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Magnolol

PubChem CID
72300
Structure
Magnolol_small.png
Magnolol_3D_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • Magnolol
  • 528-43-8
  • 5,5'-Diallyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,2'-diol
  • 5,5'-Diallyl-2,2'-biphenyldiol
  • 2,2'-Bichavicol
Molecular Weight
266.3 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-03-26
  • Modify:
    2025-01-18
Description
Magnolol is a member of biphenyls.
Magnolol has been reported in Magnolia henryi, Magnolia officinalis, and other organisms with data available.

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Magnolol.png

1.2 3D Conformer

1.3 Crystal Structures

COD records with this CID as component

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

2-(2-hydroxy-5-prop-2-enylphenyl)-4-prop-2-enylphenol
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C18H18O2/c1-3-5-13-7-9-17(19)15(11-13)16-12-14(6-4-2)8-10-18(16)20/h3-4,7-12,19-20H,1-2,5-6H2
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

VVOAZFWZEDHOOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

C=CCC1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)C2=C(C=CC(=C2)CC=C)O
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

C18H18O2
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

2.3.2 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.3 UNII

2.3.4 ChEBI ID

2.3.5 ChEMBL ID

2.3.6 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.7 FEMA Number

2.3.8 HMDB ID

2.3.9 JECFA Number

2023

2.3.10 KEGG ID

2.3.11 Metabolomics Workbench ID

2.3.12 Nikkaji Number

2.3.13 NSC Number

2.3.14 Wikidata

2.3.15 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

  • 5,5'-diallyl-2,2'-dihydroxybiphenyl
  • magnolol

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
266.3 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
XLogP3-AA
Property Value
5
Reference
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
2
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
2
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
5
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
266.130679813 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
266.130679813 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
40.5 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
20
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
293
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

White powder; Bitter aroma

3.2.2 Melting Point

101.5-102 °C
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 984

3.2.3 Solubility

Slightly soluble in water; soluble in DMSO
Sparingly soluble (in ethanol)

3.2.4 Decomposition

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating vapors.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 431

3.3 SpringerMaterials Properties

3.4 Chemical Classes

3.4.1 Endocrine Disruptors

Potential endocrine disrupting compound
S109 | PARCEDC | List of 7074 potential endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) by PARC T4.2 | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.10944198

3.4.2 Food Additives

FLAVORING AGENT OR ADJUVANT -> FDA Substance added to food

4 Spectral Information

4.1 1D NMR Spectra

4.1.1 13C NMR Spectra

1 of 2
Copyright
Copyright © 2016-2024 W. Robien, Inst. of Org. Chem., Univ. of Vienna. All Rights Reserved.
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Copyright
Copyright © 2002-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
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4.2 Mass Spectrometry

4.2.1 GC-MS

1 of 3
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NIST Number
384151
Library
Main library
Total Peaks
204
m/z Top Peak
266
m/z 2nd Highest
197
m/z 3rd Highest
184
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Source of Spectrum
QC-9-1378-4
Copyright
Copyright © 2020-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.2.2 MS-MS

1 of 6
View All
Spectra ID
Ionization Mode
Negative
Top 5 Peaks

243.07985 100

141.07037 42.60

218.08205 39.30

130.0403 37.70

222.05939 36.10

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Spectra ID
Ionization Mode
Negative
Top 5 Peaks

265.1217 100

247.1114 9.70

245.09511 3.60

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4.2.3 LC-MS

1 of 30
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Authors
Tetsuya Mori, Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN
Instrument
LC, Waters Acquity UPLC System; MS, Waters Xevo G2 Q-Tof
Instrument Type
LC-ESI-QTOF
MS Level
MS2
Ionization Mode
POSITIVE
Ionization
ESI
Collision Energy
6V
Column Name
Acquity bridged ethyl hybrid C18 (1.7 um, 2.1 mm * 100 mm, Waters)
Retention Time
9.205833
Precursor m/z
267.1379563
Precursor Adduct
[M+H]+
Top 5 Peaks

267.13751 999

226.10095 258

211.07458 241

197.06061 239

210.06871 155

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License
CC BY-NC-SA
Reference
Tsugawa H., Nakabayashi R., Mori T., Yamada Y., Takahashi M., Rai A., Sugiyama R., Yamamoto H., Nakaya T., Yamazaki M., Kooke R., Bac-Molenaar JA., Oztolan-Erol N., Keurentjes JJB., Arita M., Saito K. (2019) "A cheminformatics approach to characterize metabolomes in stable-isotope-labeled organisms" Nature Methods 16(4):295-298. [doi:10.1038/s41592-019-0358-2]
2 of 30
View All
Authors
Tetsuya Mori, Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN
Instrument
LC, Waters Acquity UPLC System; MS, Waters Xevo G2 Q-Tof
Instrument Type
LC-ESI-QTOF
MS Level
MS2
Ionization Mode
POSITIVE
Ionization
ESI
Collision Energy
6V
Column Name
Acquity bridged ethyl hybrid C18 (1.7 um, 2.1 mm * 100 mm, Waters)
Retention Time
9.205833
Precursor m/z
267.1379563
Precursor Adduct
[M+H]+
Top 5 Peaks

267.13617 999

266.12738 108

226.09508 60

266.14185 39

225.09572 33

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License
CC BY-NC-SA
Reference
Tsugawa H., Nakabayashi R., Mori T., Yamada Y., Takahashi M., Rai A., Sugiyama R., Yamamoto H., Nakaya T., Yamazaki M., Kooke R., Bac-Molenaar JA., Oztolan-Erol N., Keurentjes JJB., Arita M., Saito K. (2019) "A cheminformatics approach to characterize metabolomes in stable-isotope-labeled organisms" Nature Methods 16(4):295-298. [doi:10.1038/s41592-019-0358-2]

4.3 UV Spectra

UV max: 293 nm (log epsilon 3.90)
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 984

4.4 IR Spectra

4.4.1 ATR-IR Spectra

Instrument Name
Bio-Rad FTS
Technique
ATR-Neat
Source of Spectrum
Forensic Spectral Research
Source of Sample
Cayman Chemical Company
Catalog Number
<a href=https://www.caymanchem.com/product/14233>14233</a>
Lot Number
0447601-24
Copyright
Copyright © 2019-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.5 Raman Spectra

Technique
FT-Raman
Source of Spectrum
Forensic Spectral Research
Source of Sample
Cayman Chemical Company
Catalog Number
<a href=https://www.caymanchem.com/product/14233>14233</a>
Copyright
Copyright © 2015-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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6 Chemical Vendors

7 Drug and Medication Information

7.1 Drug Labels

Active ingredient and drug

8 Food Additives and Ingredients

8.1 Food Additive Classes

JECFA Functional Classes
Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT;
Flavoring Agents

8.2 FDA Substances Added to Food

Substance
Used for (Technical Effect)
FLAVORING AGENT OR ADJUVANT
FEMA Number
4559
GRAS Number
24
JECFA Flavor Number
2023

8.3 Evaluations of the Joint FAO / WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives - JECFA

Chemical Name
MAGNOLOL
Evaluation Year
2010
ADI
No safety concern at current levels of intake when used as a flavouring agent
Tox Monograph

9 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

9.1 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
Drugs or agents which antagonize or impair any mechanism leading to blood platelet aggregation, whether during the phases of activation and shape change or following the dense-granule release reaction and stimulation of the prostaglandin-thromboxane system. (See all compounds classified as Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors.)
Anti-Arrhythmia Agents
Agents used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. They may affect the polarization-repolarization phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibers. Anti-arrhythmia agents are often classed into four main groups according to their mechanism of action: sodium channel blockade, beta-adrenergic blockade, repolarization prolongation, or calcium channel blockade. (See all compounds classified as Anti-Arrhythmia Agents.)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions. They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects. (See all compounds classified as Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal.)

9.2 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

To investigate the relationship between magnolol and the clinical effects of Saiboku-To, urinary magnolol excretion was compared in responders and non-responders under long-term Saiboku-To treatment. The clinical outcome of the Saiboku-To treatment was evaluated in nine asthmatic patients at 52 weeks after the onset of the treatment, using individual fluctuation of asthmatic points obtained from the patients' diary cards. Three patients whose clinical conditions were improved by the treatment were termed responders and six others were termed non-responders. The difference in the amounts of the total magnolol excreted were not significant; however, free (or non-conjugated) amounts of magnolol excreted in the responders were 7 times those in the non-responders (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the magnolol might be responsible for the therapeutic effect of Saiboku-To, indicating practical bioavailability in the responders.
Homma M et al; J Pharm Pharmacol 45 (9): 844-6 (1993)

9.3 Metabolism / Metabolites

Magnolol has known human metabolites that include (2S,3S,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[2-(2-hydroxy-5-prop-2-enylphenyl)-4-prop-2-enylphenoxy]oxane-2-carboxylic acid.
S73 | METXBIODB | Metabolite Reaction Database from BioTransformer | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.4056560

9.4 Mechanism of Action

The effects of honokiol and magnolol, two major bioactive constituents of the bark of Magnolia officinalis, on Ca(2+) and Na(+) influx induced by various stimulants were investigated in cultured rat cerebellar granule cells by single-cell fura-2 or SBFI microfluorimetry. Honokiol and magnolol blocked the glutamate- and KCl-evoked Ca(2+) influx with similar potency and efficacy, but did not affect KCl-evoked Na(+) influx. However, honokiol was more specific for blocking NMDA-induced Ca(2+) influx, whereas magnolol influenced with both NMDA- and non-NMDA activated Ca(2+) and Na(+) influx. Moreover, the anti-convulsant effects of these two compounds on NMDA-induced seizures were also evaluated. After honokiol or magnolol (1 and 5 mg/kg, ip) pretreatment, the seizure thresholds of NMRI mice were determined by tail-vein infusion of NMDA (10 mg/mL). Data showed that both honokiol and magnolol significantly increased the NMDA-induced seizure thresholds, and honokiol was more potent than magnolol. These results demonstrated that magnolol and honokiol have differential effects on NMDA and non-NMDA receptors, suggesting that the distinct therapeutic applications of these two compounds for neuroprotection should be considered.
Lin YR et al; Neuropharmacology 49 (4): 542-50 (2005)
Magnolol inhibited phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-activated rat neutrophil aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 (concentration resulting in 50% inhibition) of 24.2 +/- 1.7 uM. Magnolol suppressed the enzyme activity of neutrophil cytosolic and rat brain protein kinase C (PKC) over the same range of concentrations at which it inhibited the aggregation. Magnolol did not affect PMA-induced cytosolic PKC-alpha and -delta membrane translocation or trypsin-treated rat-brain PKC activity, but attenuated [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate binding to neutrophil cytosolic PKC. These results suggest that the inhibition of PMA-induced rat neutrophil aggregation by magnolol is probably attributable, at least in part, to the direct suppression of PKC activity through blockade of the regulatory region of PKC.
Wang JP et al; J Pharm Pharmacol 50 (10): 1167-72 (1998)
Magnolol, a substance purified from the bark of Magnolia officialis, inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in a variety of cancer cells. The aim of this study was to study the effects of magnolol on CGTH W-2 thyroid carcinoma cells. After 24 hr treatment with 80 u M magnolol in serum-containing medium, about 50% of the cells exhibited apoptotic features and 20% necrotic features. Cytochrome-c staining was diffused in the cytoplasm of the apoptotic cells, but restricted to the mitochondria in control cells. Western blot analyses showed an increase in levels of activated caspases (caspase-3 and -7) and of cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) by magnolol. Concomitantly, immunostaining for apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) showed a time-dependent translocation from the mitochondria to the nucleus. Inhibition of either PARP or caspase activity blocked magnolol-induced apoptosis, supporting the involvement of the caspases and PARP. In addition, magnolol activated phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and inactivated Akt by decreasing levels of phosphorylated PTEN and phosphorylated Akt. These data suggest that magnolol promoted apoptosis probably by alleviating the inhibitory effect of Akt on caspase 9. Furthermore, inhibition of PARP activity, but not of caspase activity, completely prevented magnolol-induced necrosis, suggesting the notion that it might be caused by depletion of intracellular ATP levels due to PARP activation. These results show that magnolol initiates apoptosis via the cytochrome-c/caspase 3/PARP/AIF and PTEN/Akt/caspase 9/PARP pathways and necrosis via PARP activation.
Huang SH et al; J Cell Biochem 101 (4): 1011-22 (2007)
The mis-regulation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) signal pathway is involved in a variety of inflammatory diseases that leds to the production of inflammatory mediators. /These/ studies using human U937 promonocytes cells suggested that magnolol ... differentially down-regulated the pharmacologically induced expression of NF-kappaB-regulated inflammatory gene products MMP-9, IL-8, MCP-1, MIP-1alpha, TNF-alpha. Pre-treatment of magnolol blocked TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation in different cell types as evidenced by EMSA. Magnolol did not directly affect the binding of p65/p50 heterodimer to DNA. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that magnolol inhibited the TNF-alpha-stimulated phosphorylation and degradation of the cytosolic NF-kappaB inhibitor IkappaBalpha and the effects were dose-dependent. Mechanistically, a non-radioactive IkappaB kinases (IKK) assay using immunoprecipitated IKKs protein demonstrated that magnolol inhibited both intrinsic and TNF-alpha-stimulated IKK activity, thus suggesting a critical role of magnolol in abrogating the phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha. The involvement of IKK was further verified in a HeLa cell NF-kappaB-dependent luciferase reporter system. In this system magnolol suppressed luciferase expression stimulated by TNF-alpha and by the transient transfection and expression of NIK (NF-kappaB-inducing kinase), wild type IKKbeta, constitutively active IKKalpha and IKKbeta, or the p65 subunit. Magnolol was also found to inhibit the nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of p65 subunit of NF-kappaB. In line with the observation that NF-kappaB activation may up-regulate anti-apoptotic genes, it was shown in U937 cells that magnolol enhanced TNF-alpha-induced apoptotic cell death. /The/ results suggest that magnolol or its derivatives may have potential anti-inflammatory actions through IKK inactivation.
Tse AK et al; Mol Immunol 44 (10): 2647-58 (2007)
For more Mechanism of Action (Complete) data for MAGNOLOL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

9.5 Transformations

10 Use and Manufacturing

10.1 Uses

EPA CPDat Chemical and Product Categories
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
Magnolol and honokiol, biphenyl compounds, were isolated as anti-emetic principles from the methanolic extract of Magnolia obovata bark.
Kawai T et al; Planta Med 60 (1): 17-20 (1994)
Magnolia bark extract (MBE) is an extract of the dried stem, root, or branch bark of magnolia trees that has been used historically in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicines, and more recently as a component of dietary supplements and cosmetic products. /Magnolia bark extract/
Li N et al; Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 49 (3): 154-9 (2007)
Magnolia officinalis is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine for treating gastrointestinal disorders.
Chan SKS et al; Planta Medica 74 (4): 381-4 (2008)
Saiboku-To, a mixture of ten different herbal extracts, has been used in Japan and Czechoslovakia for corticosteroid-dependent severe asthma to reduce the maintenance doses of corticosteroid. Magnolol has been considered to be an active component of Saiboku-To.
Homma M et al; J Pharm Pharmacol 45 (9): 844-6 (1993)

10.1.1 Use Classification

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT; -> JECFA Functional Classes
Flavoring Agents -> JECFA Flavorings Index

10.2 General Manufacturing Information

Bioreactive constituent of Magnoliae Cortex, the bark of Magnolia officinalis, Rehd. et Wils., Magnoliaceae, known in Chinese traditional medicine as houpo, or of M. Obovata, Thnb., called wakoboku in Japanese ... Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects ... CNS depressant effects
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 984

11 Safety and Hazards

11.1 Hazards Identification

11.1.1 GHS Classification

Pictogram(s)
Corrosive
Irritant
Environmental Hazard
Signal
Danger
GHS Hazard Statements

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (64.4%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H319 (35.6%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (64.4%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H411 (64.4%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P305+P354+P338, P317, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 73 reports by companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

11.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Skin Irrit. 2 (100%)

Eye Dam. 1 (64.4%)

Eye Irrit. 2 (35.6%)

STOT SE 3 (64.4%)

Aquatic Chronic 2 (64.4%)

11.2 Accidental Release Measures

11.2.1 Disposal Methods

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

11.3 Regulatory Information

New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Magnolol: Does not have an individual approval but may be used as a component in a product covered by a group standard. It is not approved for use as a chemical in its own right.

12 Toxicity

12.1 Toxicological Information

12.1.1 Acute Effects

12.1.2 Interactions

Three neolignans, known as magnolol, honokiol and the new monoterpenylmagnolol, were isolated from the bark of Magnolia officinalis ... . The MeOH extract of this plant and magnolol exhibited remarkable inhibitory effects on mouse skin tumor promotion in an in vivo two stage carcinogenesis test...
Konoshima T et al; J Nat Prod 54 (3): 816-22 (1991)
Magnolol has been reported to strongly inhibit the mutagenicity induced by indirect mutagens in the Ames test as well as the clastogenicity induced by benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) in the mice micronucleus test. Here, ... the inhibitory effect of magnolol on the DNA damage induced by 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2) /was evaluated/ in various organs using the mice alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (SCG) assay. Animals were treated with a single oral administration of magnolol (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 mg/kg), followed by a single intraperitoneal injection of Trp-P-2 (10 mg/kg). The liver, lung, and kidney were removed at 3 hr after treatment and used in SCG assay. The results indicated that magnolol inhibited Trp-P-2-induced DNA damage in various organs. To elucidate the mechanism of this inhibitory effect against Trp-P-2, we investigated the inhibitory effect of magnolol on in vivo CYP1A2 activity using the zoxazolamine paralysis test. Magnolol significantly prolonged zoxazolamine paralysis time and showed an inhibitory effect on in vivo CYP1A2 activity. These results indicate that magnolol has an inhibitory effect on the DNA damage induced by Trp-P-2 in various organs in vivo. This inhibitory mechanism is considered due to in vivo CYP1A2 inhibition.
Saito J et al; Phytother Res. 2009 Jan 12. (Epub ahead of print)
... The in vivo anti-clastogenic effect of magnolol against clastogenicity induced by B(a)P was evaluated using the micronucleus test in mice. Animals were treated with an oral administration of magnolol (1, 10, and 100 mg/kg) at -24, 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr before a single intraperitoneal injection of B(a)P. Peripheral blood specimens were prepared 48 h after administration of B(a)P, and analyzed by the acridine orange (AO) technique. The results indicated that magnolol inhibited clastogenicity induced by B(a)P at various administration times. In order to elucidate the mechanism behind this effect, we measured the activity of the detoxifying enzymes [UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)] and antioxidative enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase] in the liver when treated with an oral administration of magnolol at various administration times. Its effect on clastogenicity created by exposure to oxidative DNA damage-inducing X-ray irradiation was also evaluated using the micronucleus test in mice. Results showed that magnolol increased the activity of both UGT and SOD enzymes, and also inhibited the clastogenicity induced by X-ray irradiation. Magnolol had an anti-clastogenic effect on B(a)P in the micronucleus test as well as an anti-mutagenic effect on indirect mutagens in the Ames test. The anti-clastogenic effect of magnolol was also suggested by the increases in UGT and SOD enzyme activity, and by the attenuation of oxidative damage induced by X-ray irradiation.
Saito J et al; Food Chem Toxicol 46 (2): 694-700 (2008)
... Anti-mutagenic activity of magnolol against mutagenicity induced by direct mutagens [1-nitropyrene (1-NP), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (ENNG)] and indirect mutagens [2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), 2-aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-2), benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA) and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)] were investigated using the bacterial mutagenicity test (Ames test). Results show that magnolol strongly inhibits mutagenicity induced by indirect mutagens, but does not affect direct mutagens. To elucidate the mechanism of this effect against indirect mutagens, effect of magnolol on CYP1A1- and CYP1A2-related enzyme activities of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and methoxyresorufin-O-demethylase (MROD) were investigated. Magnolol strongly and competitively suppressed these enzyme activities, suggesting it inhibited mutation induced by indirect mutagens through suppression of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 activity.
Saito J et al; Mutat Res 609 (1): 68-73 (2006)
A23187-induced pleurisy in mice was used to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of magnolol, a phenolic compound isolated from Chinese medicine Hou p'u (cortex of Magnolia officinalis). A23187-induced protein leakage was reduced by magnolol (10 mg/kg, ip), indomethacin (10 mg/kg, ip) and BW755C (30 mg/kg, ip). A23187-induced polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte infiltration in the pleural cavity was suppressed by magnolol and BW755C, while enhanced by indomethacin. Like BW755C, magnolol reduced both prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) levels in the pleural fluid of A23187-induced pleurisy, while indomethacin reduced PGE2 but increased LTB4 formation. In the rat isolated peripheral neutrophil suspension, magnolol (3.7 uM) and BW755C (10 microM) also suppressed the A23187-induced thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and LTB4 formation. These results suggest that magnolol, like BW755C, might be a dual cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitor. The inhibitory effect of magnolol on the A23187-induced pleurisy is proposed to be, at least partly, dependent on the reduction of the formation of eicosanoids mediators in the inflammatory site.
Wang JP et al; J Pharm Pharmacol 47 (10): 857-60 (1995)

12.1.3 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 160
/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 160
/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 160-1

12.1.4 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/GENOTOXICITY/ The aim is to investigate the effect of Magnolol preserved H460 cells from an oxidative agent tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP)-induced cell death. Magnolol augmented cell survival ratio after TBHP challenged. ... DNA damage, detected by the Comet assay, was diminished after treatment of Magnolol. The cells viability decreased after treatment with 0.15 mM TBHP for 24 hr, accompanied by inducing apoptotic death of the cells. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis induced by TBHP were significantly inhibited or attenuated after pretreatment with 20 uM Magnolol. Magnolol contributes to the cells survival through downregulated the p53 phosphorylation and PTEN expression, and upregulated Akt phosphorylation. Taken together, Magnolol was effective against DNA single strand breaks (SSB) formation, cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation induced by TBHP, and its effects on p53 phosphorylation, PTEN and Akt phosphorylation were due to its antioxidative function, and partially via a p53 dependent mechanism in this protective effects.
Li HB et al; Arch Pharm Res 30 (7): 850-7 (2007)
/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Magnolol, isolated from the stem bark of Magnolia officnalis, was found to inhibit proliferation of human HL-60 cells and Jurkat T leukemia cells via inducing apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. By contrast, magnolol did not cause apoptosis in neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy donors. Apoptosis was determined by detection of DNA fragmentation in gel electrophoresis, morphological alternations by flow cytometry, quantification of phosphatidylserine externalization by Annexin V labeling and oligonucleosomal DNA content by TUNEL labeling. Activation of caspase-9, -3 and -2, and the proteolytic cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase were found during apoptosis induced by magnolol. In addition, both pan-caspase and selective caspase-9 inhibitor blocked magnolol-induced apoptosis. The apoptosis could also be partially attenuated by caspase-3 and -2 inhibitors. Magnolol induced the reduction of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and the release of cytochrome c into cytoplasm. In conclusion, our findings indicate that magnolol-induced apoptotic signaling is carried out through mitochondria alternations to caspase-9 and that then the downstream effector caspases are activated sequentially...
Zhong WB et al; Anticancer Drugs 14 (3): 211-7 (2003)
/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Magnolol (MG) and honokiol (HK) ... were found to enhance HL-60 cell differentiation initiated by low doses of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3) and all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). Cells expressing membrane differentiation markers CD11b and CD14 were increased from 4% in non-treated control to 8-16% after being treated with 10-30 microM MG or HK. When added to 1 nM VD3, MG or HK increased markers expressing cells from approximately 30% to 50-80%. When either MG or HK was added to 20 nM ATRA, only CD11b, but not CD14, expressing cells were increased from 9% to 24-70%. Under the same conditions, adding MG or HK to VD3 or ATRA treatment further enlarged the G0/G1 cell population and increased the expression of p27(Kip1), a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. Pharmacological studies using PD098059 (a MEK inhibitor), SB203580 (a p38 MAPK inhibitor) and SP600125 (a JNK inh ibitor) suggested that the MEK pathway was important for VD3 and ATRA-induced differentiation and also its enhancement by MG or HK, the p38 MAPK pathway had a inhibitory effect and the JNK pathway had little influence.
Fong WF et al; Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37 (2): 427-41 (2005)
/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ The effect of magnolol on ionic currents was studied in cultured smooth muscle cells of human trachea with the aid of the patch clamp technique. In whole cell current recordings magnolol reversibly increased the amplitude of K+ outward currents. The increase in outward current caused by magnolol was sensitive to inhibition by iberiotoxin (200 nM) or paxilline (1 microM) but not by glibenclamide (10 uM). In inside out patches, magnolol added to the bath did not modify single channel conductance but effectively enhanced the activity of large conductance Ca2+ activated K+ (BK(Ca)) channels. Magnolol increased the probability of these channel openings in a concentration dependent manner with an EC50 value of 1.5 uM. The magnolol stimulated increase in the probability of channels opening was independent of internal Ca2+. The application of magnolol also shifted the activation curve of BK(Ca) channels to less positive membrane potentials. The change in the kinetic behaviour of BK(Ca) channels caused by magnolol in these cells is the result of an increase in dissociation and gating constants. ... These results provide evidence that, in addition to the presence of antioxidative activity, magnolol is potent in stimulating BK(Ca) channel activity in tracheal smooth muscle cells. The direct stimulation of these BK(Ca) channels by magnolol may contribute to the underlying mechanism by which it acts as an anti-asthmatic compound.
Wu SN et al; Thorax 57 (1): 67-74 (2002)
For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for MAGNOLOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.1.5 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ ... The effect of magnolol (5,5'-diallyl-2,2'-dihydroxybiphenyl) ... in non-obese type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats /was investigated/. The rats were treated orally with magnolol (100 mg/kg body weight) once a day for 13 weeks. In magnolol-treated GK rats, fasting blood glucose and plasma insulin were significantly decreased, and the pancreatic islets also showed strong insulin antigen positivity. Urinary protein and creatinine clearance (Ccr) were significantly decreased. Pathological examination revealed the prevention of the glomeruli enlargement in magnolol-treated GK rats. The overproduction of renal sorbitol, advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), type IV collagen, and TGF- beta 1 mRNA were significantly reduced in magnolol-treated GK rats.
Sohn EJ et al; Life Sciences 80 (5): 468-75 (2007)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Magnolol (5, 10 mg/kg) was orally administered once a day for 14 d to 2- or 4-month-old mice, and evaluation was carried out when the mice were 4 or 6 months old. The density of neurofibrils decreased with aging in the stratum radiatum of the CA1 region in the hippocampus of SAMP1, not SAMR1. Treatment with magnolol significantly prevented the decrease of neurofibrils in the CA1, when it was administered in 2-month-olds. However, administration at 4 months of age did not result in a preventive effect. These findings suggest that the administration of magnolol before the initiation of neuronal loss may result in a protective effect in the hippocampus...
Matsui N et al; Biol Pharmaceut Bull 28 (9): 1762-5 (2005)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Neurotoxicity/ The antinociceptive actions of honokiol and magnolol, two major bioactive constituents of the bark of Magnolia officinalis, were evaluated using tail-flick, hot-plate and formalin tests in mice. The effects of honokiol and magnolol on the formalin-induced c-Fos expression in the spinal cord dorsal horn as well as motor coordination and cognitive function were examined. Data showed that honokiol and magnolol did not produce analgesia in tail-flick, hot-plate paw-shaking and neurogenic phase of the overt nociception induced by intraplantar injection of formalin. However, honokiol and magnolol reduced the inflammatory phase of formalin-induced licking response. Consistently, honokiol and magnolol significantly decreased formalin-induced c-Fos protein expression in superficial (I-II) laminae of the L4-L5 lumbar dorsal horn. However, honokiol and magnolol did not elicit motor incoordination and memory dysfunction at doses higher than the analgesic dose. These results demonstrate that honokiol and magnolol effectively alleviate the formalin-induced inflammatory pain without motor and cognitive side effects, suggesting their therapeutic potential in the treatment of inflammatory pain.
Lin YR et al; Life Sci 81 (13): 1071-8 (2007)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Neurotoxicity/ Honokiol and magnolol are the main constituents simultaneouly identified in the barks of Magnolia officinalis, which have been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat a variety of mental disorders including depression. ... The present study ... on the antidepressant-like effects of oral administration of the mixture of honokiol and magnolol /was conducted/ in well-validated models of depression in rodents: forced swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST) and chronic mild stress (CMS) model. The mixture of honokiol and magnolol significantly decreased immobility time in the mouse FST and TST, and reversed CMS-induced reduction in sucrose consumption to prevent anhedonia in rats. However, this mixture was unable to affect ambulatory or rearing behavior in the mouse open-field test. CMS induced alterations in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels in various brain regions of rats. An increase in serum corticosterone concentrations and a reduction in platelet adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity were simultaneously found in the CMS rats. The mixture of honokiol and magnolol at 20 and 40 mg/kg significantly attenuated CMS-induced decreases of 5-HT levels in frontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens. And it markedly increased 5-HIAA levels in frontal cortex, striatum and nucleus accumbens at 40 mg/kg and in frontal cortex at 20 mg/kg in the CMS rats. A subsequent reduction in 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio was found in hippocampus and nucleus accumbens in the CMS rats receiving this mixture. Furthermore, the mixture of honokiol and magnolol reduced elevated corticosterone concentrations in serum to normalize the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) hyperactivity in the CMS rats. It also reversed CMS-induced reduction in platelet AC activity, via upregulating the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathway. These results suggested that the mixture of honokiol and magnolol possessed potent antidepressant-like properties in behaviors involved in normalization of biochemical abnormalities in brain 5-HT and 5-HIAA, serum corticosterone levels and platelet AC activity in the CMS rats. Our findings could provide a basis for examining directly the interaction of the serotonergic system, the HPA axis and AC-cAMP pathway underlying the link between depression and treatment with the mixture of honokiol and magnolol.
Xu Q et al; Prog Neuropsycholpharmacol Biol Psychiatry 32 (3): 715-25 (2008)
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for MAGNOLOL (22 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.1.6 Non-Human Toxicity Values

LD50 Mouse oral 2200 mg/kg /from table/
National Library of Medicine, SIS; ChemIDplus Lite Record for Magnolol (528-43-8). Available from, as of February 5, 2009: https://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/chemidlite.jsp

12.2 Ecological Information

12.2.1 Natural Pollution Sources

Magnolol and honokiol, biphenyl compounds, were isolated as anti-emetic principles from the methanolic extract of Magnolia obovata bark(1). Magnolia bark extract (MBE) is an extract of the dried stem, root, or branch bark of magnolia trees(2).
(1) Kawai T et al; Planta Med 60 (1): 17-20 (1994)
(2) Li N et al; Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 49 (3): 154-9 (2007)

12.2.2 Artificial Pollution Sources

Magnolol's production and use as a traditional medicine(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).
(1) O'Neil MJ, ed; The Merck Index. 14th ed., Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., p. 984 (2006)

13 Associated Disorders and Diseases

14 Literature

14.1 Consolidated References

14.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

14.3 Springer Nature References

14.4 Thieme References

14.5 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

14.6 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

14.7 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

15 Patents

15.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

15.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

15.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

15.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

15.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

16 Interactions and Pathways

16.1 Protein Bound 3D Structures

16.1.1 Ligands from Protein Bound 3D Structures

PDBe Ligand Code
PDBe Structure Code
PDBe Conformer

16.2 Chemical-Target Interactions

17 Biological Test Results

17.1 BioAssay Results

18 Taxonomy

The LOTUS Initiative for Open Natural Products Research: frozen dataset union wikidata (with metadata) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.5794106

19 Classification

19.1 MeSH Tree

19.2 ChEBI Ontology

19.3 KEGG: Phytochemical Compounds

19.4 ChemIDplus

19.5 ChEMBL Target Tree

19.6 UN GHS Classification

19.7 EPA CPDat Classification

19.8 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

19.9 EPA DSSTox Classification

19.10 LOTUS Tree

19.11 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

20 Information Sources

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  29. SpectraBase
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    Magnolol
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    Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
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  40. GHS Classification (UNECE)
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CONTENTS