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Disodium Pyrophosphate

PubChem CID
24451
Structure
Disodium Pyrophosphate_small.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • 7758-16-9
  • Disodium diphosphate
  • Sodium acid pyrophosphate
  • Disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate
  • DISODIUM PYROPHOSPHATE
Molecular Weight
221.94 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-08-08
  • Modify:
    2025-01-11
Description
SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE is a small molecule drug with a maximum clinical trial phase of II and has 1 investigational indication.
See also: Sodium Polymetaphosphate (annotation moved to).

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Disodium Pyrophosphate.png

1.2 3D Status

Conformer generation is disallowed since MMFF94s unsupported element, mixture or salt

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

disodium;[hydroxy(oxido)phosphoryl] hydrogen phosphate
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/2Na.H4O7P2/c;;1-8(2,3)7-9(4,5)6/h;;(H2,1,2,3)(H2,4,5,6)/q2*+1;/p-2
Computed by InChI 1.07.0 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)

2.1.3 InChIKey

GYQBBRRVRKFJRG-UHFFFAOYSA-L
Computed by InChI 1.07.0 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)

2.1.4 SMILES

OP(=O)([O-])OP(=O)(O)[O-].[Na+].[Na+]
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

Na2H2P2O7
H2Na2O7P2
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

7758-16-9
68915-31-1

2.3.3 Deprecated CAS

10101-84-5
197527-53-0, 197527-54-1, 197527-56-3, 37244-93-2, 37271-21-9, 53025-55-1, 58250-16-1, 79176-85-5, 8047-81-2, 83221-80-1, 83221-81-2

2.3.4 European Community (EC) Number

231-835-0

2.3.5 UNII

2.3.6 ChEMBL ID

2.3.7 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.8 HMDB ID

2.3.9 RXCUI

2.3.10 Wikidata

2.3.11 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

  • anhydrous sodium pyrophosphate
  • disodium pyrophosphate
  • sodium diphosphate
  • sodium pyrophosphate
  • tetrasodium pyrophosphate
  • tetrasodium pyrophosphate, 32P2-labeled cpd
  • tetrasodium pyrophosphate, decahydrate
  • trisodium pyrophosphate

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
221.94 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
2
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
7
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
2
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
221.90711496 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
221.90711496 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
130 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
11
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
143
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
3
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Dry Powder; Liquid; Other Solid; Pellets or Large Crystals
White powder or grains
White solid; [Merck Index] White odorless powder; [MSDSonline]

3.2.2 Color / Form

White crystalline powder
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 1067

3.2.3 Solubility

Soluble in water
Sol in water
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1470

3.2.4 Density

Density: 1.86 /Hexahydrate/
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1470

3.2.5 Decomposition

WHEN HEATED TO DECOMPISITION IT EMITS TOXIC FUMES OF PHOSPHORUS OXIDES AND Na2O.
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 1246

3.2.6 pH

Between 3,7 and 5,0 (1 % solution)

3.2.7 Other Experimental Properties

Decomp @ 220 °C; water soln having acid reaction
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1470
MONOCLINIC CRYSTALS; SOLUBILITY IN WATER @ 0 °C: 6.9 G/100 CC; SOLUBILITY IN WATER @ 40 °C: 35 G/100 CC; INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.4599, 1.4645, 1.4649 /HEXAHYDRATE/
Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. B-128

3.3 Chemical Classes

Other Uses -> Food Additives

3.3.1 Cosmetics

Cosmetic ingredients (Disodium Pyrophosphate) -> CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review)
Chelating; Buffering
S13 | EUCOSMETICS | Combined Inventory of Ingredients Employed in Cosmetic Products (2000) and Revised Inventory (2006) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2624118

3.3.2 Food Additives

COLOR OR COLORING ADJUNCT, DOUGH STRENGTHENER, EMULSIFIER OR EMULSIFIER SALT, FLAVORING AGENT OR ADJUVANT, FLOUR TREATING AGENT, FORMULATION AID, LEAVENING AGENT, OXIDIZING OR REDUCING AGENT, SEQUESTRANT -> FDA Substance added to food

4 Spectral Information

4.1 IR Spectra

4.1.1 FTIR Spectra

Technique
SPLIT MULL
Source of Sample
Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.2 Raman Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Bio-Rad FTS 175C with Raman accessory
Technique
FT-Raman
Source of Sample
Fluka Chemie AG, Buchs, Switzerland
Catalog Number
71499
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Instrument Name
Bio-Rad FTS 175C with Raman accessory
Technique
FT-Raman
Source of Sample
Fluka Chemie AG, Buchs, Switzerland
Catalog Number
71499
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

6 Chemical Vendors

7 Drug and Medication Information

7.1 Drug Indication

7.2 Clinical Trials

7.2.1 ClinicalTrials.gov

8 Food Additives and Ingredients

8.1 Food Additive Classes

JECFA Functional Classes
Food Additives -> ACIDITY_REGULATOR; RAISING_AGENT; SEQUESTRANT;

8.2 FDA Substances Added to Food

Used for (Technical Effect)
COLOR OR COLORING ADJUNCT, DOUGH STRENGTHENER, EMULSIFIER OR EMULSIFIER SALT, FLAVORING AGENT OR ADJUVANT, FLOUR TREATING AGENT, FORMULATION AID, LEAVENING AGENT, OXIDIZING OR REDUCING AGENT, SEQUESTRANT

8.3 Evaluations of the Joint FAO / WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives - JECFA

Chemical Name
DISODIUM DIHYDROGEN DIPHOSPHATE
Evaluation Year
1982
Comments
Group MTDI for phosphorus from all sources, expressed as P
Tox Monograph

9 Use and Manufacturing

9.1 Uses

Cosmetic Ingredient Review Link
CIR ingredient: Disodium Pyrophosphate
EPA CPDat Chemical and Product Categories
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
Sources/Uses
Used in baking powders and as food acidulant; Hexahydrate: Used in electroplating, metal cleaning and phosphatizing, and drilling muds; [HSDB]
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure

Acid and Alkali Cleaning of Metals [Category: Clean]

Electroplating [Category: Plate]

Petroleum Production and Refining [Category: Industry]

FOOD ACIDULANT
Furia, T.E. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Food Additives. 2nd ed. Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1972., p. 627
Electroplating; metal cleaning & phosphatizing; drilling muds buffer; sesquestrent peptizing agent in cheese & meat products; frozen desserts /Hexahydrate/
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 1067
Chiefly in baking powders.
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1470

9.1.1 Use Classification

EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes -> Oxidants and Oxidant Stabilizers
Safer Chemical Classes -> Yellow triangle Yellow triangle - The chemical has met Safer Choice Criteria for its functional ingredient-class, but has some hazard profile issues
Food additives
Food Additives -> ACIDITY_REGULATOR; RAISING_AGENT; SEQUESTRANT; -> JECFA Functional Classes
Cosmetics -> Chelating; Buffering
S13 | EUCOSMETICS | Combined Inventory of Ingredients Employed in Cosmetic Products (2000) and Revised Inventory (2006) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2624118

9.1.2 Industry Uses

  • Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
  • Corrosion inhibitors and anti-scaling agents
  • Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
  • Corrosion inhibitor
  • Processing aids, not otherwise listed
  • Softener and conditioner

9.1.3 Consumer Uses

  • Softener and conditioner
  • Corrosion inhibitor

9.1.4 Household Products

Household & Commercial/Institutional Products

Information on 133 consumer products that contain Disodium pyrophosphate in the following categories is provided:

• Personal Care

9.2 Methods of Manufacturing

REACTION OF SODIUM CARBONATE WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID, FOLLOWED BY HEATING OF THE RESULTING MONOSODIUM PHOSPHATE TO 220 DEGREES C
SRI
Incomplete decomp of monobasic sodium phosphate. /Hexahydrate/
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 1067

9.3 Formulations / Preparations

GRADES: Technical; Food; FCC. /Hexahydrate/
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 1067

9.4 Consumption Patterns

52-56% AS A LEAVENING AGENT IN BAKING POWDERS & PREPARED MIXES (FOOD GRADE); 33-37% IN OIL WELL DRILLING MUDS (TECHNICAL GRADE); 7-11% IN DETERGENT BUILDERS & WATER TREATMENT(1973)
SRI

9.5 U.S. Production

Aggregated Product Volume

2019: 1,000,000 - <10,000,000 lb

2018: 1,000,000 - <10,000,000 lb

2017: 1,000,000 - <10,000,000 lb

2016: 1,000,000 - <10,000,000 lb

(1972) 2.48X10+10 GRAMS
SRI
(1975) 2.14X10+10 GRAMS
SRI

9.6 General Manufacturing Information

Industry Processing Sectors
  • Miscellaneous Manufacturing
  • Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing
  • All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing
  • Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing
  • Oil and Gas Drilling, Extraction, and Support activities
  • Primary Metal Manufacturing
  • Services
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
...SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE.../IS/ INGREDIENT OF BAKING POWDERS & OTHER LEAVENING MIXTURES.
Furia, T.E. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Food Additives. 2nd ed. Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1972., p. 246
MID /MEAT INSPECTION DIV/ LIMITATIONS: TO DECR AMT OF COOKED-OUT JUICES IN CURED HAMS, PORK SHOULDER PICNICS & LOINS, CANNED HAMS & PORK SHOULDER PICNICS, CHOPPED HAM, & BACON; 5.0% OF PHOSPHATE IN PICKLE @ 10% PUMP LEVEL; 0.5% OF PHOSPHATE IN PRODUCT (ONLY CLEAR SOLN MAY BE INJECTED INTO PRODUCT).
Furia, T.E. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Food Additives. 2nd ed. Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1972., p. 938

10 Safety and Hazards

10.1 Hazards Identification

10.1.1 GHS Classification

Note
Pictograms displayed are for 85% (402 of 473) of reports that indicate hazard statements. This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 15% (71 of 473) of reports.
Pictogram(s)
Irritant
Signal
Warning
GHS Hazard Statements

H302 (22.8%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H319 (83.9%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P317, P305+P351+P338, P330, P337+P317, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 473 reports by companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 71 of 473 reports by companies. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

There are 7 notifications provided by 402 of 473 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

10.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Acute Tox. 4 (22.8%)

Eye Irrit. 2 (83.9%)

10.1.3 EPA Safer Chemical

Chemical: Sodium acid pyrophosphate

Yellow triangle Yellow triangle - The chemical has met Safer Choice Criteria for its functional ingredient-class, but has some hazard profile issues. Specifically, a chemical with this code is not associated with a low level of hazard concern for all human health and environmental endpoints. (See Safer Choice Criteria). While it is a best-in-class chemical and among the safest available for a particular function, the function fulfilled by the chemical should be considered an area for safer chemistry innovation.

10.1.4 Hazards Summary

A skin, eye, and mucous membrane irritant; [SAX] Generally regarded as safe (GRAS) for use in foods; Ingestion of high doses may cause GI irritation; Absorption of sufficient phosphate can induce hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia and lead to cardiac arrest; Oral LD50 (mouse) = 2650 mg/kg; Intravenous LD50 (mouse) = 59 mg/kg; [HSDB] An eye and respiratory tract irritant; [MSDSonline]

10.1.5 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

An irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 1426

10.2 Accidental Release Measures

10.2.1 Disposal Methods

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

10.2.2 Preventive Measures

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

10.3 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

10.3.1 Acceptable Daily Intakes

FAO/WHO EXPERT COMMITTEE ON FOOD ADDITIVES...RECOMMENDED.../LEVELS/ FOR TOTAL DIETARY PHOSPHORUS...UNCONDITIONAL ACCEPTANCE LEVEL /OF LESS THAN 30 MG/KG BODY WT/ IS CONSIDERED SAFE IN ANY TYPE OF DIET...CONDITIONAL ACCEPTANCE LEVEL /OF 30-70 MG/KG BODY WT/ IS ACCEPTABLE ONLY WHEN DIETARY CALCIUM LEVEL IS HIGH /PHOSPHATES/
Furia, T.E. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Food Additives. 2nd ed. Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1972., p. 641

10.4 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: Diphosphoric acid, disodium salt
REACH Registered Substance
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Diphosphoric acid, disodium salt: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

10.4.1 FDA Requirements

Sodium acid pyrophosphate used as a general purpose food additive in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.
21 CFR 582.1087 (4/1/97)
Sodium acid pyrophosphate used as a multiple purpose GRAS food substance in food for human consumption is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice.
21 CFR 182.1087 (4/1/97)

10.5 Other Safety Information

Chemical Assessment

IMAP assessments - Diphosphoric acid, disodium salt: Human health tier I assessment

IMAP assessments - Diphosphoric acid, disodium salt: Environment tier I assessment

10.5.1 Special Reports

WHO; Diseases Caused by Phosphorus and Its Toxic Compounds; Early Detection of Occupational Diseases pg 53-62 (1986). Review of diseases and health related effects resulting from exposure to phosphorus or phosphorus cmpd.

11 Toxicity

11.1 Toxicological Information

11.1.1 EPA Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values

Chemical Substance
Reference Dose (RfD), Chronic
4.9 x 10^1 mg/kg-day
Reference Dose (RfD), Subchronic
4.9 x 10^1 mg/kg-day
PPRTV Assessment
Weight-Of-Evidence (WOE)
Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential
Last Revision
2011

11.1.2 Acute Effects

11.1.3 Non-Human Toxicity Values

LD50 Mouse oral 2650 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 1426
LD50 Mouse sc 480 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 1426
LD50 Mouse iv 59 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 1426

12 Associated Disorders and Diseases

13 Literature

13.1 Consolidated References

13.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

13.3 Springer Nature References

13.4 Thieme References

13.5 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

13.6 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

13.7 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

14 Patents

14.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

14.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

14.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

14.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

14.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

15 Biological Test Results

15.1 BioAssay Results

16 Classification

16.1 MeSH Tree

16.2 NCI Thesaurus Tree

16.3 EPA Safer Choice

16.4 ChemIDplus

16.5 UN GHS Classification

16.6 EPA CPDat Classification

16.7 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

16.8 EPA DSSTox Classification

16.9 Consumer Product Information Database Classification

16.10 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

16.11 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

17 Information Sources

  1. Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS)
  2. ChemIDplus
    ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
  3. EPA Chemical Data Reporting (CDR)
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    https://www.epa.gov/web-policies-and-procedures/epa-disclaimers#copyright
    Diphosphoric acid, sodium salt (1:2)
    https://www.epa.gov/chemical-data-reporting
  4. EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
    Diphosphoric acid, sodium salt (1:2)
    https://www.epa.gov/chemicals-under-tsca
    EPA TSCA Classification
    https://www.epa.gov/tsca-inventory
  5. EPA DSSTox
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
  6. EPA Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values (PPRTVs)
  7. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
    LICENSE
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    https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/legal-notice
    Disodium dihydrogenpyrophosphate
    https://chem.echa.europa.eu/100.028.941
  8. FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS)
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    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  9. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  10. New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
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    https://www.epa.govt.nz/about-this-site/general-copyright-statement/
  11. ChEMBL
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    http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html
  12. ClinicalTrials.gov
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    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/about-site/terms-conditions#Use
  13. Consumer Product Information Database (CPID)
    LICENSE
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    https://www.whatsinproducts.com/contents/view/1/6
    Consumer Products Category Classification
    https://www.whatsinproducts.com/
  14. Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR)
  15. EPA Chemical and Products Database (CPDat)
  16. Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
    LICENSE
    Copyright (c) 2022 Haz-Map(R). All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials from Haz-Map are copyrighted by Haz-Map(R). No part of these materials, either text or image may be used for any purpose other than for personal use. Therefore, reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly prohibited without prior written permission.
    https://haz-map.com/About
    Disodium pyrophosphate
    https://haz-map.com/Agents/5023
  17. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
    LICENSE
    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  18. EU Food Improvement Agents
  19. EPA Safer Choice
    EPA Safer Chemical Ingredients Classification
    https://www.epa.gov/saferchoice
  20. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)
    LICENSE
    Permission from WHO is not required for the use of WHO materials issued under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Intergovernmental Organization (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO) licence.
    https://www.who.int/about/policies/publishing/copyright
  21. FDA Substances Added to Food
    LICENSE
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    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  22. Human Metabolome Database (HMDB)
    LICENSE
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    http://www.hmdb.ca/citing
  23. NLM RxNorm Terminology
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    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/rxnorm/docs/termsofservice.html
  24. Open Targets
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    https://platform-docs.opentargets.org/licence
  25. SpectraBase
    DISODIUM DIHYDROGEN PYROPHOSPHATE
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/EAOR59PUELs
    DISODIUM DIHYDROGEN PYROPHOSPHATE
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/IEfFBaJYpSd
  26. Springer Nature
  27. Thieme Chemistry
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  33. NCI Thesaurus (NCIt)
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CONTENTS