acetone cyanohydrin (MMA)
% of 5 Million Tonne
30
Acetone Consumption
Bisphenol A
% of 5 Million Tonne
20
Acetone Consumption
Aldol chemicals
% of 5 Million Tonne
11
Acetone Consumption
Others
% of 5 Million Tonne
8
Anonymous; Chemical Week. Product Focus: Phenol/Acetone 168 (31): 55 (2006)

11.5 U.S. Production

Aggregated Product Volume

2019: 1,000,000,000 - <5,000,000,000 lb

2018: 1,000,000,000 - <5,000,000,000 lb

2017: 1,000,000,000 - <5,000,000,000 lb

2016: 1,000,000,000 - <5,000,000,000 lb

(1972) 7.74X10+11 G
SRI
(1975) 7.45X10+11 G
SRI
(1984) 1,739,293,000 lbs (Acetone from cumene)
USITC, SYN ORG CHEM-US PROD/SALES 1984 p.256
(1984) 123,195,000 lbs (Acetone from isopropyl alcohol)
USITC, SYN ORG CHEM-US PROD/SALES 1984 p.256
For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for ACETONE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.6 U.S. Imports

(1972) 1.18X10+10 G
SRI
(1975) 1.36X10+9 G
SRI
(1983) 2.48X10+6 g
USITC. IMPORTS OF BENZENOID CHEMICALS AND PRODUCTS 1983 p.7
(1987) 7.5X10+4 tons
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V1 186

11.7 U.S. Exports

(1972) 4.11X10+10 G
SRI
(1975) 2.93X10+10 G
SRI
(1984) 3.76X10+10 g
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS: US EXPORTS 1984 p.2-77
(1987) 1.18X10+5 tons
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V1 186

11.8 General Manufacturing Information

Industry Processing Sectors
  • Plastics Product Manufacturing
  • Printing Ink Manufacturing
  • Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing
  • All other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
  • Pharmaceutical and Medicine Manufacturing
  • Furniture and Related Product Manufacturing
  • Printing and Related Support Activities
  • All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
  • Primary Metal Manufacturing
  • Construction
  • Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
  • Petrochemical Manufacturing
  • Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
  • Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
  • Organic Fiber Manufacturing
  • Petroleum Lubricating Oil and Grease Manufacturing
  • Wholesale and Retail Trade
  • Miscellaneous Manufacturing
  • Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing
  • Transportation Equipment Manufacturing
  • Machinery Manufacturing
  • Paint and Coating Manufacturing
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting
  • All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
  • Adhesive Manufacturing
  • Other (requires additional information)
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
2-Propanone: ACTIVE
During 1984, approximately 15% of US acetone output was derived from isopropanol.
Chemical products synopsis: Acetone, 1984
Benzene is alkylated to cumene, and then is in oxidized to cumene hydroperoxide, which in turn is cleaved to phenol and acetone. One kilogram of phenol production results in ~ 0.6 kg of acetone or about ~ 0.40-0.45 kg of acetone per kilogram of cumene used.
Howard WL; Acetone. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (1999-2014). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Online Posting Date: January 14, 2011
Until World War I, acetone was manufactured commercially by the dry distillation of calcium acetate from lime and pyroligneous acid (wood distillate).
Howard WL; Acetone. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (1999-2014). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Online Posting Date: January 14, 2011

11.9 Sampling Procedures

Activated charcoal, Ambersorb XE-348, and Amberlites XAD-2, XAD-4, and XAD-7 were evaluated as solid adsorbents for work-room air sampling of acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl n-butyl ketone, cyclohexanone and isophorone. Activated charcoal had good capacity for the compounds investigated, but most ketones decomposed on this adsorbent during storage. Ambersorb XE-348 also showed good capacity for most of the ketones and decomposition was insignficant.
Levin JO, Carleborg L; Ann Occup Hyg 31 (1): 31-8 (1987)

12 Identification

12.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

Method: EPA-EAD 1624; Procedure: gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; Analyte: acetone; Matrix: water; Detection Limit: 50 ug/L.
National Environmental Methods Index; Analytical, Test and Sampling Methods. Acetone (67-64-1). Available from, as of February 20, 2015: https://www.nemi.gov
Method: EPA-NERL 524.2; Procedure: gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; Analyte: acetone; Matrix: surface water, ground water, and drinking water in any stage of treatment; Detection Limit: 0.28 ug/L.
National Environmental Methods Index; Analytical, Test and Sampling Methods. Acetone (67-64-1). Available from, as of February 20, 2015: https://www.nemi.gov
Method: EPA-RCA 8015C; Procedure: gas chromatography with flame ionization detector; Analyte: acetone; Matrix: surface water, ground water, and solid matrices; Detection Limit: 16 ug/L.
National Environmental Methods Index; Analytical, Test and Sampling Methods. Acetone (67-64-1). Available from, as of February 20, 2015: https://www.nemi.gov
Method: EPA-RCA 8260B; Procedure: gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; Analyte: acetone; Matrix: various; Detection Limit: not provided.
National Environmental Methods Index; Analytical, Test and Sampling Methods. Acetone (67-64-1). Available from, as of February 20, 2015: https://www.nemi.gov
For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for ACETONE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.2 Clinical Laboratory Methods

Method: NIOSH 8319,Issue 1; Procedure: gas chromatography with flame ionizing detector, headspace; Analyte: acetone; Matrix: urine; Detection Limit: 0.6 mg/L in pooled urine.
CDC; NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th ed. Acetone (67-64-1). Available from, as of February 20, 2015: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/
... Our objective was to improve the assessment of ... /methanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, and ethanol/ in human blood using /gas chromatography/ (GC) with flame ionization detection. An amount of 50 uL of blood was diluted with 300 uL of sterile water, 40 uL of 10% sodium tungstate, and 20 uL of 1% sulphuric acid. After centrifugation, 1 uL of the supernatant was injected into the gas chromatograph. We used a dimethylpolysiloxane capillary column of 30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.25 um. We observed linear correlations from 7.5 to 240 mg/L for methanol, acetaldehyde, and acetone and from 75 to 2400 mg/L for ethanol. Precision at concentrations 15, 60, and 120 mg/L for methanol, acetaldehyde, and acetone and 150, 600, and 1200 mg/mL for ethanol were 0.8-6.9%. Ranges of accuracy were 94.7-98.9% for methanol, 91.2-97.4% for acetaldehyde, 96.1-98.7% for acetone, and 105.5-111.6% for ethanol. Limits of detection were 0.80 mg/L for methanol, 0.61 mg/L for acetaldehyde, 0.58 mg/L for acetone, and 0.53 mg/L for ethanol. This method is suitable for routine clinical and forensic practices.
Schlatter J et al; Hum Exp Toxicol 33 (1): 74-80 (2014)
A gas chromatographic method for determining acetone in biological tissues is described. Solvent was extracted with nitrogen gas from specimen & adsorbed on porous polymer (Porapak Q). Concentrations ranging between 17 nmol/g tissue in nonexposed animals & 1.8 mumol/g tissue in exposed mice were determined.
Holm S, Lundgren E; Anal Biochem 136 (1): 157-60 (1984)

12.3 NIOSH Analytical Methods

13 Safety and Hazards

13.1 Hazards Identification

13.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 6
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Note
Pictograms displayed are for > 99.9% (4984 of 4986) of reports that indicate hazard statements. This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (2 of 4986) of reports.
Pictogram(s)
Flammable
Irritant
Signal
Danger
GHS Hazard Statements

H225 (> 99.9%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H319 (> 99.9%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H336 (98.7%): May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264+P265, P271, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 4986 reports by companies from 90 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 2 of 4986 reports by companies. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

There are 89 notifications provided by 4984 of 4986 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

13.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Flam. Liq. 2 (> 99.9%)

Eye Irrit. 2 (> 99.9%)

STOT SE 3 (98.7%)

Flammable liquid - category 2

Eye irritation - category 2A

Specific target organ toxicity (single exposure) - category 3

13.1.3 NFPA Hazard Classification

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NFPA 704 Diamond
1-3-0
NFPA Health Rating
1 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause significant irritation.
NFPA Fire Rating
3 - Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Materials produce hazardous atmospheres with air under almost all ambient temperatures or, though unaffected by ambient temperatures, are readily ignited under almost all conditions.
NFPA Instability Rating
0 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions.

13.1.4 EPA Safer Chemical

Chemical: Acetone

Yellow triangle Yellow triangle - The chemical has met Safer Choice Criteria for its functional ingredient-class, but has some hazard profile issues. Specifically, a chemical with this code is not associated with a low level of hazard concern for all human health and environmental endpoints. (See Safer Choice Criteria). While it is a best-in-class chemical and among the safest available for a particular function, the function fulfilled by the chemical should be considered an area for safer chemistry innovation.

13.1.5 Health Hazards

INHALATION: vapor irritating to eyes and mucous membranes; acts as an anesthetic in very high concentrations. INGESTION: low order of toxicity but very irritating to mucous membranes. SKIN: prolonged excessive contact causes defatting of the skin, possibly leading to dermatitis. (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
ERG 2024, Guide 127 (Acetone)

· Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.

· Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.

· Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation, especially when in closed or confined areas.

· Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause environmental contamination.

13.1.6 Fire Hazards

Excerpt from ERG Guide 127 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible)]:

HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. CAUTION: Ethanol (UN1170) can burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.) Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids will float on water. (ERG, 2024)

ERG 2024, Guide 127 (Acetone)

· HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.

CAUTION: Ethanol (UN1170) can burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)

· Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.

· Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.

· Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.

· Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.

· Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.

· Containers may explode when heated.

· Many liquids will float on water.

Highly flammable. Vapour/air mixtures are explosive. Heating will cause rise in pressure with risk of bursting.

13.1.7 Hazards Summary

Acetone is a manufactured chemical that is also found naturally in the environment. It is a colorless liquid with a distinct smell and taste. It evaporates easily, is flammable, and dissolves in water. It is also called dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, and beta-ketopropane. Acetone is used to make plastic, fibers, drugs, and other chemicals. It is also used to dissolve other substances. It occurs naturally in plants, trees, volcanic gases, forest fires, and as a product of the breakdown of body fat. It is present in vehicle exhaust, tobacco smoke, and landfill sites. Industrial processes contribute more acetone to the environment than natural processes.
Can be absorbed by skin or inhalation; Can reach harmful concentrations after spill at room temperature or after spraying; Skin and respiratory tract irritant; Adverse effects on CNS, liver, and kidneys; [Reference #1] TLV Basis is irritation (eyes and upper respiratory tract) and CNS impairment; [ACGIH]
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.

13.1.8 Fire Potential

Highly flammable liquid. Dangerous disaster hazard due to fire and explosion hazard ...
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 23

13.1.9 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

Exposure for 15 minutes to 1660 ppm causes irritation of eyes and nose ...
Thienes, C., and T.J. Haley. Clinical Toxicology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1972., p. 137

13.1.10 EPA Hazardous Waste Number

U002; A toxic waste when a discarded commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate.
F003; A hazardous waste from nonspecific sources when a spent solvent.

13.2 Safety and Hazard Properties

13.2.1 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs)

13.2.1.1 AEGLs Table
AEGLs
AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)
10 min
200
30 min
200
60 min
200
4 hr
200
8 hr
200
AEGLs
AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)
10 min
9,300*
30 min
4,900*
60 min
3,200*
4 hr
1,400
8 hr
950
AEGLs
AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)
10 min
**
30 min
8,600*
60 min
5,700*
4 hr
2,500
8 hr
1,700
13.2.1.2 AEGLs Notes

Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) = 26,000 ppm * = &gt;10% LEL; ** = &gt;50% LEL AEGL 3 - 10 mins = ** 16,000 ppm For values denoted as * safety considerations against the hazard(s) of explosion(s) must be taken into account. For values denoted as ** extreme safety considerations against the hazard(s) of explosion(s) must be taken into account. Level of Distinct Odor Awareness = 160 ppm

AEGLs Status: Interim

13.2.2 Flammable Limits

Lower flammable limit: 2.5% by volume; Upper flammable limit: 12.8% by volume
National Fire Protection Association; Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 14TH Edition, Quincy, MA 2010, p. 325-10
Flammability
Class IB Flammable Liquid: Fl.P. below 73 °F and BP at or above 100 °F.

13.2.3 Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)

2.6 % (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
2.5%

13.2.4 Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)

12.8 % (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
12.8%

13.2.5 Critical Temperature & Pressure

Critical temperature: 508.1 deg K; critical pressure: 4.7 MPa
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 6-59

13.2.6 Physical Dangers

The vapour is heavier than air and may travel along the ground; distant ignition possible.

13.2.7 Explosive Limits and Potential

Highly flammable liquid. Dangerous disaster hazard due to fire and explosion hazard ...
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 23
UPPER 12.8%, LOWER 2.6%.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 22
Vapor may explode if ignited in an enclosed area.
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.
Explosive limits , vol% in air: 2.2-13

13.2.8 OSHA Standards

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 1000 ppm (2400 mg/cu m).
29 CFR 1910.1000 USDOL); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 4, 2015: https://www.ecfr.gov
Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 750 ppm (1800 mg/cu m); STEL 1000 ppm (2400 mg/cu m) is still enforced in some states.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 359

13.2.9 NIOSH Recommendations

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10-hour Time-Weighted Average: 250 ppm (590 mg/cu m).
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg

13.3 First Aid Measures

Inhalation First Aid
Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.
Skin First Aid
Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.
Eye First Aid
Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer for medical attention.
Ingestion First Aid
Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

13.3.1 First Aid

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
ERG 2024, Guide 127 (Acetone)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingestedor inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuouscompressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(See general first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

13.4 Fire Fighting

Excerpt from ERG Guide 127 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: For fire involving UN1170, UN1987 or UN3475, alcohol-resistant foam should be used. CAUTION: Ethanol (UN1170) can burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.).

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use powder, alcohol-resistant foam, water, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

13.4.1 Fire Fighting Procedures

If material is on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 4
Flammable. Flashback along vapor trail may occur. Vapor may explode if ignited in an enclosed area. Extinguish with dry chemical, alcohol foam, or carbon dioxide. Water may be ineffective on fire. Cool exposed containers with water.
Prager, J.C. Environmental Contaminant Reference Databook Volume 1. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995., p. 80
Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Acetone. Product Number: 270725, Version 4.10 (Revision Date 11/24/2014). Available from, as of January 5, 2015: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Acetone. Product Number: 270725, Version 4.10 (Revision Date 11/24/2014). Available from, as of January 5, 2015: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

13.4.2 Firefighting Hazards

Flashback along vapor trail may occur.
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

13.5 Accidental Release Measures

Public Safety: ERG 2024, Guide 127 (Acetone)

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

Spill or Leak: ERG 2024, Guide 127 (Acetone)

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

13.5.1 Isolation and Evacuation

Excerpt from ERG Guide 127 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Evacuation: ERG 2024, Guide 127 (Acetone)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

Large Spill

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

Fire

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

13.5.2 Spillage Disposal

Remove all ignition sources. Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours of low boiling point adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Ventilation. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

13.5.3 Cleanup Methods

Accidental release measures. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas.; Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains.; Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Acetone. Product Number: 270725, Version 4.10 (Revision Date 11/24/2014). Available from, as of January 5, 2015: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Environmental considerations- land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. //spr:clup// Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 4
Environmental considerations- water spill Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Remove trapped material with suction hoses.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 4
Environmental considerations- air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 4

13.5.4 Disposal Methods

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste numbers U002 and F003, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.
40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of April 2, 2015: https://www.ecfr.gov
Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Acetone. Product Number: 270725, Version 4.10 (Revision Date 11/24/2014). Available from, as of January 5, 2015: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Acetone. Product Number: 270725, Version 4.10 (Revision Date 11/24/2014). Available from, as of January 5, 2015: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Incineration: Spray into a furnace. Incineration will become easier by mixing with a more flammable solvent.
United Nations. Treatment and Disposal Methods for Waste Chemicals (IRPTC File). Data Profile Series No. 5. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Environmental Programme, Dec. 1985., p. 75
For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for ACETONE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.5.5 Preventive Measures

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Use explosion-proof equipment. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Acetone. Product Number: 270725, Version 4.10 (Revision Date 11/24/2014). Available from, as of January 5, 2015: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Acetone. Product Number: 270725, Version 4.10 (Revision Date 11/24/2014). Available from, as of January 5, 2015: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Acetone. Product Number: 270725, Version 4.10 (Revision Date 11/24/2014). Available from, as of January 5, 2015: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Do not handle broken packages without protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 4
For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for ACETONE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.6 Handling and Storage

13.6.1 Nonfire Spill Response

Excerpt from ERG Guide 127 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

13.6.2 Safe Storage

Fireproof. Separated from : see Chemical Dangers. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

13.6.3 Storage Conditions

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities: Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Storage class (TRGS 510): Flammable liquids
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Acetone. Product Number: 270725, Version 4.10 (Revision Date 11/24/2014). Available from, as of January 5, 2015: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Store acetone in closed containers, and keep away from heat, sparks, and flames.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. 1(78) 187
Acetone is stored in steel tanks
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. 1(78) 186

13.7 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

Protective Clothing: ERG 2024, Guide 127 (Acetone)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Exposure Summary
Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetone in urine = 25 mg/L; at end of shift; [TLVs and BEIs]
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.
TLVs and BEIs - _Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents & Biological Exposure Indices. _Cincinnati: ACGIH, 2020.
RD50 (Exposure concentration producing a 50% respiratory rate decrease)
23480.0 [mmHg]
Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAK)
500.0 [ppm]

13.7.2 Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)

1000.0 [ppm]
PEL-TWA (8-Hour Time Weighted Average)
1000 ppm (2400 mg/m³)
TWA 1000 ppm (2400 mg/m3) See Appendix G

13.7.3 Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)

2500 ppm ; Based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. (NIOSH, 2024)

2500.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Volunteers experienced slight irritation at 300 ppm but 500 ppm was tolerated [Nelson et al. 1943]. Eye irritation, headache, lightheadedness, nasal irritation, and throat irritation were noted in workers exposed to concentrations considerably in excess of 1,000 ppm and perhaps as high as 6,500 ppm [Raleigh and McGee 1972]. No indications of toxicity were reported following exposures to 2,100 ppm for 8 hours/day [Haggard et al. 1944].

2500 ppm (IDLH based on a 10% of the lower explosive limit for safety considerations even though the relevant toxicological data indicated that irreversible health effects or impairment of escape existed only at higher concentrations.)
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg
2500 ppm (10% LEL)

2500 ppm [10%LEL]

See: 67641

13.7.4 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)

250.0 [ppm]
TLV-STEL
500.0 [ppm]
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 500 ppm; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 750 ppm.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH 2014, p. 10
A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH 2014, p. 10
Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: acetone in urine; Sampling Time: end of shift; BEI: 50 mg/L; Notation: The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after exposure to other chemicals.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH 2014, p. 112
2014 Notice of Intended Changes (NIC): These substances, with their corresponding values and notations, comprise those for which (1) a limit is proposed for the first time, (2) a change in the Adopted value is proposed, (3) retention as an NIC is proposed, or (4) withdrawal of the Documentation and adopted TLV is proposed. In each case, the proposals should be considered trial values during the period they are on the NIC. These proposals were ratified by the ACGIH Board of Directors and will remain on the NIC for approximately one year following this ratification. If the Committee neither finds nor receives any substantive data that changes its scientific opinion regarding an NIC TLV, the Committee may then approve its recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors for adoption. If the Committee finds or receives substantive data that change its scientific opinion regarding an NIC TLV, the Committee may change its recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors for the matter to be either retained on or withdrawn from the NIC. Substance: Acetone; Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 250 ppm; Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 500 ppm; Notations: A4, Not Classifiable as a human carcinogen; BEI; Molecular Weight: 58.05; TLV Basis: Central nervous system impairment; Upper respiratory tract and eye irritation.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH 2014, p. 63
2014 Notice of Intended Changes (NIC): These substances, with their corresponding indices, comprise those for which (1) a BEI is proposed for the first time, (2) a change in the Adopted index is proposed, (3) retention as an NIC is proposed, or (4) withdrawal of the Documentation and adopted BEI is proposed. In each case, the proposals should be considered trial indices during the period they are on the NIC. These proposals were ratified by the ACGIH Board of Directors and will remain on the NIC for approximately one year following this ratification. If the Committee neither finds nor receives any substantive data that change its scientific opinion regarding an NIC BEI, the Committee may then approve its recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors for adoption. If the Committee finds or receives substantive data that change its scientific opinion regarding an NIC BEI, the Committee may change its recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors for the matter to be either retained on or withdrawn from the NIC. Chemical: acetone; Determinant: acetone in urine; Sampling Time: end of shift; BEI: 25 mg/L; Notation: The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after exposure to other chemicals.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH 2014, p. 120
250 ppm as TWA; 500 ppm as STEL; BEI issued; A4 (not classifiable as a human carcinogen).
TLV-TWA (Time Weighted Average)
250 ppm [2014]
TLV-STEL (Short Term Exposure Limit)
500 ppm [2014]

13.7.5 Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL)

EU-OEL
1210 mg/m

13.7.6 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines

Emergency Response: ERG 2024, Guide 127 (Acetone)

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: For fire involving UN1170, UN1987 or UN3475, alcohol-resistant foam should be used.

CAUTION: Ethanol (UN1170) can burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

13.7.7 Other Standards Regulations and Guidelines

Exposure limits: France, TWA limits - 1,800 mg/cu m (1983).
Institut National de Research et de S'ecruit'e; Acetone 1-4 (1987)

13.7.8 Inhalation Risk

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C , on spraying or dispersing much faster.

13.7.9 Effects of Short Term Exposure

The substance is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. Exposure at high levels could cause lowering of consciousness.

13.7.10 Effects of Long Term Exposure

The substance defats the skin, which may cause dryness or cracking.

13.7.11 Allowable Tolerances

Residues of acetone are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a solvent, cosolvent in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest.
40 CFR 180.910 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 4, 2015: https://www.ecfr.gov
Residues of acetone are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals. Use: solvent, cosolvent.
40 CFR 180.930 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 4, 2015: https://www.ecfr.gov

13.7.12 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Acetone:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET (FLAMMABLE) - Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to its flammability hazard (i.e., for liquids with a flash point <100 °F).

Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the workshift. (NIOSH, 2024)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Acetone. Product Number: 270725, Version 4.10 (Revision Date 11/24/2014). Available from, as of January 5, 2015: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Handle with gloves.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Acetone. Product Number: 270725, Version 4.10 (Revision Date 11/24/2014). Available from, as of January 5, 2015: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Body Protection: Impervious clothing, flame retardant antistatic protective clothing. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Acetone. Product Number: 270725, Version 4.10 (Revision Date 11/24/2014). Available from, as of January 5, 2015: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type AXBEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Acetone. Product Number: 270725, Version 4.10 (Revision Date 11/24/2014). Available from, as of January 5, 2015: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for ACETONE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(See personal protection and sanitation codes)

Skin: Prevent skin contact - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: Prevent eye contact - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: When contaminated

Remove: When wet (flammable)

Change: No recommendation

13.7.13 Respirator Recommendations

NIOSH

Up to 2500 ppm:

(APF = 10) Any chemical cartridge respirator with organic vapor cartridge(s)*

(APF = 25) Any powered, air-purifying respirator with organic vapor cartridge(s)*

(APF = 50) Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister

(APF = 10) Any supplied-air respirator*

(APF = 50) Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece

Emergency or planned entry into unknown concentrations or IDLH conditions:

(APF = 10,000) Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode

(APF = 10,000) Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained positive-pressure breathing apparatus

Escape:

(APF = 50) Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister

Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus

Important additional information about respirator selection

13.7.14 Preventions

Fire Prevention
NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. Closed system, ventilation, explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Do NOT use compressed air for filling, discharging, or handling. Use non-sparking handtools.
Inhalation Prevention
Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.
Skin Prevention
Protective gloves.
Eye Prevention
Wear safety spectacles.
Ingestion Prevention
Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

13.8 Stability and Reactivity

13.8.1 Air and Water Reactions

Highly flammable. Water soluble.

13.8.2 Reactive Group

Ketones

13.8.3 Reactivity Alerts

Highly Flammable
13.8.3.1 CSL Reaction Information
1 of 9
CSL No
Reactants/Reagents
Warning Message
can form explosive acetone peroxide compounds
GHS Category
Explosive
Reaction Scale
S (up to 1g)
Reaction Class
oxidation
Reference Source
User-Reported
Modified Date
2/27/18
Create Date
10/2/17
2 of 9
CSL No
Reactants/Reagents
Warning Message
Formation of acetone peroxides possible. Try to avoid combination or check for peroxides
GHS Category
Explosive
Reference Source
ACS Safety Letters
Modified Date
6/29/18
Create Date
10/2/17
3 of 9
CSL No
Reactants/Reagents
Warning Message
Warning - This combination has been documented in the literature to explode when mixed. These two reagents should NEVER come in contact with one another. Ensure that all POCl3 is quenched prior to rotary evaporation or any other means of POCl3 contacting acetone residues.
GHS Category
Explosive
Reference Source
User-Reported
Modified Date
7/8/18
Create Date
2/13/17
4 of 9
CSL No
Reactants/Reagents
Warning Message
Chloroform and acetone interact vigorously and exothermally in presence of solid potassium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide to form 1,1,1-trichloro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropane.
GHS Category
Explosive
Reference Source
Bretherick's
Modified Date
5/31/18
Create Date
1/6/17
5 of 9
CSL No
Reactants/Reagents
ACETONE + BROMINE
Warning Message
During bromination of acetone to bromoacetone, presence of a large excess of bromine must be avoided to prevent sudden and violent reaction.
GHS Category
Explosive
Reaction Class
Bromination
DOI Link
HSDB Acetone
Reference Source
Bretherick's
Modified Date
5/31/18
Create Date
1/6/17
6 of 9
CSL No
Reactants/Reagents
ACETONE + NITRIC ACID
Warning Message
Potentially explosive
GHS Category
Explosive
Reference Source
User-Reported
Modified Date
7/8/18
Create Date
6/27/17
7 of 9
CSL No
Reactants/Reagents
Warning Message
Upon drying the powder product was being scraped from a sintered glass funnel to complete the neutralization of the hemiacid salt when an explosion occurred. Subsequent testing determined that the peroxide dimer of acetone was the most likely cause of the explosion. This material is reported to be both shock and friction sensitive and known to sublime at room temperature.
GHS Category
Explosive
Reference Source
ACS Safety Letters
Modified Date
7/8/18
Create Date
2/27/18
8 of 9
CSL No
Reactants/Reagents
Piranha solution + acetone
Warning Message
10 milliliters of acetone were added to 30 ml of Piranha solution in a plastic waste bottle. The solution immediately exploded the bottle, but because the bottle was plastic, there was no shrapnel associated with the explosion. Fume hood and PPE protection limited injuries to facial acid burns
Reaction Scale
Small (up to 1g)
Additional Information
Reported to Ralph Stuart by EHS colleague; Piranha solution is described at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piranha_solution
Reference Source
User Reported
Modified Date
07/20/2022
Create Date
07/20/2022
9 of 9
CSL No
Reactants/Reagents
Warning Message
"We would like to report an explosion that occurred in our laboratory last year while performing an oxidative coupling of trimethylsilylacetylene (TMSA) in a Glaser-Hay reaction. The explosion ruptured the 2-L reaction flask and seriously injured a researcher. This reaction has been routinely used in our and many other laboratories to prepare 1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)butadiyne-1,3 on a large scale (>100 g), and no dangerous or unusual behavior was previously noted. The procedure involves purging oxygen through a solution of TMSA in acetone in the presence of a copper(I) chloride:tetramethylethylenediamine complex catalyst at room temperature as described by Andrew B. Holmes et al. (Org. Syntheses 1993, Coll. Vol. 8, 63). The authors of the procedure recommend a safety shield as a general precaution while working with flammable materials in the atmosphere of oxygen, although no hazard was ever encountered. In this incident, the explosion occurred as soon as we started adding the solution of catalyst in acetone to the reaction. We have consulted with the pioneer of this reaction (Allan S. Hay) and the submitting author of the procedure (Holmes) and considered various scenarios to explain the explosion. Ignition of acetone/TMSA vapor by the external sources was hardly possible as the flask was well sealed and the outgoing gases were passed through a dry-ice condenser (lowering the vapor pressure below the explosive concentration) and brought to the back side of the fume hood through a 1-meter hose. The reaction temperature (5 ºC) was noted by the researcher a few seconds before the explosion, thus ruling out unexpected reaction exothermy. The autoignition of the vapor on a hot stirring adapter (possibly heated by rotation-induced friction) was refuted, because joint lubrication was checked before setting up the experiment, and it would have required achieving an unrealistic temperature of greater than 300 ºC. Also, the explosion occurred upon adding the first few drops of copper catalyst, which makes crystallization of the explosive intermediate—copper bis(trimethylsilylacetylide)—highly improbable. We speculate that a discharge of static electricity between the syringe needle and the digital thermometer inside the flask is the most likely cause of this explosion. A digital thermometer connected to a stirring hot plate (IKA) was used in the reaction, and a plastic syringe with a long metal needle was introduced through the same neck. An induced static voltage on the syringe through friction from handling (often observed in Montreal winter indoors while walking or even simply sitting) could then cause a sufficient differential potential on the needle for a discharge spark to occur close to the metallic body of the digital thermometer. The oxygen-rich atmosphere lowers the ignition energy and makes even a weak spark sufficient to cause a fire. The incident emphasizes once more the potential danger of mixing oxygen gas with flammable solvents or reagents. More important, introducing two conductors into a flask brings a risk of static electricity discharge between the conductors, which is dangerous whenever a flammable solvent is used without inert gas. As wired metal-gauge digital thermometers are used more often in synthetic practice, precautions must be taken to avoid their contact with other metallic (conducting) parts inside the reaction flasks." (reprint of the full-text)
GHS Category
Explosive
Reaction Scale
Large (>100g)
Reaction Class
Oxidation
Additional Information
Note to the Reviewer: I used https://www.convertunits.com/from/liters/to/grams to convert grams to liters as liters were the unit in the article. Converter said 2 Liters = 2000 Grams. Wanted to check with you to see if this correct as I indicated scale was Large.
Reference Source
Literature Reference
Modified Date
10/15/2022
Create Date
10/15/2022

13.8.4 Reactivity Profile

It was reported that a mixture of ACETONE and chloroform, in a residue bottle, exploded. Since addition of acetone to chloroform in the presence of base will result in a highly exothermic reaction, it is thought that a base was in the bottle [MCA Case History 1661. 1970]. Also, Nitrosyl chloride, sealed in a tube with a residue of acetone in the presence of platinum catalyst, gave an explosive reaction [Chem. Eng. News 35(43):60. 1967]. The reaction of nitrosyl perchlorate and acetone ignites and explodes. Explosions occur with mixtures of nitrosyl perchlorate and primary amine [Ann. Chem. 42:2031. 1909]. Reacts violently with nitric acid. Also causes exothermic reaction when in contact with aldehydes.

13.8.5 Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities

Incompatible materials: Bases, Oxidizing agents, Reducing agents, Acetone reacts violently with phosphorous oxychloride.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Acetone. Product Number: 270725, Version 4.10 (Revision Date 11/24/2014). Available from, as of January 5, 2015: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
A mixture of acetone and chloroform in a residue bottle exploded. Since addition of chloroform to acetone in presence of a base will result in a highly exothermic reaction, it is thought that a base may have been in the bottle.
National Fire Protection Association; Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 14TH Edition, Quincy, MA 2010, p. 491-7
National Fire Protection Association; Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 14TH Edition, Quincy, MA 2010, p. 491-8
An explosion occurred during an attempt to prepare bromoform from acetone by the haloform reaction.
National Fire Protection Association; Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 14TH Edition, Quincy, MA 2010, p. 491-8
For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for ACETONE (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.9 Transport Information

13.9.1 DOT Emergency Guidelines

/GUIDE 127 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
/GUIDE 127 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
/GUIDE 127 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
/GUIDE 127 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for ACETONE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.9.2 DOT ID and Guide

13.9.3 Shipping Name / Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO

UN 1090; Acetone
IMO 3.0; Acetone

13.9.4 Standard Transportation Number

49 081 05; Acetone

13.9.5 Shipment Methods and Regulations

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
49 CFR 171.2 (USDOT); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 17, 2015: https://www.ecfr.gov
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.
International Air Transport Association. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 55th Edition. Montreal, Quebec Canada. 2014., p. 181
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.
International Maritime Organization. IMDG Code. International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code Volume 2 2012, p. 47

13.9.6 DOT Label

Flammable Liquid

13.9.7 UN Classification

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: II

13.10 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: 2-Propanone
California Safe Cosmetics Program (CSCP) Reportable Ingredient

Hazard Traits - Neurotoxicity

Authoritative List - ATSDR Neurotoxicants

Report - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredient

DEA Listed Chemicals
List II Chemical: A chemical, other than a List I chemical, specified by regulation that, in addition to legitimate uses, is used in manufacturing a controlled substance in violation of the Act.
REACH Registered Substance
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
2-Propanone: HSNO Approval: HSR001070 Approved with controls

13.10.1 Atmospheric Standards

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Acetone is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.
40 CFR 60.489; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 4, 2015: https://www.ecfr.gov

13.10.2 State Drinking Water Guidelines

(FL) FLORIDA 700 ug/L
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(MA) MASSACHUSETTS 6,300 ug/L
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(ME) MAINE 6,300 ug/L
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(MN) MINNESOTA 700 ug/L
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
For more State Drinking Water Guidelines (Complete) data for ACETONE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.10.3 CERCLA Reportable Quantities

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 5000 lb or 2270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).
40 CFR 302.4 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 4, 2015: https://www.ecfr.gov

13.10.4 RCRA Requirements

F003; When acetone is a spent solvent, it is classified as a hazardous waste from a nonspecific source (F003), as stated in 40 CFR 261.31, and must be managed according to State and/or Federal hazardous waste regulations.
40 CFR 261.31 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of March 1, 2007: https://www.ecfr.gov
U002; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when acetone, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).
40 CFR 261.33 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 4, 2015: https://www.ecfr.gov

13.10.5 FIFRA Requirements

Residues of acetone are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a solvent, cosolvent in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest.
40 CFR 180.910 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 4, 2015: https://www.ecfr.gov
Residues of acetone are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals. Use: solvent, cosolvent.
40 CFR 180.930 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 4, 2015: https://www.ecfr.gov
As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer safety standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List C, and with List C containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List D. Acetone is found on List D. Case No: 4002; Case Status: No products containing the pesticide are actively registered. Therefore, we are characterizing the case as "cancelled." Under FIFRA, pesticide producers may voluntarily cancel their registered products. EPA also may cancel pesticide registrations if registrants fail to pay required fees or make/meet certain reregistration commitments, or if EPA reaches findings of unreasonable adverse effects.; Active ingredient (AI): acetone; AI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered products. Thus, we characterize it as "cancelled."
United States Environmental Protection Agency/ Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances; Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration, and Special Review. (1998) EPA 738-R-98-002, p. 289

13.10.6 FDA Requirements

The following substances may be safely used as diluents in color additive mixtures for food use exempt from certification, subject to the condition that each straight color in the mixture has been exempted from certification or, if not so exempted, is from a batch that has previously been certified and has not changed in composition since certification. If a specification for a particular diluent is not set forth in this part 73, the material shall be of a purity consistent with its intended use. ... (b) Special use - (1) Diluents in color additive mixtures for marking food ... (ii) Inks for marking fruit and vegetables. Substance: acetone; Restrictions: No residues.
21 CFR 73.1(b) (1) (ii) (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 4, 2015: https://www.ecfr.gov
A tolerance of 30 parts per million is established for acetone in spice oleoresins when present therein as a residue from the extraction of spice.
21 CFR 173.210 (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 4, 2015: https://www.ecfr.gov
Acetone is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives.
21 CFR 175.105 (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 4, 2015: https://www.ecfr.gov
Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: acetone is included in skin protectant drug products.
21 CFR 310.545(a) (18) (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 4, 2015: https://www.ecfr.gov

13.11 Other Safety Information

Chemical Assessment

IMAP assessments - 2-Propanone: Human health tier II assessment

IMAP assessments - 2-Propanone: Environment tier I assessment

13.11.1 History and Incidents

Each year, an estimated 35,000 wells are hydraulically-fractured in the U.S. Although the oil and gas extraction industry as a whole has a relatively higher fatality rate compared to most of the U.S. general industry... there is currently no worker injury/illness or fatality data publicly available for hydraulic fracturing or flowback operations. Regardless of the availability of data, more workers are potentially exposed to the hazards created by hydraulic fracturing and flowback operations due to the large increase in the number of these operations in the past decade.
OSHA; Hydraulic Fracturing and Flowback Hazards Other than Respirable Silica, OSHA 3763-12 (2014). https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3763.pdf
The wreck of the MV Ariadne, a Panamanian flag container ship, is examined as a case study of a hazardous substance emergency response in a third world country. /The ship/, carrying a cargo of heavy fuel oil, tetraethyl lead, xylene, toluene, methyl isobutyl ketone, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and acetone was grounded while departing the harbor of Mogadishu, Somalia. The Somalian government requested a team of technical advisors to help respond appropriately to the emergency. The major issues addressed by the advisory team were the need for additional salvage equipment and expertise, the danger of toxic fumes from the fire and explosions aboard the ship, the presence and possible release of tetraethyl lead, possible port blockage by the wreck, recovery of the chemical drums, and the extent of environmental damage caused by the release of oil, pesticides, and tetraethyl lead into the harbor. ...
Heare SF et al; 1986 Hazard Matl Spill Conf p.12-18 (1986)
...On April 25, 2002, an explosion and fire occurred in a 10-story mixed-occupancy building in the Chelsea district of Manhattan, New York City. The incident originated in space leased by Kaltech Industries Group, Inc. Kaltech employees had just finished consolidating hazardous waste from smaller containers into two larger drums. The wastes were incompatible, and an explosion occurred. Thirty-six people were injured, including six firefighters and 14 members of the public. The building was extensively damaged. Because of the serious nature of this incident and the fact that a chemical reaction was likely involved, the U.S. Chemical Safety & Hazard Investigation Board (CSB) initiated an investigation to determine the root and contributing causes of the incident and to issue recommendations to help prevent similar occurrences. ... The workers who consolidated the waste told CSB investigators that the last carboy they pumped from was unique because it was a silvercolored metal and the others were plastic. CSB investigators found only one such carboy onsite, located near the elevator. The New York City Department of Environmental Protection recovered a sample of brownish-colored liquid from the container and reported it to be concentrated nitric acid. Investigators also observed numerous plastic carboys in the area of the consolidation. Analysis by OSHA indicates that several of these carboys contained dissolved metals (consistent with acidic etching solution) commingled with lacquer thinner. Lacquer thinner is primarily composed of acetone and toluene. If it comes into contact with concentrated nitric acid, a reaction may release heat and gas. Although CSB investigators could not identify the exact chemistry that led to pressurization of the plastic drum, a reaction between nitric acid and lacquer thinner is most likely to have occurred.
U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board; Investigation Report: Kaltech Industries Group, Inc, Borough of Manhattan, NY, NY (April 25, 2002; 36 Injured). Report No. 2002-02-I-NY, p. 52, (September 2003) Available from, as of March 19, 2007: https://www.csb.gov/completed_investigations/docs/KaltechFinalReport.pdf

13.11.2 Special Reports

DHHS/NTP; NTP Report on the Toxicity Studies of Acetone in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Drinking Water Studies) NTP TOX 3 NIH Pub No. 91-3122
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Acetone (1994) ATSDR/TP-93/01
DHHS/ATSDR; Addendum to the Toxicological Profile for Acetone (August 2011)

14 Toxicity

14.1 Toxicological Information

14.1.1 Toxicity Summary

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Acetone is a colorless volatile liquid. It is a solvent for fats, oils, waxes, resins, rubber, plastics, lacquers, varnishes, rubber cements. It is a versatile reagent in organic synthesis. Acetone is used in manufacturing of coatings, plastics, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. It is also used in production of other solvents and intermediates including: methyl isobutyl ketone, mesityl oxide, acetic acid (ketene process), diacetone alcohol, bisphenol A, methyl methacrylate, explosives, rayon, photographic films, isoprene. Acetone is not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. Acetone has been identified as being used in hydraulic fracturing as a corrosion inhibitor. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Acetone is relatively less toxic than many other industrial solvents; however, at high concentrations, acetone vapor can cause CNS depression, cardiorespiratory failure and death. In children 2 to 3 mL/kg is considered to be toxic. Acute exposures of humans to atmospheric concentrations have been reported to produce either no gross toxic effects or minor transient effects, such as eye irritation. More severe transient effects (including vomiting and fainting) were reported for workers exposed to acetone vapor concentrations for about 4 hr. Acute exposures to acetone have also been reported to alter performances in neurobehavioral tests in humans. Females were reported to suffer menstrual irregularities. Acetone also occurs as a metabolic component in blood, urine and human breath. Acetone is one of three ketone bodies that occur naturally throughout the body. It can be formed endogenously in the mammalian body from fatty acid oxidation. Fasting, diabetes mellitus and strenuous exercise increase endogenous generation of acetone. Under normal conditions, the production of ketone bodies occurs almost entirely within the liver and to a smaller extent in the lung and kidney. Products are excreted in the blood and transported to all tissues and organs of the body where they can be used as a source of energy. ANIMAL STUDIES: Oral LD50 values in adult rats are in the range of 5800-7138 mg/kg. Mice were given 2,500, 5,000, 10,000, 20,000, or 50,000 ppm acetone (females) and 1,250, 2,500, 5,000, 10,000, or 20,000 ppm acetone (males) via drinking water for 13 weeks. Absolute liver weight and liver weight to body weight ratios were significantly increased and absolute spleen weight and spleen weight to body weight ratios were significantly decreased in the females (50,000 ppm). In other experiments, rats were assessed for liver oxidative balance and lipid content after treatments with acetone in water for 28 days. Compared with controls, acetone-treated rats had increased hepatic GSH, hepatic vitamin E, glycemia, cholesterolemia, and hepatic fat, which is similar to the features of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Acetone is not considered to be genotoxic or mutagenic. In a study of pregnant rats and mice exposed to acetone vapor during days 6-19 of gestation, slight developmental toxicity was observed. Reports of other reproductive effects of acetone include observations of testicular effects and changes of sperm quality in rats. Acetone has been used extensively as a solvent vehicle in skin carcinogenicity studies and is not considered carcinogenic when applied to the skin. The avoidance and escape behavior of female rats exposed to 3000, 6000, 12,000, or 16,000 ppm of acetone vapors for 10 days for 4 hr/day were studied. The 3000 ppm exposures had no effect on all exposure days, the 6000 ppm exposure initially inhibited the conditioned avoidance response but not the unconditioned escape response, and the two highest exposures inhibited both responses. Normal responses were obtained after three days of exposure to 6000 and 12,000 ppm, indicating that adaptive changes develop upon repeated exposure. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Acetone was tested with mallard eggs. Fertile eggs were immersed in 0, 10 or 100% acetone for 30 seconds at room temperature on days 3 or 8 of incubation. There were no significant effects with 10% acetone; however, 100% acetone caused a significant decrease in survival, embryonic weight and embryonic length for both exposure groups. It is unknown whether the mortality was due to the toxicity of acetone or to its solvent capabilities.
Since acetone is highly water soluble, it is readily taken up by the blood and widely distributed to body tissues. Acetone may interfere with the composition of the membranes, altering their permeability to ions. Systemically, acetone is moderately toxic to the liver and produces hematological effects. The renal toxicity may be due to the metabolite, formate, which is known to be nephrotoxic and is excreted by the kidneys. One of the major effects of acetone is the potentiation of the toxicity of other chemicals. Pretreatment with acetone has been shown to potentiate the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride and chloroform by inducing particular forms of cytochrome P-450, especially cytochrome P-45OIIE1, and associated enzyme activities. (N004)

14.1.2 EPA IRIS Information

Substance
Toxicity Summary
EPA IRIS Summary PDF (Update: Jul-31-2003 )
Critical Effect Systems
Urinary
Reference Dose (RfD), chronic
9 x 10 ^-1 mg/kg-day

14.1.3 RAIS Toxicity Values

Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
19
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration Reference
ATSDR Final
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
30.88
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration Reference
ATSDR Final
Inhalation Subchronic Reference Concentration (RfCs) (mg/m^3)
30.88
Inhalation Subchronic Reference Concentration Reference
ATSDR Final
Inhalation Short-term Reference Concentration (RfCt) (mg/m^3)
30.88
Inhalation Short-term Reference Concentration Reference
ATSDR Final
Oral Chronic Reference Dose (RfDoc) (mg/kg-day)
0.9
Oral Chronic Reference Dose Reference
IRIS Current
Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose (RfDos) (mg/kg-day)
0.6
Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose Reference
ATSDR Final
Short-term Oral Reference Dose (RfDot) (mg/kg-day)
0.6
Short-term Oral Reference Dose Reference
ATSDR Final

14.1.4 USGS Health-Based Screening Levels for Evaluating Water-Quality

Chemical
Acetone
USGS Parameter Code
81552
Chemical Classes
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)
Noncancer HBSL (Health-Based Screening Level)[μg/L]
5000
Reference
Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

14.1.5 NIOSH Toxicity Data

14.1.6 Evidence for Carcinogenicity

Cancer Classification: Group D Not Classifiable as to Human Carcinogenicity
USEPA Office of Pesticide Programs, Health Effects Division, Science Information Management Branch: "Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential" (April 2006)
CLASSIFICATION: D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on lack of data concerning carcinogenicity in humans or animals. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Summary on Acetone (67-64-1). Available from, as of March 15, 2000: https://www.epa.gov/iris/
A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH 2014, p. 10

14.1.7 Carcinogen Classification

Carcinogen Classification
No indication of carcinogenicity (not listed by IARC). (L135)

14.1.8 Health Effects

Pulmonary congestion and edema can follow inhalation of acetone, which irritates the mucosa. Gastrointestinal hemorrhage caused by repeated vomiting of blood has been reported. Neurobehavioral effects, indicative of narcosis, sedation, respiratory depression, ataxia, paresthesia and renal lesions can also result from acetone poisoning. (N004, A578)

14.1.9 Exposure Routes

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.
inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact
Inhalation (L937) ; oral (L937) ; dermal (L937) ; eye contact (L937)
L937: International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) INCHEM (1994). Poison Information Monograph for Acetone. http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0087.htm

14.1.10 Symptoms

Inhalation Exposure
Sore throat. Cough. Headache. Dizziness. Confusion. Drowsiness. Unconsciousness.
Skin Exposure
Dry skin.
Eye Exposure
Redness. Pain. Blurred vision.
Ingestion Exposure
See Inhalation.
irritation eyes, nose, throat; headache, dizziness, central nervous system depression; dermatitis
Sore throat, cough, confusion, headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and unconsciousness are some signs observed after acetone poisoning. Moreover, ingestion of the product can cause nausea and vomiting. Redness, pain, blurred vision as well as corneal damage can result from eye exposure. A dry skin can be the result of dermal contact. Irritation of the nose, throat, lungs, and eyes can also occur depending on the route of exposure. (L937)
L937: International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) INCHEM (1994). Poison Information Monograph for Acetone. http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0087.htm

14.1.11 Target Organs

Hematological (Blood Forming), Neurological (Nervous System), Ocular (Eyes), Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys), Reproductive (Producing Children), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)
Urinary
Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system

14.1.13 Adverse Effects

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

14.1.14 Acute Effects

14.1.15 Toxicity Data

LC50 (rat) =50,100 mg/m3/8H
LD50: 2400 mg/kg/day (Oral, Mouse) (N004)

14.1.16 Minimum Risk Level

Acute Inhalation: 26 ppm (N004) Intermediate Inhalation: 13 ppm (N004) Chronic Inhalation: 13 ppm (N004)

14.1.17 Treatment

Following oral exposure to acetone, consider insertion of a nasogastric tube to aspirate stomach contents only after recent, large acetone ingestions; symptomatic and supportive treatment is generally all that is required. Following inhalation exposure, move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. Irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes in case of eye exposure to acetone. In case of dermal exposure, remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists. (T36)
T36: Rumack BH (2009). POISINDEX(R) Information System. Englewood, CO: Micromedex, Inc. CCIS Volume 141, edition expires Aug, 2009.

14.1.18 Interactions

... The aim of the present study was the evaluation of possible protective effects of vit E treatment against acetone-induced oxidative stress in rat RBCs. Thirty healthy male Wistar albino rats, weighing 200-230 g and averaging 12 weeks old were randomly allotted into one of three experimental groups: Control (A), acetone-treated (B) and acetone + vit E-treated groups (C), each containing ten animals. Group A received only drinking water. Acetone, 5% (v/v), was given with drinking water to B and C groups. In addition, C group received vit E dose of 200 mg/kg/day im. The experiment continued for 10 days. At the end of the 10th day, the blood samples were obtained for biochemical and morphological investigation. Acetone treatment resulted in RBC membrane destruction and hemolysis, increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels in plasma and RBC, and decreased RBC vit E levels. Vit E treatment decreased elevated TBARS levels in plasma and RBC and also increased reduced RBC vit E levels, and prevented RBC membrane destruction and hemolysis ...
Armutcu F et al; Cell Biol Toxicol 21 (1): 53-60 (2005)
/Researchers/ prepared microsomes from lungs and livers of rats exposed to 20 ppm pyridine by inhalation for 5-6 hours/day for 10 days, to acetone (7.5%, v/v) in drinking water for 10 days or by inhalation to 50% aqueous acetone for 5-6 hours/day for 10 days, or to acetone in combination with pyridine administered separately as above. Controls received water for inhalation and oral exposures. In the liver microsomes, there was induction of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity for oral acetone by 2.5-fold, for pyridine by inhalation by 2.8-fold, and for the combination of acetone and pyridine by 7.6-fold, indicating greater-than-additive interaction. The levels of CYP1A1 were induced by acetone, pyridine, and the combination by 8.3-, 6.6-, and 32.7-fold, respectively. These results indicated even greater synergistic interaction. Similar greater-than-additive interaction results were also found for methoxyresorufin O-demethylase (MEROD) and CYP1A2 in the liver microsomes. Microsomal EROD was induced by all treatments in the lung, and a synergistic interaction was even greater in the lung, with an increase that was 4-fold for acetone, 21-fold for pyridine, and 115.5-fold for the combination. CYP1A1 was also induced synergistically by acetone and pyridine in the lung microsomes.
DHHS/ATSDR; Addendum to the Toxicological Profile for Acetone p.8 (August 2011). Available from, as of January 7, 2015: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp
/In a previous study it was/ demonstrated that acetone potentiated the nerve conduction velocity and neurobehavioral effects of 2,5-hexanedione in rats, but /it was/ noted that the mechanism of action of this potentiation was not fully understood. More recently, /researchers/ performed similar experiments. This time, they included histological examination of the sciatic and tibial nerves in rats immediately after the 6-week exposures in rats allowed a 10-week recovery period. As in previous experiments, acetone potentiated 2,5-hexanedione-induced open field ambulation and rearing balance in the rotarod tests, and grip strength. The ambulation was reversible during the recovery period by all treatments, but the effects on rearing and balance were reversible in the 2,5-hexanedione group only. That is, the potentiation by acetone persisted. Histological examination revealed that after exposure, giant axon swelling was induced by 2,5-hexanedione and the combination of 2,5-hexanedione and acetone, and a change in the distribution of fiber area size occurred in rats exposed to 2,5-hexanedione. The lesions observed in the co-exposure group were statistically similar to the effects of 2,5-hexanedione alone, but appeared aggravated by co-exposure, as seen by conventional pathological evaluation. After the 10-week recovery period, the nerve tissues appeared normal. The investigators concluded that neurotoxicity of the combined exposure was not reversible and that the mechanism of acetone potentiation is probably an effect on the toxicokinetics of 2,5-hexanedione.
DHHS/ATSDR; Addendum to the Toxicological Profile for Acetone p.8 (August 2011). Available from, as of January 7, 2015: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp
Pretreatment with acetone for 6 days (one-tenth the LD50) potentiated acute ethanol toxicity in rats. ... /Investigators/ ... demonstrated that acetone pretreatment potentiates chlorinated hydrocarbon toxicity. ... Acetone protected animals against electroshock or isonicotinic acid hydrazide-induced convulsions. Acetone ... enhanced the hepatotoxicity of 1,1-dichloroethylene (200 ppm) in rats.
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 4727
For more Interactions (Complete) data for ACETONE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

14.1.19 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Ketones and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3rd revised edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2007, p. 270
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . For contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Ketones and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3rd revised edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2007, p. 270-1
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Ketones and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3rd revised edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2007, p. 271
Enhanced elimination: Hemodialysis effectively removes isopropyl alcohol and acetone but is rarely indicated because the majority of patients can be managed with supportive care alone. Dialysis should be considered when levels are extremely high (eg, > 500-600 mg/dL), if hypotension does not respond to fluids and vasopressors, and in acute renal failure. Hemoperfusion, repeat-dose charcoal, and forced diuresis are not effective. Hemoperfusion, repeat-dose charcoal, and forced diuresis are not effective. /Isopropyl alcohol/
OLSON, K.R. (Ed). Poisoning and Drug Overdose, Sixth Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY 2012, p. 252
For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for ACETONE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

14.1.20 Medical Surveillance

Urinary glucaric acid and the ratio between 6-beta-OH-cortisol and 17-OH-corticosteroids were determined in chemical workers exposed to styrene greater than or equal to 164 mg/cu m, and acetone greater than or equal to 571 mg/cu m, and in a control group. Exposed workers had significantly higher excretion of glucaric acid and a higher ratio. ... Urinary mercapturic acids were also increased. Simultaneous styrene and acetone exposure induces mono-oxygenases in humans. ...
Dolara P et al: Annals of Occupat Hyg 27 (2): 183-8 (1983)

14.1.21 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Hematological effects have been observed in humans after inhalation exposure to acetone in controlled laboratory studies of volunteers. Statistically significant increased white blood cell counts and decreased phagocytic activity of neutrophils, compared with controls, were observed in the volunteers after a 6-hr exposure or repeated 6-hr exposures for 6 days to 500 ppm. No significant difference was seen in hematological parameters in the volunteers exposed to 250 ppm compared with controls. In contrast, hematological findings were within normal limits in volunteers exposed to 500 ppm for 2 hrs or <1,250 ppm acetone repeatedly for l-7.5 hrs/day for as long as 6 wks.
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Acetone p.13 (May 1994). Available from, as of December 31, 2014: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Acetone-exposed workers (n=71) had increased prevalence of upper respiratory tract irritation, gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, loss of appetite, hyperacidity, bad taste, abdominal pains), rheumatic symptoms (pain in bones, joints, muscles), dermal and ocular irritation, and signs of neurotoxicity (mood disorders, irritability, memory difficulty, sleep disturbances, and headache) compared to matched controls (n=86) at a coin-printing factory. Eight-hour acetone exposure levels in the workplace air of the exposed workers ranged from 988 to 2,114 mg/cu m (416 to 890 ppm); the mean length of exposure was 14 years.
DHHS/ATSDR; Addendum to the Toxicological Profile for Acetone p.1-2 (August 2011). Available from, as of January 7, 2015: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ In human volunteers, topical application of acetone for 30 or 90 minutes produced considerable damage to the skin, with a high degree of restoration after 72 hr ...
European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, ACETONE (67-64-1). Available from, as of January 22, 2007: https://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Effects similar to ethyl alcohol... but anesthetic potency is greater. 10-20 mL taken by mouth without ill effect. In acute cases a latent period may be followed by restlessness and vomiting leading to hematemesis and progressive collapse with stupor.
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-168
For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ACETONE (31 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

14.1.22 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Summary of results of single exposures of animals to the vapors: mice 20,256 ppm, 1.5 hr: deep /CNS depression/. Mice 46,420 ppm, 1 hr: lethal. Rats 126,600 ppm, 1.75-2.25 hr: respiratory failure. Rats 42,200 ppm, 1.75-2.0 hr: loss of corneal reflex. Guinea pigs 20,000 ppm, 8-9 hr: lethal.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 18
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Male mice and rats were exposed for varying time periods to vapor levels of 12,600-50,600 ppm acetone. Unconditioned performance and reflex tests were used to measure CNS depression. Animals breathing acetone took 9 hr to recover from 5 min exposure. Blood levels were reliable depression index.
Bruckner JV, Peterson RG; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 61 (1): 27-37 (1981)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Female Sprague-Dawley-rats were given 0.5, 1, or 2.5 mL/kg of acetone once by gavage. Sodium phenobarbital (SPB), 100 mg/kg, was administered once a day for 3 days. The animals were killed 24 hours after the last dose. Livers were homogenized and microsomes were prepared by differential centrifugation. Microsomal lipids were extracted with a 2 to 1 chloroform methanol mixture. The extracted samples were assayed for total phosphate or resuspended in saline and assayed for cholesterol. Treatment with acetone did not cause alterations in the concentrations of total phospholipid (TPL) and total cholesterol (TC) in microsomal membranes. Acetone had no effect on microsomal N-demethylation of aminopyrine, however, at the high dose, it significantly increased the metabolism of acetonitrile to cyanide. Acetone did not significantly change the concentration of cytochrome P450.
Hayes EP et al; Toxicol Lett 31: 139-45 (1986)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Mild irritation was observed in the eyes of rabbits that received 10 uL acetone applied directly to the cornea of the right eye. The mean normalized depth of injury was less than 10% in the corneal and was limited to the epithelium and superficial stroma. The majority of the regions showed no stromal injury. The injury was first seen after 3 hours, and it persisted for up to 3 days, with complete recovery at the 35-day determination.
DHHS/ATSDR; Addendum to the Toxicological Profile for Acetone p.4 (August 2011). Available from, as of January 7, 2015: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ACETONE (53 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

14.1.23 Human Toxicity Values

In children 2 to 3 mL/kg is considered to be toxic.
Gossel, T.A., J.D. Bricker. Principles of Clinical Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Raven Press, Ltd., 1994., p. 89

14.1.24 Non-Human Toxicity Values

LD50 Rat oral 10.7 mL/kg (=8450 mg/kg bw)
European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, ACETONE (67-64-1). Available from, as of January 22, 2007: https://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
LD50 Rat oral 9800 mg/kg bw
European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, ACETONE (67-64-1). Available from, as of January 22, 2007: https://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
LD50 Rat oral 5800 mg/kg bw
European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Acetone (67-64-1). Available from, as of January 22, 2007: https://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
LD50 Mouse oral 3000 mg/kg bw
European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, ACETONE (67-64-1). Available from, as of January 22, 2007: https://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for ACETONE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

14.1.25 Ongoing Test Status

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=67-64-1]

14.1.26 National Toxicology Program Studies

Toxicity studies were conducted by administering acetone (greater than 99% pure) in drinking water to groups of F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice of each sex for 14 days or 13 weeks. Fourteen-Day Studies: All rats and mice receiving concentrations as high as 100,000 ppm acetone in drinking water lived to the end of the 14-day studies. The mean body weights of male rats receiving 50,000 or 100,000 ppm and female rats given 100,000 ppm were lower than those of controls. Body weights of all groups of mice were similar. Kidney and liver weight to body weight ratios for exposed rats and mice were greater than those for controls. Histopathologic changes were not seen in these organs in rats or in the kidney in mice. Centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy was noted in male and female mice receiving 20,000 and 50,000 ppm acetone, respectively. Thirteen-Week Studies: All rats lived to the end of the 13-week studies (drinking water concentrations as high as 50,000 ppm). The final mean body weights of rats receiving 50,000 ppm were 19% lower than that of controls for males and 7% lower for females. Water consumption by all rats that received 50,000 ppm acetone and females that received 20,000 ppm or more was notably lower than that by controls. Liver and kidney weight to body weight ratios were increased for male and female rats receiving 20,000 ppm or greater. Caudal and right epididymal weights and sperm motility were decreased for male rats given 50,000 ppm, and the percentage of abnormal sperm was increased. Leukocytosis and thrombocytopenia were observed at 20,000 ppm and above (males and females), and reticulocytopenia and erythrocytopenia were seen at 5,000 ppm and above (males). These changes, in addition to increase in erythrocyte size (MCV), are consistent with macrocytic anemia. Splenic pigmentation (hemosiderosis) noted in dosed male rats was apparently related to these changes. The increased incidence and severity of nephropathy observed in dosed male rats were considered the most prominent chemically related findings in this study. All mice lived to the end of the 13-week studies (drinking water concentrations up to 20,000 ppm for males and up to 50,000 ppm for females). The final mean body weights of dosed and control mice were similar. Water consumption by female mice that received 50,000 ppm acetone was notably lower than that by controls. The absolute liver weight and the liver weight to body weight ratio were significantly increased for females receiving 50,000 ppm, and the absolute spleen weight and the spleen weight to body weight ratio were significantly decreased. Results from the hematologic analyses did not show any biologically significant effects. Centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy of minimal severity was seen in 2110 female mice receiving 50,000 ppm. No compound-related lesions were found in male mice. In summary, the results from these studies show that acetone is mildly toxic to rats and mice when administered in drinking water for 13 weeks. Minimal toxic doses were estimated to be 20,000 ppm acetone for male rats and male mice and 50,000 ppm acetone for female mice. No toxic effects were identified for female rats. The testis, kidney, and hematopoietic system were identified as target organs in male rats, and the liver was the target organ for male and female mice.
DHHS/NTP; Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Acetone: Toxicity Studies of Acetone in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Drinking Water Studies) (CAS No. 67-64-1) (January, 1991). Technical Rpt Series No. 3 NIH Pub No. 91-322. Available from, as of February 21, 2007: https://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/
... The potential for acetone to cause developmental toxicity was assessed in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to 0, 440, 2200, or 11000 ppm, and in Swiss (CD-1) mice exposed to 0, 440, 2200, and 6600 ppm acetone vapors, 6 hr/day, 7 days/week. Each of the four treatment groups consisted of 10 virgin females (for comparison), and approximately 32 positively mated rats or mice. Positively mated mice were exposed on days 6-17 of gestation (dg), and rats on 6-19 days of gestation. The day of plug or sperm detection was designated as 0 days of gestation. ... Pregnant rats did not exhibit overt symptoms of toxicity other than statistically significant reductions for the 11,000 ppm group in body weight. (14, 17, 20 days of gestation), cumulative weight gain from 14 days of gestation onward, uterine weight and in extragestational weight gain. (EGWG - maternal body weight (20 days of gestation) uterine weight - maternal body weight (0 days of gestation.) Mean body weights of treated virgin females were also reduced, but not significantly. There were no maternal deaths and the mean pregnancy rate was greater than or equal to 93% in all groups. No affect was observed in the mean liver or kidney weights of pregnant dams, the organ to body weight ratios, the number of implantations, the mean percent of live pups/litter, the mean percent of resorptions/litter, or the fetal sex ratio. However, fetal weights were significantly reduced for the 11,000 ppm exposure group relative to the 0 ppm group. The incidence of fetal malformations was not significantly increased by gestational exposure to acetone vapors, although the percent of litters with at least one pup exhibiting malformations was greater for the 11,000 ppm group than for the 0 ppm group, 11.5 and 3.8%, respectively. The diversity of malformations observed in the 11,000 ppm group was greater than that found in the lower dose groups or in the 0 ppm group. There was no increase in the incidence of fetal variations, reduced ossification sites, or in the mean incidence of fetal variations per litter. Analysis of rat plasma samples 30 min post-exposure showed an increase in plasma acetone levels which correlated with increasing exposure concentration. Acetone levels dropped to control levels by 17 hr post-exposure for all exposure groups except the 11,000 ppm group. Plasma acetone-levels for this group were still slightly elevated with respect to the controls at 17 hr post-exposure. The concentration of plasma acetone levels at either 30 min or 17 hr post exposure did not increase over gestation regardless of the exposure concentration. Neither exposure to acetone vapor, nor advancing gestation resulted in alterations of the plasma levels for the other two ketone bodies, acetoacetic acid and b-hydroxybutyric acid, with respect to control animals. Swiss (CD-1) mice exhibited severe ... /CNS depression/ at the 11,000 ppm acetone concentration; consequently, the high exposure concentration was reduced to 6600 ppm acetone after one day of exposure. No further overt signs of toxicity were observed and there were no maternal deaths. No treatment- related effects on maternal or virgin body weight, maternal uterine weight, or on extragestational weight gain were noted in mice. There was a treatment-correlated increase in liver to body weight ratios in pregnant dams which may have been indicative of an induction of the p450 monooxygenase enzyme system. The mean pregnancy rate for all mated mice was greater than or equal to 85% in all groups. There was no effect on the number of implantations per dam, on any other reproductive indices, or on the fetal sex ratio. Developmental toxicity was observed in mice in the 6,600 ppm exposure group as; 1) a statistically significant reduction in fetal weight, and 2) a slight, but statistically significant increase in the percent incidence of late resorptions. However, the increase in the incidence of late resorptions was not sufficient to cause a decrease in the mean number of live fetuses per litter. The incidence of fetal malformations or variations in mice was not altered by exposure to acetone vapors at any of the levels employed. It may be concluded from the results of this study that the 2,200 ppm acetone level was the no observable effect level (NOEL) in both the Sprague-Dawley (CD) rat and the Swiss (CD-1) mouse for developmental toxicity. Furthermore, since only minimal maternal toxicity was observed at 11,000 ppm acetone for rats and 6,600 ppm acetone for mice, it is possible that the actual maternal NOEL is somewhat greater than 2,200 ppm.
Department of Health & Human Services/National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program; Inhalation Developmental Toxicity Studies: Acetone (CAS # 67-64-1) in Mice and Rats, NTP Study No. TER87140 (Mice), TER87036 (Rats) (November, 1988) Available from, as of August 14, 2002: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=0847FF31-90CC-C685-88B4D7EAC975BD44

14.1.27 Populations at Special Risk

...Diabetics may be more susceptible to acetone exposure due to the production of the methylglyoxal metabolite ...
European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, ACETONE (67-64-1). Available from, as of January 22, 2007: https://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/

14.2 Ecological Information

14.2.1 EPA Ecotoxicity

Pesticide Ecotoxicity Data from EPA

14.2.2 Ecotoxicity Values

EC50; Species: Artemia salina (Brine shrimp) 2-3 instar nauplii; Conditions: saltwater, static, 25 °C; Concentration: 14852000 ug/L for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 14141000-15563000 ug/L); Effect: intoxication, immobilization
Kalcikova G et al; Water Sci Technol 66 (4): 903-908 (2012) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available from, as of January 9, 2015
LC50; Species: Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail) age 14 days; oral >40,000 ppm, in diet, (no mortality to 40,000 ppm)
Hill, E.F. and Camardese, M.B. Lethal Dietary Toxicities of Environmental Contaminants and Pesticides to Coturnix. Fish and Wildlife Technical Report 2. Washington, DC: United States Department of Interior Fish and Wildlife Service, 1986., p. 22
LC50; Species: Phasianus colchicus (Ring-necked pheasant) age 10 days; oral >40,000 ppm, in diet, (no mortality to 40,000 ppm)
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife. Lethal Dietary Toxicities of Environmental Pollutants to Birds. Special Scientific Report - Wildlife No. 191. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975., p. 8
LC50; Species: /Oncorhynchus mykiss/ (Rainbow trout) weight 1.0 g; Conditions: /static/, 12 °C; Concentration: 5,540 mg/L for 96 hr (95% confidence limit: 4,740-6,330 mg/L)
U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Resource Publication No. 137. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980., p. 81
For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for ACETONE (36 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

14.2.3 Ecotoxicity Excerpts

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Acetone was ...tested with mallard eggs. Fertile eggs were immersed in 0, 10 or 100% acetone for 30 seconds at room temperature on days 3 or 8 of incubation. There were no significant effects with 10% acetone; however, 100% acetone caused a significant decrease in survival, embryonic weight and embryonic length for both exposure groups. It is unknown whether the mortality was due to the toxicity of acetone or to its solvent capabilities. White Leghorn chick embryos were also tested with acetone. The test article was injected into the eggs at 5 uL/egg. Statistical analysis was not performed and controls were not used; however, it appeared that acetone did not affect mortality or malformation of the embryos.
WHO; Environ Health Criteria 207: Acetone (1998). Available from, as of March 28, 2007: https://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc207.htm#PartNumber:9
/AQUATIC SPECIES/ There is increasing concern about the sub-lethal effect of hydrophobic chemicals in the water medium. Even though acetone is a commonly used solvent in toxicity testing, few studies have focussed on its chronic toxicity to Daphnia magna and the available results are often contradictory. In this study, acetone was tested on D. magna in a 21-day exposure experiment and the effects on mortality, fertility and morphology of exposed organisms (F(0) and offspring (F(1)-F(2), reared without acetone) were evaluated. No significant reduction of survival was observed with increasing concentrations, and no significant reduction in fecundity in any treatment group in terms of average number of daphnids per mother was observed. Abnormal development of second antennae was observed on F(1) from F(0) exposed to 79 mg/L solvent. The ET50 of acetone on the number of mothers that produced deformed offspring over time was 12.5 days. Our results suggest that the acetone concentration should not exceed 7.9 mg/L, which is 10 times less than the allowed concentration as determined by OECD chronic assays on D. magna. More attention should be paid to small, water-soluble molecules usually considered of low concern for chronic toxicity because they might affect other metabolic pathways.
Leoni B et al; Ecotoxicology 17 (3): 199-205 (2008)
/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Acetone has been used to solubilize liposoluble molecules in toxicological tests using fish. The effects over time of a sublethal concentration (0.1%) of acetone on the livers of trout sac-fry (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were investigated by electron microscopy. Changes in the hepatocyte membranes (dilation of the interhepatocytic space, formation of intracellular myelinic figures) occurred between the first and 7th day of exposure. However, these changes were minor and they did not persist after 22 days of exposure. Acetone caused changes in hepatocytes which could have affected the toxicity of the xenobiotics tested. Thus use of this solvent as vehicle in toxicological experiments should be avoided.
Biagianti-Risbourg S et al; Chemosphere 36 (9): 1911-12 (1998)
/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The /Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout)/ 24 hr LC50 for acetone and ethanol in a flow-through bioassay system at 10 °C plus or minus 0.5, are 6100 mg/L and 11,200 mg/L, respectively. ... Acetone and ethanol, at about 0.48 and 0.26 of the fingerling LC50, respectively, affected cardiovascular/respiratory parameters in adult rainbow trout. Acetone produced an increase in ventilation rate to a maximum of 158% of control values, as well as an increase in buccal pressure amplitude attaining a maximum of 410% of control values. ...
Majewski HS et al; Water Res 13: 217-21 (1978)
For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ACETONE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

14.2.4 US EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants

Resident Soil (mg/kg)
7.00e+04
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
1.10e+06
Tapwater (ug/L)
1.80e+04
Risk-based SSL (mg/kg)
3.70e+00
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
9.00e-01
Volatile
Volatile
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Soil Saturation Concentration (mg/kg)
1.14e+05

14.2.5 US EPA Regional Removal Management Levels for Chemical Contaminants

Resident Soil (mg/kg)
2.10e+05
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
3.20e+06
Tapwater (ug/L)
5.40e+04
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
9.00e-01
Volatile
Volatile
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Soil Saturation Concentration (mg/kg)
1.14e+05

14.2.6 Environmental Fate / Exposure Summary

Acetone's production and use as chemical intermediate to make methyl methacrylate and other chemicals and as a solvent for fats, oils, waxes, resins, rubbers, plastics, pharmaceuticals and rubber cements may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use in paints, varnishes removers and a variety of consumer products may result in its direct release to the environment through evaporation. Acetone's use in hydraulic fracturing fluids will result in its direct release to the environment. Acetone is released in combustion emissions and gasoline exhaust. Acetone occurs as a metabolic byproduct of plants and animals and is emitted into the atmosphere by volcanoes, forest fires and vegetation emissions. It is also formed in the troposphere via photo-oxidation of alkanes and alkenes. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 231 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates acetone will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase acetone will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 89 days. Acetone absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. Results of photolysis tests indicate that acetone has a direct photolysis half-life in the range of 10-80 days in the troposphere depending upon solar angle and sunlight intensity. Acetone has been detected in rain and cloud water, and therefore, may be removed from the air by wet deposition. If released to soil, acetone is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 2.4. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.50X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. Acetone is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Results of biological screening tests indicate that acetone is readily biodegradable under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. If released into water, acetone is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Biodegradation is expected to be an important fate process in natural water. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 21 hours and 8.8 days, respectively. The volatilization half-life of acetone applied to the surface of a shallow stream was in the range of 8-18 hours. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure to acetone may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where acetone is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to acetone via inhalation of ambient air, inhalation of cigarette smoke, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing acetone. (SRC)

14.2.7 Natural Pollution Sources

/Acetone is a/ normal micro-component of blood and urine; formed by oxidation of humic substances.
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. 107
Acetone occurs naturally as a metabolic byproduct of plants and animals and is released into the atmosphere by volcanoes and forest fires(1). Vegetative releases, forest fires, and other natural events account for nearly half of the estimated annual emissions of acetone(2). Acetone has been identified in air samples from numerous plants and microorganisms(2). Acetone occurs in expired air of all mammals, is excreted as a metabolic end-product by some bacteria, molds, and fungi and occurs in emissions from poultry manure(2). About 50% of the acetone that occurs in the troposphere results from the photo-oxidation of tropospheric occurring alkanes and alkenes(2).
(1) Graedel TE et al; Atmospheric Chemical Compounds. New York, NY: Academic Press p. 263 (1986)
(2) OECD; SIDS Initial Assessment Report (SIAR) for the 9th SIAM. Acetone (CAS 67-64-1), July 1999. Available from, as of Feb 10, 2015: https://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/OECDSIDS/67641.pdf

14.2.8 Artificial Pollution Sources

Acetone's production and use as chemical intermediate to make methyl methacrylate and other chemicals and as a solvent for fats, oils, waxes, resins, rubbers, plastics, pharmaceuticals and rubber cements(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its use in paints, varnishes removers(1) and a variety of consumer products may result in its direct release to the environment through evaporation(2). Acetone's use in hydraulic fracturing fluids(3) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC). Acetone is released in emissions from backyard waste incinerators, pine wood combustion, neoprene combustion and wood burning stoves(2,4). Acetone is released in gasoline exhaust(5).
(1) O'Neil MJ, ed; The Merck Index. 15th ed., Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, p. 13 (2013)
(2) OECD; SIDS Initial Assessment Report (SIAR) for the 9th SIAM. Acetone (CAS 67-64-1), July 1999. Available from, as of Feb 10, 2015: https://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/OECDSIDS/67641.pdf
(3) Stringfellow WT et al; J Hazardous Materials 275: 37-54 (2014)
(4) Lipari F et al; Environ Sci Technol 18: 326-30 (1984)
(5) Ban-Weiss GA et al; Environ Sci Technol 42: 3944-50 (2008)

14.2.9 Environmental Fate

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2.4(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that acetone is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of acetone from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 3.50X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(3). Acetone is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure of 231 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). A 96% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(5) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC). Results of other screening tests also indicate that acetone is readily biodegradable under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions(6,7).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 23 (1983)
(2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Feb 10, 2015: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm
(3) Benkelberg HJ et al; J Atmos Chem 20: 17-34 (1995)
(4) Alarie Y et al; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 134: 92-99 (1995)
(5) NITE; Chemical Risk Information Platform (CHRIP). Biodegradation and Bioconcentration. Tokyo, Japan: Natl Inst Tech Eval. Available from, as of Feb 15, 2015: https://www.safe.nite.go.jp/english/db.html
(6) ECHA; Search for Chemicals. Acetone (CAS 67-64-1) Registered Substances Dossier. European Chemical Agency. Available from, as of Feb 10, 2015: https://echa.europa.eu/
(7) OECD; SIDS Initial Assessment Report (SIAR) for the 9th SIAM. Acetone (CAS 67-64-1), July 1999. Available from, as of Feb 10, 2015: https://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/OECDSIDS/67641.pdf
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2.4(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that acetone is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.50X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 21 hours and 8.8 days, respectively(SRC). Experimentally determined volatilization half-lives in a shallow stream were measured in the range of 8-18 hours(5-7). According to a classification scheme(8), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of -0.24(9) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). A 96% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(10) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC). Results of other screening tests also indicate that acetone is readily biodegradable under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions(11,12). Volatilization may be faster removal mechanism of acetone than biodegradation in very shallow, rapidly moving water(5-7). Acetone is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 23 (1983)
(2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Feb 10, 2015: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(4) Benkelberg HJ et al; J Atmos Chem 20: 17-34 (1995)
(5) Rathbun RE et al; J Hydrol 104: 181-209 (1988)
(6) Rathbun RE et al; J Hydrol 123: 225-42 (1991)
(7) Rathbun RE et al; Environ Pollut 79: 153-62 (1993)
(8) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
(9) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR Hydrophobic, Electronic and Stearic Constants Washington DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 6 (1995)
(10) NITE; Chemical Risk Information Platform (CHRIP). Biodegradation and Bioconcentration. Tokyo, Japan: Natl Inst Tech Eval. Available from, as of Feb 15, 2015: https://www.safe.nite.go.jp/english/db.html
(11) ECHA; Search for Chemicals. Acetone (CAS 67-64-1) Registered Substances Dossier. European Chemical Agency. Available from, as of Feb 10, 2015: https://echa.europa.eu/
(12) OECD; SIDS Initial Assessment Report (SIAR) for the 9th SIAM. Acetone (CAS 67-64-1), July 1999. Available from, as of Feb 10, 2015: https://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/OECDSIDS/67641.pdf
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), acetone, which has a vapor pressure of 231 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase acetone is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be about 89 days(SRC) calculated from its rate constant of 1.80X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Acetone absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Results of photolysis tests indicate that acetone has a direct photolysis half-life in the range of 10-80 days in the troposphere depending upon solar angle and sunlight intensity(5,6). Acetone has been detected in rain and cloud water(7), and therefore, may be removed from the air by wet deposition(SRC).
(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988)
(2) Alarie Y et al; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 134: 92-99 (1995)
(3) Atkinson R et al; Atmos Chem Phys 6: 3625-4055 (2006). Available from, as of Feb 10, 2015: https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/special_issue8.html
(4) NIST; NIST Chemistry WebBook. Acetone (67-64-1). NIST Gas Kinetics Database, 2013 Release. Washington, DC: US Sec Commerce. Available from, as of Feb 10, 2015: https://webbook.nist.gov
(5) Meyrahn H et al; J Atmos Chem 4: 227-91 (1986)
(6) ECHA; Search for Chemicals. Acetone (CAS 67-64-1) Registered Substances Dossier. European Chemical Agency. Available from, as of Feb 10, 2015: https://echa.europa.eu/
(7) Aneja VP et al; J Air Waste Manag Assoc 43: 1239-44 (1993)

14.2.10 Environmental Biodegradation

AEROBIC: The percent theoretical BOD of acetone in water seeded with settled domestic sewage was 56%, 76%, 83% and 84%, over 5, 10, 15 and 20 day incubation periods(1). Percent theoretical BOD's of acetone in a raw sewage inocula were reported as 37% and 81% over 5 and 20 day incubation periods, respectively(2), 54% over a 5 day incubation period(3), 71% over a 7 day incubation period(4), 55% and 72% over 5 day and 10 day incubation periods respectively(5) and 38% over a 5 day incubation period(6). The percent theoretical BOD of acetone in freshwater was reported as 56%, 76%, 83% and 84% over 5, 10, 15 and 20 day incubation periods, respectively(7). The percent theoretical BOD of acetone in seawater was reported as 38%, 67%, 69% and 76% over 5, 10, 15 and 20 day incubation periods, respectively(7). Acetone, present at 100 mg/L, reached 96% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test which classified the compound as readily biodegradable(8). Using OECD Guideline 301B (Ready Biodegradability: CO2 Evolution Test), acetone was found to be readily biodegradable with 60% degradation after 5 days and 90.9% CO2 evolution after 28 days(9).
(1) Waggy GT et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 13: 1277-80 (1994)
(2) Young RHF, et al; J Water Pollut Contr Fed 40: 354-68 (1968)
(3) Bridie Al, et al; Water Res 13: 627-30 (1979)
(4) Helfgott TB et al; An Index of Refactory Organics USEPA-600/2-77-174 (1977)
(5) Lamb CB, Jenkins GF; Proc 8th Industrial Waste Conf, Purdue Univ p. 326-9 (1952)
(6) Vaishnav DD et al; Chemosphere 16: 695-703 (1987)
(7) Price KS, et al; J Water Pollut Contr Fed 46: 63-77 (1974)
(8) NITE; Chemical Risk Information Platform (CHRIP). Biodegradation and Bioconcentration. Tokyo, Japan: Natl Inst Tech Eval. Available from, as of Feb 15, 2015: https://www.safe.nite.go.jp/english/db.html
(9) ECHA; Search for Chemicals. Acetone (CAS 67-64-1) Registered Substances Dossier. European Chemical Agency. Available from, as of Feb 10, 2015: https://echa.europa.eu/
ANAEROBIC: Acetone was shown to be readily biodegradable under anaerobic conditions(1-3). Complete degradation of acetone (at 500 mg/L) occurred in 4 days in an anaerobic Warburg respirometer using adapted activated sludge(2). The percent theoretical methane recovery of acetone in an anaerobic aquifer was 89% over a 3 week incubation period following a 25 day acclimation period(3).
(1) Schwartz LJ; Appl Biochem Biotechnol 28/29: 297-305 (1991)
(2) Chou WL et al; Bioeng Symp 8: 391-414 (1979)
(3) Suflita JM, Mormile MR; Environ Sci Technol 27: 976-78 (1993)

14.2.11 Environmental Abiotic Degradation

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acetone with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has a recommended measured value of 1.8X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 89 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acetone with atmospheric nitrate radicals has been measured as 8.5X10-18 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3); this corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 10 years(SRC) at an atmospheric concentration of 2.5X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(4). Acetone absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). The average rate constant for the photodissociation of acetone by natural sunlight in the lower troposphere was measured as 1X10-7 sec-1(5); this corresponds to a half-life of about 80 days(5). Direct photolysis tests determined an acetone quantum yield of 0.08 with CO2, methanol and formaldehyde identified as degradation products(6). The direct photolysis rate constant in the troposphere near sea level at 40 deg solar angle was determined to be 0.785X10-6/sec which corresponds to half-life of about 10 days(6). Acetone is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(7).
(1) Atkinson R et al; Atmos Chem Phys 6: 3625-4055 (2006). Available from, as of Feb 10, 2015: https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/special_issue8.html
(2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Feb 10, 2015: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm
(3) NIST; NIST Chemistry WebBook. Acetone (67-64-1). NIST Gas Kinetics Database, 2013 Release. Washington, DC: US Sec Commerce. Available from, as of Feb 10, 2015: https://webbook.nist.gov
(4) Atkinson R; Atmos Environ 34: 2063-2101 (2000)
(5) Meyrahn H et al; J Atmos Chem 4: 227-91 (1986)
(6) ECHA; Search for Chemicals. Acetone (CAS 67-64-1) Registered Substances Dossier. European Chemical Agency. Available from, as of Feb 10, 2015: https://echa.europa.eu/
(7) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990)

14.2.12 Environmental Bioconcentration

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for acetone(SRC), using a log Kow of -0.24(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF value suggests that the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). In a 1931 test report, a BCF value of 0.69 was determined for adult haddock fish over an 11 hour exposure period(4); however, the test protocol does not meet important criteria of current standard BCF methods(4).
(1) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR Hydrophobic, Electronic and Stearic Constants Washington DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 6 (1995)
(2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Feb 10, 2015: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm
(3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
(4) ECHA; Search for Chemicals. Acetone (CAS 67-64-1) Registered Substances Dossier. European Chemical Agency. Available from, as of Feb 10, 2015: https://echa.europa.eu/

14.2.13 Soil Adsorption / Mobility

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of acetone can be estimated to be 2.4(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that acetone is expected to have very high mobility in soil. In sorption studies, acetone showed no adsorption to montorillonite, kaolinite clay, or stream sediment(3,4).
(1) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Feb 10, 2015: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm
(2) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 23 (1983)
(3) Rathbun RE et al; Chemosphere 11: 1097-114 (1982)
(4) Wolfe TA et al; J Water Pollut Control Fed 58: 68-76 (1986)

14.2.14 Volatilization from Water / Soil

The Henry's Law constant for acetone was measured as 3.50X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) at 25 °C(1). This value indicates that acetone is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as approximately 21 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as approximately 8.8 days(SRC). Volatilization rate constants of acetone measured in an experimental stream (234 m long, water velocity 0.67 m/min) were in the range of 8.23X10-4 min-1 to 11.1X10-4 min-1(3); these rate constants correspond to volatilization half-lives of about 10-14 hours(3). Similar experiments in the same stream measured acetone volatilization rate constants in the range of 6.22X10-4 min-1 to 14.5X10-4 min-1(4,5); these rate constants correspond to volatilization half-lives of about 8-18 hours(4,5). Acetone is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 231 mm Hg at 25 °C(6).
(1) Benkelberg HJ et al; J Atmos Chem 20: 17-34 (1995)
(2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(3) Rathbun RE et al; J Hydrol 104: 181-209 (1988)
(4) Rathbun RE et al; J Hydrol 123: 225-42 (1991)
(5) Rathbun RE et al; Environ Pollut 79: 153-62 (1993)
(6) Alarie Y et al; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 134: 92-99 (1995)

14.2.15 Environmental Water Concentrations

GROUNDWATER: Acetone was detected in groundwater near a chemical manufacturing facility in Michigan at a maximum concentration of 1,600 ug/L(1). Acetone was detected in groundwater in NJ at a concentration of 3,000 ug/L(2). Acetone was detected at a concentration of 620 ppb in the groundwater at the Lipari landfill, NJ(3). Acetone was detected at a concentration of 11 ug/L in the on-site wells and 0.19 ug/L in the off-site groundwater near a manufacturing facility in MI(4). Acetone was identified, not quantified, in 12.4% of the groundwater sampled at 178 sites in the US(5) and in the groundwater of a waste disposal facility in SC(6). The average concentration of acetone in groundwater sampled at 5 wood treatment facilities was 20 ug/L(7). Acetone was detected in the groundwater of a coal strip-mine in Ohio at concentrations of 1,300 mg/L and 2,700 ug/L(8).
(1) USEPA; Superfund Record of Decision: Cordova Chemical Site, North Muskgon, MI. USEPA/ROD/RO5-89/111 (1989)
(2) Jury WA et al; Ecosystem 99: 119-64 (1987)
(3) USEPA; Superfund Record of Decision: Lipari Landfill Mantau Township, NJ. USEPA/ROD/RO2-88/074 (1988)
(4) USEPA; Superfund Record of Decision: US Aviex, MI USEPA/ROD/RO5-88/073 (1988)
(5) Plumb RHJR; Groundwater Monit Rev 7: 94-100 (1987)
(6) ATSDR; Public health assessment for Carolawn, Fort Lawn, Chester County, South Carolina, Region 4, CERCLIS No. SCD980558316. Addendum. NTIS PB93-146249 (1993)
(7) Rosenfeld JK, Plumb RHJR; Groundwater Monit Rev 11: 133-40 (1991)
(8) USEPA; Superfund Record of Decision: Summit National Site, Deerfield OH. USEPA/ROD/R85-88/068 (1988)
DRINKING WATER: Acetone was identified, not quantified, in 10 out of 10 drinking water samples collected in 10 cities in the US(1). Acetone was identified, not quantified, in the drinking water of New Orleans, LA(2), Seattle, WA(3) and Tuscaloosa, AL(4). Acetone was detected in a drinking water well in New Jersey at a concentration of 3,000 ppb(5). Six drinking water wells in the vicinity of a landfill contained 0.2 to 0.7 ppb of acetone(6). An unspecified concentration of acetone leached from a section of high density polyethylene tubing supplying drinking water in Paris(7). Acetone was detected in the municipal wells in Waite Park, MN at concentrations between 74-3,300 ug/L(8).
(1) Fielding M, Packman RF; J Inst Water Eng Sci 31: 353-75 (1977)
(2) USEPA; New Orleans Area Water Supply Study. Draft Analytical Report by the Lower Mississippi River Facility, Slidell (1974)
(3) Keith LH et al; Identification of Organic Pollut Water Ann Arbor, MI pp.329-73 (1976)
(4) Bertsch W et al; J Chromatog 112: 701-18 (1975)
(5) Rao PSC et al; Soil Crop Sci Soc Fl Proc 44: 1-8 (1985)
(6) Dewalle FB, Chain ESK; J Am Water Works Assoc 73: 206-11 (1981)
(7) Anselme C et al; Sci Total Environ 47: 371-84 (1985)
(8) Minnesota Dept of Health; Health assessment for Waite Park ground water contamination site, Waite Park, Minnesota, Region 5. CERCLIS No MND981002249, PB90-107475 (1990)
SURFACE WATER: Five of nine sites in Lake Michigan contained 1-4 ppb acetone(1). In a survey of 14 heavily industrialized river basins in the USA (204 samples), 33 contained detectable amounts of acetone including 18 of 31 sites in the Chicago area and the Illinois River basin, 8 of 30 sites in the Delaware River basin, 1 of 45 sites in the Mississippi River basin in AL and TX, 3 of 27 sites in the Ohio River basin, and 3 of 15 west coast sites(2). Acetone was identified, not quantified, in the Black River in Tuscaloosa, AL(3), and the Cuyahoga River in the Lake Erie basin(4). Acetone was detected in the Potomac River at a concentration of less than 40 ug/L(5). Acetone was commonly detected in surface water samples collected from various lakes in Poland(6).
(1) Konasewich D et al; Great Lake Water Qual Board (1978)
(2) Ewing BB et al; Monitoring to Detect Previously Unrecognized Pollutants in Surface Waters Appendix USEPA-560/6-77-015 (1977)
(3) Berstch W et al; J Chromatog 112: 701-18 (1975)
(4) Great Lakes Water Quality Board Ontario; An inventory of chemical subtances identified in the Great Lakes ecosystem volume 1 - Summary. Report to the Great Lakes Water Quality Board. Windsor Ontario, Canada p. 195 (1983)
(5) Hall LWJR et al; Aquat Toxicol 10: 73-99 (1987)
(6) Dabrowska A et al; Environ Momit Assess 186(7): 4569-4580 (2014)
SEAWATER: Samples of seawater and surface slicks taken from Biscayne Bay and the Florida Current contained 39.6 and 89.7 ppb of acetone, respectively(1). Grab samples of surface water from the Straits of Florida and the Eastern Mediterranean contained 20 and 28 ppb of acetone, respectively(2). Samples of ocean water taken at 1,200 m depths contained unspecified concentrations of acetone(2).
(1) Seba DB, Corcoran EF; Pestic Monit J 3: 109-3 (1969)
(2) Corwin JF; Bull Mar Sci 19: 504-9 (1969)
RAIN/SNOW: 50 ppb of acetone was detected in one of 6 samples tested at 5 cities in California(1). An unspecified concentration of acetone was detected in rain in Japan(2). Acetone/acrolein was detected in rainfall in Los Angeles, CA at a concentration of 0.05 ug/mL and in ice at Urban Fairbanks, AK at a concentration of 0.21 umols/mL(3). Acetone was identified, not quantified, in rainfall in Germany(4). Acetone was detected in the clouds (460 ng/L) and rainfall (0.5 ng/L) at a state park in North Carolina(5). Acetone was commonly detected in precipitation samples collected in Poland(6).
(1) Grosjean D, Wright B; Atmos Environ 17: 2093-6 (1983)
(2) Kato T et al; Yokohama Kokuritsu Daigaku Kankyo Kagaku Kenkyu Senta Kiyo 6: 11-20 (1980)
(3) Mazurek MA, Simoneit BRT; CRC Crit Rev Environ Control 16: 140 (1986)
(4) Levson K et al; Chemosphere 21: 1037-61 (1990)
(5) Aneja VP et al; J Air Waste Manag Assoc 43: 1239-44 (1993)
(6) Dabrowska A, Nawrocki J; Sci Total Environ 2013: 452-453 (2013)

14.2.16 Effluent Concentrations

Acetone was detected in the effluent of a chemical plant located in Sweden at a concentration of 5.5 kg/cu m(1). Acetone was detected in the effluent of a municipal landfill in Quebec, Ontario at concentrations of 6,838 ppb and 32,500 ppb(2). Acetone was identified, not quantified in the emissions of new carpets(3), automobiles(4,5) and common household waste(6-9). Acetone was detected in the effluent from a solid waste composting plant at concentrations of 6,100 ug/cu m (tipping area), 7,800 ug/cu m (indoor air), 9,200 ug/cu m (fresh compost), 9,500 ug/cu m (middle age compost), 6,100 ug/cu m (old compost) and 2,300 ug/cu m (curing region)(10). Acetone was identified, not quantified, in the emissions of 314 out of 1,005 common household products(11). Acetone was detected in the effluent of a waste incinerator in Germany at a concentration of 17.6 ug/cu m(12). Acetone was detected in the emissions of a photocopying machine at rates of less than 100 ug/hr to 2,200 ug/hr(13). Acetone was detected at a concentration of 25 ug/cu m in the compost blower exhaust of a composting facility in Virginia(14). The emission rate of acetone was measured as 1.699 and 2.396 mg acetone emitted per km driven for vehicles classified as light duty and heavy duty, respectively(15). The average emission rate of acetone measured using 11 different vehicles was 1.19 mg acetone emitted per km driven for vehicles equipped with a catalytic converter and 42 mg acetone emitted per km driven for vehicles without catalytic converters(16). Acetone levels of 1.95-3.07 ng/L were detected in volatile emissions from dairy silage(17). Acetone emission factors of 5.6, 6.7 and 3.5 mg/kg were identified in exhaust from 1999, 2001 and 2006 light-duty gasoline vehicles, respectively, in San Francisco CA(18).
(1) Brorson T et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 13:543-52 (1994)
(2) Brosseau, Heitz M; Atmos Environ 25A:1473-77 (1994)
(3) Hodgeson AT et al; J Air Waste Manage Assoc 43: 316-24 (1993)
(4) Sawyer RF; Environ Health Perspect 101: 5-12 (1994)
(5) Harley RA et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 2395-2408 (1992)
(6) Wilkins CK, Larsen K; J High Resol Chromatogr 18:373-77 (1995)
(7) Wilkins K, Larsen K; Chemosphere 31: 3225-36 (1995)
(8) Wilkins K, Larsen K; Chemosphere 32: 2049-55 (1996)
(9) Wilkins K, ; Chemosphere 29: 47-53 (1994)
(10) Eitzer BD; Environ Sci Technol 29: 896-902 (1995)
(11) Sack TM et al; Atmos Environ 26A: 1063-70 (1992)
(12) Jay K, Stieglitz L; Chemosphere 30: 1249-60 (1995)
(13) Leovic KW et al; J Air Waste Manage Assoc 46: 821-29 (1996)
(14) Vandurme GP et al; Water Environ Res 64: 19-27 (1992)
(15) Grosjean D et al; Environ Sci Technol 35: 45-53 (2001)
(16) Schauer JJ et al; Environ Sci Technol 36: 1169-80 (2002)
(17) Malkina IL et al; J Environ Qual 40: 28-38 (2011)
(18) Ban-Weiss GA et al; Environ Sci Technol 42: 3944-50 (2008)
Acetone was detected in the leachate of several municipal landfills at concentrations between 6-4,400 ug/L(1). Acetone was detected in the wastewater of a truck parts producing plant in Michigan at a concentration of 44.5 ug/L(2). Acetone was detected in the effluent of an unauthorized hazardous waste disposal facility in New Jersey at a concentration of 480 ug/L(3). Acetone was detected at a concentration of 46.6 ppb in the leachate of a landfill in Delaware containing industrial and municipal waste(4). Acetone was detected at concentrations between 0.05-62 mg/L and 0.14-44 mg/L in the leachate of industrial landfills and municipal landfills in the US(5). Acetone was detected in the leachate of a landfill in Connecticut at a concentration of 3,500 ug/L(6). Acetone was identified, not quantified, in the leachate of a municipal landfill located in Norman, OK(7).
(1) Christensen TH et al; Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 24: 119-202 (1994)
(2) USEPA; Superfund Record of Decision: Kysor Industrial, Cadillac, MI. EPA/ROD/R05/-89/113 (1989)
(3) USEPA; Superfund Record of Decision: Lang Property, Pemberton Township, NJ. EPA/ROD/R05/-89/113 (1987)
(4) Dewalle FB, Chian Esk; J Am Water Works Assoc 73: 206-11 (1981)
(5) Brown KW, Donnelly KC; Haz Waste Haz Mater 5: 1-30 (1988)
(6) Sawhney BL; In Reactions and Movements of Organic Chemicals in Soils SSSA Special Pub No 22, 447-74 (1989)
(7) Eganhouse RP et al; Groundwater 39: 192-2002 (2001)
Acetone in gasoline exhaust: 2.3-14.0 ppm (partly propionaldehyde); a concentration of 0.6 g/L of acetone was found in a sample of a one-year old leachate from a sanitary landfill.
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. 108

14.2.17 Sediment / Soil Concentrations

SOIL: Acetone was detected in the soil of a former solvent recycling and waste disposal facility located in a former coal strip mine in Ohio; mean concentrations of 9,484 ug/kg (surface soil), 2,263 ug/kg (2-4 feet), 9644 ug/kg (4-6 feet), 5,272 ug/kg (6-8 feet) were reported(1). Drummed and tanked wastes disposed included waste oils, resins, paint sludges, flammable solvents, chlorinated solvents, plating sludges, pesticides wastes, phenols, cyanides, acids, various polymers, and lab packs(1).Acetone was identified, not quantified, in the sediment and subsurface soil of a gravel mine in Tennessee(2). Acetone was detected at an average concentration of 736 ug/kg in the soil of an unauthorized hazardous waste disposal facility in New Jersey(3).
(1) USEPA; Superfund Record of Decision: Summit National Site, Deerfield OH. USEPA/ROD/R85-88/068 (1988)
(2) USEPA; Superfund Record of Decision: Galloway Ponds Site, Galloway, TN. USEPA/ROD/R04-86/013 (1987)
(3) USEPA; Superfund Record of Decision: Lang Property Pemberton Township, NJ USEPA/ROD/R02-86/031 (1987)

14.2.18 Atmospheric Concentrations

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Acetone was detected at levels ranging from 1 to 8 ppb in Denver, CO(1). Acetone was detected at mean concentrations of 13.9 ppb in Boston, MA, 34.5 ppb(2) and 6.1 ppb(3) in Houston, TX and 12 ppb in Tucson AZ(4). The average concentration of acetone/formaldehyde at 4 southern California locations was 0.30 ppb(5). Acetone was detected at a concentration of 2.07 ppb in Columbus, OH(6). The average concentration of acetone at 5 sites in Stockholm Sweden ranged from 4.04 to 19.40 ppb(7). Acetone was detected at levels of >1 ppb, but less than 5 ppb at 10 urban locations in the US and also at levels of >5 ppb, but less than 10 ppb at 3 other urban locations in the US(8). The mean concentration of acetone in outdoor air of Helsinki, Finland was reported as 1.7 ppb(9). Air sampling in Athens Greece during June to December 2000 detected acetone/acrolein concentrations of 0.64-198 ug/cu m(10). An arithmetic mean acetone concentration of 7.7 ug/cu m was detected in outdoor air at 27 sites in Melbourne, Australia(11). Field sampling of outdoor air near 234 homes (non-smoking families) conducted between 1999 and 2001 in Los Angeles County CA, Elizabeth NJ and Houston TX detected a median acetone concentration of 4.19 ug/cu m(12). Air monitoring at Niteroi City, Brazil between Jan 9-14, 2010 detected mean, minimum and maximum acetone concentrations of 7.27, 4,56 and 11.56 ug/cu m respectively(13). Acetone was detected in 68% of all outdoor air samples collected near 74 homes in Ottawa Canada during the winter of 2002/2003(14); acetone concentrations ranged from 0.015-15.25 ug/cu m with an arithmetic mean of 1.22 ug/cu m(14).
(1) Anderson LG et al; Isr J Chem 34: 341-53 (1994)
(2) Kelly TJ et al; Environ Sci Technol 27: 1146-53 (1993)
(3) Lagrone FS; Environ Sci Technol 25: 366-68 (1991)
(4) Snider JR, Dawson GA; J Geophys Res, D: Atmos 90: 3797-805 (1985)
(5) Grosjean E et al; Environ Sci Technol 30: 2687-703 (1996)
(6) Spicer CW et al; Atmos Environ 30: 3443-56 (1996)
(7) Jonsson A et al; Environ Int 11: 383-92 (1985)
(8) Mohamed MF et al; Chemosphere 47: 863-82 (2002)
(9) Jurvelin JA et al; J Air Waste Manage Assoc 53: 560-73 (2003)
(10) Bakeas EB et al; Chemosphere 52: 805-13 (2003)
(11) Brown SK; Indoor Air 12: 55-63 (2002)
(12) Liu W et al; Atmos Environ 40: 2202-14 (2006)
(13) Ochs SdM et al; Atmos Environ 45: 5183-90 (2011)
(14) Zhu J et al; Environ Sci Technol 39: 3964-71 (2005)
INDOOR AIR: Acetone was detected at an average concentration of 39 ug/cu m at 14 homes and buildings in Italy(1). Acetone was detected in 2 buildings in Portland, OR at concentrations between 14.9-66.0 ug/cu m and 7.4-33.9 ug/cu m(2). Acetone was detected in a building in Switzerland at a concentration of 7,763 ug/cu m(3). Acetone was detected at a concentration of 10 and less than 1 ng/L in 2 elementary school classrooms in France(4). The mean concentration of acetone in the indoor air of 15 residential homes located in Helsinki, Finland was 31.4 ppb(5). Arithmetic mean acetone concentrations of 9.1-13 ug/cu m were detected in indoor dwelling air in Melbourne, Australia(6). Indoor air of two parked vehicles contained acetone levels of 238.6 and 250.0 ug/cu m respectively(7). Field sampling of indoor air of 234 homes (non-smoking families) conducted between 1999 and 2001 in Los Angeles County CA, Elizabeth NJ and Houston TX detected a median acetone concentration of 8.08 ug/cu m(8). Indoor air sampling at 37 small and medium-sized commercial buildings found a geometric mean acetone concentration of 28.3 ug/cu m (1.10-1380 ug/cu m range)(9). Acetone was detected in 99% of all indoor air samples collected from 75 homes in Ottawa Canada during the winter of 2002/2003(10); acetone concentrations ranged from 0.015-455.87 ug/cu m with an arithmetic mean of 44.44 ug/cu m(10).
(1) Debortoli M et al; Environ Int 12: 343-50 (1986)
(2) Hodgeson AT et al; J Air Waste Manage Assoc 41: 1461-68 (1991)
(3) Rothweiler H et al; Atmos Environ 26A: 2219-25 (1992)
(4) Cailleux A et al; Chromatographia 37: 57-59 (1993)
(5) Jurvelin JA et al; J Air Waste Manage Assoc 53: 560-73 (2003)
(6) Brown SK; Indoor Air 12: 55-63 (2002)
(7) Buters JTM et al; Environ Sci Technol 41: 2622-2629 (2007)
(8) Liu W et al; Atmos Environ 40: 2202-14 (2006)
(9) Wu XM et al; Environ Sci Technol 45: 9075-83 (2011)
(10) Zhu J et al; Environ Sci Technol 39: 3964-71 (2005)
RURAL/REMOTE: Acetone was detected at an average concentration of 14.72 ng/L in the air of a state park located in North Carolina(1). Acetone was identified, not quantified, in the air of a German forest(2). Acetone was detected at concentrations between 0.39-3.26 ppb and 0.72-3.81 ppb in Egbert Ontario and Dorset Ontario respectively(3). Acetone was detected at a mean concentration of 1.14 ppb in Eastern Canada(4). Acetone was detected at a mean concentration of 2.6 ppb at 2 rural sites in AZ(5) and 5.1 ppb in Rio Blanco county, CO(6). The acetone concentration in air at Pt Barrow, AK (22 measurements) ranged from 0.3 to 2.9 ppb, with a mean concentration of 1.21 ppb(7). Acetone was detected at a concentration of 1.9 ppb in the Jones State Forest near Houston, TX(8). Air samples collected collected at the summit of Whiteface Mountain in NY State during July 1994 contained an average acetone concentration of 1.61 ppb(9). Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were the three most abundant carbonyls detected in a rural area in southern China during August 2012 to February 2013 monitoring(10).
(1) Aneja VP et al; J Air Waste Manag Assoc 43: 1239-44 (1993)
(2) Helmig D et al; Chemosphere 19: 1399-412 (1989)
(3) Shepson PB et al; Atmos Environ 25A: 2001-15 (1991)
(4) Singh HB et al; J Geophys Res 99: 1805-19 (1994)
(5) Snider JR, Dawson GA; J Geophys Res, D: Atmos 90: 3797-805 (1985)
(6) Arnts RR, Meeks SA; Atmos Environ 15: 1643-51 (1981)
(7) Cavanagh LA et al; Environ Sci Technol 3: 251-7 (1969)
(8) Seila RL; Non-urban Hydrocarbon Concentrations in Ambient Air North of Houston, TX USEPA EPA-500/3-79-010 p.38 (1979)
(9) Khwaja HA, Narang A; Chemopshere 71: 2030-43 (2008)
(10) Guo S et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 66: 594-605 (2014)
SOURCE DOMINATED: Acetone was detected at 22 source dominated sites in the USA at a median concentration of 0.350 ppb and a maximum concentration of 53 ppb(1). Acetone was detected at concentrations between 2.3-3.3 ppb near the Texaco Refinery in Tulsa, OK(2).
(1) Brodzinsky R, Singh HB; Volatile Organic Chemicals in the Atmos SRI International Contract 68-02-3452 (1982)
(2) Arnts RR, Meeks SA; Atmos Environ 15: 1643-51 (1981)

14.2.19 Food Survey Values

Acetone was identified, not quantified, in the volatiles of kiwi fruit(1,2), blue cheese(3), raw chicken(4), cured pork(5), chickpea seeds(6), nectarines(7), mutton, chicken and beef(8). Acetone has been identified, not quantified, as a volatile component of baked potatoes(9), roasted filberts(10), dried beans and legumes(11), and French cognac(12). Acetone was detected in volatile components of ripe kiwi fruit (0.2% of all components)(13).
(1) Bartley JP, Schwede AM; J Agric Food Chem 37: 1023-25 (1989)
(2) Tatsuka K et al; J Food Sci 38: 2176-80 (1990)
(3) Day EA, Anderson DF; J Agric Food Chem 13: 2-4 (1965)
(4) Grey TC, Shrimpton DH; Brit Poultry Sci 8: 23-33 (1967)
(5) Hinrichsen LL, Anderson HJ; J Agric Food Chem 42: 1537-42 (1994)
(6) Rembold H et al; J Agric Food Chem 37: 659-62 (1989)
(7) Takeoka GR et al; J Agric Food Chem 36: 553-60 (1988)
(8) Shahidi F et al; CRC Crit Rev Food Sci Nature 24: 141-243 (1986)
(9) Coleman EC et al; J Agric Food Chem 29: 42-8 (1981)
(10) Kinlin TE et al; J Agric Food Chem 20: 1021 (1972)
(11) Lovegren NV et al; J Agric Food Chem 27: 851-3 (1979)
(12) TerHeide R et al; pp. 249-81 in Anal Foods Beverages, Chavalambous G, ed. New York, NY: Academic (1978)
(13) Bartley JP, Schwede AM; J Agric Food Chem 37: 1023-25 (1989)

14.2.20 Plant Concentrations

Acetone is emitted from Bay Leaf Willows, European Firs and Evergreen Cyprus(1). Acetone was detected in emissions from four Eucalypts species in Australia (Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus grandis, and Eucalytpus viminalis)(2).
(1) Singh HB, Zimmerman PB; Adv Environ Sci Technol 24: 177-235 (1992)
(2) Winters AJ et al; Atmos Environ 43: 3035-43 (2009)
Acetone occurrence in various plants(1).
Genus species
Satureja cuneifolia TEN.
Family
Lamiaceae
Common name
Cuneate Turkish Savory
Part
Shoot
Concn (ppm)
0-20
Genus species
Nepeta racemosa LAM.
Family
Lamiaceae
Common name
Catmint
Part
Shoot
Concn (ppm)
0-2
Genus species
Origanum sipyleum L.
Family
Lamiaceae
Common name
Bayircayi, Guveyoto
Part
Shoot
Concn (ppm)
0-2
Genus species
Nepeta racemosa LAM.
Family
Lamiaceae
Common name
Catmint
Part
Shoot
Concn (ppm)
0-1.5
Genus species
Origanum sipyleum L.
Family
Lamiaceae
Common name
Bayircayi, Guveyoto
Part
Shoot
Genus species
Micromeria myrtifolia BOISS. &amp; HOHEN
Family
Lamiaceae
Common name
Dagcayi
Part
Shoot
Genus species
Ananas comosus (L.) MERR.
Family
Bromeliaceae
Common name
Pineapple
Part
Fruit
Genus species
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis l. var. botrytis L.
Family
Bromeliaceae
Common name
Cauliflower
Part
Flower, Leaf
Genus species
Calamintha nepeta subsp. glandulosa (REQ.) P.W.BALL
Family
Lamiaceae
Common name
Turkish Calamint
Part
Plant
Genus species
Camellia sinensis (L.) KUNTZE
Family
Theaceae
Common name
Tea
Part
Leaf
Genus species
Cananga odorata (LAM.) HOOK. f. &amp; THOMSON
Family
Theaceae
Common name
Cananga
Part
Flower
Genus species
Cymbopogon citratus (DC. ex NEES) STAPF
Family
Poaceae
Common name
Lemongrass
Part
Plant
Genus species
Datura stramonium L.
Family
Solanaceae
Common name
Jimsonweed
Part
Leaf
Genus species
Daucus carota L.
Family
Apiaceae
Common name
Carrot
Part
Root
Genus species
Glycine max (L.) MERR.
Family
Fabaceae
Common name
Soybean
Part
Plant
Genus species
Humulus lupulus L.
Family
Cannabaceae
Common name
Hops
Part
Flower
Genus species
Laurus nobilis L.
Family
Lauraceae
Common name
Bay, Bay Laurel, Bayleaf
Part
Leaf
Genus species
Lavandula x intermedia EMERIC ex LOIS
Family
Lamiaceae
Common name
Lavandin
Part
Plant
Genus species
Lycopersicon esculentum MILLER
Family
Solanaceae
Common name
Tomato
Part
Fruit
Genus species
Malus domestica BORKH.
Family
Rosaceae
Common name
Apple
Part
Plant
Genus species
Medicago sativa subsp. sativa
Family
Fabaceae
Common name
Alfalfa, Lucerne
Part
Essential Oil
Genus species
Mentha aquatica L.
Family
Lamiaceae
Common name
Water Mint
Part
Leaf
Genus species
Mentha spicata L.
Family
Lamiaceae
Common name
Spearmint
Part
Leaf
Genus species
Morus alba L.
Family
Moraceae
Common name
White Mulberry
Part
Leaf
Genus species
Myrtus communis L.
Family
Myrtaceae
Common name
Myrtle
Part
Plant
Genus species
Oryza sativa L.
Family
Poaceae
Common name
Rice
Part
Plant
Genus species
Pelargonium graveolens (L.) L'HER ex AIT.
Family
Geraniaceae
Common name
Rose Geranium
Part
Essential Oil
Genus species
Pimenta dioica (L.) MERR.
Family
Myrtaceae
Common name
Allspice, Clover-Pepper, Pimento
Part
Plant
Genus species
Psidium guajava L.
Family
Myrtaceae
Common name
Guava
Part
Fruit
Genus species
Pyrus communis L.
Family
Rosaceae
Common name
Pear
Part
Plant
Genus species
Ribes nigrum L.
Family
Grossulariaceae
Common name
Black Currant
Part
Fruit
Genus species
Solanum tuberosum L.
Family
Solanaceae
Common name
Potato
Part
Plant
Genus species
Zingiber officinale ROSCOE
Family
Zingiberaceae
Common name
Ginger
Part
Essential Oil
(1) USDA; Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. Plants with a chosen chemical. Acetone. Washington, DC: US Dept Agric, Agric Res Service. Available from, as of Feb 12, 2015: https://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/

14.2.21 Milk Concentrations

ENVIRONMENTAL: Acetone was identified, not quantified, in human milk from Bayonne, NJ, Jersey City, NJ, Pittsburgh, PA and Baton Rouge, LA(1). Acetone was identified, not quantified, in all 8 samples of mother's milk analyzed from 4 industrial urban areas in the USA(2). Acetone was identified, not quantified from milk samples in Australia(3). Acetone was detected at average levels of 29.42, 30.50, and 30.96 ug/L in whole milk, 2% milk, and 1% milk, respectively purchased from store shelves in Las Vegas, NV(4). Acetone was detected in fish-oil enriched milk(5).
(1) Erickson MD et al; EPA-560/13-80-029: Washington DC US EPA Off Pestic Toxic Subst (1980)
(2) Pellizzari ED et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 28: 322-8 (1982)
(3) Urbach G; J Chromatogr 404: 163-74 (1987)
(4) Hiatt MH, Pia JH; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 46: 189-96 (2004)
(5) Venkateshwarlu G et al; J Agric Food Chem 52: 311-17 (2004)

14.2.22 Other Environmental Concentrations

Cigarette smoke - 1,100 ppm
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. 108
Acetone was detected in cigarette smoke at a concentration of 1,620 ug per cigarette(1). Analysis of mainstream smoke from cigarettes (100 samples) detected an average acetone level of 366.9 ug per cigarette(2). Smoldering incense emissions were found to contain acetone levels 606.71 to 2940.67 ug/cu m(3).
(1) Otson R, Fellin P; pp. 335-421 in Gas Pollut: Charact Cycl, Nriagu JO ed. NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons (1992)
(2) Polzin GM et al; Environ Sci Technol 41: 1297-302 (2007)
(3) Yang TT et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 78: 308-13 (2007)

14.2.23 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 38 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the manufacturing, processing, or use of acetone in teh United States may be as low as <10 workers per plant to as high as 1000-9999 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).
(1) US EPA; Chemical Data Reporting (CDR). Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting information on chemical production and use in the United States. Available from, as of Feb 12, 2015: https://www.epa.gov/cdr/pubs/guidance/cdr_factsheets.html
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1,740,164 workers (540,313 of these are female) are potentially exposed to acetone in the US(1). Occupational exposure may be through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where acetone is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to acetone via inhalation of ambient air, inhalation of cigarette smoke, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing acetone(SRC). The 8 hour TWA exposure to acetone was in the range of 0-70,000 umols/cu m in a survey of 659 occupationally exposed male subjects working in shoe, plastics and chemical plants in Italy(2). Workers in a Japanese acetate fiber producing plant had detectable levels of acetone in urine samples between 1 and 160 mg/L(3). The average TWA exposure to acetone in 7 spray painting and glue spraying plants was 0.9, 3.2, 2.3 0.9 and 5.6 ppm for higher-aromatic paint spraying, lower-aromatic paint spraying, glue spraying, solvent wiping, and paint mixing, respectively(4). The mean concentration of acetone in workplace air at 9 locations in Helsinki, Finland was 7.3 ppb(5).
(1) NIOSH; NOES. National Occupational Exposure Survey conducted from 1981-1983. Estimated numbers of employees potentially exposed to specific agents by 2-digit standard industrial classification (SIC). Available from, as of Feb 12, 2015: https://www.cdc.gov/noes/
(2) Ghittori S et al; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 48: 786 (1987)
(3) Fujino A et al; Br J Ind Med 49: 654-57 (1992)
(4) Whitehead LW et al; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 45: 767-72 (1984)
(5) Jurvelin JA et al; J Air Waste Manage Assoc 53: 560-73 (2003)
The general population may be exposed to acetone through the use of commercially available products containing this compound such as paints, adhesives, cosmetics, and rubber cements(SRC). Exposure will also arise from inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of drinking water, and food that contains acetone(SRC). The average blood concentration of acetone in 600 non-occupationally exposed persons in the US was 3,100 ppb(1).
(1) Ashley DL et al; Clin Chem 40: 1401-04 (1994)

14.2.24 Body Burden

Acetone was detected in the expired breath of 23 of 26 smokers and 42 of 43 nonsmokers in the US(1). Acetone was ubiquitous in the expired air from a carefully selected urban population of 54 normal healthy non-smoking people (387 samples) with a geometric mean concentration of 101.3 ng/L(2). Acetone loss in the urine is generally 1 mg/24 hr for a normal adult but is about 50 mg in children(3,4). Acetone was detected in the expired breath of children in 2 classrooms in France at an average concentration of 800 ng/L(5). The average blood concentration of acetone in 600 non-occupationally exposed persons in the US was 3,100 ppb(6).
(1) Gordon SM; J Chromatogr 511:291-302(1990)
(2) Krotoszynski BK et al; J Anal Toxicol 3: 225-34 (1979)
(3) Harper HA; Review of Physiological Chemistry 12th ed p.303 (1969)
(4) White WL et al; Chemistry for Medical Technologists 3rd ed Mosby Co St Louis, MO (1970)
(5) Cailleux A et al; Chromatographia 37: 57-59 (1993)
(6) Ashley DL et al; Clin Chem 40: 1401-04 (1994)
Toxic concn in human blood: 200 - 300 ug/mL (20 - 30 mg%); lethal concn in human blood: 550 ug/mL (55 mg%)
Winek, C.L. Drug and Chemical Blood-Level Data 1985. Pittsburgh, PA: Allied Fischer Scientific, 1985., p. 1

15 Associated Disorders and Diseases

Associated Occupational Diseases with Exposure to the Compound

Encephalopathy, chronic solvent [Category: Chronic Poisoning]

Solvents, acute toxic effect [Category: Acute Poisoning]

Disease
Pregnancy
References

PubMed: 2994907, 663967, 12698507, 17061063, 3252730, 12833386, 17704099, 16925883, 22420377, 18059417, 22494326, 23159745, 23313728, 23535240, 24704061

The Merck Manual, 17th ed. Mark H. Beers, MD, Robert Berkow, MD, eds. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Labs, 1999.

Disease
Perillyl alcohol administration for cancer treatment
References
Disease
Diabetes mellitus type 2
References

PubMed: 15899597, 15982426, 6321058, 6810706, 7758205, 12067838, 9591306, 1456422, 10694785, 10431355, 16731998, 11887176, 2614280, 18184896, 11815509, 9357814, 17659063, 14512036, 17161231, 7096503, 11315839, 17705693, 484160, 8234346, 16966827, 18760976, 17919531, 17190852, 22031514, 23637065

World Health Organisation Department of Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance (1999). "Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications"

Rosa Va ́zquez-Fresno et al. An NMR metabolomics approach reveals a combined-biomarkers model in a wine interventional trial with validation in free-living individuals of the PREDIMED study. Metabolomics (2015) 11:797- 806: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11306-014-0735-x.pdf

Disease
Hepatic encephalopathy
References
Disease
Irritable bowel syndrome
References
Disease
Kidney disease
References
Disease
Lung Cancer
References
Disease
Paraquat poisoning
References
PubMed: 9625050
Disease
Pancreatic cancer
References
Disease
Eosinophilic esophagitis
References
Mordechai, Hien, and David S. Wishart
Disease
Early preeclampsia
References
PubMed: 22494326
Disease
Late-onset preeclampsia
References
PubMed: 23159745
Disease
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
References
PubMed: 23454028

16 Literature

16.1 Consolidated References

16.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

16.3 Springer Nature References

16.4 Thieme References

16.5 Wiley References

16.6 Nature Journal References

16.7 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

16.8 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

16.9 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

17 Patents

17.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

17.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

17.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

17.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

17.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

18 Interactions and Pathways

18.1 Protein Bound 3D Structures

18.1.1 Ligands from Protein Bound 3D Structures

PDBe Ligand Code
PDBe Structure Code
PDBe Conformer

18.2 Chemical-Target Interactions

18.3 Pathways

19 Biological Test Results

19.1 BioAssay Results

20 Taxonomy

The LOTUS Initiative for Open Natural Products Research: frozen dataset union wikidata (with metadata) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.5794106

21 Classification

21.1 MeSH Tree

21.2 NCI Thesaurus Tree

21.3 ChEBI Ontology

21.4 LIPID MAPS Classification

21.5 KEGG: Lipid

21.6 KEGG: Drug Groups

21.7 EPA Safer Choice

21.8 ChemIDplus

21.9 CAMEO Chemicals

21.10 ChEMBL Target Tree

21.11 UN GHS Classification

21.12 EPA CPDat Classification

21.13 Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Classification

21.14 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

21.15 EPA DSSTox Classification

21.16 Consumer Product Information Database Classification

21.17 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

21.18 LOTUS Tree

21.19 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

21.20 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

22 Information Sources

  1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
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    https://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html
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    EPA Safer Chemical Ingredients Classification
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  5. EU Food Improvement Agents
  6. International Fragrance Association (IFRA)
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  7. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)
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  8. NJDOH RTK Hazardous Substance List
  9. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
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    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    Acetone
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  10. USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center
  11. Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
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    CAMEO Chemical Reactivity Classification
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
  13. ChEBI
  14. LOTUS - the natural products occurrence database
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  15. NCI Thesaurus (NCIt)
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  19. ChemIDplus
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  40. The Cambridge Structural Database
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  43. EPA Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database
  44. EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants at Superfund Sites
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    acetone; propan-2-one; propanone
    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2008/1272/oj
  48. FDA Substances Added to Food
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  55. MassBank of North America (MoNA)
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    https://mona.fiehnlab.ucdavis.edu/documentation/license
  56. NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
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    https://www.nist.gov/srd/public-law
  57. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
  58. KEGG
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    https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/legal.html
  59. KNApSAcK Species-Metabolite Database
  60. Natural Product Activity and Species Source (NPASS)
  61. LIPID MAPS
    Lipid Classification
    https://www.lipidmaps.org/
  62. MarkerDB
    LICENSE
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    https://markerdb.ca/
  63. Metabolomics Workbench
  64. National Drug Code (NDC) Directory
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  65. Nature Chemistry
  66. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods
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    https://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html
  67. NLM RxNorm Terminology
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    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/rxnorm/docs/termsofservice.html
  68. PharmGKB
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    https://www.pharmgkb.org/page/policies
  69. Pistoia Alliance Chemical Safety Library
    ACETONE + sodium percarbonate
    https://safescience.cas.org/
  70. Protein Data Bank in Europe (PDBe)
  71. RCSB Protein Data Bank (RCSB PDB)
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  72. Rhea - Annotated Reactions Database
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  73. Springer Nature
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  75. Thieme Chemistry
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  76. USGS Health-Based Screening Levels for Evaluating Water-Quality Data
  77. Wikidata
  78. Wikipedia
  79. Wiley
  80. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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  81. PubChem
  82. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  83. EPA Substance Registry Services
  84. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  85. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
  86. NCBI
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