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Propane

PubChem CID
6334
Structure
Propane_small.png
Propane_3D_Structure.png
Propane__Crystal_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • PROPANE
  • n-Propane
  • Dimethylmethane
  • 74-98-6
  • Propyl hydride
Molecular Weight
44.10 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-03-26
  • Modify:
    2025-01-18
Description
Propane appears as a colorless gas with a faint petroleum-like odor. It is shipped as a liquefied gas under its vapor pressure. For transportation it may be stenched. Contact with the unconfined liquid can cause frostbite by evaporative cooling. Easily ignited. The vapors are heavier than air and a flame can flash back to the source of leak very easily. The leak may be either a liquid or vapor leak. The vapors can asphyxiate by the displacement of air. Under prolonged exposure to fire or heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket.
Propane is an alkane and a gas molecular entity. It has a role as a food propellant.
Propane has been reported in Calendula officinalis with data available.

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Propane.png

1.2 3D Conformer

1.3 Crystal Structures

1 of 8
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CCDC Number
Crystal Structure Data
Crystal Structure Depiction
Crystal Structure Depiction

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

propane
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C3H8/c1-3-2/h3H2,1-2H3
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

CCC
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

C3H8
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
CH3CH2CH3

C3H8

CH3CH2CH3

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

74-98-6
2025-55-0

2.3.3 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.4 UNII

2.3.5 UN Number

2.3.6 ChEBI ID

2.3.7 ChEMBL ID

2.3.8 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.9 HMDB ID

2.3.10 ICSC Number

2.3.11 KEGG ID

2.3.12 Metabolomics Workbench ID

2.3.13 NCI Thesaurus Code

2.3.14 Nikkaji Number

2.3.15 RTECS Number

2.3.16 RXCUI

2.3.17 Wikidata

2.3.18 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

Propane

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
44.10 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
XLogP3-AA
Property Value
1.8
Reference
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
44.062600255 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
44.062600255 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
0 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
3
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Propane appears as a colorless gas with a faint petroleum-like odor. It is shipped as a liquefied gas under its vapor pressure. For transportation it may be stenched. Contact with the unconfined liquid can cause frostbite by evaporative cooling. Easily ignited. The vapors are heavier than air and a flame can flash back to the source of leak very easily. The leak may be either a liquid or vapor leak. The vapors can asphyxiate by the displacement of air. Under prolonged exposure to fire or heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket.
NKRA; Gas or Vapor; Gas or Vapor, Liquid; Liquid
Colourless gas or liquid with mild, characteristic odour
Colorless, odorless gas. [Note: A foul-smelling odorant is often added when used for fuel purposes. Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas.]; [NIOSH] Vapor density = 1.56 (heavier than air); [HSDB]
Liquid
ODOURLESS COLOURLESS COMPRESSED LIQUEFIED GAS.
Colorless, odorless gas.
Colorless, odorless gas. [Note: A foul-smelling odorant is often added when used for fuel purposes. Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas.]

3.2.2 Color / Form

Colorless gas [Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas].
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-151 (2005)

3.2.3 Odor

Odorless [Note: A foul smelling odorant is often added when used for fuel purposes].
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-151 (2005)

3.2.4 Boiling Point

-43.8 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
-42.1 °C at 1 atm
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1397
-42 °C
-44 °F

3.2.5 Melting Point

-305.9 °F (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
-187.6 °C
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1397
-189.9 °C
-189.7 °C
-306 °F

3.2.6 Flash Point

-156 °F (gas) (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
-156 °F
-156 °F (Closed cup)
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.
-104 °C
NA (Gas)

3.2.7 Solubility

0.01 % (NIOSH, 2024)
Slightly soluble in acetone; soluble in ethanol; very soluble in ethyl ether, benzene, chloroform
Lide, D.R., G.W.A. Milne (eds.). Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volume I. 3rd ed. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton ,FL. 1994., p. V5: 4273
100 vol water dissolve 6.5 vol at 17.8 °C, 753 mm Hg; 100 vol absolute alcohol dissolve 790 vol at 16.6 °C, 754 mm Hg; 100 vol ether dissolve 926 vol at 16.6 °C, 757 mm Hg; 100 vol chloroform dissolve 1299 vol at 21.6 °C, 757 mm Hg; 100 vol benzene dissolve 1452 vol at 21.5 °C, 757 mm Hg; 100 vol turpentine dissolve 1587 vol at 17.7 °C, 757 mm Hg
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1397
In water, 62.4 ppm at 25 °C
Yalkowsky, S.H., He, Yan., Handbook of Aqueous Solubility Data: An Extensive Compilation of Aqueous Solubility Data for Organic Compounds Extracted from the AQUASOL dATAbASE. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL. 2003., p. 77
0.0624 mg/mL at 25 °C
Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.007
0.01%

3.2.8 Density

0.59 at -58 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
0.493 at 25 °C
Lide, D.R., G.W.A. Milne (eds.). Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volume I. 3rd ed. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton ,FL. 1994., p. V5: 4273
Relative density (water = 1): 0.5
0.59 at -58 °F
1.55(relative gas density)

3.2.9 Vapor Density

1.5 (USCG, 1999) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
1.56 at 0 °C (Air= 1)
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 14th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2001., p. 926
Relative vapor density (air = 1): 1.6
1.55

3.2.10 Vapor Pressure

9823 mmHg (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
VP: 1 Pa at -156.9 °C; 10 Pa at -145.6 °C; 100 Pa at -130.9 °C; 1kPa at -111.4 °C; 10kPa at -83.8 °C; 100 kPa at -42.3 °C
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 6-63
7150 mm Hg at 25 °C
Daubert, T.E., R.P. Danner. Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, D.C.: Taylor and Francis, 1989.
Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 840
8.4 atm at 70 °F
(70 °F): 8.4 atm

3.2.11 LogP

log Kow = 2.36
Hansch, C., Leo, A., D. Hoekman. Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society., 1995., p. 6
2.36

3.2.12 Autoignition Temperature

842 °F (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
842 °F (450 °C)
Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 13 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2002., p. 325-100
450 °C

3.2.13 Decomposition

At 650 °C decomposes to ethylene and ethane
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 3181

3.2.14 Viscosity

8.3 uPa.s at 300K; 10.9 uPa.s at 400K; 13.4 uPa.s at 500K; 15.8 uPa.s at 600K
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 6-174

3.2.15 Corrosivity

Non-corrosive
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 14th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2001., p. 926

3.2.16 Heat of Combustion

(constant vol) 528.4 cal; (constant pressure) 553.5 cal
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1397

3.2.17 Heat of Vaporization

14.79 kJ/mol at 25 °C
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 6-99

3.2.18 Surface Tension

16 dynes/cm= 0.016 N/m @ -47 °C
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

3.2.19 Ionization Potential

11.07 eV

3.2.20 Odor Threshold

Odor Threshold Low: 12225.0 [ppm]

Odor Threshold High: 20005.0 [ppm]

Odor threshold from AIHA

5,000-20,000 PPM
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.
WATER: 1.0 MG/L; AIR: 16,000 UL/L; ODOR SAFETY CLASS C; C= LESS THAN 50% OF DISTRACTED PERSONS PERCEIVE WARNING OF TLV.
AMOORE JE, HAUTALA E; J APPL TOXICOL 3 (6): 272-90 (1983)
Recognition threshold values: 36,000 mg/cu m; 22,000 mg/cu m; odor index at 20 °C= 425
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. 1833
Odor threshold 1800 mg/cu m (low), 36000 mg/cu m (high)
Ruth JH; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 47: A-142-51 (1986)

3.2.21 Refractive Index

Index of refraction: 1.2898 @ 20 °C
Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985., p. V2 140

3.2.22 Kovats Retention Index

All column types
300

3.2.23 Other Experimental Properties

Burns with a luminous, smoky flame; heavier than air; 1 liter weighs 2.0200 g at 0 °C, 760 mm Hg /and/ 1.8324 g at 25 °C, 760 mm Hg; liquefies at -42 °C; solid at -187.7 °C
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1397
1 mg/cu m = 0.55 ppm; 1 ppm = 1.83 mg/cu m
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. V2: 1833
Heating value for ideal gas at 60 °F and 14.7 psi, dry basis: 2517 BTU/cu ft; specific volume of real gas at 60 °F and 14.7 psi: 8.4515 cu ft/lb /Research grade/
Flick, E.W. Industrial Solvents Handbook. 3rd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications, 1985., p. 4
Heat of formation: 127.2 kJ/mol
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V13: 813 (1995)
For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for PROPANE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

3.3 SpringerMaterials Properties

3.4 Chemical Classes

Toxic Gases & Vapors -> Simple Asphyxiants

3.4.1 Cosmetics

Cosmetic ingredients (Propane) -> CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review)
Propellant
S13 | EUCOSMETICS | Combined Inventory of Ingredients Employed in Cosmetic Products (2000) and Revised Inventory (2006) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2624118

3.4.2 Food Additives

PROPELLANT -> FDA Substance added to food

4 Spectral Information

4.1 1D NMR Spectra

1D NMR Spectra

4.1.1 1H NMR Spectra

Spectra ID
Instrument Type
JEOL
Frequency
300 MHz
Solvent
CCl4
Shifts [ppm]:Intensity
1.34:164.00, 1.27:11.00, 0.87:330.00, 1.36:103.00, 1.31:122.00, 1.39:37.00, 1.32:26.00, 1.31:97.00, 1.26:11.00, 0.92:436.00, 1.29:53.00, 1.29:52.00, 0.90:1000.00, 1.39:34.00
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4.1.2 13C NMR Spectra

1 of 3
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13C NMR Spectra
13C NMR: 56 (Stothers, Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy. Academic Press, New York)
2 of 3
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Copyright
Copyright © 2002-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
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4.2 Mass Spectrometry

4.2.1 GC-MS

1 of 5
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NIST Number
18863
Library
Main library
Total Peaks
25
m/z Top Peak
29
m/z 2nd Highest
28
m/z 3rd Highest
27
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2 of 5
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NIST Number
61
Library
Replicate library
Total Peaks
27
m/z Top Peak
29
m/z 2nd Highest
28
m/z 3rd Highest
27
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4.2.2 Other MS

Other MS
MASS: 61297 (NIST/EPA/MSDC Mass Spectral database, 1990 version)

4.3 IR Spectra

IR Spectra
IR: 6404 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Prism Collection)

4.3.1 ATR-IR Spectra

Source of Sample
Aldrich
Catalog Number
182389
Copyright
Copyright © 2018-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2018-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.3.2 Vapor Phase IR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
DIGILAB FTS-14
Technique
Vapor Phase
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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2 of 2
Source of Spectrum
Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.
Source of Sample
Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.
Catalog Number
295655
Copyright
Copyright © 2021-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.4 Raman Spectra

Catalog Number
182389
Copyright
Copyright © 2017-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2017-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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6 Chemical Vendors

7 Food Additives and Ingredients

7.1 Food Additive Classes

JECFA Functional Classes
EXTRACTION_SOLVENT;

7.2 FDA Substances Added to Food

Substance
Used for (Technical Effect)
PROPELLANT
Document Number (21 eCFR)

7.3 Evaluations of the Joint FAO / WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives - JECFA

Chemical Name
PROPANE
Evaluation Year
2015
ADI
NOT SPECIFIED
Comments
Not re-evaluated by JECFA, but the provisions for propane was withdrawn at CCFA47
Tox Monograph

8 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

8.1 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

A death involving asphyxiation by propane inhalation is reported. The presence of propane was determined in blood, brain, kidney, liver, and lung by gas chromatography. The brain showed the highest level of propane, whereas the kidney exhibited the lowest level.
HAQ MZ, HAMELI AZ; J FORENSIC SCI 25 (1): 25-8 (1980)
In mice exposed to a liquid gas mixture containing propane, butane, & isobutane, (at 17, 31, & 52%, respectively), death occurred within 15 seconds of exposure. Concn of the cmpd in lung tissue were max within 1 hr of death & decreased thereafter depending on the degree of putrefaction. No residues or only traces were detected by the 15th day postmortem. Max concn were observed in the adipose tissue 4 days after death & the cmpd were still detectable by the 15th day. /Propane, butane & isobutane mixture/
CANDELA RG ET AL; BOLL SOC ITAL BIOL SPER 55 (1): 38-41 (1979)
Inhalation represents the major route by which propane is absorbed systemically. Studies ... in human volunteers showed that blood levels of propane could be detected after exposure to 250-1,000 ppm. ... Compared to respiratory absorption, dermal penetration of propane can be considered to be very low. ... the distribution /in tissues/ can be expected to follow the same pattern observed for butane.
Snyder, R. (ed.) Ethel Browning's Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. 2nd ed. Volume 1: Hydrocarbons. Amsterdam - New York - Oxford: Elsevier, 1987., p. 263

8.2 Metabolism / Metabolites

/Propane/ is metabolized by microorganism via the malonyl succinate pathway.
European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Propane (74-98-6) (2000 CD-ROM edition). Available from, as of October 13, 2006: https://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
In mice ... /propane/ was converted to isopropanol and acetone following inhalation. In the presence of microsomes prepared from liver homogenate of mice, the test substance was converted in vitro to isopropanol, too. The oxidation of isopropanol to acetone occurred in the presence of alcohol dehydrogenase. The metabolites were detected in blood, liver, kidney and brain of the exposed mice.
European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Propane (74-98-6) (2000 CD-ROM edition). Available from, as of October 13, 2006: https://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/

8.3 Human Metabolite Information

8.3.1 Cellular Locations

  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular

8.4 Biochemical Reactions

9 Use and Manufacturing

9.1 Uses

Cosmetic Ingredient Review Link
CIR ingredient: Propane
EPA CPDat Chemical and Product Categories
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
Sources/Uses
Used as a fuel, solvent, refrigerant, and propellant; [Hawley]
Hawley - Lewis RJ. _Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, _15th Ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure
Component of liquid petroleum gas for commercial and industrial usage; feedstock in thermal cracking processes used to manufacture ethylene and propylene; refrigerant in chemical refining and gas processing operations; fuel in welding and cutting operations
Snyder, R. (ed.) Ethel Browning's Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. 2nd ed. Volume 1: Hydrocarbons. Amsterdam - New York - Oxford: Elsevier, 1987., p. 262
Organic synthesis, household and industrial fuel, manufacture of ethylene, extractant, solvent, gas enricher, refrigerant, aerosol propellant, mixture for bubble chambers
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 14th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2001., p. 926
Used in flame control of weeds in corn, soybeans, cotton, tobacco, strawberries
Farm Chemicals Handbook 1989. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1989., p. C-239
Alternative /transportation/ fuel
DOE/AFDC; Alternative Fuels: Propane. Available from, as of October 11, 2006: https://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/altfuel/propane.html
For more Uses (Complete) data for PROPANE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

9.1.1 Use Classification

Food additives
EXTRACTION_SOLVENT; -> JECFA Functional Classes
Hazard Classes and Categories -> Flammable - 4th degree
Cosmetics -> Propellant
S13 | EUCOSMETICS | Combined Inventory of Ingredients Employed in Cosmetic Products (2000) and Revised Inventory (2006) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2624118

9.1.2 Industry Uses

  • Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
  • Adsorbents and absorbents
  • Fuel
  • Fuel agents
  • Intermediate
  • Functional fluids (closed systems)
  • Fuels and fuel additives
  • Dispersing agent
  • Intermediates
  • Propellants and blowing agents
  • Adhesives and sealant chemicals
  • Laboratory chemicals
  • Other (specify)
  • Energy Releasers (explosives, motive propellant)
  • Functional fluids (open systems)
  • Refrigerants
  • Monomers
  • Propellants, non-motive (blowing agents)
  • Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
  • Processing aids not otherwise specified

9.1.3 Consumer Uses

  • Propellants, non-motive (blowing agents)
  • Plasticizer
  • Corrosion inhibitor
  • Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
  • Functional fluids (closed systems)
  • Intermediate
  • Fuel
  • Fuel agents
  • Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
  • Adhesives and sealant chemicals
  • Propellants and blowing agents
  • Intermediates
  • Fuels and fuel additives
  • Other (specify)
  • Adhesion/cohesion promoter
  • Laboratory chemicals
  • Refrigerants
  • Functional fluids (open systems)

9.1.4 Household Products

Household & Commercial/Institutional Products

Information on 2370 consumer products that contain Propane in the following categories is provided:

• Auto Products

• Commercial / Institutional

• Hobby/Craft

• Home Maintenance

• Home Office

• Inside the Home

• Landscaping/Yard

• Personal Care

• Pesticides

• Pet Care

9.2 Methods of Manufacturing

Removed from lower boiling hydrocarbons & permanent gases in petroleum refining & natural gas processing
SRI
Constituent of natural gas and of crude petroleum. Obtained by the so called "stabilization process" using fractional distillation under pressure.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1397
Propane is obtained from natural gas by fractionation following absorption in oil, adsorption to surface-active agents, or refrigeration.
21 CFR 184.1655; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of August 30, 2006: https://www.ecfr.gov
A unique feature of propane is that it is not produced for its own sake, but is a by-product of two other processes, natural gas processing and petroleum refining... Natural gas plant production of propane primarily involves extracting materials such as propane and butane from natural gas to prevent these liquids from condensing and causing operational problems in natural gas pipelines. Similarly, when oil refineries make major products such as motor gasoline and heating oil, some propane is produced as a by-product of those processes. It is important to understand that the by-product nature of propane production means that the volume made available from natural gas processing and oil refining cannot be adjusted when prices and/or demand for propane fluctuate.
DOE Energy Information Administration National Energy Information Center. Propane Prices. What Consumers Should Know. DOE/EIA-X04. May 2006. Available from, as of November 22, 2006: https://www.eia.doe.gov/bookshelf/brochures/propane06/propane.pdf

9.3 Formulations / Preparations

A pressurized single phase disinfectant spray composition consists of 10-45 wt % water, 53-88% ethanol with balance being propane.
FRENCH FR, PAIGE JN; US PATENT NO 4201764 05/06/80 (GOEDERS, CALVIN N)
Grades: Research, instrument, pure: 99.35+% wt; technical: 97.50% wt.
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.
Liquefied petroleum gas, known as lpg, is a mixture formed mainly of butane (about 62%) & propane (about 36%) ...
International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 947
According to the Gas Processors Association HD5 specification for LPG as a transportation fuel, LPG must consist of 90% propane, no more than 5% propylene, and 5% other which is primarily butane and butylene. It is produced as a by-product of natural gas processing and petroleum refining. The components of LPG are gases at normal temperatures and pressures.
DOE/AFDC; Alternative Fuels: Propane. Available from, as of October 11, 2006: https://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/altfuel/propane.html

9.4 Consumption Patterns

Excluding propane gas grills, residential and commercial use accounts for 43% of all propane used in the U.S. Of the 107 million households in the U.S., 9.4 million depend on propane for one use or another... 53% of these households rely on propane for their primary heating fuel...
DOE Energy Information Administration National Energy Information Center. Propane Prices. What Consumers Should Know. DOE/EIA-X04. May 2006. Available from, as of November 22, 2006: https://www.eia.doe.gov/bookshelf/brochures/propane06/propane.pdf
About 44 percent of the propane consumed in the U. S. is used in the petrochemical industry.
DOE Energy Information Administration National Energy Information Center. Propane Prices. What Consumers Should Know. DOE/EIA-X04. May 2006. Available from, as of November 22, 2006: https://www.eia.doe.gov/bookshelf/brochures/propane06/propane.pdf
... Farm or agricultural uses of propane include crop drying, weed control, and fuel for farm equipment and irrigation pumps.
DOE Energy Information Administration National Energy Information Center. Propane Prices. What Consumers Should Know. DOE/EIA-X04. May 2006. Available from, as of November 22, 2006: https://www.eia.doe.gov/bookshelf/brochures/propane06/propane.pdf

9.5 U.S. Production

Aggregated Product Volume

2019: 140,000,000,000 - <150,000,000,000 lb

2018: 130,000,000,000 - <140,000,000,000 lb

2017: 120,000,000,000 - <130,000,000,000 lb

2016: 100,000,000,000 - <110,000,000,000 lb

This chemical is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).
EPA/Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program on Propane (74-98-6). Available from, as of October 12, 2006: https://www.epa.gov/hpv/pubs/general/opptsrch.htm
(1972) 4.36X10+12 G
SRI
(1975) 2.7X10+9 G
SRI
(1984) 3.43X10+12 g
USITC. SYN ORG CHEM-U.S. PROD/SALES 1984 p.15
For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for PROPANE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

9.6 U.S. Imports

(1972) NEGLIGIBLE
SRI
(1975) 8.7X10+9 G
SRI
(1984) 5.27X10+9 g
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION AND GENERAL IMPORTS 1984 p.1-385
(1986) 3.88X10+7 barrels
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. US IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION AND GENERAL IMPORTS 1986 P.1-554

9.7 U.S. Exports

(1972) NEGLIGIBLE
SRI
(1975) 9.3X10+7 G
SRI
(1984) 7.96X10+8 g
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. U.S. EXPORTS, SCHEDULE E, 1984 p.2-67
(1987) 1.51X10+6 bbl
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. U. S. EXPORTS, SCHEDULE E, DECEMBER 1987, P.2-70
(1988) 1.90X10+6 bbl
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. U. S. EXPORTS, SCHEDULE E, DECEMBER 1988, P.2-73

9.8 General Manufacturing Information

Industry Processing Sectors
  • Organic Fiber Manufacturing
  • Industrial Gas Manufacturing
  • Wholesale and Retail Trade
  • Miscellaneous Manufacturing
  • Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing
  • Paint and Coating Manufacturing
  • Machinery Manufacturing
  • Electrical Equipment, Appliance, and Component Manufacturing
  • All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting
  • Petroleum Refineries
  • Other (requires additional information)
  • Utilities
  • Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing
  • All other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
  • Construction
  • Oil and Gas Drilling, Extraction, and Support activities
  • Petrochemical Manufacturing
  • Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
  • Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Propane: ACTIVE
Propane naturally occurs as a gas at atmospheric pressure but can be liquefied if subjected to moderately increased pressure. It is stored and transported in its compressed liquid form, but by opening a valve to release propane from a pressurized storage container, it is vaporized into a gas for use.
DOE Energy Information Administration National Energy Information Center. Propane Prices. What Consumers Should Know. DOE/EIA-X04. May 2006. Available from, as of November 22, 2006: https://www.eia.doe.gov/bookshelf/brochures/propane06/propane.pdf
Propane was prepared by the gas permeation membrane method for the calibration of air pollutant monitoring instruments.
IBUSUKI T ET AL; NIPPON KAGAKU KAISHI (6): 882-7 (1978)
Propane ... is a constituent in the paraffin fraction of crude oil and natural gas ... Propane is odorless when pure; a foul smelling odorant is often added when propane is used for fuel purposes.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 4:9
Natural gas fraction ... propane (0.1 to 3%). /From table/
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 1:775
Ethyl mercaptan is used ... as an odorant for natural gas and propane. It can be detected in human blood after propane exposure.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 7:691

9.9 Sampling Procedures

Air pollution with petroleum vapors was determined with portable gas analyzers calibrated with methane & propane.
ESIPOVA IF, DENSHCHIKOV FN; TRANSP KHRANENIE NEFTI NEFTEPROD (2): 24-7 (1979)

10 Identification

10.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

... A hydrocarbon fast-response gas sensor has been developed to measure propane in liquefied natural gas spills.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 4:10
NIOSH S87: Propane vapor present in atmosphere is measured directly by drawing air sample into combustible gas meter /MSA model 40/ properly calibrated ... meter reading is recorded & equivalent concn in ppm is read off the calibration curve. Method ... validated over range of 481-2,016 ppm at 20.5 °C & 760 mm Hg ...
U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present., p. V2 S87-1

11 Safety and Hazards

11.1 Hazards Identification

11.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 4
View All
Pictogram(s)
Flammable
Compressed Gas
Signal
Danger
GHS Hazard Statements

H220 (99.5%): Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H280 (38.7%): Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P203, P210, P222, P280, P377, P381, P403, and P410+P403

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2226 reports by companies from 30 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

11.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Flam. Gas 1 (99.5%)

Press. Gas (Liq.) (38.7%)

Flammable gas - category 1

Gases under pressure

11.1.3 NFPA Hazard Classification

1 of 2
View All
NFPA 704 Diamond
2-4-0
NFPA Health Rating
2 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause temporary incapacitation or residual injury.
NFPA Fire Rating
4 - Materials that rapidly or completely vaporize at atmospheric pressure and normal ambient temperature or that are readily dispersed in air and burn readily.
NFPA Instability Rating
0 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions.

11.1.4 Health Hazards

Vaporizing liquid may cause frostbite. Concentrations in air greater than 10% cause dizziness in a few minutes. 1% concentrations give the same effect in 10 min. High concentrations cause asphyxiation. (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
ERG 2024, Guide 115 (Propane)

· Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning, especially when in closed or confined areas.

· Some may be irritating if inhaled at high concentrations.

· Contact with gas, liquefied gas or cryogenic liquids may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite.

· Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.

11.1.5 Fire Hazards

Behavior in Fire: Containers may explode. Vapor is heavier than air and may travel a long distance to a source of ignition and flash back. (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
ERG 2024, Guide 115 (Propane)

· EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE.

· Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.

· Will form explosive mixtures with air.

· Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground.

CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957), Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (UN1966), Methane (UN1971) and Hydrogen and Methane mixture, compressed (UN2034) are lighter than air and will rise. Hydrogen and Deuterium fires are difficult to detect since they burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)

· Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.

· Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices.

· Containers may explode when heated.

· Ruptured cylinders may rocket.

CAUTION: When LNG - Liquefied natural gas (UN1972) is released on or near water, product may vaporize explosively.

Extremely flammable. Gas/air mixtures are explosive.

11.1.6 Hazards Summary

Propane is a simple asphyxiant. [LaDou, p. 558] Possible frostbite from contact with liquid; [NIOSH] Critical Effects for aliphatic hydrocarbon gases are CNS depression; cardiac sensitization; [ACGIH] Propane is in the list of Some volatile substances which may be abused by inhalation published on the web site of the U.N. International Drug Control Programme, indicating its potential to cause narcosis in workers. [Reference #1] Evaporating liquid can cause frostbite; Inhalation of high concentrations can cause CNS depression and cardiac arrhythmias; [ICSC]
LaDou - LaDou J, Harrison R (eds). Current Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 5th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2014., p. 558
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.

11.1.7 Fire Potential

Highly dangerous when exposed to heat, flame ... .
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3060

11.1.8 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

At concn up to 10% (100,000 ppm) ... propane caused no noticeable irritation to the eyes, nose, or resp tract.
Snyder, R. (ed.) Ethel Browning's Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. 2nd ed. Volume 1: Hydrocarbons. Amsterdam - New York - Oxford: Elsevier, 1987., p. 265

11.2 Safety and Hazard Properties

11.2.1 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs)

11.2.1.1 AEGLs Table
AEGLs
AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)
10 min
10,000*
30 min
6,900*
60 min
5,500*
4 hr
5,500*
8 hr
5,500*
AEGLs
AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)
10 min
**
30 min
**
60 min
**
4 hr
**
8 hr
**
AEGLs
AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)
10 min
***
30 min
***
60 min
***
4 hr
***
8 hr
***
11.2.1.2 AEGLs Notes

Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) = 23,000 ppm * = &gt;10% LEL; ** = &gt;50% LEL; *** = &gt;100% LEL AEGL 2 - 10 min/30 min/60 min/4 hr/8 hr = ** 17,000 ppm AEGL 3 - 10 min/30 min/60 min/4 hr/8 hr = *** 33,000 ppm For values denoted as * safety considerations against the hazard(s) of explosion(s) must be taken into account. For values denoted as ** and *** extreme safety considerations against the hazard(s) of explosion(s) must be taken into account.

AEGLs Status: Final

11.2.2 Flammable Limits

Lower flammable limit: 2.1% by volume; Upper flammable limit: 9.5% by volume
Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 13 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2002., p. 325-100
Flammability
Flammable Gas

11.2.3 Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)

2.1 % (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
2.1%

11.2.4 Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)

9.5 % (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
9.5%

11.2.5 Critical Temperature & Pressure

Critical temperature: 96.81 °C; critical pressure: 42.01 atm
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1397

11.2.6 Physical Dangers

The gas is heavier than air and may travel along the ground; distant ignition possible. The gas is heavier than air and may accumulate in lowered spaces causing a deficiency of oxygen. As a result of flow, agitation, etc., electrostatic charges can be generated.

11.2.7 Explosive Limits and Potential

If gas were leaking into a house trailer & a source of ignition were present, an explosion would result when the concn reached 2.2%. ... propane cylinders for homes & trailers are equipped with fusible plugs. If fire is present, the plug melts at a designated temp, releasing a small vol of gas which burns slowly, thus preventing an explosion.
Arena, J.M. and Drew, R.H. (eds.) Poisoning-Toxicology, Symptoms, Treatments. 5th ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 832
LOWER: 2.37, UPPER 9.5% BY VOLUME IN AIR.
The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 1124
Explosive limits , vol% in air: 2.1-9.5

11.2.8 OSHA Standards

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 1000 ppm (1800 mg/cu m).
29 CFR 1910.1000; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of August 30, 2006: https://www.ecfr.gov

11.2.9 NIOSH Recommendations

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 1000 ppm (1800 mg/cu m).
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-151 (2005)

11.3 First Aid Measures

Inhalation First Aid
Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.
Skin First Aid
ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer for medical attention .
Eye First Aid
First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

11.3.1 First Aid

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Propane:

Eye: FROSTBITE - If eye tissue is frozen, seek medical attention immediately; if tissue is not frozen, immediately and thoroughly flush the eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the lower and upper eyelids. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, get medical attention as soon as possible.

Skin: FROSTBITE - If frostbite has occurred, seek medical attention immediately; do NOT rub the affected areas or flush them with water. In order to prevent further tissue damage, do NOT attempt to remove frozen clothing from frostbitten areas. If frostbite has NOT occurred, immediately and thoroughly wash contaminated skin with soap and water.

Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. (NIOSH, 2024)

ERG 2024, Guide 115 (Propane)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingestedor inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuouscompressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Clothing frozen to the skin should be thawed before being removed.

· In case of contact with liquefied gas, only medical personnel should attempt thawing frosted parts.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(See general first aid procedures)

Eye: Frostbite - If eye tissue is frozen, seek medical attention immediately; if tissue is not frozen, immediately and thoroughly flush the eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the lower and upper eyelids. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, get medical attention as soon as possible.

Skin: Frostbite - Compressed gases may create low temperatures when they expand rapidly. Leaks and uses that allow rapid expansion may cause a frostbite hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent the skin from becoming frozen.

Breathing: Respiratory support

11.4 Fire Fighting

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED. CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957), Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (UN1966) and Hydrogen and Methane mixture, compressed (UN2034) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.).

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray or fog. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. CAUTION: For LNG - Liquefied natural gas (UN1972) pool fires, DO NOT USE water. Use dry chemical or high-expansion foam.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Shut off supply; if not possible and no risk to surroundings, let the fire burn itself out. In other cases extinguish with powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

11.4.1 Fire Fighting Procedures

Stop flow of gas. For small fires use dry chemicals. Cool adjacent areas with water spray.
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.
If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 753
Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame consider evacuation of one half mile radius.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 753
Shut off supply; if not possible and no risk to surroundings, let the fire burn itself out; in other cases extinguish with powder, carbon dioxide ...
IPCS, CEC; International Chemical Safety Card on Propane. (November 2003). Available from, as of October 11, 2006: https://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0319.htm

11.4.2 Firefighting Hazards

Behavior in fire: Containers may explode; vapor is heavier than air & may travel a long distance to a source of ignition & flash back.
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.
The gas is heavier than air and may travel along the ground; distant ignition possible, and may accumulate in low ceiling spaces causing deficiency of oxygen. As a result of flow, agitation, etc, electrostatic charges can be generated ... On loss of containment this liquid evaporates very quickly displacing the air and causing a serious risk of suffocation when in confined areas.
IPCS, CEC; International Chemical Safety Card on Propane. (November 2003). Available from, as of October 11, 2006: https://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0319.htm

11.5 Accidental Release Measures

Public Safety: ERG 2024, Guide 115 (Propane)

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

Spill or Leak: ERG 2024, Guide 115 (Propane)

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.

CAUTION: For LNG - Liquefied natural gas (UN1972), DO NOT apply water, regular or alcohol-resistant foam directly on spill. Use a high-expansion foam if available to reduce vapors.

· Prevent spreading of vapors through sewers, ventilation systems and confined areas.

· Isolate area until gas has dispersed.

CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning.

11.5.1 Isolation and Evacuation

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. In fires involving Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) (UN1075), Butane (UN1011), Butylene (UN1012), Isobutylene (UN1055), Propylene (UN1077), Isobutane (UN1969), and Propane (UN1978), also refer to the "BLEVE - Safety Precautions" section. (ERG, 2024)

Evacuation: ERG 2024, Guide 115 (Propane)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

Large Spill

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile).

Fire

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

· In fires involving Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) (UN1075), Butane (UN1011), Butylene (UN1012), Isobutylene (UN1055), Propylene (UN1077), Isobutane (UN1969), and Propane (UN1978), also refer to the "BLEVE - Safety Precautions" section.

11.5.2 Spillage Disposal

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: self-contained breathing apparatus. Remove all ignition sources. Ventilation. NEVER direct water jet on liquid.

11.5.3 Cleanup Methods

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Remove all ignition sources. Ventilation. NEVER direct water jet on liquid. (Extra personal protection: self-contained breathing apparatus.) ... Check oxygen content before entering area. Turn leaking cylinder with the leak up to prevent escape of gas in liquid state.
IPCS, CEC; International Chemical Safety Card on Propane. (November 2003). Available from, as of October 11, 2006: https://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0319.htm
1) Remove all ignition sources. 2) Ventilate area of leak. 3) Stop flow of gas. If source of leak is a cylinder & the leak cannot be stopped in place, remove the leaking cylinder to a safe place in the open air, & repair the leak or allow the cylinder to empty.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3

11.5.4 Disposal Methods

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.
Propane may be disposed of by burning at a safe location or in a suitable combustion chamber.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3

11.5.5 Preventive Measures

When a filling, storage & dispatch depot is being selected, consideration must be given to the safety of both the site & the environment. Pump rooms, filling machinery ... must be located in fire resistant buildings with roofs of light construction. Doors & other closures should open outwards from the building. The premises should be adequately ventilated & a system of lighting with flameproof electrical switches should be installed. /gases & air, compressed/
International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 947
If material is not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock down vapors.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 753
Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to its flammability hazard (ie, for liquids with a flash point <100 °F).
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-151 (2005)
Evacuation: If material leaking (not on fire) consider evacuation from downwind area based on amt of material spilled, location and weather conditions.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 753
For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for PROPANE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.6 Handling and Storage

11.6.1 Nonfire Spill Response

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. CAUTION: For LNG - Liquefied natural gas (UN1972), DO NOT apply water, regular or alcohol-resistant foam directly on spill. Use a high-expansion foam if available to reduce vapors. Prevent spreading of vapors through sewers, ventilation systems and confined areas. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning. (ERG, 2024)

11.6.2 Safe Storage

Fireproof. Cool.

11.6.3 Storage Conditions

COMPRESSED GASES MAY BE STORED IN THE OPEN ONLY IF THEY ARE ADEQUATELY PROTECTED FROM THE WEATHER & DIRECT SUNLIGHT. STORAGE AREAS SHOULD BE LOCATED AT A SAFE DISTANCE FROM OCCUPIED PREMISES & NEIGHBORING DWELLINGS. /GASES & AIR, COMPRESSED/
International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 947
Storage temp: ambient; venting: safety relief
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.
Store cylinder outdoors without direct sunlight or heat radiation and with adequate ventilation. Provide electrical equipment with spark resistant construction.
ITII. Toxic and Hazarous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual. Tokyo, Japan: The International Technical Information Institute, 1982., p. 440
Four main types of storage are used: high pressure storage aboveground, low pressure refrigerated storage aboveground, frozen earth storage, and underground cavern storage. 1) Aboveground pressure storage tanks are usually designed for a 1720 kPa (250 psi) working pressure ... 2) Refrigerated, aboveground storage tanks usually are designed for a few kPa (psi) of pressure. They must be coupled with refrigeration systems to cool the product ... to a temp equal to the product's boiling point @ the operating pressure of the tanks. Vapors are generally recondensed by refrigeration and returned to the tanks. 3) In frozen earth storage of propane, the walls and bottom of a pit in the ground are frozen and a dome is constructed over the pit. The pressure in the storage cavern is maintained @ nearly atmospheric pressure by refrigeration systems that cool the product to its boiling point @ storage pressure. Heat leaks into the cavity and vaporizes some of the propane; the vapor that is formed is compressed, cooled, and returned to the pit as liquid by the refrigeration system. ... 4) Underground storage caverns, which operate @ approx formation temp and @ the corresponding /liquified petrolem gas (LPG)/ vapor pressure ... must be of sufficient depth to develop an overburden pressure greater than the vapor pressure of the stored liquid. Mined storage caverns are about 60-152 m deep, whereas salt formation caverns may be from 106-1524 m deep ...
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. 14(81) 393
Fireproof. Cool.
IPCS, CEC; International Chemical Safety Card on Propane. (November 2003). Available from, as of October 11, 2006: https://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0319.htm

11.7 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

Protective Clothing: ERG 2024, Guide 115 (Propane)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

· Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.

Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAK)
1000.0 [ppm]

11.7.2 Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)

1000.0 [ppm]
PEL-TWA (8-Hour Time Weighted Average)
1000 ppm (1800 mg/m³)
TWA 1000 ppm (1800 mg/m3)

11.7.3 Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)

2100 ppm ; Based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. (NIOSH, 2024)

2100.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: It has been reported that brief inhalation exposures to 10,000 ppm propane cause no symptoms in humans [Braker and Mossman 1980]. Propane is considered to be a simple asphyxiant [ACGIH 1991].

ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020. 1991
2100 ppm [Based on 10% of the lower explosive limit for safety considerations even though the relevant toxicological data indicated that irreversible health effects or impairment of escape existed only at higher concentrations.]
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-151 (2005)
2100 ppm

2100 ppm [10%LEL]

See: 74986

11.7.4 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 1000 ppm. /Aliphatic hydrocarbon gases [C1-C4]/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH 2010, p. 11
Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Aliphatic hydrocarbon gases [C1-C4]/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH 2010, p. 5
TLV-TWA (Time Weighted Average)
Withdrawn [2013]

11.7.5 Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL)

MAK (Maximale Arbeitsplatz Konzentration)
1800 mg/m

11.7.6 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines

Emergency Response: ERG 2024, Guide 115 (Propane)

· DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.

CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957), Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (UN1966) and Hydrogen and Methane mixture, compressed (UN2034) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical or CO2.

Large Fire

· Water spray or fog.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

CAUTION: For LNG - Liquefied natural gas (UN1972) pool fires, DO NOT USE water. Use dry chemical or high-expansion foam.

Fire Involving Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

11.7.7 Inhalation Risk

On loss of containment this substance can cause suffocation by lowering the oxygen content of the air in confined areas.

11.7.8 Effects of Short Term Exposure

Rapid evaporation of the liquid may cause frostbite. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system.

11.7.9 Allowable Tolerances

Residues of propane are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a propellant in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest.
40 CFR 180.910; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of August 30, 2006: https://www.ecfr.gov
Residues of propane are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a propellant in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals.
40 CFR 180.930; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of August 30, 2006: https://www.ecfr.gov

11.7.10 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Propane:

Skin: FROSTBITE - Compressed gases may create low temperatures when they expand rapidly. Leaks and uses that allow rapid expansion may cause a frostbite hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent the skin from becoming frozen.

Eyes: FROSTBITE - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact with the liquid that could result in burns or tissue damage from frostbite.

Wash skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for washing the substance from the skin (either immediately or at the end of the work shift).

Remove: WHEN WET (FLAMMABLE) - Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to its flammability hazard (i.e., for liquids with a flash point <100 °F).

Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the workshift.

Provide: FROSTBITE WASH - Quick drench facilities and/or eyewash fountains should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is any possibility of exposure to liquids that are extremely cold or rapidly evaporating. (NIOSH, 2024)

Personnel protection: ... Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves and goggles.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 753
Wear appropriate clothing to prevent skin freezing.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985., p. 748
... face shield ... .
ITII. Toxic and Hazarous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual. Tokyo, Japan: The International Technical Information Institute, 1982., p. 440
Compressed gases may create low temperatures when they expand rapidly. Leaks and uses that allow rapid expansion may cause a frostbite hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent the skin from becoming frozen.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-151 (2005)
For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for PROPANE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(See personal protection and sanitation codes)

Skin: Frostbite - Compressed gases may create low temperatures when they expand rapidly. Leaks and uses that allow rapid expansion may cause a frostbite hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent the skin from becoming frozen.

Eyes: Frostbite - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact with the liquid that could result in burns or tissue damage from frostbite.

Wash skin: No recommendation

Remove: When wet (flammable)

Change: No recommendation

Provide: Frostbite wash - Quick drench facilities and/or eyewash fountains should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is any possibility of exposure to liquids that are extremely cold or rapidly evaporating.

11.7.11 Respirator Recommendations

NIOSH/OSHA

Up to 2100 ppm:

(APF = 10) Any supplied-air respirator

(APF = 50) Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece

Emergency or planned entry into unknown concentrations or IDLH conditions:

(APF = 10,000) Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode

(APF = 10,000) Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained positive-pressure breathing apparatus

Escape:

Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus

Important additional information about respirator selection

11.7.12 Preventions

Fire Prevention
NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. Closed system, ventilation, explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent build-up of electrostatic charges (e.g., by grounding) if in liquid state. Use non-sparking handtools.
Inhalation Prevention
Use closed system or ventilation.
Skin Prevention
Cold-insulating gloves. Protective clothing.
Eye Prevention
Wear face shield.

11.8 Stability and Reactivity

11.8.1 Air and Water Reactions

Highly flammable.

11.8.2 Reactive Group

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Saturated

11.8.3 Reactivity Alerts

Highly Flammable

11.8.4 Reactivity Profile

PROPANE is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

11.8.5 Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities

... Can react vigorously with oxidizing materials. Explosive reaction with chlorine dioxide.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3060
Heating barium peroxide under gaseous propane at ambient pressure caused a violent exothermic reaction which deformed the glass container.
Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990, p. 84
The relationship between critical pressure and composition for self-ignition of chlorine-propane mixtures at 300 °C was studied, and the tendency is minimal for 60:40 mixtures. Combustion is explosive under some conditions.
Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990, p. 1001
Strong oxidizers.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-151 (2005)

11.9 Transport Information

11.9.1 DOT Emergency Guidelines

/GUIDE 115 GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Fire or Explosion: EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE. Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Will form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957), Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (UN1966) and Methane (UN1971) are lighter than air and will rise. Hydrogen and Deuterium fires are difficult to detect since they burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.) Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
/GUIDE 115 GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Health: Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Some may be irritating if inhaled at high concentrations. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
/GUIDE 115 GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
/GUIDE 115 GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for PROPANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.9.2 DOT ID and Guide

11.9.3 Shipping Name / Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO

UN 1075; Propane or liquefied petroleum gas
UN 1978; PROPANE
IMO 2.1; Propane; Propane or liquefied petroleum gas

11.9.4 Standard Transportation Number

49 057 81; Propane (Liquified petroleum gas)

11.9.5 Shipment Methods and Regulations

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
49 CFR 171.2 (USDOT); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of December 10, 2015: https://www.ecfr.gov
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Propane and petroleum gases, liquified are included on the dangerous goods list.
International Air Transport Association. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 55th Edition. Montreal, Quebec Canada. 2014., p. 288, 295
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Propane and petroleum gases, liquified are included on the dangerous goods list.
International Maritime Organization. IMDG Code. International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code Volume 2 2012, p. 47, 99

11.9.6 DOT Label

Flammable Gas

11.9.7 EC Classification

Symbol: F+; R: 12; S: (2)-9-16

11.9.8 UN Classification

UN Hazard Class: 2.1

11.10 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: Propane
REACH Registered Substance
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Propane: HSNO Approval: HSR001010 Approved with controls

11.10.1 DHS Chemicals of Interest (COI)

Chemicals of Interest(COI)
Propane
Release: Minimum Concentration (%)
1
Release: Screening Threshold Quantities (in pounds)
60000
Security Issue: Release - Flammables
Flammable chemical that can be released at a facility.

11.10.2 FIFRA Requirements

Residues of propane are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a propellant in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest.
40 CFR 180.910; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of August 30, 2006: https://www.ecfr.gov
Residues of propane are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a propellant in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals.
40 CFR 180.930; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of August 30, 2006: https://www.ecfr.gov

11.10.3 FDA Requirements

Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
21 CFR 184.1655; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of August 30, 2006: https://www.ecfr.gov
Propane used as a general purpose food additive in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.
21 CFR 582.1655; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of August 30, 2006: https://www.ecfr.gov

11.11 Other Safety Information

Chemical Assessment
IMAP assessments - Propane: Human health tier I assessment

11.11.1 Toxic Combustion Products

The practice of burning propane and kerosene to heat ... produces NOx in potentially toxic concentrations ...
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 3:639
With sufficient oxygen, it burns to carbon dioxide and water, but to carbon monoxide when oxygen deficient.
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 3181

11.11.2 Other Hazardous Reactions

As a result of flow, agitation, etc, electrostatic charges can be generated ... On loss of containment this liquid evaporates very quickly displacing the air and causing a serious risk of suffocation when in confined areas.
IPCS, CEC; International Chemical Safety Card on Propane. (November 2003). Available from, as of October 11, 2006: https://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0319.htm
In a review of the use of various cryogenic liq for rapid freezing of biol specimens for cryo-sectioning, hazards attendant on the use of liq propane and similar cryogens are discussed. Upon evaporation, the vol of mixture with air within the explosive range may be 14,000 times that of the vol of original liq, and this may be a significant proportion of the free space in a confined work area. Precautions including the use of nitrogen blanketing, a fume cupboard, and adequate ventilation are discussed.
Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990, p. 1550
The practice of burning propane and kerosene to heat ... produces NOx in potentially toxic concentrations ...
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 3:639
Acute NO2 exposures have often been associated with ice-resurfacing machines (Zambonis) used in inadequately ventilated arenas. Exposures can be episodic and have led to incidences where 50 to >100 ice-hockey players, cheerleaders, and spectators experienced various respiratory symptoms (cough, chest pain, hemoptysis, shortness of breath) during or shortly after hockey games ... Air monitoring following these incidents has recorded NO2 concentrations of 1.0-3.5 ppm, often combined with carbon monoxide. Resurfacers produce varying amounts of NO2 depending on how they are powered; propane, gasoline, or diesel power produces increasing NO2 concentrations, respectively.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 3:643
... Contrary to popular opinion, propane-powered equipment may emit as much or more carbon monoxide than gasoline-fueled equipment ...
Zenz, C., O.B. Dickerson, E.P. Horvath. Occupational Medicine. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO., 1994, p. 451

11.11.3 History and Incidents

On April 9, 1998, at approximately 11:28 pm, an 18,000-gallon propane tank exploded at the Herrig Brothers Feather Creek Farm (the farm) in Albert City, Iowa. The blast occurred less than half an hour after an all-terrain vehicle (ATV), driven by a minor without the owner's permission, damaged two above-ground propane pipes and a fire resulting from that accident engulfed the tank. The explosion that occurred at the farm is known as a Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion or BLEVE. Tank fragments produced by the BLEVE killed two volunteer fire fighters. In addition, seven other emergency response personnel were injured, and several buildings were damaged by the blast. ... The propane storage and handling system was installed at the farm in 1988. When the tank system was installed, Iowa law provided that the 1979 edition of the National Fire Protection Association's Standard for the Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases (NFPA 58) governed the installation. ... The propane system at the farm did not comply with NFPA 58 in two significant respects that contributed to the incident: Above ground piping was not protected from potential damage from vehicles, and the liquid propane outlet pipe downstream from an excess flow valve was too narrow in diameter. Fire fighter training for responding to BLEVEs was /also/ inadequate. Some training materials provided to the fire fighters led them to believe that they would be protected from a propane tank explosion by positioning themselves to the sides of the tank and by avoiding the areas extending from the two ends of the tank. As a consequence, fire fighters were positioned too close to the sides of the burning propane storage tank when it exploded. ... A contributing cause /was that/ ... the State Fire Marshal should have received a plan of the farm's propane system prior to its installation in 1988. The State Fire Marshal had no record of the farm's system, however. Iowa law did not specifically designate which party -- the owner or the installer of a large propane tank facility -- was required to notify the State Fire Marshal. In addition, the State Fire Marshal did not have a program in place to adequately monitor or inspect large propane storage facilities.
U.S. Chemical Safety And Hazard Investigation Board. Herrig Brothers Propane Tank Explosion Albert City, Iowa April 9, 1998. 66 p. Available from, as of November 22, 2006: https://www.csb.gov/completed_investigations/docs/Final%20Herrig.pdf

11.11.4 Special Reports

European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Propane (74-98-6) (2000 CD-ROM edition). Information on usage patterns, toxicology, and environmental effects submitted by industry to the European Union. Available from the database query page: http://ecb.jrc.it/esis/esis.php as of October 13, 2006.

12 Toxicity

12.1 Toxicological Information

12.1.1 NIOSH Toxicity Data

12.1.2 Exposure Routes

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.
inhalation, skin and/or eye contact (liquid)

12.1.3 Symptoms

Inhalation Exposure
Drowsiness. Unconsciousness.
Skin Exposure
ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.
dizziness, confusion, excitation, asphyxia; liquid: frostbite

12.1.4 Target Organs

central nervous system

12.1.5 Adverse Effects

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Other Poison - Simple Asphyxiant

12.1.6 Toxicity Data

LC50 (rat) > 800,000 ppm/15m

12.1.7 Interactions

Propane, when used as an aerosol propellant with isobutane in deodorant and antiperspirant products (65 to 70% by wt), has not been shown to cause skin irritation in 125 human volunteers who applied the aerosol products twice daily for 12 wk.
Snyder, R. (ed.) Ethel Browning's Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. 2nd ed. Volume 1: Hydrocarbons. Amsterdam - New York - Oxford: Elsevier, 1987., p. 265
When dogs were exposed to 15-90% propane concn for 10 min, the heart was more sensitive to ventricular fibrillations induced by epinephrine than without propane treament.
Snyder, R. (ed.) Ethel Browning's Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. 2nd ed. Volume 1: Hydrocarbons. Amsterdam - New York - Oxford: Elsevier, 1987., p. 264

12.1.8 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... ./Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 241-2
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously.Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 242
ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer for medical attention ... /For eyes:/ First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then take to a doctor.
IPCS, CEC; International Chemical Safety Card on Propane. (November 2003). Available from, as of October 11, 2006: https://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0319.htm

12.1.9 Medical Surveillance

Consider the points of attack /central nervous system/ in preplacement and periodic physical examinations.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985., p. 748

12.1.10 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Eight adult volunteers of both sexes were exposed to isobutane, propane, or mixtures of the two gases (250 to 1,000 ppm for 1, 5, and 10 min and 1, 2, and 8 hr/day for 1 day or 2 wk) in a controlled environmental chamber for the purpose of monitoring their physiological responses. No untoward subjective responses were reported during or following these exposures. No abnormal physiological responses were observed in any volunteer. No cardiac abnormalities related to exposure were recorded. Serial computerized spirometric measurements revealed no pulmonary function abnormalities.
STEWART RD ET AL; US NTIS PB REP ISS PB-279205: 1-95 (1977)
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Acute exposures to propane 250, 500, or 1,000 ppm for periods of 1 min to 8 hr did not produce any untoward physiological effects as determined by serial EKGs and continuous monitoring of modified V5 by telemetry during exposure.
STEWART RD ET AL; ENVIRON HEALTH PERSPECT 26: 275-85 (1978)
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Human exposures to propane were consistent with the model predictions for /central nervous system depression/ onset and speed of action. Humans exposed at 1,000 ppm (0.1%) propane for 10 minutes did not experience any CNS symptoms, while those exposed at 100,000 ppm (10%) experienced distinct vertigo in 2 minutes. These data indicated that the onset of /CNS depression/ for propane exposures occurred at a concentration between 1,000 and 100,000 ppm (eg, possibly at 47,000 ppm as predicted by the model) and occurs quickly (under 15 minutes).
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the TLV's and BEI's with Other World Wide Occupational Exposure Values. CD-ROM Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634 2005., p. 5
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Propane is an anesthetic and is nonirritating to the eyes, nose, or throat. Direct skin or mucous membrane contact with liquefied propane causes burns and frostbite.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 4:11
For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for PROPANE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.1.11 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Animal inhalation studies indicate a gas concn of 89% to be below the anesthetic level but to depress the blood pressure of cats.[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 3181]
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... The effects of propane /were studied/ in guinea pigs exposed to 24,000-29,000 ppm and 47,000-55,000 ppm propane for periods of 5, 30, 60, and 120 min; at the lower concn, irregular breathing was observed and at the higher concn, tremors were evident during the first 5 min of exposure. Stupor was commonly observed in the animals exposed for longer periods of time (up to 2 hr). All animals recovered from the propane exposure and there were no pathological signs of organ toxicity at necropsy. In these studies, a /CNS depressant/ ... effect for propane was not seen until exposure levels were about 50,000 ppm. In contrast, /other studies showed/ n-butane caused anesthesia in mice within 1 min at 22,000 ppm and caused death in dogs at 20,000-25,000 ppm. Therefore, propane is much less toxic than its next higher homolog, n-butane.[Snyder, R. (ed.) Ethel Browning's Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. 2nd ed. Volume 1: Hydrocarbons. Amsterdam - New York - Oxford: Elsevier, 1987., p. 263]
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Propane is a simple asphyxiant like methane and ethane ... In dogs, 1% propane causes hemodynamic changes, whereas 3.3% decreases inotropism of the heart; a decrease in mean aortic pressure, stroke volume, and cardiac output; and increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. In primates, 10% induces some myocardial effects, whereas exposure to 20% causes aggravation of these parameters and respiratory depression.[Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 4:10]
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Guinea pigs showed sniffing & chewing movement at 2.2 to 5.5%, with a rapidly reversible effect upon cessation of exposure ...[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 3181]
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for PROPANE (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.1.12 Non-Human Toxicity Values

EC50 Rat inhalation 280,000 (95% confidence limit: 220,000 to 350,000) ppm, 504,996 (95% confidence limit: 396,783 to 631,245) mg/cu m)/10 min; Effects: CNS depression
EPA/Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program's Robust Summaries and Test Plans. Available from: https://cfpub.epa.gov/hpv-s/ on Petroleum gases as of October 12, 2006.
LC50 Rat inhalation >800,000 ppm (1,442,847 mg/cu m)/15 min
EPA/Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program's Robust Summaries and Test Plans. Available from: https://cfpub.epa.gov/hpv-s/ on Petroleum gases as of October 12, 2006.
LC50 Rat inhalation >1,464 mg/L/15 min
European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Propane (74-98-6) (2000 CD-ROM edition). Available from, as of October 12, 2006: https://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/

12.2 Ecological Information

12.2.1 Environmental Fate / Exposure Summary

Propane's production and use in the petroleum industry, as a heating fuel and in outdoor gas grills may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Combustion of polyethylene and gasoline, waste incinerators as well as disposal of products associated with the petroleum and natural gas industries may also contribute to its release into the environment. Propane is a component of natural gas and crude petroleum. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 7,150 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates propane will exist solely as a gas in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase propane will be degraded in the atmosphere by a reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14 days. Propane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, propane is expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 460. Propane is readily degraded by soil bacterium; within 24 hr propane was oxidized to acetone. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.07X10-1 atm-cu m/mole. Propane will volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, propane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Biodegradation in water is not expected to be an important environmental fate process; after 192 hr, the trace concentrations of propane contained in gasoline remained unchanged for both a sterile control and a mixed culture sample collected from ground water contaminated with gasoline. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 41 min and 2.6 hours, respectively. An estimated BCF of 13 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to propane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where propane is produced or used. Propane is widely detected in air. The most likely pathway by which the general public is exposed to propane is by inhalation due to the release of this substance from natural gas and crude oil emissions. Monitoring data also indicate that the general population may be exposed to propane via ingestion of food and drinking water, although these pathways are considered minor when compared to inhalation. (SRC)

12.2.2 Natural Pollution Sources

Propane is a constituent in the paraffin fraction of crude oil and natural gas.
Tania Carreon; Patty's Toxicology. (2005) NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons. On-line posting date: April 16, 2001.

12.2.3 Artificial Pollution Sources

The principal volatile decomposition products /of phenolic resins/ are methane, acetone, carbon monoxide, propanol, & propane.
Landrock, A.H. Handbook of Plastics Flammability and Combustion Toxicology. Park Ridge, New Jersey: Noyes Publications, 1983., p. 51
In gasoline: 0.07-0.08 vol %; in flue gas of municipal incinerator: < 0.4-0.5 ppm
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983., p. 1017
Propane's production and use in the petroleum industry may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(1-6). Combustion of polyethylene(7) and gasoline(3-6), waste incinerators(8) as well as disposal of products associated with the petroleum and natural gas industries(1,2) may also contribute to its release into the environment.
(1) Sauer TC Jr; Org Geochem 7: 1-16 (1981)
(2) Arnts RR, Meeks SA; Atmos Environ 15: 1643-51 (1981)
(3) Zweidinger RB et al; Environ Sci Tech 22: 956- 62 (1988)
(4) Nelson PF, Quigley SM; Atmos Environ 18: 79-87 (1984)
(5) Sigsby JE et al; Environ Sci Technol 21: 466-75 (1987)
(6) Neligan RE; Arch Environ Health 5: 581-91 (1962)
(7) Hodgkin JH et al; J Macromol Sci Chem 17: 35-43 (1982)
(8) Carotti AA, Kaiser ER; J Air Pollut Contr Assoc 22: 224-53 (1972)

12.2.4 Environmental Fate

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 460(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.36(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that propane is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of propane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.07X10-1 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 7150 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 62.4 mg/L(5). Propane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Using cell suspensions of microogranisms isolated from soil and water, propane was oxidized to acetone within 24 hours(6,7), suggesting that biodegradation may be an important fate process in soil and sediment.
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p.4 (1995)
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9 (1990)
(4) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis (1989)
(5) Yalkowsky SH, He Y, eds; Handbook of aqueous solubility data. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press p.77 (2003)
(6) Patel RN et al; Appl Environ Microbiol 39: 727-33 (1980)
(7) Hou CT et al; Appl Environ Microbiol 46: 178-84 (1983)
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 460(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.36(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that propane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.07X10-1 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 7150 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 62.4 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 41 minutes and 2.6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 13.1(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). After 192 hr, the trace concn of propane contained in gasoline remained unchanged for both a sterile control and a mixed culture sample collected from ground water contaminated with gasoline(8). This indicates that biodegradation may not be an important fate process in water.
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p.4 (1995)
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(4) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis (1989)
(5) Yalkowsky SH, He Y, eds; Handbook of aqueous solubility data. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press p.77 (2003)
(6) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
(7) Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999)
(8) Jamison VW et al; pp. 187-96 in Proc Int Biodeg Symp 3rd Sharpley JM, Kapalan AM, eds. Essex Eng (1976)
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), propane, which has a vapor pressure of 7150 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase propane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.15X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Propane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(4).
(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988)
(2) Lyman WJ; p. 31 in Environmental Exposure From Chemicals Vol I, Neely WB, Blau GE, eds, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (1985)
(3) Akinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data Monograph No 1 (1989)
(4) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 8-12 (1990)

12.2.5 Environmental Biodegradation

... Propane is utilized by Microbacterium vaccae, & is readily degraded by soil bacteria. ... Mycobacterium phlei is capable of growing on propane as the only carbon source. Propane is suggested to be metabolized by the various microorganisms via the malonyl succinate pathway.
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 3182
AEROBIC: Within 24 hr, propane was oxidized to its corresponding methyl ketone, acetone(1-3), and the corresponding alcohols, 1-propanol and 2-propanol, by cell suspensions of over 20 methyltrophic organisms isolated from lake water and soil samples. After 192 hr, the trace concn of propane contained in gasoline remained unchanged for both a sterile control and a mixed culture sample collected from ground water contaminated with gasoline(4). The average propane utilization by microflora of 5 soils was 23 and 32% for single and mixed alkanes, respectively(5). The respective gas exchange and degradation rate constants were 0.67X10-5 sq cm sec-1 and 0.033 day-1 for propane contained in a model estuarine ecosystem at 10 °C and a salinity of 30 parts per trillion; the corresponding biodegradation half-life ranged from 33 to 99 days(6). At 20 °C and a salinity of 30 parts/per trillion, the respective gas exchange and degradation rate constants were 0.92X10-5 sq cm sec-1 and 0.120 day-1; the corresponding biodegradation half-life for n-propane ranged from 7 to 9 days(6).
(1) Patel RN et al; Appl Environ Microbiol 39: 727-33 (1980)
(2) Patel RN et al; Appl Environ Microbiol 39: 720-6 (1980)
(3) Hou CT et al; Appl Environ Microbiol 46: 178-84 (1983)
(4) Jamison VW et al; pp. 187-96 in Proc Int Biodeg Symp 3rd Sharpley JM, Kapalan AM eds. Essex Eng (1976)
(5) Brisbane RG, Ladd JN; J Gen Appl Microbiol 14: 447-50 (1968)
(6) Bopp RF et al; Org Geochem 3: 9-14 (1981)
The degradation of n-alkanes by microorganisms is similar to the degradation of fatty acids. The terminal methyl group is enzymatically oxidized by incorporation of a molecular oxygen by a monooxygenase producing a primary alcohol with further oxidation to an acid group, although involvement of a dioxygenase is also postulated. Once the fatty acid is produced, it is degraded into 2-carbon units via the beta-oxidation pathway. ... Another pathway for n-alkane degradation that is encountered less often is the oxidation of both terminal carbons to form a dioic acid with subsequent beta-oxidation. Subterminal oxidation of the 2-carbon atom is seen mainly in C3-C6 alkanes. ... A dehydrogenation of the n-alkane may also occur yielding an alkene which is then converted to an alcohol, although there is little evidence for this theory. Some microorganisms have been shown to have both terminal and subterminal oxidation, each having different rates of activity. /In a study comparing/ ... growth on long and short chain alkanes by some bacteria ... the initial oxidase had a broad specificity and would oxidize C1-C8 alkanes. ... /n-Alkanes/
Parr, J.F., P.B. Marsh, and J.M. Kla (eds.). Land Treatment of Hazardous Wastes. Park Ridge, New Jersey: Noyes Data Corporation, 1983., p. 327

12.2.6 Environmental Abiotic Degradation

Estimated lifetime under photochemical smog conditions in SE England: 31 hr
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983., p. 1017
The rate constants for the vapor phase reaction of propane with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals was measured to be 1.15X10-12(1), 2.0X10-12(2), 1.49X10-12(3), 1.22X10-12(4) and 1.20X10-12(5) cu cm/molecule-sec at 27(2,3), 25(1,4) and 22(5) °C, respectively, which correspond to atmospheric half-lives of about 14(1) 8.0(2), 10.8(3), 13.2(4) and 13.4(5) days respectively at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm. Alkanes are generally resistant to hydrolysis(7). Propane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(7). An air sample containing propane at a concentration of 140 ppbC was not reduced within 6 hrs of irradiation by natural sunlight in downtown Los Angeles, CA(6).
(1) Akinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data Monograph No 1 (1989)
(2) Cox RA et al; Environ Sci Technol 14: 57-61 (1980)
(3) Darnall KR et al; J Phys Chem 82: 1581-4 (1978)
(4) Atkinson R et al; Internat J Chem Kin 14: 781-8 (1982)
(5) Baulch DL et al; J Phys Chem Ref Data 13: 1259-1380 (1984)
(6) Kopczynski SL et al; Environ Sci Technol 6: 342-7 (1972)
(7) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods NY: McGraw-Hill p. 7-4, 8-12 (1982)
The photo oxidation of propane by ozone in air is not expected to be environmentally important(1). Experimental data showed that 7.7% of the propane fraction in a dark chamber reacted with nitrogen oxides to form the corresponding alkyl nitrate(2,3), suggesting nighttime reactions with radical species and nitrogen oxides may contribute to the atmospheric transformation of propane.
(1) Atkinson R, Carter WPL; Chem Rev 84: 437-70 (1984)
(2) Atkinson R et al; J Phys Chem 86: 4563-9 (1982)
(3) Atkinson R et al; Preprints Div Environ Chem 23: 173-6 (1983)

12.2.7 Environmental Bioconcentration

An estimated BCF of 13 was calculated in fish for propane(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.36(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC).
(1) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 6 (1995)
(2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999)
(3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)

12.2.8 Soil Adsorption / Mobility

The Koc of propane is estimated as 460(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.36(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that propane is expected to have moderate mobility in soil.
(1) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. nn (1995)
(2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9 (1990)
(3) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)

12.2.9 Volatilization from Water / Soil

The Henry's Law constant for propane is estimated as 7.07X10-1 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 7150 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 62.4 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that propane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 41 minutes(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 2.6 days(SRC). Propane's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of propane from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).
(1) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis (1989)
(2) Yalkowsky SH, He Y, eds; Handbook of aqueous solubility data. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press p. 77 (2003)
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)

12.2.10 Environmental Water Concentrations

RAIN/SNOW: Propane was detected at maximum concentration of 4 ppbv in arctic snow pack(1).
(1) Ariya PA et al; J Atmos Chem 34: 55-64 (1999)
SEAWATER: All 8 near surface sea water samples from the intertropical Indian Ocean contained propane at concn ranging from 2.53 to 14.66 nL of gas/L(1). Propane was detected in mid-Atlantic seawater at concentrations ranging from 51-65 pmol/L. Mid-Atlantic seawater emits propane to the air at a rate of 0.17-1.2X10+8 molec/cm sq sec(2).
(1) Bonsang B et al; J Atmos Chem 6: 3-20 (1988)
(2) Plass C et al; J Atmos Chem 15: 235-251 (1992)

12.2.11 Effluent Concentrations

In gasoline: 0.07-0.08 vol %; in flue gas of municipal incinerator: < 0.4-0.5 ppm
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983., p. 1017
Flue gases from a waste incinerator at Babylon, Long Island, NY was found to emit propane at concn generally less than 0.5 ppm(1). Propane is a product of gasoline(2-5), natural gas(5) and polyethylene(6) combustion. The average exhaust from 67 gasoline fueled vehicles was found to contain propane at a concn 0.1% by weight(3). The average concn of propane for the exhaust of 46 automobiles was 2.6, 1.6 and 2.2 weight % of total hydrocarbon according to the federal test procedure, hot soak test and the New York City cycle, respectively(4). Propane from car exhaust ranged in concn from 0.02 to 0.05 ppmV with an average for 8 samples of 0.03 ppmV(5). A Texaco refinery located in Tulsa, OK was attributed with emissions to the surrounding atmosphere where the propane concn was measured to be 95.5 and 189.8 ppbC for two min before and after 1:33 PM(6). The propane content of the air downwind of a Mobil natural gas facility in Rio Blanco, CO was 465.3 ppbC(7). Underwater hydrocarbon vent discharges from offshore oil production platforms contained propane at a concentration in the vapor phase at 2,000 umol/L of gas(8).
(1) Carotti AA, Kaiser ER; J Air Pollut Contr Assoc 22: 224-53 (1972)
(2) Zweidinger RB et al; Environ Sci Tech 22: 956-62 (1988)
(3) Nelson PF, Quigley SM; Atmos Environ 18: 79-87 (1984)
(4) Sigsby JE et al; Environ Sci Technol 21: 466-75 (1987)
(5) Neligan RE; Arch Environ Health 5: 581-91 (1962)
(6) Hodgkin JH et al; J Macromol Sci Chem 17: 35-43 (1982)
(7) Arnts RR, Meeks SA; Atmos Environ 15: 1643-51 (1981)
(8) Sauer TC Jr; Environ Sci Technol 15: 917-23 (1981)
Gas-phase propane was detected in a Los Angeles tunnel at a concentration of 47 mg/L(1). Propane was detected in a tunnel at a concentration of 26 ug/cu m(2) which was about 4 times greater than the background propane levels of 5.8 ug/cu m(2). Propane was found in the Cassiar tunnel in Vancouver, BC, Canada in 1993 and 1995 at mass fractions of 0.81 and 0.047, respectively, as well as Tuscorora, Caldecott and Fort McHenry tunnels at mass fractions of 0.08, 0.07 and 0.03, respectively(3). Propane accounted for 0.88, 0.95 and 1.17% of the emissions on a Raleigh, NC highway, Dyanomenter, and an Atlanta, GA roadway, respectively(4). Gasoline containing propane (100 ug/g) emitted propane from the tail pipes of catalytic and non catalytic engines at rates of 650 and 9,300 ug/km(5). Propane emissions from cars driving in urban, suburban, rural and motorways were observed as 7.8, 3.69, 2.13 and 1.35 mg/km(6). Propane concentration in exhaust had mean concentration of 0.21 ppm(7). Propane was detected with annual means of 1 ug/cu m in London, England background and curbside and annual mean ranging from 4-21 ug/cu m in European cities(7). Propane was detected in gasoline vapors at concentrations ranging from 0.02-2.8 mg/ cu m(8).
(1) Fraser MP et al; Environ Sci Technol 31: 2051-2060 (1998)
(2) Defre R et al; Environ Health Prospect 4: 31-7 (1994)
(3) Rogak SN et al; J Air Waste Management Assoc 48: 604-615 (1998)
(4) Doskey PV et al; J Air Waste Management 42: 1437-1445 (1992)
(5) Scheff PA, Wadden RA; Environ Sci Technol 27: 617-625 (1993)
(6) Bailey JC et al; Sci Tot Environ 93: 199-206 (1990)
(7) Bailey JC et al; Atmos Environ 24: 43-52 (1990)
(8) Altshuller AP; J Air Waste Management Assoc 43: 1221-1230 (1993)

12.2.12 Sediment / Soil Concentrations

SEDIMENT: Propane was detected in 10 of 10 sediment samples from Walvis Bay of the Namibian shelf of SW Africa at concn of 15.0, 8.8, 8.5, 9.9, 12.3, 16.5, 6.4, 7.8, 7.3, and 4.0 ng/g(1). Sediments from the Bering Sea contained propane gas at concn ranging from 4 to 150 nL/L(2).
(1) Whelan JK et al; Geochim Cosmochim Acta 44: 1767-85 (1980)
(2) Kvenvolden KA, Redden GD; Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 44: 1145-50 (1980)

12.2.13 Atmospheric Concentrations

... Measurements in a medium size USA city in 1972 have shown community air concn of approx 50 ppb.
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 3181
Expected ground level concn in USA urban air: 0.05-0.40 ppm
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983., p. 1017
URBAN: The average propane concn for 2 samples per 4 sites in Tulsa, OK was 43.3 ppbC with a range of 4.6 to 189.8 ppbC(1). The propane concn for 6 sites in Rio Blanco, CO averaged 81.6 ppbC with a range from 3.2 to 465.3(2). Propane was detected in 21 of 21 air samples from Houston, TX ranging in concn from 13.0 to 592.4 ppm with an average of 108.1 ppm(2). The arithmetic and geometric means were 12.2 and 10.1 ppbC, respectively, for the atmospheric propane content at urban locations in New England(3).
(1) Arnts RR, Meeks SA; Atmos Environ 15: 1643-51 (1981)
(2) Lonneman WA et al; Hydrocarbons in Houston Air USEPA-600/3-79/018 p. 44 (1979)
(3) Colbeck I, Harrison RM; Atmos Environ 19: 1899-904 (1985)
URBAN: The ground level atmospheric concentration of propane at was 23 ppb 13:25 hours and 166 ppb at 08:00 hours for Huntington Park, CA(1). At 1500 feet the propane concn was 13 ppb at 07:43 hours and at 08:07 hours at a height of 2,200 ft the propane concn was 9 ppb(1). The propane concn ranged from 11 to 99 ppbV at a downtown Los Angeles location during the fall, 1981(2). The propane concn at 1100 ft just east of Antioch, CA was 7.0 ug/cu m, at 1000 ft near Pittsburg, CA was 7.5 ug/cu m, at 1100 ft over Carquinez Strait, CA was 5.0 ug/cu m and at 1000 ft over San Pablo Bay, CA was 1.5 ug/cu m(3). According to the National Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Database, the median urban atmospheric concn of propane is 5.733 ppbV for 541 samples(4).
(1) Scott Research Labs Inc; Atmospheric Reaction Studies in the Los Angeles Basin, NTIS PB-194-058 p 86 (1969)
(2) Grosjean D, Fung K; J Air Pollut Control Assoc 34: 537-43 (1984)
(3) Sexton K, Westberg H; Environ Sci Tech 14: 329-32 (1980)
(4) Shah JJ, Heyerdahl EK; National Ambient VOC Database Update USEPA 600/3-88/010 (1988)
For more Atmospheric Concentrations (Complete) data for PROPANE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.2.14 Food Survey Values

Propane was detected in emissions during hamburger meat charbroiling at a concentration of 190,000 ug/kg(1).
(1) Schauer JJ et al; Environ Sci Technol 33: 1566-1577 (1999)

12.2.15 Milk Concentrations

ENVIRONMENTAL: Propane was detected in 1 of 12 samples of mothers breast milk from the cities of Bayonne NJ, Jersey City NJ, Bridgeville, PA and Baton Rouge, LA(1).
(1) Pellizzari ED et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 28: 322-8 (1982)

12.2.16 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

Inhalation, skin and eye contact by liquid.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985., p. 748
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 2,071,479 workers (528,348 of these are female) are potentially exposed to propane in the US(1). Occupational exposure to propane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where propane is produced or used. Propane is widely detected in air(SRC). The most likely pathway by which the general public is exposed to propane is by inhalation due to the release of this substance from natural gas, natural gas food grills, and crude oil emissions. Monitoring data also indicate that the general population may be exposed to propane via ingestion of food and drinking water, although these pathways are considered minor when compared to inhalation(SRC).
(1) NIOSH; NOES. National Occupational Exposure Survey conducted from 1981-1983. Estimated numbers of employees potentially exposed to specific agents by 2-digit standard industrial classification (SIC). Available at https://www.cdc.gov/noes/ as of Oct 24, 2006.
The most probable route of human exposure to propane is by inhalation(SRC). Atmospheric workplace exposures have been documented(1-3). Propane is a highly volatile compound and monitoring data indicates that it is a widely occurring atmospheric pollutant(SRC).
(1) Rappaport SM et al; Appl Ind Hyg 2: 148-54 (1987)
(2) Kearney CA, Dunham DB; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 47: 535-9 (1986)
(3) Halder CA et al; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 47: 164-72 (1986)

12.2.17 Body Burden

Propane was detected in 1 of 12 samples of mothers breast milk from the cities of Bayonne NJ, Jersey City NJ, Bridgeville PA and Baton Rouge LA(1).
(1) Pellizzari ED et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 28: 322-8 (1982)

13 Associated Disorders and Diseases

Associated Occupational Diseases with Exposure to the Compound

Asphyxiation, simple [Category: Acute Poisoning]

Solvents, acute toxic effect [Category: Acute Poisoning]

14 Literature

14.1 Consolidated References

14.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

14.3 Springer Nature References

14.4 Thieme References

14.5 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

14.6 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

14.7 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

15 Patents

15.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

15.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

15.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

15.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

15.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

16 Interactions and Pathways

16.1 Protein Bound 3D Structures

16.1.1 Ligands from Protein Bound 3D Structures

PDBe Ligand Code
PDBe Structure Code
PDBe Conformer

16.2 Pathways

17 Biological Test Results

17.1 BioAssay Results

18 Taxonomy

The LOTUS Initiative for Open Natural Products Research: frozen dataset union wikidata (with metadata) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.5794106

19 Classification

19.1 MeSH Tree

19.2 NCI Thesaurus Tree

19.3 ChEBI Ontology

19.4 ChemIDplus

19.5 CAMEO Chemicals

19.6 UN GHS Classification

19.7 EPA CPDat Classification

19.8 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

19.9 EPA DSSTox Classification

19.10 Consumer Product Information Database Classification

19.11 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

19.12 LOTUS Tree

19.13 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

19.14 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

20 Information Sources

  1. Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS)
  2. CAMEO Chemicals
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  4. ChemIDplus
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  5. DHS Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS) Chemicals of Interest
  6. EPA Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs)
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  8. EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
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    https://www.epa.gov/tsca-inventory
  9. EPA DSSTox
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
  10. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
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  11. FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS)
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  12. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  13. Human Metabolome Database (HMDB)
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  14. ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
  15. New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
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  16. NJDOH RTK Hazardous Substance List
  17. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
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    https://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html
  19. EU Food Improvement Agents
  20. Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)
  21. Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
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    https://haz-map.com/About
  22. ChEBI
  23. LOTUS - the natural products occurrence database
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    https://lotus.nprod.net/
  24. ChEMBL
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    https://www.whatsinproducts.com/contents/view/1/6
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    https://www.whatsinproducts.com/
  27. Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR)
  28. EPA Chemical and Products Database (CPDat)
  29. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
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    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  30. Crystallography Open Database (COD)
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    https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
  31. The Cambridge Structural Database
  32. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)
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  33. Hazardous Chemical Information System (HCIS), Safe Work Australia
  34. NITE-CMC
  35. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council
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  36. FDA Substances Added to Food
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    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  37. SpectraBase
    Polypropylene, isotactic, average Mw ca. 250,000 (GPC)
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/GpijlEtJtYZ
    Polypropylene, isotactic, average mw ca. 250,000 (GPC)
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/3SONy8TIRXh
  38. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
  39. KEGG
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    https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/legal.html
  40. Natural Product Activity and Species Source (NPASS)
  41. Metabolomics Workbench
  42. NCI Thesaurus (NCIt)
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  43. NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
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  44. NLM RxNorm Terminology
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    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/rxnorm/docs/termsofservice.html
  45. NMRShiftDB
  46. Protein Data Bank in Europe (PDBe)
  47. RCSB Protein Data Bank (RCSB PDB)
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  49. Springer Nature
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  55. PubChem
  56. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  57. EPA Substance Registry Services
  58. MolGenie
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    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  59. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
CONTENTS