An official website of the United States government

Lead sulfate

PubChem CID
24008
Structure
Lead sulfate_small.png
Lead sulfate__Crystal_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • Lead(II) sulfate
  • LEAD SULFATE
  • 7446-14-2
  • Lead sulphate
  • Anglislite
Molecular Weight
303 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-08-08
  • Modify:
    2025-01-25
Description
Lead sulfate appears as a white crystalline solid. Insoluble in water and sinks in water. Contact may irritate skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. May be mildly toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption. Used to make other chemicals. Use: in lithography, battery acid solution treated fabrics, used in varnishes.
Anglesite is a mineral with formula of Pb2+S6+O4 or Pb(SO4). The IMA symbol is Ang.
Lead sulfate is a sulfate of lead that occurs naturally as the mineral anglesite. It is used most often in lead-acid batteries. Lead is a heavy metal and stable element with the symbol Pb and the atomic number 82, existing in metallic, organic, and inorganic forms. It is mainly found in nature as the mineral galena (PbS), cerussite (PbCO3) or anglesite (PbSO4), usually in ore with zinc, silver, or copper. (L21, L416)
L21: Wikipedia. Lead poisoning. Last Updated 3 March 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning
L416: Wikipedia. Lead(II) sulfate. Last Updated 21 March 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_sulfate

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Lead sulfate.png

1.2 3D Status

Conformer generation is disallowed since MMFF94s unsupported element, mixture or salt

1.3 Crystal Structures

1 of 2
View All
COD Number
Associated Article
Sahl, K.. Die Verfeinerung der Kristallstrukutren von Pb Cl2 (Cotunnit), Ba Cl2, Pb S O4 (Anglesit) und Ba S O4 (Baryt). Beitraege zur Mineralogie und Petrographie (-11,1965) 1963;9:111-132.
Crystal Structure Depiction
Crystal Structure Depiction
Hermann-Mauguin space group symbol
P n m a
Hall space group symbol
-P 2ac 2n
Space group number
62
a
8.516 Å
b
5.399 Å
c
6.989 Å
α
90 °
β
90 °
γ
90 °
Z
4
Z'
0.5
Component
1 x [O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-] (Sulfate)
Component
1 x [Pb+2] (Lead (II) ion)

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

lead(2+);sulfate
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/H2O4S.Pb/c1-5(2,3)4;/h(H2,1,2,3,4);/q;+2/p-2
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

KEQXNNJHMWSZHK-UHFFFAOYSA-L
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

[O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-].[Pb+2]
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

PbSO4
O4PbS
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

52732-72-6
7446-14-2
15739-80-7

7446-14-2

15739-80-7

2.3.2 Deprecated CAS

12673-93-7, 37223-83-9, 37224-42-3, 37251-28-8
61869-44-1
12673-93-7, 2827010-23-9, 37223-83-9, 37224-42-3, 37251-28-8

2.3.3 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.4 UNII

2.3.5 UN Number

2.3.6 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.7 Nikkaji Number

2.3.8 Wikidata

2.3.9 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

lead sulfate

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
303 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
4
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
303.92838 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
303.92838 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
88.6 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
6
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
62.2
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
2
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Lead sulfate appears as a white crystalline solid. Insoluble in water and sinks in water. Contact may irritate skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. May be mildly toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption. Used to make other chemicals. Use: in lithography, battery acid solution treated fabrics, used in varnishes.
Dry Powder, Water or Solvent Wet Solid; Other Solid; Liquid, Other Solid
Dry Powder, Water or Solvent Wet Solid; Water or Solvent Wet Solid; Dry Powder
Water or Solvent Wet Solid
White powder that is insoluble in water; [CAMEO]

3.2.2 Color / Form

White, heavy crystal powder
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 938
White monoclinic or rhombic crystals
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 4-71

3.2.3 Melting Point

2138 °F (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
1170 °C
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 938

3.2.4 Solubility

In water, 0.0404 g/100 mL at 25 °C; slightly soluble in alkaline solutions.
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 4-71
Soluble in about 2225 parts water; more soluble in nitric acid; soluble in sodium hydroxide, ammonium acetate or tartrate solution; soluble in concentrated hydriodic acid; insoluble in alcohol.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 938
In water, 32 mg/L at 15 °C
Mitchell S; J Chem Soc 129: 1333-6 (1926)

3.2.5 Density

6.2 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
6.2 g/cu cm
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 938

3.2.6 Decomposition

When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes /of lead and sulfur oxides./
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 2219

3.2.7 Refractive Index

Index of refraction: 1.877, 1.822, 1.894
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 4-149

3.2.8 Other Experimental Properties

Lead is derived from the decay of radon. /Inorganic lead/
WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Lead p.32 (1977)
Natural lead is a mixture of four stable isotopes: Pb-204 (1.4%), Pb-206 (25.2%), Pb-207 (21.7%) and Pb-208 (51.7%). Lead isotopes are the end-products of each of the three series of naturally occurring radioactive elements: Pb-206 for the uranium series, Pb-207 for the actinium series and Pb-208 for the thorium series. Forty-three other isotopes of lead, all of which are radioactive, are recognized.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V87: 39 (2006)
Divalent lead has a strong affinity for inorganic ions containing oxygen (eg, carbonate) or sulfur (sulfide). Lead can also complex with electron rich ligands in many organic cmpd such as amino acids, proteins, and humic acid.
Kayser, R., D. Sterling, D. Viviani (eds.). Intermedia Priority Pollutant Guidance Documents. Washington, DC: U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, July 1982., p. 1-1

3.3 Chemical Classes

Metals -> Lead Compounds, Inorganic

4 Spectral Information

4.1 IR Spectra

4.1.1 FTIR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Bruker Alpha II
Technique
FTIR
Source of Spectrum
Analytical database of Martian minerals (ADaMM); Universidad de Valladolid
Copyright
Copyright © 2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Instrument Name
Bruker Alpha II
Technique
FTIR
Source of Spectrum
Analytical database of Martian minerals (ADaMM); Universidad de Valladolid
Copyright
Copyright © 2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.1.2 ATR-IR Spectra

Source of Sample
Aldrich
Catalog Number
254258
Copyright
Copyright © 2018-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2018-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.2 Raman Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Bio-Rad FTS 175C with Raman accessory
Technique
FT-Raman
Source of Sample
Fluka Chemie AG, Buchs, Switzerland
Catalog Number
15360
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Instrument Name
Bio-Rad FTS 175C with Raman accessory
Technique
FT-Raman
Source of Sample
Fluka Chemie AG, Buchs, Switzerland
Catalog Number
15360
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

6 Chemical Vendors

7 Drug and Medication Information

7.1 Reported Fatal Dose

10 to 30 grams for and adult human (lead salts). (T17)
T17: Baselt RC (2000). Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 5th ed. Foster City, CA: Chemical Toxicology Institute.

8 Minerals

1 of 3
Formula
PbSO4
System
Orthorhombic
2 of 3
Name
anglesite
Link
3 of 3
Formula
Pb2+S6+O4 or Pb(SO4)
IMA Symbol
Ang

9 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

9.1 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

... The lead content on the skin surface of 10 lead-battery workers was measured by the method of skin stripping, and urinary lead content of rats was measured with epicutaneous application of four lead compounds: lead sulfate, lead oxide, lead powder, and lead stearate. There were significant amounts of lead on the 9th and 10th skin strippings of the dorsal hand and the back of lead workers. The amount of lead on the dorsal hand was significantly correlated with the amount in the blood (n = 10, r 2 = 0.66, p < 0.05, linear regression). In rats, after lead compounds were applied for 12 days, total lead amount in urine significantly increased to 146.0 +/- 6.4 ng (SD) for lead stearate, 123.1 +/- 7.2 ng for lead sulfate, 115.9 +/- 5.3 ng for lead oxide, 47.8 +/- 6.9 ng for lead powder, and 10.3 ng for the control, which indicated significant skin absorption. It was concluded that significant amounts of inorganic lead compounds can be absorbed through the skin, and skin protection in lead-working or any contaminated environment should be carefully considered.
Sun CC et al; AIHA J 63 (5): 641-6 (2002). Comment in: AIHA J 64 (2): 169-70 (2003); author reply 170.

9.2 Metabolism / Metabolites

Lead is absorbed following inhalation, oral, and dermal exposure. It is then distributed mainly to the bones and red blood cells. In the blood lead may be found bound to serum albumin or the metal-binding protein metallothionein. Organic lead is metabolized by cytochrome P-450 enzymes, whereas inorganic lead forms complexes with delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. Lead is excreted mainly in the urine and faeces. (L136)
L136: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for lead. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp13.html

9.3 Biochemical Reactions

10 Use and Manufacturing

10.1 Uses

EPA CPDat Chemical and Product Categories
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
Sources/Uses
Used to stabilize clay soils, and to weight fabrics; Also used in galvanic batteries and rapidly drying varnishes; Has been used in lithography and with silver bromide in photography; [HSDB] Used in storage batteries and paint (pigment); [Hawley] Workers are exposed in mines and smelters and during production of lead storage batteries; [HSDB]
Hawley - Lewis RJ. _Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, _15th Ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure

Battery Manufacturing [Category: Industry]

Smelting Copper or Lead [Category: Industry]

Painting (Pigments, Binders, and Biocides) [Category: Paint]

Mining [Category: Industry]

Photographic Processing [Category: Other]

Metal Extraction and Refining [Category: Industry]

Has been used in photography in combination with silver bromide and is used in the stabilization of clay soil for adobe structures, in earth-fill dams, and roads.
Carr DS et al; Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (2001). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Lead Compounds. Online Posting Date: June 18, 2004.
Instead of white lead as pigment; with zinc in galvanic batteries; manuf minium, in lithography; preparing rapidly drying oil varnishes; weighting fabrics.[The Merck Index, Fourteenth Edition (2006)
CD-ROM]
Storage batteries, paints, ceramics, pigments, electrical and other vinyl compounds requiring high heat stability.
ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Lead. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health Service (2007)
Lead sulphate is found in lead-acid batteries. (L416)
L416: Wikipedia. Lead(II) sulfate. Last Updated 21 March 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_sulfate

10.1.1 Use Classification

Hazard Classes and Categories -> Carcinogens, Corrosives

10.1.2 Industry Uses

  • Process regulators
  • Other (specify)
  • Intermediates
  • Other (specify)
  • Intermediate
Intermediate

10.1.3 Consumer Uses

  • Process regulators
  • Intermediates
Intermediate

10.2 Methods of Manufacturing

Treating lead oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate with warm sulfuric acid, or by treating a soluble lead salt with sulfuric acid.
Carr DS et al; Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (2004). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Lead Compounds. Online Posting Date: June 18, 2004.
Interaction of solutions of lead nitrate and sodium sulfate.
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 749

10.3 U.S. Production

Aggregated Product Volume

2019: 500,000,000 - <750,000,000 lb

2018: 500,000,000 - <750,000,000 lb

2017: 500,000,000 - <750,000,000 lb

2016: 500,000,000 - <750,000,000 lb

Aggregated Product Volume

2019: 7,547,617 lb

2018: 7,919,066 lb

2017: 7,710,942 lb

2016: 7,021,216 lb

Aggregated Product Volume

2019: 130,546,510 lb

2018: 129,972,537 lb

2017: 135,760,312 lb

2016: 134,801,502 lb

Production volume for non-confidential chemicals reported under the 2006 Inventory Update Rule. Chemical: Sulfuric acid, lead(2+) salt (1:1). Aggreated National Production Volume: 500 million to <1 billion pounds.
US EPA; Non-Confidential 2006 Inventory Update Reporting. National Chemical Information. Sulfuric acid, lead(2+) salt (1:1) (7446-14-2). Available from, as of November 3, 2009: https://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/index.cfm?s=chem&err=t

10.4 General Manufacturing Information

Industry Processing Sectors
  • Primary Metal Manufacturing
  • Electrical Equipment, Appliance, and Component Manufacturing
  • Other (requires additional information)
Industry Processing Sectors
Electrical Equipment, Appliance, and Component Manufacturing
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Sulfuric acid, lead(2+) salt (1:1): ACTIVE
EPA TSCA Regulatory Flag
SP - indicates a substance that is identified in a proposed Significant New Use Rule.
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Sulfuric acid, lead salt (1:?): ACTIVE
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Sulfuric acid, lead salt, tetrabasic: ACTIVE
Forms in lead storage batteries during discharge cycles.
Carr DS et al; Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (2001). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Lead Compounds. Online Posting Date: June 18, 2004.

11 Safety and Hazards

11.1 Hazards Identification

11.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 5
View All
Pictogram(s)
Irritant
Health Hazard
Environmental Hazard
Signal
Danger
GHS Hazard Statements

H302+H332 (55.3%): Harmful if swallowed or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H332 (100%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H350 (55.8%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H351 (11.2%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H360 (55.3%): May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H360Df (55.8%): May damage the unborn child; Suspected of damaging fertility [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H361 (11.2%): Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H372 (11.7%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373 (99.5%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (99.5%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P203, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P304+P340, P317, P318, P319, P330, P391, P405, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 197 reports by companies from 10 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

11.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Acute Tox. 4 (100%)

Acute Tox. 4 (100%)

Carc. 1B (55.8%)

Repr. 1A (55.3%)

Repr. 1A (55.8%)

STOT RE 1 (11.7%)

STOT RE 2 (99.5%)

Aquatic Acute 1 (99.5%)

Aquatic Chronic 1 (100%)

Carcinogenicity - category 2

Germ cell mutagenicity - category 2

Specific target organ toxicity (repeated exposure) - category 2

Reproductive toxicity - category 1A

Acute toxicity - category 4

11.1.3 Health Hazards

INHALATION: Joint and muscle pains, headache, dizziness and insomnia. Weakness, frequently of extensor muscles of hand and wrist (unilateral or bilateral). Heavy contamination. Brain damage. Stupor progressing to coma - with or without convulsion, often death. Excitation, confusion, and mania less common. Cerebrospinal pressure may be increased. EYES: Caused a moderat purulent reaction and general inflammation of the rabbit eye. INGESTION: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, loss of appetite, muscular weakness, headache, blue line on gums, metallic taste, nausea and vomiting. (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
ERG 2024, Guide 154 (Lead sulfate, with more than 3% free acid)

· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.

· Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.

· Avoid any skin contact.

· Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.

· Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause environmental contamination.

11.1.4 Fire Hazards

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic metal fumes (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
ERG 2024, Guide 154 (Lead sulfate, with more than 3% free acid)

· Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.

· Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).

· Corrosives in contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.

· Containers may explode when heated.

· For electric vehicles or equipment, GUIDE 147 (lithium ion or sodium ion batteries) or GUIDE 138 (sodium batteries) should also be consulted.

11.1.5 Hazards Summary

A strong irritant; [Hawley] Corrosive to skin and eyes; Toxic by ingestion; [Sax] See Lead and linked occupational diseases.
Hawley - Lewis RJ. _Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, _15th Ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2007.

11.1.6 Fire Potential

Not flammable
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

11.1.7 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

Skin contact can cause severe irritation and burns, itching, rash, and pigment changes. Eye contact can cause severe irritation and burns. Inhalation can cause irritation of the respiratory tract. The effects of exposure to fumes and dusts of inorganic lead may not develop quickly. Symptoms may include decreased physical fitness, fatigue, sleep disturbance, headache, aching bones and muscles, constipation, abdominal pains, and decreased appetite. These effects are reported to be reversible if exposure ceases. Inhalation of large amounts of lead may lead to seizures, coma, and death.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2002. 4th ed.Vol 1 A-H Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, 2002., p. 1397
Strong irritant to tissues.
Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987., p. 693
Dust or solid: Irritating to eyes.
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

11.1.8 EPA Hazardous Waste Number

D008; A solid waste containing lead may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Lead/

11.2 Safety and Hazard Properties

11.2.1 OSHA Standards

Permissible Exposure Limit: The employer shall assure that no employee is exposed to lead at concentrations greater than 50 ug/cu m of air averaged over an 8-hr period. If an employee is exposed to lead for more than 8 hr in any work day, the permissible exposure limit, as a TWA for that day, shall be reduced according to the following formula: Maximum permissible limit (in ug/cu m)=400 divided by the number of hours worked in the day. /Lead, inorganic, as Pb/
29 CFR 1910.1025(c) (USDOL); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of November 2, 2009: https://www.ecfr.gov
The employer shall remove an employee from work having an exposure to lead at or above the action level on each occasion that a periodic and a follow-up blood sampling test conducted pursuant to this section indicate that the employee's blood lead level is at or above 60 ug/100 g of whole blood; and, the employer shall remove an employee from work having an exposure to lead at or above the action level on each occasion that the average of the last three blood sampling tests conducted pursuant to this section (or the average of all blood sampling tests conducted over the previous six (6) months, whichever is longer) indicates that the employee's blood lead level is at or above 50 ug/100 g of whole blood; provided, however, that an employee need not be removed if the last blood sampling test indicates a blood lead level at or below 40 ug/100 g of whole blood. ... The employer shall return an employee to his or her former job status: ... when two consecutive blood sampling tests indicate that the employee's blood lead level is at or below 40 ug/100 g of whole blood. ... The employer shall provide to an employee up to eighteen (18) months of medical removal protection benefits on each occasion that an employee is removed from exposure to lead or otherwise limited pursuant to this section. /Lead, inorganic, as Pb/
29 CFR 1910.1025(k) (USDOL); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of November 2, 2009: https://www.ecfr.gov
Permissible Exposure Limit: The employer shall assure that no employee is exposed to lead at concentrations greater than 50 ug/cu m of air averaged over an 8-hr period. If an employee is exposed to lead for more than 8 hr in any work day, the permissible exposure limit, as a TWA for that day, shall be reduced according to the following formula: Maximum permissible limit (in ug/cu m)=400 divided by the number of hours worked in the day. /Lead, inorganic, as Pb; Shipyard Employment/
29 CFR 1915.1025 (USDOL); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of November 2, 2009: https://www.ecfr.gov
The employer shall remove an employee from work having an exposure to lead at or above the action level on each occasion that a periodic and a follow-up blood sampling test conducted pursuant to this section indicate that the employee's blood lead level is at or above 60 ug/100 g of whole blood; and, the employer shall remove an employee from work having an exposure to lead at or above the action level on each occasion that the average of the last three blood sampling tests conducted pursuant to this section (or the average of all blood sampling tests conducted over the previous six (6) months, whichever is longer) indicates that the employee's blood lead level is at or above 50 ug/100 g of whole blood; provided, however, that an employee need not be removed if the last blood sampling test indicates a blood lead level at or below 40 ug/100 g of whole blood. ... The employer shall return an employee to his or her former job status: ... when two consecutive blood sampling tests indicate that the employee's blood lead level is at or below 40 ug/100 g of whole blood. ... The employer shall provide to an employee up to eighteen (18) months of medical removal protection benefits on each occasion that an employee is removed from exposure to lead or otherwise limited pursuant to this section. /Lead, inorganic, as Pb; Shipyard Empolyment/
29 CFR 1915.1025 (USDOL); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of November 2, 2009: https://www.ecfr.gov
For more OSHA Standards (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.2.2 NIOSH Recommendations

NIOSH considers "Lead" to mean metallic lead, lead oxides, and lead salts (including organic salts such as lead soaps but excluding lead arsenate).
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-151 (2005)
Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 hr Time-Weighted Avg: 0.050 mg/cu m /Lead/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-151 (2005)
Air concentrations should be maintained so that worker blood lead remains less than 0.06 mg Pb/100 g of whole blood.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-151 (2005)

11.3 First Aid Measures

11.3.1 First Aid

Get medical aid.

INHALATION: Remove from source of exposure and keep quiet.

EYES: Wash with running water.

SKIN: Wash with soap and water.

INGESTION: Wash mouth, give emetic then epsom salts (30 g/250 ml hot water); get medical attention. (USCG, 1999)

U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
ERG 2024, Guide 154 (Lead sulfate, with more than 3% free acid)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingestedor inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuouscompressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

11.4 Fire Fighting

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

11.4.1 Fire Fighting Procedures

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty). Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 526
Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Lead sulfate (containing more than 3% free acid)/
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 526
Lead sulfate is not combustible. Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam extinguishers ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2002. 4th ed.Vol 1 A-H Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, 2002., p. 1399

11.5 Accidental Release Measures

Public Safety: ERG 2024, Guide 154 (Lead sulfate, with more than 3% free acid)

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

Spill or Leak: ERG 2024, Guide 154 (Lead sulfate, with more than 3% free acid)

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

11.5.1 Isolation and Evacuation

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Evacuation: ERG 2024, Guide 154 (Lead sulfate, with more than 3% free acid)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

Spill

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

Fire

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

11.5.2 Cleanup Methods

Environmental considerations - land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 526
Environmental considerations - land spill: Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /Lead sulfate (containing more that 3% free acid)/
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 527
Environmental considerations - water spill: Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concn, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 526
Environmental considerations - air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. /Lead sulfate (containing more than 3% free acid./
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 527
Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until clean-up is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2002. 4th ed.Vol 1 A-H Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, 2002., p. 1399

11.5.3 Disposal Methods

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D008, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Lead/
40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of November 2, 2009: https://www.ecfr.gov

11.5.4 Preventive Measures

If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 526
Personnel protection: Keep upwind ... Avoid breathing vapors or dusts. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 546
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner so that results in no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose of, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance procedures to confirm the efficacy of the cleaning procedures should be implemented prior to the decontaminated protective clothing being returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing (including shoes/socks) should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.
For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.6 Handling and Storage

11.6.1 Nonfire Spill Response

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

11.6.2 Storage Conditions

Lead sulfate must be stored to avoid contact with oxidizers (such as perchlorates, peroxides, permanganates, chlorates, and nitrates) and chemically active metals (such as potassium, sodium, magnesium, and zinc) since violent reactions occur ... A regulated, marked area should be established with this chemical is handled, used, or stored ...
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2002. 4th ed.Vol 1 A-H Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, 2002., p. 1398

11.7 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

Protective Clothing: ERG 2024, Guide 154 (Lead sulfate, with more than 3% free acid)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Exposure Summary
Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Lead in blood = 200 ug/L (20 ug/100 ml); sampling time not critical; [ACGIH]
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.

11.7.1 Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)

0.05 [mg/m3], as Pb

11.7.2 Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)

100 mg/cu m /Lead/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-151 (2005)

11.7.3 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)

0.05 [mg/m3], as Pb
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.05 mg/cu m. /Lead, and inorganic compounds, as Pb/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH 2010, p. 37
Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Lead, inorganic compounds, as Pb/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH 2010, p. 5
A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. /Lead, elemental, and inorganic compounds, as Pb/ American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH 2010, p. 37
Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: lead in blood; Sampling Time: not critical; BEI: 30 ug/100 mL. [Note: Women of child bearing potential, whose blood Pb exceeds 10 ug/dL, are at risk of delivering a child with a blood Pb over the current Centers for Disease Control guideline of 10 ug/dL. If the blood Pb of such children remains elevated, they may be at increased risk of cognitive deficits. The blood Pb of these children should be closely monitored and appropriate steps should be taken to minimize the child's exposure to environmental lead.] /Lead, and inorganic compounds, as Pb/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH 2010, p. 103

11.7.4 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines

Emergency Response: ERG 2024, Guide 154 (Lead sulfate, with more than 3% free acid)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

11.7.5 Other Standards Regulations and Guidelines

Residual lead levels. The /U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's/ maximum environmentally acceptable level of lead in shot is trace amounts or <1 percent. Any shot manufactured with lead levels equal to or exceeding 1 percent are considered toxic and, therefore, illegal.
50 CFR 20.134(b) (5) (United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of October 30, 2009: https://www.ecfr.gov
In this part 1303, the Consumer Product Safety Commission declares that paint and similar surface-coating materials for consumer use that contain lead or lead compounds and in which the lead content (calculated as lead metal) is in excess of 0.06 percent (0.06 percent is reduced to 0.009 percent effective August 14, 2009 as mandated by Congress in section 101(f) of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008, Pub. L. 110-314) of the weight of the total nonvolatile content of the paint or the weight of the dried paint film (which paint and similar surface-coating materials are referred to hereafter as "lead-containing paint") are banned hazardous products under sections 8 and 9 of the Consumer Product Safety Act (CPSA), 15 U.S.C. 2057, 2058. The following consumer products are also declared to be banned hazardous products: (1) Toys and other articles intended for use by children that bear "lead-containing paint". (2) Furniture articles for consumer use that bear "lead-containing paint".
16 CFR 1303.1(a) (Commercial Practices); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of October 30, 2009: https://www.ecfr.gov
Disclosure of Known Lead-Based Paint and/or Lead-Based Paint Hazards Upon Sale or Lease of Residential Property: This subpart implements the provisions of 42 U.S.C. 4852d, which impose certain requirements on the sale or lease of target housing. Under this subpart, a seller or lessor of target housing shall disclose to the purchaser or lessee the presence of any known lead-based paint and/or lead-based paint hazards; provide available records and reports; provide the purchaser or lessee with a lead hazard information pamphlet; give purchasers a 10-day opportunity to conduct a risk assessment or inspection; and attach specific disclosure and warning language to the sales or leasing contract before the purchaser or lessee is obligated under a contract to purchase or lease target housing.
24 CFR 35.80 (USHUD); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of October 14, 2009: https://www.ecfr.gov
Establishes standards for lead-based paint hazards in most pre-1978 housing and child-occupied facilities. This regulation supports the implementation of regulations already promulgated, and others under development, which deal with worker training and certification, lead hazard disclosure in real estate transactions, requirements for lead cleanup under State authorities, lead hazard evaluation and control in Federally-owned housing prior to sale and housing receiving Federal assistance, and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) grants to local jurisdictions to perform lead hazard control. Establishes, under authority of TSCA section 402, residential lead dust cleanup levels and amendments to dust and soil sampling requirements.
40 CFR 745 Lead; Identification of Dangerous Levels of Lead; Final Rule (January 5, 2001)
For more Other Standards Regulations and Guidelines (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.7.6 Acceptable Daily Intakes

Tolerable intake of lead for preschool children should be less than the 3 mg/wk recommended provisionally for adults. ... /Inorganic lead/
WHO; Environ Health Criteria 3: Lead p.127 (1977)
0.007 mg/kg (WHO) /Lead; from table/
Seiler, H.G., H. Sigel and A. Sigel (eds.). Handbook on the Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1988., p. 843

11.7.7 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Wear approved filter mask, rubber gloves, and safety glasses. (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Wear goggles, self-contained breathing apparatus, and rubber gloves.
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. /Lead/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-151 (2005)
Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. /Lead/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-151 (2005)
Respirator Recommendations: Up to 0.5 mg/cu m. /Lead/
Assigned Protection Factor (APF)
APF = 10
Respirator Recommendation
Any air-purifying respirator with an N100, R100, or P100 filter (including N100, R100, and P100 filtering facepieces) except quarter-mask respirators.
Assigned Protection Factor (APF)
APF = 10
Respirator Recommendation
Any supplied-air respirator.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-151 (2005)
For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.8 Stability and Reactivity

11.8.1 Air and Water Reactions

Insoluble in water.

11.8.2 Reactive Group

Non-Redox-Active Inorganic Compounds

11.8.3 Reactivity Profile

LEAD SULFATE reacts explosively with boric acid [Bretherick 1979. p. 1029]. Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic metal fumes (USCG, 1999).
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

11.8.4 Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities

Contact with oxidizers and chemically active metals may cause violent reactions.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2002. 4th ed.Vol 1 A-H Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, 2002., p. 1397
Violent or explosive reaction with potassium.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 2219

11.9 Transport Information

11.9.1 DOT Emergency Guidelines

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Lead sulfate, with more than 3% free acid/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2008 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2008
/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. /Lead sulfate, with more than 3% free acid/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2008 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2008
/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Lead sulfate, with more than 3% free acid/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2008 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2008
/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Lead sulfate, with more than 3% free acid/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2008 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2008
For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.9.2 Shipping Name / Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO

NA 1794; Lead dross (containing 3% or more free acid)
UN 1794; Lead sulfate with more than 3% free acid.
IMO 8.0; Lead sulfate with more than 3% free acid.

11.9.3 Standard Transportation Number

49 666 50; Lead sulfate

11.9.4 Shipment Methods and Regulations

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
49 CFR 171.2 (7/1/96)
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.
IATA. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 38th ed. Montreal, Canada and Geneva, Switzerland: International Air Transport Association, Dangerous Goods Board, January, 1997., p. 168
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.
IMDG; International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code; International Maritime Organization p.8180 (1988)

11.9.5 DOT Label

Corrosive

11.10 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals

Chemical: Sulfuric acid, lead(2+) salt (1:1)

Conditions Of Use:

This chemical must not be imported or manufactured for use in any:

- industrial surface coating or as a component of industrial surface coatings at concentrations greater than 0.1%*

- ink or as a component of inks at concentrations greater than 0.1%*, when intended for industrial uses

*calculated on the non-volatile component of the surface coating or ink

Specific Information Requirement: Obligations to provide information apply. You must tell us within 28 days if the circumstances of your importation or manufacture (introduction) are different to those in our assessment.

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: Sulfuric acid, lead salt
The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: Sulfuric acid, lead salt, tetrabasic
REACH Registered Substance
REACH Restricted Substance

Restricted substance: Lead sulphate PbSO4

EC: 231-198-9

Restriction condition document: PDF link

REACH Restricted Substance

Restricted substance: Sulphuric acid, lead salt Pbx SO4

EC: 239-831-0

Restriction condition document: PDF link

REACH Restricted Substance

Restricted substance: Sulfuric acid, lead salt, tetrabasic

EC: 258-142-6

Restriction condition document: PDF link

REACH Restricted Substance

Restricted substance: Sulfuric acid, lead(2+) salt, basic

EC: 292-204-3

Restriction condition document: PDF link

11.10.1 Atmospheric Standards

National primary and secondary ambient air quality standards for lead and its compounds, measured as elemental lead by a reference method based on appendix G to this part, or by an equivalent method, are: 1.5 micrograms per cubic meter, maximum arithmetic mean averaged over a calendar quarter. /Lead and its compounds, as Pb/
40 CFR 50.12 (USEAP); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of November 2, 2009: https://www.ecfr.gov
Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Lead compounds are included on this list. /Lead compounds/
Clean Air Act as amended in 1990, Sect. 112 (b) (1) Public Law 101-549 Nov. 15, 1990

11.10.2 Federal Drinking Water Standards

EPA 15 ug/L (Action Level) /Lead/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present

11.10.3 State Drinking Water Standards

(AZ) ARIZONA 50 ug/L /Lead/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present

11.10.4 State Drinking Water Guidelines

(AZ) ARIZONA 20 ug/L /Lead/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(ME) MAINE 10 ug/L /Lead/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present

11.10.5 Clean Water Act Requirements

Lead sulfate is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.
40 CFR 116.4 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of November 2, 2009: https://www.ecfr.gov
Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Lead and compounds/
40 CFR 401.15 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of November 2, 2009: https://www.ecfr.gov

11.10.6 CERCLA Reportable Quantities

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).
40 CFR 302.4 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of November 2, 2009: https://www.ecfr.gov

11.10.7 RCRA Requirements

D008; A solid waste containing lead may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Lead/
40 CFR 261.24 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of November 2, 2009: https://www.ecfr.gov
The Environmental Protection Agency is ... /promulgated/ regulations concerning ground-water monitoring with regard to screening suspected contamination at land based hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. ... /There are/ new requirements to analyze for a specified core list of chemicals plus those chemicals specified by the Regional Administrator on a site-specific basis. ... /Total lead (all species) is included on this list./ /Total lead (all species)/
52 FR 25942 (7/9/87)

11.11 Other Safety Information

Chemical Assessment
IMAP assessments - Selected lead-based pigments: Human health tier II assessment
Chemical Assessment

IMAP assessments - Selected lead-based pigments: Human health tier II assessment

PEC / SN / Other assessments - Lead compounds used in industrial surface coatings and inks: Health

11.11.1 Toxic Combustion Products

Poisonous fumes including lead and sulfur oxides are produced in fire.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2002. 4th ed.Vol 1 A-H Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, 2002., p. 1399
Special hazards of combustible products: toxic lead fumes.
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

11.11.2 Special Reports

National Toxicology Program. Eleventh Report on Carcinogens (2005). The Report on Carcinogens is an informational scientific and public health document that identifies and discusses substances (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may pose a carcinogenic hazard to human health. Lead and Lead Compounds are listed as reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens. /Lead and Lead Compounds/[Available from, as of July 31, 2009: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s101lead.pdf]
WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 85: Lead - Environmental Aspects (1989). EHC are designed for scientists and administrators responsible for the establishment of safety standards and regulations and provide basic scientific risk evaluations of a wide range of chemicals and groups of chemicals.

12 Toxicity

12.1 Toxicological Information

12.1.1 Toxicity Summary

Lead mimics other biologically important metals, such as zinc, calcium, and iron, competing as cofactors for many of their respective enzymatic reactions. For example, lead has been shown to competitively inhibit calcium's binding of calmodulin, interferring with neurotransmitter release. It exhibits similar competitive inhibition at the NMDA receptor and protein kinase C, which impairs brain microvascular formation and function, as well as alters the blood-brain barrier. Lead also affects the nervous system by impairing regulation of dopamine synthesis and blocking evoked release of acetylcholine. However, it's main mechanism of action occurs by inhibiting delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, an enzyme vital in the biosynthesis of heme, which is a necesssary cofactor of hemoglobin. (T4, A20, A22, L136)
A20: Gill KD, Gupta V, Sandhir R: Ca2+/calmodulin-mediated neurotransmitter release and neurobehavioural deficits following lead exposure. Cell Biochem Funct. 2003 Dec;21(4):345-53. PMID:14624473
A22: Hashemzadeh-Gargari H, Guilarte TR: Divalent cations modulate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function at the glycine site. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Sep;290(3):1356-62. PMID:10454514
L136: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for lead. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp13.html
T4: Ellenhorn MJ and Barceloux DG (1988). Diagnosis and treatment of human poisoning. Medical Toxicology. New York, New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc.

12.1.2 Evidence for Carcinogenicity

Lead, lead compounds: Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen
DHHS/National Toxicology Program; Eleventh Report on Carcinogens: Lead, and Lead Compounds (January 2005). Available from, as of July 31, 2009: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s101lead.pdf
A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. /Lead, elemental, and inorganic compounds, as Pb/ American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH 2010, p. 37

12.1.3 Carcinogen Classification

Carcinogen Classification
2A, probably carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

12.1.4 Health Effects

Lead is a neurotoxin and has been known to cause brain damage and reduced cognitive capacity, especially in children. Lead exposure can result in nephropathy, as well as blood disorders such as high blood pressure and anemia. Lead also exhibits reproductive toxicity and can results in miscarriages and reduced sperm production. (L21)
L21: Wikipedia. Lead poisoning. Last Updated 3 March 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning

12.1.5 Exposure Routes

Oral (L136) ; inhalation (L136); dermal (L136)
L136: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for lead. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp13.html

12.1.6 Symptoms

Symptions of chronic lead poisoning include reduced cognitive abilities, nausea, abdominal pain, irritability, insomnia, metal taste in the mouth, excess lethargy or hyperactivity, chest pain, headache and, in extreme cases, seizures, comas, and death. There are also associated gastrointestinal problems, such as constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, poor appetite, weight loss, which are common in acute poisoning. (A2, L21)
A2: Needleman HL, Schell A, Bellinger D, Leviton A, Allred EN: The long-term effects of exposure to low doses of lead in childhood. An 11-year follow-up report. N Engl J Med. 1990 Jan 11;322(2):83-8. PMID:2294437
L21: Wikipedia. Lead poisoning. Last Updated 3 March 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning

12.1.7 Adverse Effects

Neurotoxin - Predominantly motor

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 2: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as probable (2a), or possible (2b) human carcinogens.

NTP Carcinogen - Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

12.1.8 Acute Effects

12.1.9 Toxicity Data

LD50: 300 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Guinea pig) (T57)
T57: Venugopal B and Luckey TD (1978). Metal Toxicity in Mammals, 2. New York: Plenum Press.

12.1.10 Minimum Risk Level

Chronic Inhalation: 0.05 mg/m3 (L134)
L134: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2001). Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for Hazardous Substances. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls/

12.1.11 Treatment

Lead poisoning is usually treated with chelation therapy using DMSA, EDTA, or dimercaprol. (L21)
L21: Wikipedia. Lead poisoning. Last Updated 3 March 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning

12.1.12 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Lead and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 395
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Administer activated charcoal ... . /Lead and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 395
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in severe respiratory distress. Moderate hyperventilation (20 respiration per minute) may be beneficial for increased intracranial pressure. Start IV administration of 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. For hypotension ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Lead and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 396
Treatment. Emergency and supportive measures. Treat seizures and coma if they occur. Provide adequate fluids to maintain urine flow but avoid overhydration, which may aggravate cerebral edema. Avoid phenothiazines for delirium, as they may lower the seizure threshold. Patients with increased intracranial pressure may benefit from corticosteroids and mannitol. /Lead/
Olson, K.R. (Ed.); Poisoning & Drug Overdose. 5th ed. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. New York, N.Y. 2007., p. 240
For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.1.13 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ This chemical is corrosive. Skin contact can cause severe irritation and burns, itching, rash, and pigment changes. Eye contact can cause severe irritation and burns. Inhalation can cause irritation of the respiratory tract. Ingestion of large amounts of lead may lead to seizures, coma, and death. The effects of exposure to fumes and dusts of inorganic lead may not develop quickly. Symptoms may include decreased physical fitness, fatigue, sleep disturbance, headache, aching bones and muscles, constipation, abdominal pains, and decreased appetite.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2002. 4th ed.Vol 1 A-H Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, 2002., p. 1397
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Highly irritating and corrosive substances can cause lung irritation that may lead to bronchitis. Lead can accumulate in the body over a period of time. Therefore, long-term exposures to lower levels can result in a build-up of lead in the body and more severe symptoms. These may include anemia, pale skin, a blue line at the gum margin, decreased handgrip strength, abdominal pain, severe constipation, nausea, vomiting, and paralysis of the wrist joint. Prolonged exposure may also result in kidney and brain damage. If the nervous system is affected, usually due to very high exposures, the resulting effects include severe headache, confulsions, coma, delirium, and death. In non-fatal cases, recovery is slow and not always complete. Alcohol ingestion and physical exertion may bring on symptoms. Lead exposure increases the risk of high blood pressure. Continuous exposure can result in decreased fertility. Elevated lead exposure of either parent before pregnancy can increase the chances of miscarriage or birth defects. Exposure of the mother during pregnancy can cause birth defects.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2002. 4th ed.Vol 1 A-H Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, 2002., p. 1397
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ A corrosive irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membrane.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 2219
/CASE REPORTS/ A 53-year-old man who had worked for 17 yr manufacturing car batteries, with overt exposure to lead /sulfate/, developed a clinical picture initially characterized by signs of parkinsonism, followed by atypical signs such as loss of memory, reduction of eye movement, dysarthria, chorea-like dyskinesia and sexual impotence. The diagnosis of atypical parkinsonism was eventually changed to progressive supranuclear palsy-like parkinsonism. The patient was treated with various anti-Parkinson's disease drugs, including levodopa, with modest improvement. The symptoms deteriorated progressively, leading to permanent occupational disability with noticeable limitation of daily activities. Toxicological studies revealed abnormally high blood levels of lead. Discontinuation of lead exposure was followed first by clinical stabilization and then steady improvement ...
Sanz P et al; J Int Med Res 35 (1): 159-63 (2007).
For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.1.14 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Lead sulfate placed in the anterior chamber of rabbits /eyes/ has caused a moderate purulent reaction and general inflammation of the eye.
Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 5F49
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Four experiments were conducted to study the toxic effects of supplemental dietary lead (Pb) on broiler chickens from hatching to 42 days of age. Dietary variables were 0, 0.1, 0.5 or 1.0 mg Pb/kg feed as lead sulfate in Experiment 1, and 0, 0.5 or 1 mg Pb/kg feed as lead sulfate and lead acetate in Experiment 2. Experiments 3 and 4 were 2 x 4 factorial designs with 2 levels of calcium (0.65% or 1.30%) and 4 levels of Pb (0, 1, 10 or 100 mg Pb as lead sulfate/kg feed). Lead supplementation caused linear decreases in bw gain in all experiments. In Experiments 1, 2 and 4, even 1 mg added Pb/kg feed caused significantly depressed body gains. Significant negative effects of added Pb on feed conversion ratios were found at 10 mg Pb/kg feed. Supplemental Pb caused a linear decrease in delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity. The higher level of calcium (1.30%) in the feed significantly reduced the negative effects of Pb on ALAD inhibition. Lead additions to the diet resulted in a dose-related increase of Pb in blood, kidney, liver and tibia. Higher dietary calcium caused reduced Pb in blood and liver. Lead is toxic to chickens at much lower levels than previously recognized.
Bakalli RI et al; Vet Hum Toxicol 37 (1): 15-9 (1995).
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Sixteen Holstein intact male calves averaging 85 kg and 74 days of age were assigned randomly to four dietary lead treatments according to bw. They were fed for ad lib consumption a control diet containing no added lead or the control diet supplemented with 500, 1500, or 4500 ppm lead as lead sulfate. One calf fed 1500 ppm lead and all four calves fed 4500 ppm lead died within 6 to 10 days after initiation of treatments. Death was sudden with few or no clinical signs prior to death. Those clinical signs that did appear included muscular tremors, gnashing of teeth, bellowing, and convulsions. Four control, four 500 ppm lead, and two 1500 ppm lead-fed calves survived the 7-wk experimental period. Feed consumption, bw changes, glutamic oxaloacetic transminase and alkaline phosphatase activity in blood plasma, and hemoglobin were not affected significantly by lead treatments. Packed cell vol in calves fed 500 and 1500 ppm added lead was reduced. Lead concn in blood, kidney, liver, bone, brain, and muscle were elevated in lead supplemented calves above those of controls. The highest concn of lead were in kidney and liver.
Logner KR et al; J Dairy Sci 67 (5): 1007-13 (1984).
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Eight-mo-old dogs maintained on a high-fat-low-calcium diet were administered a mixture of lead chloride, lead bromide, and lead sulfate for prolonged periods at 4 different dose levels. Dogs on high levels of leads showed marked wt loss and gastrointestinal symptoms followed by death. Two dogs on low lead levels developed neurological signs. Radiological investigations showed radiopaque particles in 27% of abdominal radiographs and "lead lines" in the distal radius of 3 dogs. Highest tissue lead levels were found in bones followed by liver and kidney, brain and spinal cord.
Hamir AN et al; Aust Vet J 57 (9): 401-6 (1981).

12.1.15 Non-Human Toxicity Values

LD50 Guinea pig ip 300 mg/kg
Venugopal, B. and T.D. Luckey. Metal Toxicity in Mammals, 2. New York: Plenum Press, 1978., p. 190

12.2 Ecological Information

12.2.1 Ecotoxicity Values

LC50; Species: Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Green algae, strain No. 366); Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 6.5; Concentration: 25 ug/L for 14 days /100% purity/
Bednarz T, Warkowska-Dratnal H; Acta Hydrobiol 25/26 (3/4): 389-400 (1983) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available from, as of October 30, 2009
LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, <24 hr neonate); Conditions: freshwater, static, pH 7.5-9.1; Concentration: 392 ug/L for 48 hr /100% purity finely ground dust/
Erten-Unal M et al; Chem Spec Bioavail 10 (2): 37-46 (1998) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available from, as of October 30, 2009
LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, <24 hr neonate); Conditions: freshwater, static, pH 7.5-9.1; Concentration: 3166000 ug/L for 48 hr /as total lead ion/
Gale NL et al; Trace Subst Environ Health 25: 169-183 (1992) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available from, as of October 30, 2009
LC50; Species: Cynoglossus joyneri (Red Tongue Sole, larvae); Conditions: saltwater, static; Concentration: 1000 ug/L for 72 hr /total lead ion/
Cui K et al; Oceanol Limnol Sin (Haiyang Yu Huzhao) 18 (2): 138-144 (1987) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available from, as of October 30, 2009
For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.2.2 Ecotoxicity Excerpts

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ ... Female mallards /were dosed/ with 100 mg lead/kg diet. This was added as a mixture of 43 mg/kg lead carbonate, 37 mg/kg lead oxide, and 49 mg/kg lead sulfate, each salt contributing one-third of the total lead. No significant effect on eggshell thickness was found when it was measured on days 76 and 85 of treatment. When lead was added to the diet along with DDE at 40 mg/kg, lead did not increase the effect of the organochlorine on shell thickness.
WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 85: Lead - Environmental Aspects (1989). Available from, as of October 22, 2009: https://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html
/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... Nymphs of stonefly (Acroneuria lycorias), mayfly (Ephemerella subvaria), and caddisfly (Hydropsyche betteni) /were exposed/ to lead sulfate in static bioassays ... 50% survival times /were reported/ of > 14 days at 64 mg/L, 7 days at 16 mg/L, and 7 days at 32 mg/L. There was a considerable decrease in the metal concn in solution over the 2 wk experimental period ...; nominal concentrations were /considered/ unreliable after 96 hr.
WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 85: Lead - Environmental Aspects (1989). Available from, as of October 22, 2009: https://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html
/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ In a series of experiments, the toxicity of lead to worms in soil was determined following the draft OECD earthworm reproduction toxicity protocol except that lead was added as solid lead nitrate, carbonate and sulfide ... The compounds were added to the test soil to give lead concn of 625-12 500 ug Pb/g of soil. Calculated toxicities of the lead decreased in the order nitrate > carbonate > sulfide, the same order as the decrease in the solubility of the metal compounds used. The 7-day LC50 ... for the nitrate was 5,321 +/- 275 ug Pb/g of soil, and this did not change with time. The LC50 values for carbonate and sulfide could not be determined at the concn ranges used. The only parameter sensitive enough to distinguish the toxicities of the three compounds was cocoon (egg) production. The EC50s for cocoon production (the concn to produce a 50% reduction in cocoon production) were 993, 8,604, and 10,246 pg Pb/g of soil for lead nitrate, carbonate, and sulfide, respectively ...
Davies NA et al; Environ Pollut 121 (1): 49-54 (2003).
/PLANTS/ ... Maize (Zea mays), sugarbeet, bean, and wheat /were sown/ in soil dosed with lead nitrate or sulfate (0 to 5,000 mg lead/kg). Lead uptake into shoots and roots (on a dry wt basis) was measured 30 days after emergence. It was found that more lead was taken up into the roots than into the shoots ...
WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 85: Lead - Environmental Aspects (1989). Available from, as of October 22, 2009: https://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html
For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.2.3 Environmental Fate / Exposure Summary

Lead sulfate occurs in anglesite, one of three lead ores found in sufficient abundance as to form mineable deposits, and in the mineral lanarkite, in which it is combined with PbO. Lead sulfate forms in lead storage batteries during the discharge cycle. Lead sulfate's (or basic lead sulfates) manufacture and use in paints, pigments, and PVC stabilizers will result in its direct release to the environment. Lead sulfate may form naturally from lead and its compounds in the atmosphere and soil. Therefore, any source of lead emissions is a potential source of PbSO4. Speciation studies show that PbSO4 is a major lead compound in soil and air, especially near smelters. If released or deposited on soil, leaching is not expected under environmental conditions, however there is some evidence to suggest that it is taken up by some plants. It is expected that lead compounds are slowly converted to more insoluble salts such as the sulfate, sulfide, oxide, and phosphate in the soil layer. Lead sulfate enters water from atmospheric fallout, runoff or wastewater; little is transferred from natural ores. Lead sulfate's solubility is 0.4 g/L in water, but that which does dissolve tends to form ligands. Occupational exposure to lead sulfate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where lead is produced or used; since lead sulfate may be formed naturally when lead or its compounds are released into the atmosphere, exposure may occur near sources of lead emissions such as mining, ore processing, smelting, and refining sites, and leaded gasoline exhaust. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to lead sulfate via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound or other products containing lead. Concentrations in food may be elevated due to surface contamination of fresh fruits and vegetables; some of this lead intake may be in the form of PbSO4, which should dissolve in stomach acid. (SRC)

12.2.4 Natural Pollution Sources

Extent of occurrence of /lead/ in earth's crust is about 15 g/ton, also expressed as 0.002% (depth of crust: 16 km). Occurs chiefly as sulfide in galena, other minerals include anglesite (PbSO4), cerussite (PbCO3), mimetite (PbCl2.3Pb3-(AsO4)2) and pyromorphite [PbCl2.3Pb3(PO4)2)].
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 936
Lead sulfate occurs naturally in anglesite, one of three lead ores found in sufficient abundance to form mineable deposits(1). It also occurs in the mineral lanarkite, in which it is combined with PbO(2). Lead sulfate is a major component of more than 200 identified minerals(1).
(1) Callahan MA et al; Water-related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants. USEPA-440-4/79-029a pp. 13-19 (1979)
(2) Weast RC; Handbook of Chemistry & Physics 67th ed. pp. B-100 to B-101 (1986)

12.2.5 Artificial Pollution Sources

Lead sulfate forms in lead storage batteries during the discharge cycle(1), and in the paste mixing process in the manufacture of lead storage batteries(2). Lead sulfate may be released into the environment during its manufacture, use and disposal, and especially in the disposal of lead storage batteries. Organic tetraalkyl lead compounds are emitted from automobiles primarily in the form of lead bromochloride, which is ultimately transformed to lead sulfate(3).
(1) Howe HE; Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Tech 3rd ed., New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 14: 98-139 (1981)
(2) Doe JB; Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Tech 3rd ed., New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 3: 640-63 (1978)
(3) ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Lead. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health Service (2007)

12.2.6 Environmental Fate

TERRESTRIAL FATE: It was reported that after adding 3,000-4,000 mg/kg of lead in the form of PbSO4 to soil, subsequent extractions revealed that the lead sulfate was rapidly transformed to other lead compounds in the soil(1).
(1) ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Lead. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health Service (2007)
AQUATIC FATE: If released into water, lead sulfate will mostly precipitate out due to its low solubility. (SRC)
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: In the atmosphere, lead most likely exists primarily as PbSO4 and PbCO3 and is deposited onto soil as lead sulfates and lead carbonates(1). Lead sulfate is a major species of lead in the atmosphere, either being emitted in that form or possibly being formed from the sulfide or other lead species with atmospheric SO2 and oxygen. Lead sulfate is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere, and will be subject to washout and gravitational settling. Transformations in the atmosphere to the carbonate and oxide may be expected(2).
(1) ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Lead. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health Service (2007)
(2) Arimoto R et al; J Geophys Res 90: 2391-408 (1985)

12.2.7 Environmental Abiotic Degradation

Lead particulate matter emitted by motor vehicles, which is largely lead bromochloride and lead oxide with lesser amounts of the sulfate and phosphate salt, nonphotolytically degrade in the atmosphere. The sulfate concentration and water solubilities of the particulates is increased by irradiation(1). It has been suggested that sulfuric acid formed from the SO2 in the atmosphere or at the soil interface reacts with the lead particulate to form lead sulfate. This can also occur in soil in contact with groundwater(1).
(1) USEPA; Air Quality Criteria for Lead; pp. 6-1 to 6-28 USEPA-600/8-77-017 (1977)

12.2.8 Effluent Concentrations

The chemical composition of baghouse effluent from smelting and refining operations has been examined in one study which found that elemental lead composed 15-20% of the emissions in some cases; with PbS, PbSO4, and PbO.PbSO4 also being present(1). The form of lead in emissions from a lead smelter contained 41.2% of the lead as PbSO4, 48.8% as PbS and 10.1% as PbO(2). Bulk dust samples collected from different areas of a primary lead smelter contained lead in the ore storage area, sinter area, and the blast and dross furnace; lead particles emitted from the smelter would primarily be in the form of lead sulfur compounds, PbSO4, PbO.PbSO4, and PbS(3).
(1) Corrin ML, Natusch DFS; pp.7-31 in Lead in the Environment. Boggess WR ed National Science Foundation NSF/RA-770214 (1977)
(2) Clevinger TE et al; Environ Sci Technol 25: 1128-33 (1991)
(3) Spear TM et al; Environ Health Perspectives 106: 565-71 (1998)

12.2.9 Sediment / Soil Concentrations

The principal form of lead from along roadsides is the sulfate salt(1). In a calcareous soil, PbSO4 and PbCO3 were shown to account for <5% of the total lead content, whereas in road side dust, PbSO4, elemental lead, Pb3O4, PbO.PbSO4 and 2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2 were present in high quantities(2).
(1) USEPA; Air Quality Criteria for Lead; pp. 6-1 to 6-28 USEPA-600/8-77-017 (1977)
(2) ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Lead. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health Service (2007)

12.2.10 Atmospheric Concentrations

The percent composition of airborne lead particles at a site near a road, 400 yds from a road, and at a rural site were, respectively: 2.2, 6.0 and 3.2 for PbSO4; and 1.0, 4.6 and 5.0 for PbO.PbSO4(1). An air filter containing particles with 2.3% lead, collected near a lead smelter, was rinsed so as to separate the Pb particles by density; the heavy and light fractions contained 61.5% and 7.8% of the original Pb, respectively, with 37% and 84% of these fractions being PbSO4(2).
(1) World Health Organization; Environmental Health Criteria 3. Lead. Geneva, Switzerland (1977)
(2) Clevenger TE et al; Environ Sci Technol 25: 1128-33 (1991)

12.2.11 Other Environmental Concentrations

The major constituents of sintering and blast furnace operations appear to be PbO.PbSO4 and PbSO4(1). In a study which identified lead compounds in the atmosphere, lead sulfate was listed, along with PbCO3 and 2PbBrCl.NH4Cl, as a major lead species(2). The chemical composition of baghouse effluent from smelting and refining operations contained 5% to ca. 100% PbSO4, and in one case, 70% PbO.PbSO4(3). The mining and smelting industry is geographically localized. The composition of airborne lead particulates in car exhaust was 0.1% PbSO4, which converted to the basic lead sulfate after standing(3).
(1) USEPA; Air Quality Criteria for Lead USEPA-600-8-83-028bF (1986)
(2) Corrin ML, Natusch DFS; pp.7-31 in Lead in the Environment; Boggess WR ed National Science Foundation NSF/RA-770214 (1977)
(3) World Health Organization; Environmental Health Criteria 3. Lead. Geneva, Switzerland (1977)

12.2.12 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 26,736 workers (5,171 of these were female) were potentially exposed to lead sulfate in the US(1). Occupational exposure to lead sulfate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where lead is produced or used; workers at mines, ore processing facilities, and smelting and refining operations may be exposed to lead sulfate in air and soil since other lead compounds may be converted to the sulfate in these compartments. The lead industry employs about 7,000 people; two thirds of this number are employed in mining and concentrating operations(2). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to lead sulfate via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound or other products containing lead. Concentrations in food may be elevated due to surface contamination of fresh fruits and vegetables; some of this lead intake may be in the form of PbSO4, which should dissolve in stomach acid(SRC).
(1) NIOSH; NOES. National Occupational Exposure Survey conducted from 1981-1983. Estimated numbers of employees potentially exposed to specific agents by 2-digit standard industrial classification (SIC). Available at https://www.cdc.gov/noes/ as of October 20, 2009.
(2) USEPA; Industrial Process Profiles for Environmental Use. Chpt. 27 USEPA-600/2-80-168 (1980)
People living in the vicinity of lead sources such as emissions from motor vehicles, mining operations, and smelters may be exposed to lead sulfate in soil; lead compounds may be converted to the sulfate in soil or at the air-soil interface. Limited data on speciation of atmospheric lead particles suggest that exposure to atmospheric lead sulfate will primarily result for people living close to stationary sources, such as smelters. This lead is primarily in airborne particulate matter that settles on plants and in water and may subsequently be ingested(1). Exposure may arise for people in contact with lead storage batteries(2).
(1) USEPA; Air Quality Criteria for Lead; p. 7-1 to 7-17 USEPA-600/8-77-017 (1977)
(2) IARC; Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. Some Metals and Metallic Compounds 23: 325-415 (1977)

13 Associated Disorders and Diseases

Associated Occupational Diseases with Exposure to the Compound
Lead, subacute toxic effect [Category: Metal Poisoning, Occupational]

14 Literature

14.1 Consolidated References

14.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

14.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

14.4 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

14.5 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

15 Patents

15.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

15.2 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

15.3 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

15.4 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

16 Interactions and Pathways

16.1 Chemical-Target Interactions

16.2 Pathways

17 Biological Test Results

17.1 BioAssay Results

18 Classification

18.1 MeSH Tree

18.2 ChemIDplus

18.3 CAMEO Chemicals

18.4 UN GHS Classification

18.5 EPA CPDat Classification

18.6 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

18.7 EPA DSSTox Classification

18.8 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

18.9 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

18.10 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

19 Information Sources

  1. Athena Minerals
    LICENSE
    Copyright (c) ATHENA - Pierre Perroud. All Rights Reserved
  2. Handbook of Mineralogy
  3. RRUFF Project
  4. Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS)
  5. CAMEO Chemicals
    LICENSE
    CAMEO Chemicals and all other CAMEO products are available at no charge to those organizations and individuals (recipients) responsible for the safe handling of chemicals. However, some of the chemical data itself is subject to the copyright restrictions of the companies or organizations that provided the data.
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/help/reference/terms_and_conditions.htm?d_f=false
    CAMEO Chemical Reactivity Classification
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
  6. CAS Common Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
  7. ChemIDplus
    ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
  8. EPA Chemical Data Reporting (CDR)
    LICENSE
    The U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce these documents, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. These documents may be freely distributed and used for non-commercial, scientific and educational purposes.
    https://www.epa.gov/web-policies-and-procedures/epa-disclaimers#copyright
    Sulfuric acid, lead(2+) salt (1:1)
    https://www.epa.gov/chemical-data-reporting
  9. EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
    Sulfuric acid, lead(2+) salt (1:1)
    https://www.epa.gov/chemicals-under-tsca
    EPA TSCA Classification
    https://www.epa.gov/tsca-inventory
  10. EPA DSSTox
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
  11. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
    LICENSE
    Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: "Source: European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/". Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice page.
    https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/legal-notice
  12. FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS)
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  13. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  14. NJDOH RTK Hazardous Substance List
  15. Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)
  16. Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
    LICENSE
    Copyright (c) 2022 Haz-Map(R). All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials from Haz-Map are copyrighted by Haz-Map(R). No part of these materials, either text or image may be used for any purpose other than for personal use. Therefore, reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly prohibited without prior written permission.
    https://haz-map.com/About
  17. Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
    LICENSE
    T3DB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (T3DB) and the original publication.
    http://www.t3db.ca/downloads
  18. Crystallography Open Database (COD)
    LICENSE
    All data in the COD and the database itself are dedicated to the public domain and licensed under the CC0 License. Users of the data should acknowledge the original authors of the structural data.
    https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
  19. EPA Chemical and Products Database (CPDat)
  20. Hazardous Chemical Information System (HCIS), Safe Work Australia
  21. NITE-CMC
    Lead sulfate - FY2011 (New/original classication)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/11-mhlw-0116e.html
  22. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
  23. SpectraBase
  24. Wikidata
  25. Wikipedia
  26. PubChem
  27. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
    LICENSE
    Works produced by the U.S. government are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any such works found on National Library of Medicine (NLM) Web sites may be freely used or reproduced without permission in the U.S.
    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
  28. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  29. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
    LICENSE
    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  30. EPA Substance Registry Services
  31. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
CONTENTS