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Cerium

PubChem CID
23974
Structure
Cerium_small.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • CERIUM
  • 7440-45-1
  • CE
  • cerio
  • 13550-45-3
Molecular Weight
140.116 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Element Name
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-03-26
  • Modify:
    2025-01-11
Description
Cerium is a gray colored, ductile solid. This form of cerium is slabs, ingots or rods. When heated to high temperatures it will burn readily and may be difficult to extinguish. It is used to make signaling devices.
Cerium, turnings or gritty powder appears as a gray metallic solid. Specific gravity 6.78. Turnings or gritty powder. Contact may burn skin, eyes or mucous membranes. May be toxic by ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption. Used to make other chemicals.
Cerium is a lanthanoid atom and a f-block element atom.

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Cerium.png

1.2 Crystal Structures

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

cerium
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/Ce
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

[Ce]
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

Ce
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

7440-45-1

2.3.2 Deprecated CAS

110123-49-4, 196959-41-8

2.3.3 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.4 UNII

2.3.5 UN Number

2.3.6 ChEBI ID

2.3.7 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.8 HMDB ID

2.3.9 Nikkaji Number

2.3.10 Wikidata

2.3.11 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

Cerium

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
140.116 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
139.90545 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
139.90545 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
0 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Cerium is a gray colored, ductile solid. This form of cerium is slabs, ingots or rods. When heated to high temperatures it will burn readily and may be difficult to extinguish. It is used to make signaling devices.
Cerium, turnings or gritty powder appears as a gray metallic solid. Specific gravity 6.78. Turnings or gritty powder. Contact may burn skin, eyes or mucous membranes. May be toxic by ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption. Used to make other chemicals.
Other Solid; Pellets or Large Crystals
Gray solid; [CAMEO] Ceric salts: yellow or red-orange; Cerous salts: usually white; [Reference #1] Ductile and highly reactive; Readily oxidizes; [Hawley]
Solid

3.2.2 Melting Point

795 °C

3.3 SpringerMaterials Properties

3.4 Chemical Classes

Metals -> Rare Earth Metals

4 Spectral Information

4.1 IR Spectra

4.1.1 ATR-IR Spectra

Source of Sample
Aldrich
Catalog Number
261041
Copyright
Copyright © 2018-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2018-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

6 Chemical Vendors

7 Drug and Medication Information

7.1 FDA National Drug Code Directory

7.2 Drug Labels

Active ingredient and drug

7.3 Clinical Trials

7.3.1 ClinicalTrials.gov

8 Food Additives and Ingredients

8.1 Associated Foods

9 Minerals

1 of 3
Formula
(Ce++++,Th)O2
System
Cubic
2 of 3
Name
Formula
Ce
3 of 3
Formula
Ce
IMA Symbol
Ce

10 Use and Manufacturing

10.1 Uses

EPA CPDat Chemical and Product Categories
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
Sources/Uses
Used in metal alloys, in polishing agents, and in glass; [Ullmann] Sources: most abundant of the rare earth metals, it is obtained mainly from monazite, and bastnasite mineral deposits. Large deposits are found in India, Brazil, and the United States. Uses: to manufacture flints for cigarette lighters (misch metal); to make incandescent gas mantles, self-cleaning ovens, carbon arc lighting, and glass; as an analytical reagent (Cerium sulfate); to polish glass (Cerium oxide); and as a catalyst in petroleum refining; [Reference #1]
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure

Steel Producing [Category: Industry]

Metal Preparation and Pouring [Category: Foundry]

Mining [Category: Industry]

Glass Manufacturing [Category: Industry]

Activities with risk of exposure
Glassblowing [Category: Hobbies]

10.1.1 Use Classification

Hazard Classes and Categories -> Flammable - 3rd degree, Reactive - 3rd degree

10.1.2 Industry Uses

  • Alloys
  • Intermediates

10.1.3 Consumer Uses

  • Alloys
  • Intermediates

10.2 U.S. Production

Aggregated Product Volume

2019: <1,000,000 lb

2018: <1,000,000 lb

2017: <1,000,000 lb

2016: <1,000,000 lb

10.3 General Manufacturing Information

Industry Processing Sectors
Primary Metal Manufacturing
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Cerium: ACTIVE

11 Safety and Hazards

11.1 Hazards Identification

11.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 2
View All
Note
Pictograms displayed are for 97.7% (477 of 488) of reports that indicate hazard statements. This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 2.3% (11 of 488) of reports.
Pictogram(s)
Flammable
Signal
Danger
GHS Hazard Statements

H228 (96.3%): Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]

H250 (10.7%): Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air [Danger Pyrophoric liquids]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P210, P222, P231, P233, P240, P241, P280, P302+P335+P334, and P370+P378

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 488 reports by companies from 12 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 11 of 488 reports by companies. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

There are 11 notifications provided by 477 of 488 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

11.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Flam. Sol. 1 (96.3%)

Pyr. Sol. 1 (10.7%)

Flammable solids - Category 1

Substances and mixtures which, in contact with water, emit flamm - Category 2

Specific target organ toxicity - Single exposure - Category 1 (blood)

Hazardous to the aquatic environment (Acute) - Category 1

Hazardous to the aquatic environment (Long-term) - Category 1

11.1.3 Health Hazards

Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:

Oxides from metallic fires are a severe health hazard. Inhalation or contact with substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause environmental contamination. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 138 [Substances - Water-Reactive (Emitting Flammable Gases)]:

Inhalation or contact with vapors, substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death. May produce corrosive solutions on contact with water. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause environmental contamination. (ERG, 2024)

ERG 2024, Guide 138 (Cerium, turnings or gritty powder)

· Inhalation or contact with vapors, substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death.

· May produce corrosive solutions on contact with water.

· Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.

· Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause environmental contamination.

11.1.4 Fire Hazards

Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:

May react violently or explosively on contact with water. Some are transported in flammable liquids. May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames. Some of these materials will burn with intense heat. Dusts or fumes may form explosive mixtures in air. Containers may explode when heated. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 138 [Substances - Water-Reactive (Emitting Flammable Gases)]:

Produce flammable gases on contact with water. May ignite on contact with water or moist air. Some react vigorously or explosively on contact with water. May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. Some are transported in highly flammable liquids. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. (ERG, 2024)

ERG 2024, Guide 138 (Cerium, turnings or gritty powder)

· Produce flammable gases on contact with water.

· May ignite on contact with water or moist air.

· Some react vigorously or explosively on contact with water.

· May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames.

· May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.

· Some are transported in highly flammable liquids.

· Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.

11.1.5 Hazards Summary

Reacts violently with water and produces flammable gas on contact with moist air; May produce corrosive solutions; [CAMEO] Oxidizes readily in air at room temperature; Pure metal may ignite if scratched with a knife; [Reference #1] See RARE EARTH METALS and linked occupational diseases.

11.2 First Aid Measures

11.2.1 First Aid

Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 138 [Substances - Water-Reactive (Emitting Flammable Gases)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: In case of contact with substance, wipe from skin immediately; flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. (ERG, 2024)

ERG 2024, Guide 138 (Cerium, turnings or gritty powder)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingestedor inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuouscompressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· In case of contact with substance, wipe from skin immediately; flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

11.3 Fire Fighting

Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:

DO NOT USE WATER, FOAM OR CO2. Dousing metallic fires with water will generate hydrogen gas, an extremely dangerous explosion hazard, particularly if fire is in a confined environment (i.e., building, cargo hold, etc.). Use DRY sand, graphite powder, dry sodium chloride-based extinguishers, or class D extinguishers. Confining and smothering metal fires is preferable rather than applying water. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: If impossible to extinguish, protect surroundings and allow fire to burn itself out. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 138 [Substances - Water-Reactive (Emitting Flammable Gases)]:

DO NOT USE WATER OR FOAM.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, soda ash, lime or sand.

LARGE FIRE: DRY sand, dry chemical, soda ash or lime or withdraw from area and let fire burn. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING METALS OR POWDERS (ALUMINUM, LITHIUM, MAGNESIUM, ETC.): Use dry chemical, DRY sand, sodium chloride powder, graphite powder or class D extinguishers; in addition, for Lithium you may use Lith-X® powder or copper powder. Also, see ERG Guide 170.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

11.4 Accidental Release Measures

Public Safety: ERG 2024, Guide 138 (Cerium, turnings or gritty powder)

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

Spill or Leak: ERG 2024, Guide 138 (Cerium, turnings or gritty powder)

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers.

Small Spill

· Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.

· Dike for later disposal; do not apply water unless directed to do so.

Powder Spill

· Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading and keep powder dry.

· DO NOT CLEAN-UP OR DISPOSE OF, EXCEPT UNDER SUPERVISION OF A SPECIALIST.

11.4.1 Isolation and Evacuation

Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 50 meters (160 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 138 [Substances - Water-Reactive (Emitting Flammable Gases)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Evacuation: ERG 2024, Guide 138 (Cerium, turnings or gritty powder)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

Large Spill

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

Fire

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

11.5 Handling and Storage

11.5.1 Nonfire Spill Response

Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 138 [Substances - Water-Reactive (Emitting Flammable Gases)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers.

SMALL SPILL: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Dike for later disposal; do not apply water unless directed to do so.

POWDER SPILL: Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading and keep powder dry. DO NOT CLEAN-UP OR DISPOSE OF, EXCEPT UNDER SUPERVISION OF A SPECIALIST. (ERG, 2024)

11.6 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

Protective Clothing: ERG 2024, Guide 138 (Cerium, turnings or gritty powder)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

11.6.1 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines

Emergency Response: ERG 2024, Guide 138 (Cerium, turnings or gritty powder)

· DO NOT USE WATER OR FOAM.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, soda ash, lime or sand.

Large Fire

· DRY sand, dry chemical, soda ash or lime or withdraw from area and let fire burn.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Metals or Powders (Aluminum, Lithium, Magnesium, etc.)

· Use dry chemical, DRY sand, sodium chloride powder, graphite powder or class D extinguishers; in addition, for Lithium you may use Lith-X® powder or copper powder. Also, see GUIDE 170.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

11.6.2 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 138 [Substances - Water-Reactive (Emitting Flammable Gases)]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

11.7 Stability and Reactivity

11.7.1 Air and Water Reactions

Finely divided metal powder is pyrophoric [Bretherick 1979 p. 170-171]. This material will react vigorously if exposed to water or moist air and will generate flammable and/or toxic fumes.
Finely divided cerium powder is pyrophoric [Bretherick 1979 p. 170-171]. Can react vigorously if exposed to water or moist air and will generate flammable fumes.

11.7.2 Reactive Group

Metals, Elemental and Powder, Active

11.7.3 Reactivity Alerts

Strong Reducing Agent

Water-Reactive

Air-Reactive

Strong Reducing Agent

Water-Reactive

Pyrophoric

11.7.4 Reactivity Profile

CERIUM is a strong reducing agent. Resembles aluminum in its chemical properties. [Lewis]. Reactivity is enhanced by a state of high physical subdivision, as in TURNINGS OR GRITTY POWDER. Attacked by dilute and concentrated mineral acids and alkalis with the generation of flammable gases. Readily oxidized by moist air at room temperature. Reacts with zinc with explosively violence. Gives very exothermic reactions with antimony or bismuth. Reacts violently with phosphorus at 400-500 °C [Mellor 8, Supp. 3:347 1971].
CERIUM is a strong reducing agent. Resembles aluminum in its chemical properties. [Lewis]. Reactivity is enhanced by a state of high physical subdivision, as in TURNINGS OR GRITTY POWDER. Attacked by dilute and concentrated mineral acids and alkalis with the generation of flammable gases. Readily oxidized by moist air at room temperature. Reacts with zinc with explosive violence. Gives very exothermic reactions with antimony or bismuth. Reacts violently with phosphorus at 400-500 °C [Mellor 8, Supp. 3:347 1971].

11.8 Transport Information

11.8.1 DOT Label

Flammable Solid
Dangerous When Wet

11.9 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: Cerium
REACH Registered Substance
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Cerium: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

11.10 Other Safety Information

Chemical Assessment
IMAP assessments - Cerium: Human health tier I assessment

12 Toxicity

12.1 Toxicological Information

12.1.1 Adverse Effects

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Fibrogenic - Inducing tissue injury and fibrosis (scarring).

13 Literature

13.1 Consolidated References

13.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

13.3 Thieme References

13.4 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

13.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

13.6 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

14 Patents

14.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

14.2 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

14.3 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

14.4 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

15 Interactions and Pathways

15.1 Protein Bound 3D Structures

15.2 Chemical-Target Interactions

16 Taxonomy

17 Classification

17.1 MeSH Tree

17.2 ChEBI Ontology

17.3 ChemIDplus

17.4 CAMEO Chemicals

17.5 UN GHS Classification

17.6 EPA CPDat Classification

17.7 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

17.8 EPA DSSTox Classification

17.9 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

17.10 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

17.11 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

18 Information Sources

  1. Athena Minerals
    LICENSE
    Copyright (c) ATHENA - Pierre Perroud. All Rights Reserved
  2. RRUFF Project
  3. Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS)
  4. CAMEO Chemicals
    LICENSE
    CAMEO Chemicals and all other CAMEO products are available at no charge to those organizations and individuals (recipients) responsible for the safe handling of chemicals. However, some of the chemical data itself is subject to the copyright restrictions of the companies or organizations that provided the data.
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/help/reference/terms_and_conditions.htm?d_f=false
    CERIUM, TURNINGS OR GRITTY POWDER
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/19076
    CAMEO Chemical Reactivity Classification
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
  5. CAS Common Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
  6. ChemIDplus
    ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
  7. EPA Chemical Data Reporting (CDR)
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    The U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce these documents, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. These documents may be freely distributed and used for non-commercial, scientific and educational purposes.
    https://www.epa.gov/web-policies-and-procedures/epa-disclaimers#copyright
  8. EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
    EPA TSCA Classification
    https://www.epa.gov/tsca-inventory
  9. EPA DSSTox
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
  10. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
    LICENSE
    Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: "Source: European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/". Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice page.
    https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/legal-notice
  11. FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS)
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  12. Human Metabolome Database (HMDB)
    LICENSE
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    http://www.hmdb.ca/citing
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CONTENTS