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Geraniol

PubChem CID
637566
Structure
Geraniol_small.png
Geraniol_3D_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • GERANIOL
  • 106-24-1
  • Geranyl alcohol
  • Lemonol
  • trans-Geraniol
Molecular Weight
154.25 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2004-09-16
  • Modify:
    2025-01-18
Description
Geraniol is a colorless to pale yellow oily liquid with a sweet rose odor. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Geraniol is a monoterpenoid consisting of two prenyl units linked head-to-tail and functionalised with a hydroxy group at its tail end. It has a role as a fragrance, an allergen, a volatile oil component and a plant metabolite. It is a monoterpenoid, a primary alcohol and a 3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol.
Basil allergenic extract is used in allergenic testing.
See also: Coriander Oil (part of); Java citronella oil (part of); Basil Oil (annotation moved to) ... View More ...

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Geraniol.png

1.2 3D Conformer

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C10H18O/c1-9(2)5-4-6-10(3)7-8-11/h5,7,11H,4,6,8H2,1-3H3/b10-7+
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

GLZPCOQZEFWAFX-JXMROGBWSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

CC(=CCC/C(=C/CO)/C)C
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

C10H18O
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

624-15-7
106-24-1
106-25-2
8007-01-0

2.3.2 Deprecated CAS

491611-08-6, 8007-13-4

2.3.3 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.4 UNII

2.3.5 ChEBI ID

2.3.6 ChEMBL ID

2.3.7 DrugBank ID

2.3.8 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.9 FEMA Number

2.3.10 HMDB ID

2.3.11 JECFA Number

1223

2.3.12 KEGG ID

2.3.13 Lipid Maps ID (LM_ID)

2.3.14 Metabolomics Workbench ID

2.3.15 NCI Thesaurus Code

2.3.16 Nikkaji Number

2.3.17 NSC Number

2.3.18 Pharos Ligand ID

2.3.19 RXCUI

2.3.20 Wikidata

2.3.21 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

  • geraniol
  • geraniol, (E)-isomer
  • geraniol, (Z)-isomer
  • geraniol, 1-(14)C-labeled, (E)-isomer
  • geraniol, 2-(14)C-labeled, (E)-isomer
  • geraniol, titanium (4+) salt
  • nerol

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
154.25 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
XLogP3-AA
Property Value
2.9
Reference
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
4
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
154.135765193 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
154.135765193 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
20.2 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
11
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
150
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Geraniol is a colorless to pale yellow oily liquid with a sweet rose odor. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Liquid; Dry Powder, Liquid, Other Solid
Colorless to yellow liquid with geranium odor; [Hawley] Colorless liquid; [MSDSonline]
Liquid
Colourless liquid; rose-like aroma

3.2.2 Color / Form

Colorless to pale-yellow, liquid oil
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 12th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2012., p. V3: 1760
Oily liquid
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 813

3.2.3 Odor

Sweet rose odor
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 813
Pleasant geranium-like odor
Larranaga, M.D., Lewis, R.J. Sr., Lewis, R.A.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016., p. 665
Pleasant, floral odor
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 12th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2012., p. V3: 1760

3.2.4 Taste

Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 10 ppm; sweet floral rose, citrus with fruity, waxy nuances
Burdock, G.A. (ed.). Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients. 6th ed.Boca Raton, FL 2010, p. 734

3.2.5 Boiling Point

446 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
230 °C
Larranaga, M.D., Lewis, R.J. Sr., Lewis, R.A.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016., p. 665
229.00 to 230.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
The Good Scents Company Information System

3.2.6 Melting Point

less than 5 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
-15 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 3-282
< -15 °C

3.2.7 Flash Point

108 °C (226 °F) - closed cup
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Geraniol. Product Number: 163333, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 12/11/2015). Available from, as of April 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
>212 °F (>100 °C) (closed cup)
National Fire Protection Association; Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 14TH Edition, Quincy, MA 2010, p. 325-68

3.2.8 Solubility

In water, 100 mg/L at 25 °C
Chem Inspect Test Inst; Biodegradation and Bioaccumulation Data of Existing Chemicals Based on the CSCL Japan; Published by Japan Chemical Industry Ecology-Toxicology & Information Center. ISBN 4-89074-101-1 (1992)
Slightly soluble in water
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 12th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2012., p. V3: 1760
Miscible with ether, acetone
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 813
1:3 in 70% alcohol
Burdock, G.A. (ed.). Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients. 6th ed.Boca Raton, FL 2010, p. 734
For more Solubility (Complete) data for GERANIOL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
0.1 mg/mL at 25 °C
Insoluble in glycerol; slightly soluble in water; soluble in most fixed oils, propylene glycol
soluble (in ethanol)

3.2.9 Density

0.8894 at 68 °F (NTP, 1992) - Less dense than water; will float
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
0.8894 g/cu cm at 20 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 3-282
Density: 0.870-0.890 at 15 °C
Larranaga, M.D., Lewis, R.J. Sr., Lewis, R.A.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016., p. 665
0.870-0.885

3.2.10 Vapor Pressure

0.03 [mmHg]

3.2.11 LogP

log Kow = 3.56
Griffin S et al; J Chromatog 864: 221-8 (1999)
3.56

3.2.12 Stability / Shelf Life

Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Geraniol. Product Number: 163333, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 12/11/2015). Available from, as of April 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

3.2.13 Optical Rotation

Specific optical rotation: -2 to +2 degrees
Larranaga, M.D., Lewis, R.J. Sr., Lewis, R.A.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016., p. 665

3.2.14 Decomposition

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 1449

3.2.15 Odor Threshold

Aroma threshold values: Detection: 4 to 75 ppb.
Burdock, G.A. (ed.). Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients. 4th Edition, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press 2002

3.2.16 Refractive Index

Index of refraction: 1.4710-1.4780 at 20 °C
Larranaga, M.D., Lewis, R.J. Sr., Lewis, R.A.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016., p. 665
1.469-1.478

3.2.17 Kovats Retention Index

1 of 2
Standard non-polar
1232 , 1238 , 1232 , 1234 , 1235 , 1258 , 1232 , 1233 , 1246 , 1264 , 1264 , 1233 , 1237 , 1231 , 1235 , 1234 , 1233 , 1246 , 1231 , 1246 , 1260 , 1233 , 1239 , 1233 , 1233 , 1241 , 1233 , 1231 , 1249 , 1236 , 1235 , 1233 , 1233 , 1237 , 1246 , 1232.9 , 1234 , 1234 , 1232 , 1234 , 1232 , 1232 , 1234 , 1230 , 1233 , 1262 , 1238 , 1232 , 1232 , 1233 , 1232 , 1236 , 1235 , 1234 , 1232 , 1232 , 1232 , 1232 , 1231 , 1250 , 1244 , 1238 , 1237 , 1225 , 1245 , 1238 , 1244 , 1237 , 1240 , 1241 , 1242 , 1258 , 1236 , 1236 , 1233.7 , 1235.4 , 1235 , 1233 , 1234 , 1236 , 1244 , 1244 , 1238 , 1238 , 1244 , 1241 , 1234 , 1249 , 1243 , 1240 , 1262 , 1249 , 1256 , 1242 , 1242 , 1247 , 1242 , 1242 , 1238 , 1247 , 1241 , 1242 , 1235 , 1242 , 1242 , 1243 , 1236 , 1243 , 1232 , 1239 , 1245 , 1233.2 , 1234 , 1236 , 1243 , 1237 , 1238 , 1234 , 1234 , 1252 , 1244 , 1247 , 1243 , 1244 , 1246 , 1236 , 1235 , 1235 , 1235 , 1235 , 1241 , 1236 , 1255 , 1238 , 1238 , 1235 , 1241 , 1246 , 1236 , 1240 , 1236 , 1235 , 1247 , 1234 , 1236 , 1237 , 1236 , 1237 , 1236 , 1240 , 1255 , 1233 , 1250 , 1237 , 1236 , 1236 , 1229 , 1233 , 1232 , 1253 , 1240 , 1260 , 1238 , 1226 , 1264 , 1233 , 1240 , 1239 , 1244 , 1267 , 1235 , 1236 , 1233 , 1235 , 1236 , 1236 , 1242 , 1242 , 1241 , 1241 , 1238 , 1243 , 1241 , 1236 , 1249 , 1220 , 1233 , 1234 , 1240 , 1246 , 1243 , 1238 , 1242 , 1240 , 1240 , 1245 , 1228 , 1230 , 1236 , 1241 , 1237 , 1245 , 1232 , 1246 , 1247 , 1239 , 1243 , 1242 , 1234 , 1238 , 1241 , 1242 , 1235 , 1230 , 1238 , 1237.3 , 1239 , 1252 , 1237 , 1240 , 1236 , 1236 , 1234 , 1242 , 1230 , 1241 , 1233 , 1236 , 1240 , 1228 , 1241 , 1241 , 1242 , 1243 , 1232 , 1241 , 1250 , 1237 , 1237 , 1236 , 1236 , 1236 , 1296 , 1236 , 1239 , 1230 , 1234 , 1234 , 1234 , 1235 , 1236 , 1243 , 1238 , 1233 , 1237 , 1256
Semi-standard non-polar
1249 , 1260 , 1261 , 1256 , 1255 , 1259 , 1260 , 1260 , 1245 , 1265 , 1257 , 1263 , 1254 , 1255.9 , 1254.6 , 1253 , 1250 , 1255 , 1252 , 1247 , 1257 , 1254 , 1256 , 1224 , 1254.1 , 1268 , 1255 , 1265 , 1255 , 1247 , 1252 , 1255 , 1265 , 1261 , 1255 , 1253 , 1269 , 1251 , 1269 , 1275 , 1254 , 1264 , 1234 , 1250 , 1255 , 1255 , 1252 , 1256 , 1256 , 1254 , 1290 , 1264 , 1268 , 1249 , 1256 , 1255 , 1252 , 1276 , 1260 , 1262 , 1256 , 1257 , 1255 , 1253 , 1255 , 1262 , 1255 , 1251 , 1256 , 1240 , 1255 , 1257 , 1257 , 1230 , 1250 , 1252 , 1255 , 1235 , 1254 , 1274 , 1259 , 1260 , 1258 , 1269 , 1251 , 1251 , 1251 , 1251 , 1255 , 1255 , 1249 , 1254 , 1256 , 1256 , 1252 , 1258 , 1259 , 1252 , 1251 , 1221 , 1256 , 1267 , 1277 , 1260 , 1260 , 1260 , 1255 , 1258 , 1256 , 1256 , 1253 , 1260 , 1255 , 1256 , 1255 , 1265 , 1254 , 1258 , 1255 , 1259 , 1257 , 1260 , 1257 , 1255 , 1255 , 1260 , 1253 , 1255 , 1255 , 1221 , 1253 , 1254 , 1254 , 1254 , 1254 , 1255 , 1255 , 1255 , 1256 , 1256 , 1257 , 1257 , 1258 , 1258 , 1258 , 1259 , 1252 , 1255 , 1263 , 1263 , 1264 , 1266 , 1249 , 1254 , 1255 , 1259 , 1292 , 1253 , 1253 , 1255 , 1255 , 1254 , 1256 , 1256 , 1253 , 1295 , 1251 , 1255 , 1258 , 1253 , 1255 , 1250 , 1249 , 1253 , 1256 , 1250 , 1252 , 1258 , 1260 , 1225 , 1280 , 1253 , 1255 , 1255 , 1253 , 1253 , 1253 , 1255 , 1235 , 1257 , 1255 , 1253 , 1255 , 1258 , 1259 , 1259 , 1260 , 1260 , 1262 , 1249 , 1255 , 1255 , 1255 , 1225 , 1252 , 1258 , 1255 , 1265 , 1254 , 1249 , 1254 , 1235 , 1248 , 1252 , 1239 , 1236 , 1252 , 1253 , 1270 , 1252 , 1271 , 1250 , 1256 , 1274 , 1238 , 1218 , 1232 , 1255 , 1235 , 1253 , 1252 , 1258 , 1253 , 1259 , 1218 , 1256 , 1260 , 1251 , 1250 , 1255 , 1239 , 1254 , 1253 , 1252 , 1252 , 1255 , 1265 , 1253 , 1280 , 1255 , 1257 , 1253 , 1256 , 1260 , 1276 , 1259 , 1254 , 1256 , 1254 , 1254 , 1254 , 1235 , 1256 , 1257 , 1253 , 1256 , 1250 , 1253 , 1260 , 1268 , 1242 , 1240 , 1255 , 1252 , 1258 , 1261 , 1254 , 1252 , 1263 , 1261 , 1246 , 1255 , 1253 , 1260 , 1301 , 1255 , 1226 , 1245 , 1256 , 1254 , 1255 , 1255 , 1253 , 1257 , 1251 , 1255 , 1253 , 1280 , 1253 , 1241 , 1252 , 1242 , 1280 , 1258 , 1254.7 , 1253 , 1255 , 1254 , 1255 , 1253 , 1255 , 1256 , 1253 , 1240 , 1257 , 1240 , 1254 , 1254 , 1255 , 1257 , 1275 , 1262 , 1274 , 1243 , 1245 , 1255 , 1238 , 1260 , 1251 , 1267 , 1250 , 1253 , 1258 , 1253 , 1258 , 1255 , 1244 , 1258 , 1221 , 1261 , 1258 , 1259 , 1255 , 1252.9 , 1253.1 , 1253.2
Standard polar
1865 , 1840 , 1845 , 1860 , 1820 , 1835 , 1803 , 1861 , 1852 , 1841 , 1851 , 1880 , 1842 , 1856 , 1842 , 1850 , 1847 , 1847 , 1850 , 1830 , 1824 , 1824 , 1822 , 1832 , 1846 , 1861 , 1817 , 1847 , 1893 , 1863 , 1843 , 1895 , 1849 , 1853 , 1848 , 1862 , 1879 , 1861 , 1858 , 1851 , 1861 , 1846 , 1869 , 1845 , 1796 , 1838 , 1799 , 1860 , 1860 , 1824 , 1831 , 1857 , 1857 , 1864 , 1866 , 1862 , 1859 , 1895 , 1850 , 1799 , 1849 , 1796 , 1855 , 1856 , 1796 , 1868 , 1837 , 1833 , 1830 , 1830 , 1836 , 1853 , 1837 , 1796 , 1854.6 , 1836 , 1846 , 1866 , 1831 , 1836 , 1836 , 1848 , 1848 , 1797 , 1859 , 1836 , 1847 , 1823 , 1837 , 1837 , 1836 , 1849 , 1842 , 1837 , 1837 , 1844 , 1840 , 1840 , 1845 , 1822 , 1822 , 1836 , 1828 , 1838 , 1802 , 1868 , 1860 , 1825 , 1841 , 1814 , 1867 , 1830 , 1848 , 1824 , 1799 , 1810 , 1830 , 1832 , 1850 , 1850.7 , 1840 , 1842 , 1851 , 1823 , 1865 , 1797 , 1847 , 1866 , 1797 , 1861 , 1879 , 1851 , 1853 , 1854 , 1851 , 1821 , 1800 , 1800 , 1852 , 1833 , 1832 , 1842 , 1799 , 1852 , 1857 , 1857 , 1895 , 1847 , 1848 , 1842 , 1857 , 1857 , 1857 , 1847 , 1829 , 1832 , 1857 , 1850 , 1858 , 1857 , 1845 , 1854 , 1802 , 1852 , 1852 , 1856 , 1857 , 1828 , 1818 , 1835 , 1797 , 1857 , 1855 , 1861 , 1857 , 1851 , 1849 , 1797 , 1840 , 1832 , 1844 , 1852 , 1837 , 1847 , 1858 , 1857 , 1850 , 1862 , 1844 , 1852 , 1796 , 1857 , 1877 , 1848 , 1857 , 1857 , 1818 , 1846 , 1841 , 1798 , 1797 , 1796 , 1857 , 1822 , 1842 , 1857 , 1796 , 1847 , 1857 , 1844 , 1840 , 1863 , 1857 , 1818 , 1856 , 1852 , 1857 , 1857 , 1849 , 1849 , 1857 , 1855 , 1824 , 1860 , 1859 , 1859 , 1843 , 1843 , 1848 , 1857 , 1857 , 1857 , 1857 , 1804 , 1857 , 1796 , 1839 , 1834 , 1826.3 , 1840 , 1857 , 1841 , 1833 , 1857 , 1857 , 1845 , 1857 , 1854 , 1850 , 1854 , 1835 , 1845 , 1849 , 1857 , 1845 , 1857 , 1866 , 1797 , 1847 , 1857 , 1857 , 1837 , 1845.2 , 1828 , 1832 , 1857 , 1828 , 1860 , 1842 , 1857 , 1797 , 1847 , 1826 , 1856 , 1830 , 1850 , 1856 , 1850 , 1857 , 1857 , 1855 , 1858 , 1845 , 1869 , 1797 , 1864 , 1840 , 1850 , 1805 , 1858 , 1860 , 1859 , 1839 , 1869 , 1869 , 1849 , 1850 , 1840 , 1868 , 1873 , 1851 , 1842 , 1859 , 1859 , 1859 , 1859 , 1859.5 , 1840 , 1858 , 1829 , 1832 , 1840 , 1832 , 1837 , 1847 , 1837 , 1804 , 1843 , 1849 , 1858 , 1812 , 1812 , 1814 , 1849 , 1861.1 , 1840 , 1862 , 1834 , 1812 , 1835 , 1841 , 1849 , 1802 , 1849 , 1850 , 1797 , 1847 , 1818 , 1815 , 1815 , 1815
2 of 2
Semi-standard non-polar
1260

3.3 SpringerMaterials Properties

3.4 Chemical Classes

3.4.1 Drugs

Pharmaceuticals -> Listed in ZINC15
S55 | ZINC15PHARMA | Pharmaceuticals from ZINC15 | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3247749

3.4.2 Cosmetics

Cosmetics ingredient -> Antioxidant; Flavor; Fragrance; Moisturizing/Humectant; Other (Specify); Preservative/Stabilizer
Tonic
S13 | EUCOSMETICS | Combined Inventory of Ingredients Employed in Cosmetic Products (2000) and Revised Inventory (2006) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2624118

3.4.3 Food Additives

FLAVORING AGENT OR ADJUVANT -> FDA Substance added to food

3.4.4 Fragrances

Fragrance Ingredient (Geraniol) -> IFRA transparency List
Fragrance Ingredient (Rose oil) -> IFRA transparency List

3.4.5 Lipids

Lipids -> Prenol Lipids [PR] -> Isoprenoids [PR01] -> C10 isoprenoids (monoterpenes) [PR0102]

3.4.6 Pesticides

Agrochemicals -> Pesticide active substances
Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Approved

3.4.7 Polymers

Other Classes -> Alcohols and Polyols, Other

4 Spectral Information

4.1 1D NMR Spectra

1 of 3
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1D NMR Spectra
1H NMR: 279 (Varian Associates NMR Spectra Catalogue)
2 of 3
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1D NMR Spectra

4.1.1 1H NMR Spectra

1 of 3
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Spectra ID
Instrument Type
JEOL
Frequency
400 MHz
Solvent
CDCl3
Shifts [ppm]:Intensity
5.09:69.00, 1.60:941.00, 4.14:418.00, 5.10:125.00, 5.40:99.00, 5.40:46.00, 5.10:146.00, 5.12:80.00, 5.11:72.00, 5.42:91.00, 2.13:64.00, 5.08:60.00, 5.43:58.00, 1.68:997.00, 2.13:71.00, 5.41:107.00, 5.09:54.00, 2.08:140.00, 5.39:87.00, 5.40:168.00, 5.07:30.00, 5.39:58.00, 2.13:74.00, 1.64:34.00, 1.68:926.00, 5.41:171.00, 1.67:1000.00, 4.14:400.00, 2.11:124.00, 5.09:115.00, 5.11:79.00, 5.12:65.00, 2.01:84.00, 4.13:374.00, 2.16:124.00, 2.04:249.00, 5.42:92.00, 5.11:63.00, 5.08:80.00, 2.02:198.00, 2.09:179.00, 4.13:388.00, 5.42:64.00, 2.03:161.00, 5.08:70.00, 2.11:150.00, 5.38:48.00, 2.12:158.00, 5.39:85.00, 1.64:33.00, 2.10:191.00
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Instrument Name
Varian A-60D
Copyright
Copyright © 2009-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.1.2 13C NMR Spectra

1 of 3
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Spectra ID
Instrument Type
Varian
Frequency
25.16 MHz
Solvent
CDCl3
Shifts [ppm]:Intensity
123.71:995.00, 26.51:724.00, 39.64:857.00, 17.66:531.00, 25.66:673.00, 131.62:612.00, 139.07:617.00, 124.07:1000.00, 16.24:628.00, 59.16:791.00
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Source of Sample
Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.2 Mass Spectrometry

4.2.1 GC-MS

1 of 18
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Spectra ID
Instrument Type
GC-MS
Top 5 Peaks

93.0 1

121.0 0.81

143.0 0.46

77.0 0.37

80.0 0.36

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Spectra ID
Instrument Type
EI-B
Ionization Mode
positive
Top 5 Peaks

69.0 99.99

41.0 88.60

39.0 19.50

68.0 19

27.0 13.10

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Notes
instrument=HITACHI RMU-6M

4.2.2 MS-MS

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Spectra ID
Instrument Type
n/a
Ionization Mode
negative
Top 5 Peaks

105.1 88.35

91.1 7.97

89.3 3.68

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Notes
adduct_type [M-H-H2O]- original_collision_energy 35 % nominal CannabisDB spectra from NIST14 2020 June Thermo Finnigan LTQ
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Spectra ID
Instrument Type
QTOF
Ionization Mode
positive
Top 5 Peaks

81.07 51.78

137.13 35.54

95.08 8.32

136.02 0.95

79.05 0.92

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Notes
adduct_type [M+H-H2O]+ original_collision_energy 4 CannabisDB spectra from NIST14 2020 June Agilent QTOF 6530

4.2.3 Other MS

1 of 4
View All
Other MS
MASS: 63533 (NIST/EPA/MSDC Mass Spectral Database, 1990 version); 518 (National Bureau of Standards)
2 of 4
View All
MS Category
Experimental
MS Type
Other
Precursor Type
M-H2O+H
Precursor m/z
137.132
Instrument
Orbitrap
Ionization Mode
positive
Retention Time
CCS:
Top 5 Peaks

95.085342 100

81.069664 70.06

50.98008 16.65

50.966244 15.95

50.955936 14.78

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4.3 UV Spectra

MAX ABSORPTION (ALC): 215 NM (LOG E= 3.25); 238 NM (LOG E= 2.30); 325 NM SHOULDER
Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. C-315
Max absorption: 190-195 nm (epsilon = 18,000)
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 783
UV: 6-315 (Organic Electronic Spectral Data, Phillips et al, John Wiley & Sons, New York)
Lide, D.R., G.W.A. Milne (eds.). Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volume I. 3rd ed. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton ,FL. 1994., p. V4: 3703

4.4 IR Spectra

IR Spectra
IR: 8087 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Prism Collection)

4.4.1 FTIR Spectra

1 of 2
Technique
CAPILLARY CELL: NEAT
Source of Sample
Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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2 of 2
Technique
NEAT
Source of Sample
Sprouse Scientific Systems, Inc.
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.4.2 ATR-IR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Bruker Tensor 27 FT-IR
Technique
ATR-Neat (DuraSamplIR II)
Source of Spectrum
Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.
Source of Sample
Alfa Aesar, Thermo Fisher Scientific
Catalog Number
A13736
Lot Number
10181467
Copyright
Copyright © 2016-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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2 of 2
Source of Sample
Aldrich
Catalog Number
163333
Copyright
Copyright © 2018-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2018-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.4.3 Near IR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
BRUKER IFS 88
Technique
NIR
Source of Spectrum
Prof. Buback, University of Goettingen, Germany
Copyright
Copyright © 1989, 1990-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
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2 of 2
Instrument Name
BRUKER IFS 88
Technique
NIR
Source of Spectrum
Prof. Buback, University of Goettingen, Germany
Copyright
Copyright © 1989, 1990-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
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4.4.4 Vapor Phase IR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
DIGILAB FTS-14
Technique
Vapor Phase
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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2 of 2
Technique
Vapor Phase
Source of Spectrum
Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.
Source of Sample
Aldrich
Catalog Number
163333
Copyright
Copyright © 2018-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2018-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.5 Raman Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Bruker MultiRAM Stand Alone FT-Raman Spectrometer
Technique
FT-Raman
Source of Spectrum
Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.
Source of Sample
Alfa Aesar, Thermo Fisher Scientific
Catalog Number
A13736
Lot Number
10181467
Copyright
Copyright © 2016-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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2 of 2
Catalog Number
163333
Copyright
Copyright © 2017-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2017-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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6 Chemical Vendors

7 Drug and Medication Information

7.1 Drug Indication

Geraniol is approved for use within allergenic epicutaneous patch tests which are indicated for use as an aid in the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in persons 6 years of age and older.

7.2 FDA National Drug Code Directory

7.3 Drug Labels

Active ingredient and drug
Drug and label
Active ingredient and drug
Active ingredient and drug

7.4 Clinical Trials

7.4.1 NIPH Clinical Trials Search of Japan

7.5 Therapeutic Uses

/EXPL THER/ Oral carcinogenesis, a multistep process with multifaceted etiology, arises due to accumulation of heterogeneous genetic changes in the genes involved in the basic cellular functions including cell division, differentiation, and cell death. These genetic changes in the affected cell progressively increase the cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and inhibition of apoptosis. The present study investigated the modulating effect of geraniol on the expression pattern of cell proliferative (PCNA, cyclin D1, c-fos), inflammatory (NF-kappaB, COX-2), apoptotic (p53, Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 and -9), and angiogenic (VEGF) markers in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Topical application of 0.5% DMBA in liquid paraffin, three times a week, for 14 weeks, developed well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the buccal pouch of golden Syrian hamsters. All the hamsters treated with DMBA alone (100%) developed oral tumors in the buccal pouch after 14 weeks. Over-expression of mutant p53, PCNA, Bcl-2, and VEGF accompanied by decreased expression of Bax were noticed in hamsters treated with DMBA alone. Increased expression of c-fos, COX-2, NF-kappaB, and cyclin D1 and decreased activities of caspase-3 and -9 were also noticed in hamsters treated with DMBA alone. Oral administration of geraniol at a dose of 250 mg/kg bw (body weight) not only completely prevented the formation of oral tumors but also prevented the deregulation in the expression of above mentioned molecular markers in hamsters treated with DMBA. The present results thus suggest that geraniol has potent anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, anti-cell proliferative, and apoptosis-inducing properties in DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis.
Vinothkumar V et al; Mol Cell Biochem 369 (1-2): 17-25 (2012)
/EXPL THER/ /The objective of the study was/ to investigate the inhibitory effect of geraniol alone, or in combination with gemcitabine, on the proliferation of BXPC-3 pancreatic cancer cells. BXPC-3 cells were treated under different conditions: with geraniol at 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 umol/L each for 24 hr, 48 hr or 72 hr; with 20 umol/L geraniol for 24 hr or 0 hr before 20 umol/L gemcitabine for 24 hr; with 20 umol/L geraniol for 24 hr, 48 hr and 72 hr following 20 umol/l gemcitabine for 24 hr; or with 20 umol/L gemcitabine alone as a control. Cell proliferation was assessed and changes in cell morphology were assessed by light and fluorescence microscopy. Apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry. Geraniol inhibited BXPC-3 cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Geraniol alone or combined with gemcitabine induced BXPC-3 cell apoptosis. BXPC-3 inhibition rates with combined treatment were 55.24%, 50.69%, 49.83%, 41.85% and 45.27% following treatment with 20 umol/L geraniol for 24 hr or 0 hr before 20 umol/L gemcitabine for 24 hr, or 20 umol/L geraniol for 24 hr, 48 hr and 72 hr, following 20 umol/L gemcitabine for 24 hr, respectively. Geraniol inhibited the proliferation of BXPC-3 cells. Geraniol significantly increased the antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects of gemcitabine on BXPC-3 cells. Maximum inhibition of BXPC-3 cells was achieved with geraniol treatment for 24 hr before gemcitabine treatment.
Jin X et al; J Int Med Res 41 (4): 993-1001 (2013)
/EXPL THER/ Geraniol is an acyclic monoterpene alcohol commonly used as a flavoring agent. The present study was undertaken to investigate antiulcerogenic effects of geraniol and to determine the possible mechanisms involved in this action. In the model of the ethanol-induced ulcer, treatment of rats with geraniol by oral route significantly inhibited gastric lesions by 70% (7.50 mg/kg) to 99% (200 mg/kg). Analysis of the gastric tissue of rats treated with geraniol (7.50 mg/kg) revealed that total glutathione content levels (GSH) increased and levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) decreased in the gastric mucosa. Oral treatment with geraniol significantly decreased the number of ulcerative lesions induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury by 71% and the duodenal ulcers induced by cysteamine by 68%. The action of geraniol was mediated by the activation of defensive mucosa-protective factors such as the nitric oxide (NO) pathway, endogenous prostaglandins, increased mucus production, increased sulfhydryl compounds, antioxidant properties and the stimulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release through the activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV). The multifaceted gastroprotective mechanisms of geraniol represent a promising option for the treatment of gastric and duodenal mucosa injury.
de Carvalho KI et al; Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 387 (4): 355-65 (2014)
/EXPL THER/ Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common disabling movement disorder owing to progressive depletion of dopamine in nigrostriatal region, and can be experimentally accelerated by the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). MPTP-treated mice are a representative animal model for searching for the therapeutic agents for PD without adverse effect. In this study we investigated the effect of geraniol (GE) on chronic MPTP/probenecid (MPTP/p) induced apoptotic changes in nigrostriatal region. We observed that chronic exposure to MPTP/p led to increased expression of apoptotic markers, results in neurodegeneration and motor behavioral impairments in mice. Pretreatment with GE to MPTP/p significantly improved motor functions and ameliorated striatal antioxidant balance. In addition, GE attenuated the expression of apoptotic markers evident by the normalized Bcl-2/Bax ratio and decreased expression of cytochrome-C and caspase-9 in the substantia nigra and striatum of MPTP/p induced mice model of PD. The findings of the present study suggested that GE, a new therapeutic potential avenue may have beneficial effects in slowing or preventing the progression of PD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
Rekha KR, Selvakumar GP; Chem Biol Interact 217: 57-66 (2014)
For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for GERANIOL (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

8 Food Additives and Ingredients

8.1 Food Additive Classes

Flavoring Agents
JECFA Functional Classes
Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT;

8.2 FEMA Flavor Profile

Geranium, Lemon Peel, Passion Fruit, Peach, Rose

8.3 FDA Substances Added to Food

Substance
Used for (Technical Effect)
FLAVORING AGENT OR ADJUVANT
Document Number (21 eCFR)
FEMA Number
2507
GRAS Number
3
JECFA Flavor Number
1223

8.4 Associated Foods

8.5 Evaluations of the Joint FAO / WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives - JECFA

1 of 4
Chemical Name
(E)-GERANIOL
Evaluation Year
2003
ADI
No safety concern at current levels of intake when used as a flavouring agent
Tox Monograph
2 of 4
Chemical Name
GERANIOL
Evaluation Year
2003
ADI
No safety concern at current levels of intake when used as a flavouring agent
Tox Monograph
3 of 4
Chemical Name
(E)-NEROL
Evaluation Year
2003
ADI
No safety concern at current levels of intake when used as a flavouring agent
Tox Monograph
4 of 4
Chemical Name
LEMONOL
Evaluation Year
2003
ADI
No safety concern at current levels of intake when used as a flavouring agent
Tox Monograph

9 Agrochemical Information

9.1 Agrochemical Category

Pesticide active substances

9.2 EU Pesticides Data

Active Substance
geraniol
Status
Approved [Reg. (EC) No 1107/2009]
Date
Approval: 01/12/2013 Expiration: 30/04/2026
Legislation
Dossier complete 2011/266/EU, Reg. (EC) No 647/2001, Reg. (EU) 2023/1757, Reg. (EU) No 570/2013
ADI
0.5 mg/kg bw/day [Reg. (EU) No 570/2013]
AOEL
0.5 mg/kg bw/day [Reg. (EU) No 570/2013]

10 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

10.1 FDA Pharmacological Classification

FDA UNII
L837108USY
Active Moiety
GERANIOL
Pharmacological Classes
Established Pharmacologic Class [EPC] - Standardized Chemical Allergen
Pharmacological Classes
Physiologic Effects [PE] - Increased Histamine Release
Pharmacological Classes
Physiologic Effects [PE] - Cell-mediated Immunity
Pharmacological Classes
Chemical Structure [CS] - Allergens
FDA Pharmacology Summary
Geraniol is a Standardized Chemical Allergen. The physiologic effect of geraniol is by means of Increased Histamine Release, and Cell-mediated Immunity.

10.2 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Absorption
The profile of the geraniol concentrations in rat blood following oral administration of the emulsified formulation was characterized by a peak concentration at 30 min of about 270 μg/mL and an area under concentration (AUC) similar to that obtained by the intravenous administration of the same geraniol dose, indicating an absolute bioavailability of 92%. Geraniol appears able to permeate directly from the bloodstream to the central nervous system following its oral administration to rats, reaching detectable amounts in the CSF; peak concentration in the CSF was found to be about 2.5 μg/mL and was observed 30 min after oral administration.

10.3 Metabolism / Metabolites

Metabolites isolated from the urine of rats after oral administration of geraniol (I) were: geranic acid (II), 3-hydroxy-citronellic acid (III), 8-hydroxy-geraniol (IV), 8-carboxy-geraniol (V) and Hildebrandt acid (VI). Metabolites isolated from urine of rats after oral administration of linalool (VII) were 8-hydroxy-linalool (VIII) and 8-carboxy-linalool (IX). After three days of feeding rats with either geraniol or linalool, liver-microsomal cytochrome P-450 was increased. Both NADH- and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activities were not significantly changed during the six days of treatment. Oral administration of these two terpenoids did not affect any of the lung-microsomal parameters measured.
Chadha A and Madyastha KM; Xenobiotica 14 (5): 365-74 (1984)
The fragrance compound geraniol is susceptible to autoxidation when in contact with air, and to cutaneous metabolism. In both processes, the isomeric aldehydes geranial and neral are formed. ...
Hagvall L, Brared Christensson J; Contact Dermatitis 71 (5): 280-8 (2014)
Male IISc rats were given (1-(3)H)geraniol in daily doses of 800 mg/kg bw by gavage for 20 consecutive days. Five urinary metabolites were identified via two primary pathways. In one pathway, the alcohol is oxidized to yield geranic acid (3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienoic acid) which is subsequently hydrated to yield 3, 7-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-6-octenoic acid (3-hydroxy citronellic acid). In a second pathway, the alcohol undergoes selective omega-oxidation of the C8-methyl to yield 8-hydroxygeraniol and 8-carboxygeraniol, the latter of which undergoes further oxidation to the principal urinary metabolite 2,6-dimethyl-2,6-octadienedioic acid (Hildebrandt acid) ... . It was demonstrated that administration of geraniol at a dose of 600 mg/kg bw by gavage for 1, 3 or 6 days induced expression of rat liver microsomal cytochrome P450 and geraniol hydroxylation, but not the activities of rat liver microsomal cytochrome b5, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, and NADH-cytochrome c reductase, nor the activities of these enzymes in rat lung microsomes ... . Rabbits are also capable of omega-oxidation of geraniol, as both the Hildebrandt acid and its dihydro form (2,6-dimethyl-2-octendioic acid; reduced or dihydro-Hildebrandt acid) were isolated from the urine of treated animals... . In both rabbits and rats, the omega-hydroxylation is mediated by the cytochrome P450 system and requires NADPH and oxygen ... . It has been demonstrated that not only rat liver microsomes are capable of omega-hydroxylating geraniol, but also rat lung and kidney microsomes
FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives; WHO Food Additives Series 52: Aliphatic branched-chain saturated and unsaturated alcohols, aldehydes, acids, and related esters (2004). Available from, as of April 29, 2016: https://www.inchem.org/pages/jecfa.html
Geraniol has known human metabolites that include [(2E)-3,7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl] hydrogen sulfate.
S73 | METXBIODB | Metabolite Reaction Database from BioTransformer | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.4056560

10.4 Biological Half-Life

In vitro measurements indicated that geraniol is highly stable in human and rat whole blood, whereas following intravenous administration geraniol is eliminated from the bloodstream with a relatively short half-life (about 12 min), starting from a concentration of about 300 μg/mL.

10.5 Mechanism of Action

Geraniol (GO) potent antitumor and chemopreventive effects are attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In the current study, the potential efficacy of GO (250 mg/kg) in ameliorating metabolic syndrome (MetS) induced by fructose in drinking water /administered to rats/ was elucidated. Moreover, the effect of pioglitazone (5 and 10 mg/kg; PIO) and the possible interaction of the co-treatment of GO with PIO5 were studied in the MetS model. After 4 weeks of treatment, GO and/or PIO reduced the fasting blood glucose and the glycemic excursion in the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. GO and PIO5/10 restrained visceral adiposity and partly the body weight gain. The decreased level of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma transcriptional activity in the visceral adipose tissue of MetS rats was increased by single treatment regimens. Though GO did not affect MetS-induced hyperinsulinemia, PIO5/10 lowered it. Additionally, GO and PIO5/10 suppressed glycated hemoglobin and the receptor for advanced glycated end products (RAGE). These single regimens also ameliorated hyperuricemia, the disrupted lipid profile, and the elevated systolic blood pressure evoked by MetS. The rise in serum transaminases, interleukin-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, as well as hepatic lipid peroxides and nitric oxide (NO) was lowered by the single treatments to different extents. Moreover, hepatic non-protein thiols, as well as serum NO and adiponectin were enhanced by single regimens. Similar effects were reached by the combination of GO with PIO5; however, a potentiative interaction was noted on fasting serum insulin level, while synergistic effects were reflected as improved insulin sensitivity, as well as reduced RAGE and triglycerides. Therefore, GO via the transcriptional activation of PPAR-gamma reduces inflammation and free radical injury produced by MetS. Thereby, these effects provide novel mechanistic insights on GO management of MetS associated critical risk factors. Moreover, the co-administration of GO to PIO5 exalted the antidiabetic drug anti-MetS efficacy.
Ibrahim SM et al; PLoS One 10 (2): e0117516 (2015)

10.6 Human Metabolite Information

10.6.1 Cellular Locations

  • Extracellular
  • Membrane

10.7 Biochemical Reactions

10.8 Transformations

11 Use and Manufacturing

11.1 Uses

EPA CPDat Chemical and Product Categories
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
Sources/Uses
Used in soaps, cosmetics, perfumes, insect attractants, foods, and beverages; [HSDB] Occurs naturally in oil of rose, oil of palmarosa, citronella, lemon grass, and other essential oils; [Merck Index] One of the most common terpenoid chemicals used in soap as a fragrance; [Marks, p. 173] Active ingredient in biopesticide used to control mites on agricultural crops, ornamentals, and landscapes; [ExPub: EPA BRADs]
Merck Index - O'Neil MJ, Heckelman PE, Dobbelaar PH, Roman KJ (eds). The Merck Index, An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, 15th Ed. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013.
Marks - Marks JG, DeLeo VA. Contact and Occupational Dermatology, 2nd Ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1997., p. 173
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure
Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]
For geraniol (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 597501) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the USA but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./
National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's Database on Geraniol (106-24-1). Available from, as of July 7, 2016: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
Insecticide
Crop Protection Handbook Volume 100, Meister Media Worldwide, Willoughby, OH 2014, p. 335

Reported uses (ppm):

Table: Reported uses (ppm): (Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association, 1994)

Food Category
Alcoholic beverages
Usual
0.93
Max.
2.76
Food Category
Baked goods
Usual
17.00
Max.
25.08
Food Category
Chewing gum
Usual
33.02
Max.
43.15
Food Category
Frozen dairy
Usual
8.58
Max.
12.00
Food Category
Gelatins, puddings
Usual
2.11
Max.
4.85
Food Category
Gravies
Usual
1.50
Max.
3.00
Food Category
Hard candy
Usual
12.60
Max.
42.24
Food Category
Meat products
Usual
3.99
Max.
8.90
Food Category
Nonalcoholic beverages
Usual
3.49
Max.
5.86
Food Category
Soft candy
Usual
15.92
Max.
24.44

Burdock, G.A. (ed.). Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients. 6th ed.Boca Raton, FL 2010, p. 734
Geraniol is one of the most frequently used terpenoid fragrance materials. It can be used in all flowery-roselike compositions and does not discolor soaps. In flavor compositions, geraniol is used in small quantities to accentuate citrus notes. It is an important intermediate in the manufacture of geranyl esters, citronellol, and citral.
Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 6th ed.Vol 1: Federal Republic of Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 2003 to Present, p. V14 86 (2003)
For more Uses (Complete) data for GERANIOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.1.1 Use Classification

Food additives -> Flavoring Agents
Fragrance Ingredients
Flavoring Agents -> JECFA Flavorings Index
Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT; -> JECFA Functional Classes
Cosmetics -> Tonic
S13 | EUCOSMETICS | Combined Inventory of Ingredients Employed in Cosmetic Products (2000) and Revised Inventory (2006) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2624118
JUVENILE HORMONES

11.1.2 Industry Uses

  • Odor agents
  • Fragrance
  • Flavoring and nutrient
  • Other (specify)
  • Intermediate
  • Intermediates

11.1.3 Consumer Uses

  • Flavoring and nutrient
  • Odor agents
  • Fragrance

11.1.4 Household Products

California Safe Cosmetics Program (CSCP)

Cosmetics product ingredient: 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (2E)- (GERANIOL)

Geraniol is a fragrance allergen. Fragrance allergens are hazardous only to individuals who suffer from fragrance allergies. The Cosmetic Fragrance and Flavor Ingredient Right to Know Act of 2020 requires fragrance allergens included in Annex III of the EU Cosmetics Regulation No. 1223/2009 be reported to the California Department of Public Health. Fragrance allergens are only required to be reported if present in a rinse-off cosmetic product at a concentration at or above 0.01 percent (100 parts per million) or in a leave-on cosmetic product at a concentration at or above 0.001 percent (10 parts per million).

Product count: 15863

Household & Commercial/Institutional Products

Information on 566 consumer products that contain Geraniol in the following categories is provided:

• Auto Products

• Commercial / Institutional

• Inside the Home

• Personal Care

• Pesticides

• Pet Care

11.2 Methods of Manufacturing

By fractional distillation from those essential oils rich in geraniol, or synthetically from myrcene.
Burdock, G.A. (ed.). Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients. 6th ed.Boca Raton, FL 2010, p. 734
Derivation: From citronella oil (Java), citronellol-free grades from palmerosa oil, and (synthetically) from pinene. These are higher quality.
Larranaga, M.D., Lewis, R.J. Sr., Lewis, R.A.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016., p. 665
Geraniol is isolated from citronella oils and from palmarosa oil. Fractional distillation of, for example, Java citronella oil (if necessary after saponification of the esters present) yields a fraction containing ca. 60% geraniol, as well as citronellol and sesquiterpenes. A product with a higher geraniol content and slightly different odor quality for use in fine fragrances is obtained by fractionating palmarosa oil after saponification of the geranyl esters.
Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 6th ed.Vol 1: Federal Republic of Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 2003 to Present, p. V14 85 (2003)
Pyrolysis of beta-pinene yields myrcene, which is converted into a mixture of predominantly geranyl, neryl, and linalyl chloride by addition of hydrogen chloride in the presence of small amounts of catalyst, e.g., copper(I) chloride and an organic quaternary ammonium salt. After removal of the catalyst, the mixture is reacted with sodium acetate in the presence of a nitrogen base (e.g., triethylamine) and converted to geranyl acetate, neryl acetate, and a small amount of linalyl acetate. After saponification and fractional distillation of the resulting alcohols, a fraction is obtained that contains ca. 98% geraniol.
Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 6th ed.Vol 1: Federal Republic of Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 2003 to Present, p. V14 85 (2003)
A 96% pure synthetic geraniol prepared by isomerization of linalool has become commercially available. Orthovanadates are used as catalysts, to give a >90% yield of a geraniol-nerol mixture. Geraniol of high purity is finally obtained by fractional distillation. A considerable portion of commercially available geraniol is produced by a modified process: linalool obtained in a purity of ca. 65% from alpha-pinene is converted into linalyl borates, which rearrange in the presence of vanadates as catalysts to give geranyl and neryl borates. The alcohols are obtained by hydrolysis of the esters.
Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 6th ed.Vol 1: Federal Republic of Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 2003 to Present, p. V14 86 (2003)

11.3 IFRA Fragrance Standards

IFRA Substance
Geraniol
Synonyms
Geraniol; 3,7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (e)-; 2,6-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-8-ol; trans-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol; Geraniol 60 (commercial name); Geraniol Coeur (commercial name); Geraniol extra (commercial name); Geraniol SP (commercial name); Geraniol Supra (commercial name); Meranol (commercial name); Rhodinol pure (commercial name)
Amendment
51
IFRA Standard type
Restriction: This material should be used only in the limited quantity as stated in the Standard
Intrinsic property driving the risk management measure
DERMAL SENSITIZATION AND SYSTEMIC TOXICITY
Flavor use consideration
Due to the possible ingestion of small amounts of fragrance ingredients from their use in products in Categories 1 and 6, materials must not only comply with IFRA Standards but must also be recognized as safe as a flavoring ingredient as defined by the IOFI Code of Practice (www.iofi.org). For more details see chapter 1 of the Guidance for the use of IFRA Standards.

11.3.1 Restriction Limits in the Finished Product (%)

Category 1 (%)
0.78 [Products applied to the lips]
Category 2 (%)
0.25 [Products applied to the axillae]
Category 3 (%)
1.1 [Products applied to the face/body using fingertips]
Category 4 (%)
4.7 [Products related to fine fragrances]
Category 5A (%)
1.2 [Products applied to the body using the hands (palms), primarily leave-on (Body lotion)]
Category 5B (%)
0.78 [Products applied to the face using the hands (palms), primarily leave-on (Face moisturizer)]
Category 5C (%)
0.94 [Products applied to the hands using the hands (palms), primarily leave-on (Hand cream)]
Category 5D (%)
0.26 [Products applied to babies using the hands (palms), primarily leave-on (Baby cream, oil, talc)]
Category 6 (%)
0.16 [Products with oral and lip exposure]
Category 7A (%)
0.78 [Rinse-off products applied to the hair with some hand contact]
Category 7B (%)
0.78 [Leave-on products applied to the hair with some hand contact]
Category 8 (%)
0.26 [Products with significant anogenital exposure (tampon)]
Category 9 (%)
2.8 [Products with body and hand exposure, primarily rinse off]
Category 10A (%)
1.1 [Household care products with mostly hand contact (excluding aerosol/spray products)]
Category 10B (%)
5.3 [Household care products with mostly hand contact (household aerosol/spray products)]
Category 11A (%)
0.26 [Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate without UV exposure]
Category 11B (%)
0.26 [Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate with potential UV exposure]
Category 12 (%)
No restriction [Other air care products not intended for direct skin contact, minimal or insignificant transfer to skin]

11.4 Formulations / Preparations

Lure N Kill Japanese Beetle (Aberdeen Road Company): Active ingredient: Propionic acid, phenethyl ester 9.84%; Eugenol 23.0%; (R,Z)-5-(1-Decenyl)dihydro-2(3H)-furanone 0.47%; and Geraniol 9.84%.
National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's Database on Geraniol (106-24-1). Available from, as of July 7, 2016: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
Bag-A-Bug Japanese Beetle Trap (Spectrum Group): Active ingredient: Propionic acid, phenethyl ester 0.84%; Eugenol 23.0%; (R,Z)-5-(1-Decenyl)dihydro-2(3H)-furanone 0.47%; and Geraniol 2.84%.
National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's Database on Geraniol (106-24-1). Available from, as of July 7, 2016: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
Japanese Beetle Combo Bait (Spectrum Group): Active ingredient: Propionic acid, phenethyl ester 9.43%; Eugenol 21.98%; (R,Z)-5-(1-Decenyl)dihydro-2(3H)-furanone 0.02%; and Geraniol 9.43%.
National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's Database on Geraniol (106-24-1). Available from, as of July 7, 2016: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
Japanese Beetle Bait II (Trece, Inc.): Active ingredient: Propionic acid, phenethyl ester 9.5%; Eugenol 22.25%; (R,Z)-5-(1-Decenyl)dihydro-2(3H)-furanone 0.133%; and Geraniol 9.5%.
National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's Database on Geraniol (106-24-1). Available from, as of July 7, 2016: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for GERANIOL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.5 Consumption Patterns

Consumption (U.S.): Annual: 2000.00 lb (From the Priority-based Assessment of Food Additives (PAFA) database, originating from the NAS survey of 1987 and assumes only 60% of poundage was reported. Individual: 0.001694 mg/kg/day.
Burdock, G.A. (ed.). Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients. 4th Edition, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press 2002
Use in fragrances in the US amounts to about 800,000 lbs/yr
RIFM; Monographs on Fragrance Raw Materials. Geraniol. Woodcliff Lake, NJ: Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, c2003. CD-ROM.

11.6 U.S. Production

Aggregated Product Volume

2019: 1,000,000 - <10,000,000 lb

2018: 1,000,000 - <10,000,000 lb

2017: 1,000,000 - <10,000,000 lb

2016: 1,000,000 - <10,000,000 lb

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule.
Year
1986
Production Range (pounds)
>10 million - 50 million
Year
1990
Production Range (pounds)
>10 million - 50 million
Year
1994
Production Range (pounds)
>10 million - 50 million
Year
1998
Production Range (pounds)
>10 million - 50 million
Year
2002
Production Range (pounds)
>10 million - 50 million
US EPA; Non-confidential Production Volume Information Submitted by Companies for Chemicals Under the 1986-2002 Inventory Update Rule (IUR). 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (2E)- (106-24-1). Available from, as of March 1, 2007: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/iur/tools/data/2002-vol.html
This chemical is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).
EPA/Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program. Available from, as of March 1, 2007: https://www.epa.gov/hpv/pubs/general/opptsrch.htm
Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (2E)-. National Production Volume: 6,700,985 lb/yr.
USEPA/Pollution Prevention and Toxics; 2012 Chemical Data Reporting Database. 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (2E)- (106-24-1). Available from, as of July 6, 2016: https://java.epa.gov/oppt_chemical_search/

11.7 General Manufacturing Information

Industry Processing Sectors
  • All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
  • Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
  • Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
  • All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
  • Other (requires additional information)
  • Food, beverage, and tobacco product manufacturing
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (2E)-: ACTIVE
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-: ACTIVE
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
1-Octanol, 3,7-dimethyl-, tetradehydro deriv.: INACTIVE
An olefinic terpene alcohol constituting the chief part of oil of rose and oil of palmarosa; also found in many other essential oils such as citronella, lemon grass, etc.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 813
... Compounding artificial attar of rose /Geraniol butyrate/
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 813
Concentration in final product (%).
Usual
Soap
0.03
Detergent
0.003
Creams, lotion
0.02
Perfume
0.3
Maximum
Soap
0.3
Detergent
0.03
Creams, lotion
0.1
Perfume
2.0
RIFM; Monographs on Fragrance Raw Materials. Geraniol. Woodcliff Lake, NJ: Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, c2003. CD-ROM.
... Constituent of artificial neroli oil and of artificial orange blossom oil. /Geraniol formate/
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 813
Citronella grass from Ceylon contains 29-39% geraniol; citronella grass from Java contains 26-45% geraniol, camphene, linalool, pinene, and cineol.
Merory, J. Food Flavorings: Composition, Manufacture, and Use. 2nd ed. Westport, Conn.: Avi Publishing Co., 1968., p. 93

12 Identification

12.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

The essential oil of gutierrezia sarothrae (broomweed) identified by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry included geraniol.
Molyneux RJ et al; Chemistry of Toxic Range Plants: Volatile Constituents of Broomweed (Gutierrezia Sarothrae); J Agric Food Chem 28 (6): 1332 (1980)

12.2 Clinical Laboratory Methods

Geraniol is a commonly used fragrance terpene, and is tested in the baseline series in fragrance mix I. Geraniol is a pro-hapten and a pre-hapten, and sensitizers are formed in the autoxidation and skin metabolism of geraniol. Previous patch testing with air-exposed (oxidized) geraniol has suggested that oxidized geraniol could be a better marker for contact allergy to geraniol than pure geraniol. /The objective of the study was/ to find the optimal patch test substance and concentration for detecting contact allergy to geraniol. Six hundred and fifty-five patients were patch tested with pure and oxidized geraniol at 4.0%, 6.0% and 11.0% in petrolatum. Before patch testing, the irritant properties of pure and oxidized geraniol were studied in 27 patients at 2.5%, 5.0%, 10.0% and 20.0% pet. Pure geraniol detected positive reactions in 0.15-1.1% of the patients, and oxidized geraniol detected positive reactions in 0.92-4.6% of the patients. Reactions to pure geraniol in patients not reacting to oxidized geraniol indicated metabolic activation of geraniol. Neither pure nor oxidized geraniol gave significant irritant reactions. Increasing the test concentrations of pure and oxidized geraniol enables the detection of more cases of contact allergy. Oxidized geraniol detects more patients than pure geraniol, but patch testing with only oxidized geraniol does not detect all cases of contact allergy to geraniol.
Hagvall L et al; Contact Dermatitis 68 (4): 224-31 (2013)

13 Safety and Hazards

13.1 Hazards Identification

13.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 6
View All
Note
Pictograms displayed are for 99.7% (2608 of 2615) of reports that indicate hazard statements. This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.3% (7 of 2615) of reports.
Pictogram(s)
Corrosive
Irritant
Signal
Danger
GHS Hazard Statements

H315 (99%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (99.3%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318 (92.5%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P261, P264, P264+P265, P272, P280, P302+P352, P305+P354+P338, P317, P321, P332+P317, P333+P317, P362+P364, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2615 reports by companies from 32 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 7 of 2615 reports by companies. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

There are 31 notifications provided by 2608 of 2615 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

13.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Skin Irrit. 2 (99%)

Skin Sens. 1 (99.3%)

Eye Dam. 1 (92.5%)

Skin irritation - category 2

Eye damage - category 1

Skin sensitisation - category 1

13.1.3 NFPA Hazard Classification

NFPA 704 Diamond
2-1-0
NFPA Health Rating
2 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause temporary incapacitation or residual injury.
NFPA Fire Rating
1 - Materials that must be preheated before ignition can occur. Materials require considerable preheating, under all ambient temperature conditions, before ignition and combustion can occur.
NFPA Instability Rating
0 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions.

13.1.4 Hazards Summary

Allergic dermatitis with positive patch testing has been reported; Geraniol was not sensitizing in the human maximization test. A child had convulsions and died after ingesting an unknown quantity of citronella containing 93% geraniol. [HSDB] Danger of skin sensitization; [MAK] A component of the fragrance mix; Patch testing by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group showed 2.8% positive tests to geraniol. [Marks, p. 173] An irritant; Not known to be a sensitizer; Causes CNS depression, spastic paralysis and liver weight changes in high-dose animal studies; [Alfa Aesar MSDS] See Nerol.
Marks - Marks JG, DeLeo VA. Contact and Occupational Dermatology, 2nd Ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1997., p. 173

13.1.5 Fire Potential

Combustible liquid.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 1449

13.1.6 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

A severe human skin irritant.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 1440

13.2 First Aid Measures

13.2.1 First Aid

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

13.3 Fire Fighting

To extinguish a fire involving this chemical you may use a dry chemical, carbon dioxide, foam or halon extinguisher; a water spray may also be used. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

13.3.1 Fire Fighting Procedures

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Geraniol. Product Number: 163333, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 12/11/2015). Available from, as of April 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Geraniol. Product Number: 163333, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 12/11/2015). Available from, as of April 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

13.4 Accidental Release Measures

13.4.1 Cleanup Methods

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Geraniol. Product Number: 163333, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 12/11/2015). Available from, as of April 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

13.4.2 Disposal Methods

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.
Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Geraniol. Product Number: 163333, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 12/11/2015). Available from, as of April 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

13.4.3 Preventive Measures

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Geraniol. Product Number: 163333, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 12/11/2015). Available from, as of April 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Geraniol. Product Number: 163333, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 12/11/2015). Available from, as of April 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Geraniol. Product Number: 163333, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 12/11/2015). Available from, as of April 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Geraniol. Product Number: 163333, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 12/11/2015). Available from, as of April 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

13.5 Handling and Storage

13.5.1 Nonfire Spill Response

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with alcohol followed by washing with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material in a refrigerator. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

13.5.2 Storage Conditions

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Storage class (TRGS 510): Combustible liquids.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Geraniol. Product Number: 163333, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 12/11/2015). Available from, as of April 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

13.6 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

13.6.1 Allowable Tolerances

Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. (a) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Food-contact surfaces in public eating places, dairy-processing equipment, and food-processing equipment and utensils. (E)-Geraniol is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the end-use concentration is not to exceed 100 ppm.
40 CFR 180.940(a) (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of July 6, 2016: https://www.ecfr.gov
An exemption from the requirement of a tolerance is established for residues of the biochemical pesticide geraniol in or on all food commodities.
40 CFR 180.1251 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of July 6, 2016: https://www.ecfr.gov

13.6.2 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter.

RECOMMENDED GLOVE MATERIALS: Permeation data indicate that butyl rubber gloves may provide protection to contact with this compound. Butyl rubber over latex gloves is recommended. However, if this chemical makes direct contact with your gloves, or if a tear, hole or puncture develops, remove them at once. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Eye/face protection: Tightly fitting safety goggles. Faceshield (8-inch minimum). Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Geraniol. Product Number: 163333, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 12/11/2015). Available from, as of April 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Skin protection: Handle with gloves.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Geraniol. Product Number: 163333, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 12/11/2015). Available from, as of April 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Geraniol. Product Number: 163333, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 12/11/2015). Available from, as of April 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Geraniol. Product Number: 163333, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 12/11/2015). Available from, as of April 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

13.7 Stability and Reactivity

13.7.1 Air and Water Reactions

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

13.7.2 Reactive Group

Alcohols and Polyols

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

13.7.3 Reactivity Profile

An unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon and an alcohol. Flammable and/or toxic gases are generated by the combination of alcohols with alkali metals, nitrides, and strong reducing agents. They react with oxoacids and carboxylic acids to form esters plus water. Oxidizing agents convert them to aldehydes or ketones. Alcohols exhibit both weak acid and weak base behavior. They may initiate the polymerization of isocyanates and epoxides.

13.7.4 Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities

Incompatible materials Strong oxidizing agents, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Geraniol. Product Number: 163333, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 12/11/2015). Available from, as of April 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

13.8 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (2E)-
The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-
California Safe Cosmetics Program (CSCP) Reportable Ingredient

Hazard Traits - Fragrance Allergen

Authoritative List - Annex III of the EU Cosmetics Regulation No. 1223/2009 - Fragrance Allergens

Report - if present in a rinse-off cosmetic product at a concentration at or above 0.01 percent (100 parts per million) or in a leave-on cosmetic product at a concentration at or above 0.001 percent (10 parts per million)

Status Regulation (EC)
Dossier complete 2011/266/EU, Reg. (EC) No 647/2001, Reg. (EU) 2023/1757, Reg. (EU) No 570/2013
REACH Registered Substance
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Geraniol: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

13.8.1 FIFRA Requirements

Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. (a) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Food-contact surfaces in public eating places, dairy-processing equipment, and food-processing equipment and utensils. (E)-Geraniol is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the end-use concentration is not to exceed 100 ppm.
40 CFR 180.940(a) (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of July 6, 2016: https://www.ecfr.gov
An exemption from the requirement of a tolerance is established for residues of the biochemical pesticide geraniol in or on all food commodities.
40 CFR 180.1251 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of July 6, 2016: https://www.ecfr.gov

13.8.2 FDA Requirements

Synthetic flavoring substances and adjuvants /for human consumption/ that are generally recognized as safe for their intended use, withn the meaning of section 409 of the Act. Geraniol is included on this list.
21 CFR 182.60 (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of July 6, 2016: https://www.ecfr.gov
Synthetic flavoring substances and adjuvants /for animal drugs, feeds, and related products/ that are generally recognized as safe for their intended use, within the meaning of section 409 of the Act. Geraniol is included on this list.
21 CFR 582.60 (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of July 6, 2016: https://www.ecfr.gov

13.9 Other Safety Information

Chemical Assessment

IMAP assessments - Geraniol and related compounds: Human health tier II assessment

Evaluation - Chemicals that are unlikely to require further regulation to manage risks to environment

Chemical Assessment

IMAP assessments - Geraniol and related compounds: Human health tier II assessment

IMAP assessments - 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (E)-: Environment tier I assessment

13.9.1 Toxic Combustion Products

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture: Carbon oxides
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Geraniol. Product Number: 163333, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 12/11/2015). Available from, as of April 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

14 Toxicity

14.1 Toxicological Information

14.1.1 Toxicity Summary

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Geraniol is colorless to pale-yellow, liquid oil. It has a sweet rose like odor. Geraniol is one of the most frequently used terpenoid fragrance materials. It can be used in all flowery-rose like compositions and does not discolor soaps. In flavor compositions, geraniol is used in small quantities to accentuate citrus notes. It is also used in alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, baked goods, chewing gum, frozen dairy, gelatin (pudding), gravies, hard candy, meat products, soft candy. It is an important intermediate in the manufacture of geranyl esters, citronellol, and citral. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: A report of a 32 year old female patient working in a company for baking ingredients, who had been handling grated lemon peel and lemon oil for several years, developed allergic contact dermatitis of the fingers of both her hands. The material responsible for the dermatitis was identified as geraniol in both lemon peel and lemon oil and it proved to be the only source of the allergic reaction. In a human patch test, geraniol at a 32% concentration was severely irritating and geranyl acetate mildly irritating. Occupational exposure to geraniol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where geraniol is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to geraniol by inhalation through use of consumer products, ingestion of food, and dermal contact with this compound and other consumer products containing geraniol. Single compounds (SC) of fragrance mix (FM) contribute differently to FM patch test reactions. The data collected by the Information Networks of the Departments of Dermatology multicenter project from 1996-2002 were analyzed. SCs were tested in a selected group of patients, ranging from n=1083 to n=1924 per year. Reactions to SCs in FM positive patients were observed in 29% (oak moss absolute) to 5.9% geraniol. There was no time trend in reactions to SC's, although the relative share was increased for isoeugenol, cinnamic aldehyde and geraniol in 1999. ANIMAL STUDIES: Geraniol is described as not irritating in the rabbit acute dermal irritation corrosion test. It was not sensitizing in the guinea pig maximization test. Groups of five male and five female weanling rats were given diets containing geraniol for 16 weeks. No treatment related effects on growth, hematological parameters or organ weights, or on macroscopic or microscopic changes in the tissues were observed. An in vitro chromosomal aberration test was conducted in Chinese hamster fibroblast without metabolic activation. Three doses of geraniol were examined and the results were equivocal. Polyploidization effects were observed. The incidence of chromosomal aberrations at 48 hours was in the range considered negative. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Essential oil constituents were tested for their neurophysiological effects in Periplaneta americana cockroach and Blaberus discoidalis cockroach. Geraniol had similar depressive effects but increased spontaneous firing at lower doses. Similar effects occurred in dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurons, recorded intracellularly in the isolated terminal abdominal ganglion of P. americana.

14.1.2 Carcinogen Classification

Carcinogen Classification
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

14.1.4 Adverse Effects

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

14.1.5 Acute Effects

14.1.6 Interactions

The fragrance terpene geraniol forms sensitizing compounds via autoxidation and skin metabolism. Geranial and neral, the two isomers of citral, are the major haptens formed in both of these activation pathways. /The objective of the study was/ to investigate whether testing with oxidized geraniol detects more cases of contact allergy than testing with pure geraniol. The pattern of reactions to pure and oxidized geraniol, and metabolites/autoxidation products, was studied to investigate the importance of autoxidation or cutaneous metabolism in contact allergy to geraniol. Pure and oxidized geraniol were tested at 2.0% petrolatum in 2227 and 2179 consecutive patients, respectively. In parallel, geranial, neral and citral were tested in 2152, 1626 and 1055 consecutive patients, respectively. Pure and oxidized geraniol gave positive patch test reactions in 0.13% and 0.55% of the patients, respectively. Eight of 11 patients with positive patch test reactions to oxidized geraniol also reacted to citral or its components. Relevance for the positive patch test reactions in relation to the patients' dermatitis was found in 11 of 14 cases. Testing with oxidized geraniol could detect more cases of contact allergy to geraniol. The reaction pattern of the 14 cases presented indicates that both autoxidation and metabolism could be important in sensitization to geraniol.
Hagvall L et al; Contact Dermatitis 67 (1): 20-7 (2012)
Geraniol (GO) potent antitumor and chemopreventive effects are attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In the current study, the potential efficacy of GO (250 mg/kg) in ameliorating metabolic syndrome (MetS) induced by fructose in drinking water /administered to rats/ was elucidated. Moreover, the effect of pioglitazone (5 and 10 mg/kg; PIO) and the possible interaction of the co-treatment of GO with PIO5 were studied in the MetS model. After 4 weeks of treatment, GO and/or PIO reduced the fasting blood glucose and the glycemic excursion in the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. GO and PIO5/10 restrained visceral adiposity and partly the body weight gain. The decreased level of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma transcriptional activity in the visceral adipose tissue of MetS rats was increased by single treatment regimens. Though GO did not affect MetS-induced hyperinsulinemia, PIO5/10 lowered it. Additionally, GO and PIO5/10 suppressed glycated hemoglobin and the receptor for advanced glycated end products (RAGE). These single regimens also ameliorated hyperuricemia, the disrupted lipid profile, and the elevated systolic blood pressure evoked by MetS. The rise in serum transaminases, interleukin-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, as well as hepatic lipid peroxides and nitric oxide (NO) was lowered by the single treatments to different extents. Moreover, hepatic non-protein thiols, as well as serum NO and adiponectin were enhanced by single regimens. Similar effects were reached by the combination of GO with PIO5; however, a potentiative interaction was noted on fasting serum insulin level, while synergistic effects were reflected as improved insulin sensitivity, as well as reduced RAGE and triglycerides. Therefore, GO via the transcriptional activation of PPAR-gamma reduces inflammation and free radical injury produced by MetS. Thereby, these effects provide novel mechanistic insights on GO management of MetS associated critical risk factors. Moreover, the co-administration of GO to PIO5 exalted the antidiabetic drug anti-MetS efficacy.
Ibrahim SM et al; PLoS One 10 (2): e0117516 (2015)
... The aim of this study was to determine whether blocking /human colonic cancer/ Caco-2 cell differentiation could sensitize the cells to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment. We show that in cells at confluency, geraniol (400 uM) prevented the formation of brush-border membranes and inhibited the expression of intestinal hydrolases (sucrase, lactase, alkaline phosphatase). The antiproliferative effect of geraniol (400 uM) together with 5-FU (5 uM) was twice that of 5-FU alone. The cytotoxicity induced by 5-FU was enhanced in the presence of geraniol, as shown by a 50% increase of lactate dehydrogenase release in the culture medium. These effects are related to enhanced intracellular accumulation of 5-FU in the presence of geraniol as shown by a 2-fold increase in intracellular 5-[6-(3)H]FU (1.5 uCi/mL).
Carnesecchi S et al; J Pharmacol Exp Ther 301 (2): 625-30 (2002)
... The anti-tumoral efficacy of geraniol and 5-fluorouracil were also evaluated on TC-118 human tumors transplanted in Swiss nu/nu mice. ... In nude mice, the combined administration of 5-fluorouracil (20 mg/kg /for 5 days) and geraniol (150 mg/kg /for 5 days) caused a 53% reduction of the tumor volume, whereas a 26% reduction was obtained with geraniol alone, 5-fluorouracil alone showed no effect.
Carnesecchi S et al; Cancer Lett 215 (1): 53-9 (2004)
For more Interactions (Complete) data for GERANIOL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

14.1.7 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3rd revised edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2007, p. 160
/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3rd revised edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2007, p. 160
/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3rd revised edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2007, p. 160-61

14.1.8 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ In human patch test, geraniol @ 32% concn was severely irritating & geranyl acetate mildly irritating.
Motoyoski et al; Cosmet Toiletries 94(8): 41 (1979)
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The fragrance terpene geraniol forms sensitizing compounds via autoxidation and skin metabolism. Geranial and neral, the two isomers of citral, are the major haptens formed in both of these activation pathways. /The objective of the study was/ to investigate whether testing with oxidized geraniol detects more cases of contact allergy than testing with pure geraniol. The pattern of reactions to pure and oxidized geraniol, and metabolites/autoxidation products, was studied to investigate the importance of autoxidation or cutaneous metabolism in contact allergy to geraniol. Pure and oxidized geraniol were tested at 2.0% petrolatum in 2227 and 2179 consecutive patients, respectively. In parallel, geranial, neral and citral were tested in 2152, 1626 and 1055 consecutive patients, respectively. Pure and oxidized geraniol gave positive patch test reactions in 0.13% and 0.55% of the patients, respectively. Eight of 11 patients with positive patch test reactions to oxidized geraniol also reacted to citral or its components. Relevance for the positive patch test reactions in relation to the patients' dermatitis was found in 11 of 14 cases. Testing with oxidized geraniol could detect more cases of contact allergy to geraniol. The reaction pattern of the 14 cases presented indicates that both autoxidation and metabolism could be important in sensitization to geraniol.
Hagvall L et al; Contact Dermatitis 67 (1): 20-7 (2012)
/CASE REPORTS/ A 32-year-old female patient working in a company for baking ingredients, who had been handling grated lemon peel and lemon oil (oleum citri) for several years, developed allergic contact dermatitis of the fingers of both her hands. By means of thin-layer chromatography, /the authors/ identified geraniol in both lemon peel and lemon oil and proved it to be the only source of the allergic reaction.
Hausen BM and Kulenkamp D; Z Hautkr 65 (5): 492-4 (1990)
/CASE REPORTS/ A bartender with hand dermatitis had allergic contact sensitivity to the skin of lemon, lime, and orange but not to their juices. Although most reported cases of citrus peel allergy are due to d-limonene, for our patient, reactions to patch tests for geraniol and citral, two minor components of citrus peel oil, were positive, whereas those for d-limonene were negative ...
Cardullo AC et al; J Am Acad Dermatol 21 (2 Pt 2): 395-7 (1989)
For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for GERANIOL (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

14.1.9 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Hyperlipidemia is a major, modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. In the present study, we have focused on the effect of different doses of geraniol (GOH) on the lipid profile and lipid metabolizing enzymes in atherogenic diet (AD) fed hamsters. Male Syrian hamsters were grouped into seven: group 1 were control animals; group 2 were animals fed GOH alone (200 mg/kg b.w); group 3 were animals fed AD (10 % coconut oil, 0.25% cholesterol, and 0.25% cholic acid); group 4 were animals fed AD + corn oil (2.5 ml/kg b.w); and groups 5, 6, and 7 were fed AD as in group 3 + different doses of GOH (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg b.w), respectively, for 12 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and various assays were performed in the plasma and tissues. The AD hamsters showed marked changes in lipid profile and lipid metabolizing enzymes. However, supplementation with GOH counteracted the hyperlipidemia by inhibiting HMG CoA reductase and suppressing lipogenesis. The antihyperlipidemic efficacy of GOH was found to be effective at the dose of 100 mg/kg b.w. This study illustrates that GOH is effective in lowering the risk of hyperlipidemia in AD fed hamsters.
Jayachandran M et al; Mol Cell Biochem 398 (1-2): 39-53 (2015)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ The effects of the inhalation of Cymbopogon martinii essential oil (EO) and geraniol on Wistar rats were evaluated for biochemical parameters and hepatic oxidative stress. Wistar rats were divided into three groups (n = 8): G1 was control group, treated with saline solution; G2 received geraniol; and G3 received C. martinii EO by inhalation during 30 days. No significant differences were observed in glycemia and triacylglycerol levels; G2 and G3 decreased (P < 0.05) total cholesterol level. There were no differences in serum protein, urea, aspartate aminotransferase activity, and total hepatic protein. Creatinine levels increased in G2 but decreased in G3. Alanine aminotransferase activity and lipid hydroperoxide were higher in G2 than in G3. Catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were higher in G3. C. martinii EO and geraniol increased glutathione peroxidase. Oxidative stress caused by geraniol may have triggered some degree of hepatic toxicity, as verified by the increase in serum creatinine and alanine aminotransferase. Therefore, the beneficial effects of EO on oxidative stress can prevent the toxicity in the liver. This proves possible interactions between geraniol and numerous chemical compounds present in C. martinii EO.
Andrade BF et al; Biochem Res Int 2014: 493183 doi: 10.1155/2014/493183 (2014) Epub 2014 Dec 9
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Groups of five male and five female weanling Osborne-Mendel rats were given diet containing geraniol extra, a mixture of 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienol and 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadienol, at a concentration of 10,000 mg/kg of diet, calculated to provide an average daily intake of 500 mg/kg bw, for 16 weeks. In a second study, the same strain and number of animals were given diet containing geraniol extra at a concentration of 1000 mg/kg of diet, calculated to provide an average daily intake of 50 mg/kg bw, for 27-28 weeks. A control group of 10 male and 10 female rats was used in each study. Body weight, food intake and general condition were recorded weekly. Hematological examinations made at the termination of the studies included measurements of leukocyte and erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin and erythrocyte volume fraction. At necropsy, all animals were examined macroscopically and liver, kidneys, heart, spleen, and testes were weighed. For three to four rats of each sex per group, these organs along with abdominal and thoracic viscera and bone, bone marrow, and muscle from one hind leg were preserved and subjected to histopathological examination. In both studies, no treatment-related effects on growth, hematological parameters or organ weights, or on macroscopic or microscopic changes in the tissues were observed. The NOELs for geraniol were 500 and 50 mg/kg bw per day in the first and second study, respectively, the highest doses tested. /Geraniol extra/
FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives; WHO Food Additives Series 52: Aliphatic branched-chain saturated and unsaturated alcohols, aldehydes, acids, and related esters (2004). Available from, as of April 29, 2016: https://www.inchem.org/pages/jecfa.html
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Chemopreventive activities of farnesol (FOH) and geraniol (GOH) were evaluated during the initial phases of hepatocarcinogenesis. Rats received during eight consecutive weeks 25 mg/100 g body weight FOH (FOH group) or GOH (GOH group), or only corn oil (CO group, controls). Incidence (%) and mean number of visible hepatocyte nodules/animal were inhibited in FOH group (13% and 4 +/- 1; p<0.05), but not in GOH group (42% and 18 +/- 17, p>0.05), compared to CO group (100% and 42 +/- 17). Mean area (sq mm) and % liver section area occupied by total hepatic placental glutathione S-transferase positive preneoplastic lesions (PNLs) were reduced in FOH group (0.09 +/- 0.06; 2.8 +/- 1.3; p<0.05) compared to CO group (0.18 +/- 0.12; 10.0 +/- 2.8), while in GOH group only the mean area of these PNL was reduced (0.11 +/- 0.09; p<0.05), but not the % liver section area occupied by them (5.1 +/- 1.1; p>0.05). Compared to CO group, FOH and GOH groups showed reduced (p<0.05) PNL cell proliferation and DNA damage, but only GOH group showed increased PNL apoptosis (p<0.05). FOH group, but not GOH group, presented reduced (p<0.05) total plasma cholesterol levels and increased (p<0.05) hepatic levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMGCoA) reductase mRNA, compared to CO group. No differences (p>0.05) were observed between CO, FOH and GOH regarding hepatic levels of farnesoid X activated receptor (FXR) protein. Results indicate that FOH and GOH could represent promising chemopreventive agents against hepatocarcinogenesis. Inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA damage relate to both isoprenoids' anticarcinogenic actions while induction of apoptosis specifically relates to GOH protective actions. Inhibition of HMGCoA reductase activity could be associated with FOH, but not GOH anticarcinogenic actions. FXR does not seem to be involved in the isoprenoids' chemopreventive activities.
Ong TP et al; Carcinogenesis 27 (6): 1194-203 (2006)
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for GERANIOL (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

14.1.10 Non-Human Toxicity Values

LD50 Mouse im 4000 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 1449
LD50 Mouse sc 1090 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 1449
LD50 Rat oral 3600 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 1449

14.1.11 Ongoing Test Status

EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of July 7, 2016: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

14.2 Ecological Information

14.2.1 Ecotoxicity Values

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Conditions: static; Concentration: 35 mg/L for 24 hr
EPA/Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; High Production Volume (HPV) Information System. Available from, as of January 29, 2007: https://iaspub.epa.gov/oppthpv/quicksearch.display?pChem=100165
LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Conditions: static; Concentration: 8.98 mg/L for 48 hr
EPA/Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program's Robust Summaries and Test Plans. Available from the Database Query page on Terpenoid Primary Alcohols and Related Esters as of January 29, 2007. https://www.epa.gov/hpv/pubs/hpvrstp.htm
LC50; Species: Danio rerio (Zebrafish); Conditions: semi-static; Concentration: 14.0 mg/L for 96 hr
EPA/Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program's Robust Summaries and Test Plans. Available from the Database Query page on Terpenoid Primary Alcohols and Related Esters as of January 29, 2007. https://www.epa.gov/hpv/pubs/hpvrstp.htm
LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) fingerling; Conditions: freshwater, static, 12 °C, pH 7.5, hardness 44 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 3700 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 3300-4100 ug/L) /75% pure technical material/
Mayer FLJr, Ellersieck MR; USDOI Fish Wildl Serv, Resour Publ No.160: 505 (USGS Data File) (1986) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available from, as of July 13, 2016
For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for GERANIOL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

14.2.2 Ecotoxicity Excerpts

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ Essential oil constituents were tested for their neurophysiological effects in Periplaneta americana /cockroach/ and Blaberus discoidalis /cockroach/. ... Geraniol and citral had similar depressive effects but increased spontaneous firing at lower doses (threshold 2.5 x 10-4 M). Similar effects occurred in dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurons, recorded intracellularly in the isolated terminal abdominal ganglion of P. americana. Spontaneous firing was progressively reduced by increasing concentrations of eugenol, whereas geraniol and citral produced biphasic effects (excitation at 10-4 M, depression at 2 x 10-3 M). All three oils decreased excitability of silent DUM neurons that were depolarised by applied current ... All oils reduced spike undershoot. Low doses of citral and geraniol (threshold ca. 10-4 M) reversibly increased the frequency of spontaneous foregut contractions and abolished them at 2 x 10-3 M (together with response to electrical stimulation). ...
Price DN and Berry MS; J Insect Physiol 52 (3): 309-19 (2006)
/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ The oribatid mite Oppia nitens has been suggested as a test species for ecotoxicological assessment of contaminated boreal soils. Knowledge of the ecotoxicity of pollutants of different modes of action to this species is necessary to assess its relative sensitivity in comparison with other invertebrates. The toxicity of four metals and two organic chemicals to O. nitens was evaluated over a 28- or 35-day period. Mite survival, reproduction, and tissue accumulation were assessed at the end of the test. Reproduction was a more sensitive endpoint than survival for all of the compounds except geraniol. The reproduction median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values ...for benzo[a]pyrene and geraniol were greater than 1,600 and 283 mg/kg. The median lethal concentration (LC50) values ...for benzo[a]pyrene and geraniol were greater than 1,600 and 251 mg/kg. ...
Owojori OJ, Siciliano SD; Environ Toxicol Chem 31 (7): 1639-48-(2012)

14.2.3 Environmental Fate / Exposure Summary

Geraniol's production and use as a fragrance and flavoring substance may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as an active ingredient in pesticides and as an insect attractant, will result in its direct release to the environment. Geraniol is a plant volatile constituent from various flowers and fruits. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 3.0X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates geraniol will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase geraniol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2 hours. Geraniol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, geraniol is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 90. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.15X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. Geraniol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 53% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 3 weeks and utilizing the Manometric Respirometry test 98% degradation was achieved in 4 weeks, indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, geraniol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 days and 34 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 100 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to geraniol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where geraniol is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to geraniol via inhalation through use of consumer products, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with and inhalation of consumer products containing geraniol.(SRC)

14.2.4 Natural Pollution Sources

Geraniol is a plant volatile constituent from various flowers(1,8) and fruits(2-7). Geraniol occurs in nearly all terpene-containing essential oils(9). Palmarosa oil contains 70-85% geraniol; geranium oils and rose oils also contain large quantities(9). Geraniol is a constituent in numerous plants in parts such as the flower, seed, bulb, essential oil, fruit, leaf, and shoot(10).
(1) Schlotzhauer WS et al; J Agric Food Chem 44: 206-9 (1996)
(2) Chung TY et al; J Agric Food Chem 41: 1693-97 (1993)
(3) Binder RG et al; J Agric Food Chem 37: 734-6 (1989)
(4) Gomez E et al; J Agric Food Chem 41: 1669-7 (1993)
(5) Nishimura O; J Agric Food Chem 43: 2941-5 (1995)
(6) Takeoka GR et al; J Agric Food Chem 36: 553-60 (1988)
(7) Takeoka GR et al; J Agric Food Chem 39: 1848-51 (1991)
(8) Tatsuka K et al; J Agric Food Chem 38: 2176-80 (1990)
(9) Panten J, Surburg H; Flavors and Fragrances, 2. Alphatic compounds. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 7th ed. (1999-2016). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: November 26, 2015.
(10) US Dept Agric; US Dept Agric, Agric Res Service. 1992-2016. Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. Geraniol. Available from, as of June 13, 2016: https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/search
The presence of geraniol in nature has been reported in more than 160 essential oils: ginger grass, lemongrass, Ceylon and Java citronella, tuberose, oak musk, orris, champaea, ylang-ylang, mace, nutmeg, sassafras, Cayenne Bois-de-Rose, Acacia farnesiana, geramium clary sage, spike, lavandin, lavender, jasmine, coriander, carrot, myrrh, eucalyptus, lime, mandarin petigrain, bergamot eteigrain, bergamot, lemon, orange and others. The essential oils of palmarosa and Cymbopogon winterianus contain the highest levels of geraniol (apprx. 80 to 95%). Also reported in...apple juice, citrus peel oils and juices, bilberry, cranberry, other berries, guava, papaya, cinnamon, ginger, corn mint oil, mustard, nutmeg, mace, milk, coffee, tea, whiskey, honey, passion friut, plums, mushrooms, mango, starfruit, cardamo, coriander leaf and seeds, litchi, Ocimum basilicum, myrtle leaf, rosemary, clary sage, Spanish sage and chamomile oil(1).
(1) Burdock GA, ed; Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients. 6th ed., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press p. 734 (2010)

14.2.5 Artificial Pollution Sources

Geraniol's production and use in perfumery(1-3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as an active ingredient in pesticides(4) and as an insect attractant(2) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).
(1) Larranaga MD et al, eds; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th ed., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 665 (2016)
(2) O'Neil MJ, ed; The Merck Index. 15th ed. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 813 (2013)
(3) Panten J, Surburg H; Flavors and Fragrances, 2. Alphatic compounds. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 7th ed. (1999-2016). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: November 26, 2015.
(4) National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's USEPA/OPP Chemical Ingredients Database on Geraniol (106-24-1). Available from, as of June 2, 2016: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/

14.2.6 Environmental Fate

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 90(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that geraniol is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of geraniol from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.15X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(2) based upon its vapor pressure, 3.0X10-2 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 100 mg/L(4). Geraniol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its estimated vapor pressure(3). A 53% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(4), and 98% degradation in the Manometric Respirometry test(5) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of June 2, 2016: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools
(3) Perry RH, Green D; Perry's Chemical Handbook. Physical and Chemical data. 6th ed., New York, NY: McGraw-Hill (1984)
(4) Chem Inspect Test Inst; Biodegradation and Bioaccumulation Data of Existing Chemicals Based on the CSCL Japan; Published by Japan Chemical Industry Ecology-Toxicology & Information Center. ISBN 4-89074-101-1 (1992)
(5) ECHA; Search for Chemicals. Geraniol (106-24-1) Registered Substances Dossier. European Chemical Agency. Available from, as of June 2, 2016: https://echa.europa.eu/
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 90(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that geraniol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.15X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(2) derived from its vapor pressure, 3.0X10-2 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 100 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(2), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 days and 34 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 100(SRC), derived from its log Kow of 3.56(7) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). A 53% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(5), and 98% degradation in the Manometric Respirometry test(8) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of June 2, 2016: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(4) Perry RH, Green D; Perry's Chemical Handbook. Physical and Chemical data. 6th ed., New York, NY: McGraw-Hill (1984)
(5) Chem Inspect Test Inst; Biodegradation and Bioaccumulation Data of Existing Chemicals Based on the CSCL Japan; Published by Japan Chemical Industry Ecology-Toxicology & Information Center. ISBN 4-89074-101-1 (1992)
(6) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
(7) Griffin S et al; J Chromatog 864: 221-8 (1999)
(8) ECHA; Search for Chemicals. Geraniol (106-24-1) Registered Substances Dossier. European Chemical Agency. Available from, as of June 2, 2016: https://echa.europa.eu/
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), geraniol, which has a vapor pressure of 3.0X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase geraniol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.8x10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Geraniol absorbs UV at wavelengths of 190-195 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988)
(2) Perry RH, Green D; Perry's Chemical Handbook. Physical and Chemical data. 6th ed., New York, NY: McGraw-Hill (1984)
(3) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of June 2, 2016: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools
(4) O'Neil MJ, ed; The Merck Index. 15th ed. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 813 (2013)

14.2.7 Environmental Biodegradation

AEROBIC: Geraniol, present at 100 mg/L, reached 94% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Manometric Respirometry test OECD Guideline 301F(1). Geraniol, present at 100 mg/L, reached 53% of its theoretical BOD in 3 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(2).
(1) ECHA; Search for Chemicals. Geraniol (106-24-1) Registered Substances Dossier. European Chemical Agency. Available from, as of June 2, 2016: https://echa.europa.eu/
(2) NITE; Chemical Risk Information Platform (CHRIP). Biodegradation and Bioconcentration. Tokyo, Japan: Natl Inst Tech Eval. Available from, as of June 2, 2016: https://www.safe.nite.go.jp/english/db.html
ANAEROBIC: Geraniol, present at 50 ppm carbon, generated 30-75% theoretical methane when incubated for 56 days using a 10% digester sludge(1).
(1) Shelton DR, Tiedje JM; Appl Environ Microbiol 47: 850-7 (1984)

14.2.8 Environmental Abiotic Degradation

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of geraniol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.8x10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). Geraniol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Geraniol absorbs UV at wavelengths of 190-195 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight since sunlight consists of wavelengths above 290 nm(SRC).
(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993)
(2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of June 2, 2016: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5, 8-12 (1990)
(4) O'Neil MJ, ed; The Merck Index. 15th ed. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 813 (2013)

14.2.9 Environmental Bioconcentration

An estimated BCF of 100 was calculated in fish for geraniol(SRC), using a log Kow of 3.56(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC).
(1) Griffin S et al; J Chromatog 864: 221-8 (1999)
(2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of June 2, 2016: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools
(3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)

14.2.10 Soil Adsorption / Mobility

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of geraniol can be estimated to be 90(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that geraniol is expected to have high mobility in soil.
(1) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of June 2, 2016: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools
(2) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)

14.2.11 Volatilization from Water / Soil

The Henry's Law constant for geraniol is estimated as 1.15X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 3.0X10-2 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 100 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that geraniol is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 3 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 34 days(SRC). Geraniol's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Geraniol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).
(1) Perry RH, Green D; Perry's Chemical Handbook. Physical and Chemical data. 6th ed., New York, NY: McGraw-Hill (1984)
(2) Chem Inspect Test Inst; Biodegradation and Bioaccumulation Data of Existing Chemicals Based on the CSCL Japan; Published by Japan Chemical Industry Ecology-Toxicology & Information Center. ISBN 4-89074-101-1 (1992)
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)

14.2.12 Food Survey Values

Geraniol was identified as a volatile component of edible Korean chamchwi (Aster scaber Thunb.), at a GC peak area concentration of 0.32%(1). It was also identified as a volatile component of pineapple guava (Feihoa sellowiana Berg) fruit, 0.20 ug/g(2). Geraniol is a volatile from apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) at concentrations of 102, 9, and 7 ug/kg fresh fruit tissue but was not identified as a plum (Prunus salisina Lindl.) volatile; it was detected in the apricot/plum hybrids at concentrations ranging from 5 to 12 ug/kg(3). Fresh rhizomes of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) emit geraniol volatile(4). It has been identified as a volatile from nectarines (Prunus persica nectarina)(5), pineapples(6), and kiwi fruit flowers (Actinnidia chinensis Planch.)(7).
(1) Chung TY et al; J Agric Food Chem 41: 1693-97 (1993)
(2) Binder RG et al; J Agric Food Chem 37: 734-6 (1989)
(3) Gomez E et al; J Agric Food Chem 41: 1669-7 (1993)
(4) Nishimura O; J Agric Food Chem 43: 2941-5 (1995)
(5) Takeoka GR et al; J Agric Food Chem 36: 553-60 (1988)
(6) Takeoka GR et al; J Agric Food Chem 39: 1848-51 (1991)
(7) Tatsuka K et al; J Agric Food Chem 38: 2176-80 (1990)
Geraniol has been detected, not quantified in apple juice, citrus peel oils and juices, bilberry, cranberry, other berries, guava, papaya, cinnamon, ginger, corn mint oil, mustard, nutmeg, mace, coffee, tea, whiskey, honey, passion friut, plums, mushrooms, mango, starfruit, cardamo, coriander leaf and seeds, litchi, Ocimum basilicum, myrtle leaf, rosemary, clary sage, Spanish sage and chamomile oil(1).
(1) Burdock GA, ed; Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients. 6th ed., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press p. 734 (2010)

14.2.13 Plant Concentrations

Geraniol (trans) is a plant volatile constituent from the flowers of Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) at amounts of 107 ug/kg, 48 ug/kg, and trace in freshly opened, 12 hr, and 24 hr flowers, respectively(1).
(1) Schlotzhauer WS et al; J Agric Food Chem 44: 206-9 (1996)
Geraniol has been reported to occur in over 200 plants. The top 10 with the highest concentrations are as follows(1):
Genus species
Nepta cataria
Family
Lamiaceae
Common name(s)
Catnip
Part
Essential Oil
Concn (ppm)
255000
Genus species
Camellia sinensis
Family
Theaceae
Common name(s)
Tea
Part
Leaf Essential Oil
Concn (ppm)
254600
Genus species
Vitis vinifera
Family
Vitaceae
Common name(s)
Weinrebe; Vid; Wine Grape; Parra; Grape; Grapevine; European Grape
Part
Leaf Essential Oil
Concn (ppm)
145200
Genus species
Myristica fragrans
Family
Myristicaceae
Common name(s)
nuez moscada; nutmeg; mace; nogal moscado; Muskatnussbaum
Part
Seed Essential Oil
Concn (ppm)
119000
Genus species
Ocimum basilicum
Family
Lamiaceae
Common name(s)
Sweet basil; Cuban basil; Basil
Part
Essential Oil
Concn (ppm)
100000
Genus species
Coriandrum sativum
Family
Apiaceae
Common name(s)
Chinese Parsley; Coriander; Cilantro
Part
Seed Essential Oil
Concn (ppm)
69700
Genus species
Citrus limon
Family
Rutaceae
Common name(s)
Lemon
Part
Leaf Essential Oil
Concn (ppm)
60200
Genus species
Monarda fitulosa
Family
Lamiaceae
Common name(s)
Wild Bergamot
Part
Plant
Concn (ppm)
29450
Genus species
Ocimum gratissimum
Family
Lamiaceae
Common name(s)
Agbo; Shrubby Basil
Part
Flower; Leaf
Concn (ppm)
14245; 13455
Genus species
Juglans nigra
Family
Juglandaceae
Common name(s)
Black walnut
Part
Essential Oil
Concn (ppm)
13000
(1) US Dept Agric; US Dept Agric, Agric Res Service. 1992-2016. Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. Geraniol. Available from, as of June 13, 2016: https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/search

14.2.14 Other Environmental Concentrations

Geraniol has been detected, not quantified in milk(1). Geraniol was reported in tobacco smoke, however inspection of the IR spectrum of the isolated chemical confirmed that it was not geraniol but a different substance(2).
(1) Burdock GA, ed; Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients. 6th ed., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press p. 734 (2010)
(2) Rodgman A, Perfetti TA; The Chemical Components of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke, 2nd ed., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group), p. 1119 (2013)

14.2.15 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 6 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of geraniol in the United States may be as low as <10 workers and as high as 99 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).
(1) US EPA; Chemical Data Reporting (CDR). Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting information on chemical production and use in the United States. Available from, as of Jun 3, 2016: https://www.epa.gov/chemical-data-reporting
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 192,214 workers (104,351 of these are female) are potentially exposed to geraniol in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to geraniol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where geraniol is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to geraniol via inhalation through use of consumer products, ingestion of food, and dermal contact with this consumer products containing geraniol(SRC).
(1) NIOSH; NOES. National Occupational Exposure Survey conducted from 1981-1983. Estimated numbers of employees potentially exposed to specific agents by 2-digit standard industrial classification (SIC). Available from, as of Feb 9, 2007: https://www.cdc.gov/noes/

15 Associated Disorders and Diseases

Associated Occupational Diseases with Exposure to the Compound

Solvents, acute toxic effect [Category: Acute Poisoning]

Contact dermatitis, allergic [Category: Skin Disease]

16 Literature

16.1 Consolidated References

16.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

16.3 Springer Nature References

16.4 Thieme References

16.5 Wiley References

16.6 Nature Journal References

16.7 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

16.8 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

16.9 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

17 Patents

17.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

17.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

17.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

17.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

17.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

18 Interactions and Pathways

18.1 Protein Bound 3D Structures

18.1.1 Ligands from Protein Bound 3D Structures

PDBe Ligand Code
PDBe Structure Code
PDBe Conformer

18.2 Chemical-Target Interactions

18.3 Pathways

19 Biological Test Results

19.1 BioAssay Results

20 Taxonomy

The LOTUS Initiative for Open Natural Products Research: frozen dataset union wikidata (with metadata) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.5794106
S29 | PHYTOTOXINS | Toxic Plant Phytotoxin (TPPT) Database | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2652993

21 Classification

21.1 MeSH Tree

21.2 NCI Thesaurus Tree

21.3 ChEBI Ontology

21.4 LIPID MAPS Classification

21.5 KEGG: Lipid

21.6 KEGG: Phytochemical Compounds

21.7 FDA Pharm Classes

21.8 ChemIDplus

21.9 CAMEO Chemicals

21.10 IUPHAR / BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY Target Classification

21.11 ChEMBL Target Tree

21.12 UN GHS Classification

21.13 EPA CPDat Classification

21.14 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

21.15 EPA DSSTox Classification

21.16 The Natural Products Atlas Classification

21.17 Consumer Product Information Database Classification

21.18 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

21.19 LOTUS Tree

21.20 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

22 Information Sources

  1. Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS)
  2. CAMEO Chemicals
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    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/help/reference/terms_and_conditions.htm?d_f=false
    CAMEO Chemical Reactivity Classification
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
  3. CAS Common Chemistry
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    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
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    https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=68311-14-8
  4. ChemIDplus
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    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
  5. DrugBank
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    2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (2E)-
    https://www.epa.gov/chemical-data-reporting
  8. EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
    2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (2E)-
    https://www.epa.gov/chemicals-under-tsca
    EPA TSCA Classification
    https://www.epa.gov/tsca-inventory
  9. EPA DSSTox
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
  10. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
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    https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/legal-notice
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  12. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  13. Human Metabolome Database (HMDB)
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    http://www.hmdb.ca/citing
  14. International Fragrance Association (IFRA)
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  15. New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
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    https://www.epa.govt.nz/about-this-site/general-copyright-statement/
  16. California Safe Cosmetics Program (CSCP) Product Database
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    https://cscpsearch.cdph.ca.gov/search/detailresult/1444
  17. EU Pesticides Database
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    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
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  24. LOTUS - the natural products occurrence database
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  25. NCI Thesaurus (NCIt)
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    http://www.dgidb.org/downloads
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    https://www.dgidb.org/drugs/iuphar.ligand:12467
  31. IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY
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    https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/targets.jsp
  32. Therapeutic Target Database (TTD)
  33. DailyMed
  34. EPA Chemical and Products Database (CPDat)
  35. EU Food Improvement Agents
  36. USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center
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    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2008/1272/oj
  40. FDA Substances Added to Food
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  41. Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA)
  42. FooDB
    LICENSE
    FooDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (FooDB) and the original publication.
    https://foodb.ca/about
  43. NMRShiftDB
  44. MassBank of North America (MoNA)
    LICENSE
    The content of the MoNA database is licensed under CC BY 4.0.
    https://mona.fiehnlab.ucdavis.edu/documentation/license
  45. NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
    LICENSE
    Data covered by the Standard Reference Data Act of 1968 as amended.
    https://www.nist.gov/srd/public-law
  46. SpectraBase
    3,7-DIMETHYL-2,6-OCTADIEN-1-OL
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/10A3rdgOGgb
    trans-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/D2Q5dRkX8Dr
    trans-3,7-DIMETHYL-2,6-OCTADIEN-1-OL
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/2F3mnnZUY80
    2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-,(E)-
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/JspYc8IKj60
    2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-,(E)-
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/LtW53yC78hT
  47. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
  48. KEGG
    LICENSE
    Academic users may freely use the KEGG website. Non-academic use of KEGG generally requires a commercial license
    https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/legal.html
  49. KNApSAcK Species-Metabolite Database
  50. Natural Product Activity and Species Source (NPASS)
  51. LIPID MAPS
    Lipid Classification
    https://www.lipidmaps.org/
  52. Metabolomics Workbench
  53. National Drug Code (NDC) Directory
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  54. Nature Chemical Biology
  55. Nature Chemistry
  56. NIPH Clinical Trials Search of Japan
  57. NLM RxNorm Terminology
    LICENSE
    The RxNorm Terminology is created by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and is in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from NLM. Credit to the U.S. National Library of Medicine as the source is appreciated but not required. The full RxNorm dataset requires a free license.
    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/rxnorm/docs/termsofservice.html
  58. Pharos
    LICENSE
    Data accessed from Pharos and TCRD is publicly available from the primary sources listed above. Please respect their individual licenses regarding proper use and redistribution.
    https://pharos.nih.gov/about
  59. Protein Data Bank in Europe (PDBe)
  60. RCSB Protein Data Bank (RCSB PDB)
    LICENSE
    Data files contained in the PDB archive (ftp://ftp.wwpdb.org) are free of all copyright restrictions and made fully and freely available for both non-commercial and commercial use. Users of the data should attribute the original authors of that structural data.
    https://www.rcsb.org/pages/policies
  61. Rhea - Annotated Reactions Database
    LICENSE
    Rhea has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This means that you are free to copy, distribute, display and make commercial use of the database in all legislations, provided you credit (cite) Rhea.
    https://www.rhea-db.org/help/license-disclaimer
  62. Springer Nature
  63. SpringerMaterials
  64. Thieme Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The Thieme Chemistry contribution within PubChem is provided under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
  65. Wikidata
  66. Wikipedia
  67. Wiley
  68. PubChem
  69. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
    LICENSE
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    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
  70. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  71. The Natural Products Atlas
    LICENSE
    The Natural Products Atlas is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
    https://www.npatlas.org/terms
    The Natural Products Atlas Classification
    https://www.npatlas.org/
  72. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  73. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
CONTENTS