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Beryllium Oxide

PubChem CID
14775
Structure
Beryllium Oxide_small.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • BERYLLIUM OXIDE
  • 1304-56-9
  • oxoberyllium
  • Beryllia
  • Bromellete
Molecular Weight
25.012 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-03-27
  • Modify:
    2025-01-18
Description
Beryllium oxide is an odorless white solid. Sinks in water. (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Beryllium oxide is a beryllium molecular entity consisting of beryllium (+2 oxidation state) and oxide in the ratio 1:1. In the solid state, BeO adopts the hexagonal wurtzite structure form while in the vapour phase, it is present as discrete diatomic covalent molecules. It has a role as a carcinogenic agent. It is a beryllium molecular entity and a metal oxide.
Beryllium Oxide is a white colored, crystalline, inorganic compound that emits toxic fumes of beryllium oxides upon heating. Beryllium oxide is widely used in industry due to its low density and high thermal and electrical conductivity. It is used in high-technology ceramics, electronic heat sinks, electrical insulators, high-power devices, high-density electrical circuits, microwaves, X-ray windows, nuclear reactor fuels and for various aerospace and military applications. Inhalation exposure to its dust irritates the nose, throat and lungs and can cause pneumonitis. Prolonged exposure can result in a chronic beryllium disease called berylliosis causing granuloma and fibrosis formation in the lungs. Beryllium is associated with an increased risk of developing lung cancer. (NCI05)

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Beryllium Oxide.png

1.2 3D Status

Conformer generation is disallowed since MMFF94s unsupported element

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

oxoberyllium
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/Be.O
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

LTPBRCUWZOMYOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

[Be]=O
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

BeO
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

1304-56-9
21883-51-2

2.3.2 Deprecated CAS

2519747-41-0, 61279-73-0, 61279-74-1, 61279-75-2, 61279-76-3

2.3.3 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.4 UN Number

2.3.5 ChEBI ID

2.3.6 ICSC Number

2.3.7 NCI Thesaurus Code

2.3.8 Wikidata

2.3.9 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

beryllium oxide

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
25.012 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
25.0070977 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
25.0070977 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
17.1 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
2
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
2
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Beryllium oxide is an odorless white solid. Sinks in water. (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Dry Powder
White solid; Insoluble in water; [Hawley] White odorless powder; [MSDSonline] Very sparingly soluble in water; [ACGIH]
WHITE CRYSTALS OR POWDER.

3.2.2 Color / Form

White hexagonal crystals
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 94th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2013-2014, p. 4-51
Light, amorphous powder
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 206
White, amorphous powder or white hexagonal crystals
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. V2: 425

3.2.3 Odor

Odorless
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

3.2.4 Boiling Point

3787 °C
ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Beryllium. Sept 2002. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health Service Available from, as of Nov 7, 2013: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp

3.2.5 Melting Point

2578 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 94th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2013-2014, p. 4-51
2530 °C

3.2.6 Solubility

Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in acid and alkali solutions
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 94th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2013-2014, p. 4-51
2 ug/100 mL in water at 30 °C; soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid, fused potassium hydroxide
Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p. 4-44
Slowly soluble in concentrated acids or fixed alkali hydroxides
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 206
Solubility in water: insoluble

3.2.7 Density

3 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
3.01 g/cu cm
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 94th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2013-2014, p. 4-51
3.0 g/cm³

3.2.8 Stability / Shelf Life

Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Beryllium oxide, Product Number: 202770, Version 4.7 (Revision Date 4/2/2014). Available from, as of April 24, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

3.2.9 Refractive Index

Index of refraction: 1.719, 1.733
Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p. 4-44

3.2.10 Other Experimental Properties

After ignition it is almost insoluble in water, concentrated acids or solutions of fixed alkali hydroxides
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 206
Mohs hardness: 9
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V1: 18 (1972)
Extremely stable ... its stability depends on its structure and is determined by the content of bound water. The higher the calcination temperature, the more inert the beryllium oxide.
Svilar M et al; Beryllium and Beryllium Compounds. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 7th ed. (1999-2013). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 16 Sept 2013
Pure (100%) beryllium oxide insulates electrically like a ceramic, but conducts heat like a metal.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 206
For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for BERYLLIUM OXIDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

3.3 Chemical Classes

Metals -> Beryllium Compounds, Inorganic

4 Spectral Information

4.1 IR Spectra

4.1.1 ATR-IR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Bio-Rad FTS
Technique
ATR-Neat (DuraSamplIR II)
Source of Spectrum
Forensic Spectral Research
Source of Sample
Sigma-Aldrich Company-Fluka, Buchs Switzerland
Copyright
Copyright © 2010-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Source of Sample
Aldrich
Catalog Number
202770
Copyright
Copyright © 2018-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2018-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.2 Raman Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Bio-Rad FTS 175C with Raman accessory
Technique
FT-Raman
Source of Sample
Fluka Chemie AG, Buchs, Switzerland
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Instrument Name
Bio-Rad FTS 175C with Raman accessory
Technique
FT-Raman
Source of Sample
Fluka Chemie AG, Buchs, Switzerland
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

6 Chemical Vendors

7 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

7.1 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

...2 Persons who had ... constant exposure to beryllium oxide for 5 years showed appreciable excretion after 6 years' removal from contact ... no evidence of pulmonary involvement.
Browning, E. Toxicity of Industrial Metals. 2nd ed. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1969., p. 70
... Distribution of beryllium oxide ... varies with the method of its prepn: after intratracheal instillation of beryllium oxide prepd by calcining alpha-BE(OH)2 for 10 hr @ 500 °C was found in high concn in liver, kidneys & bones of rats, whereas prepn by calcining alpha-BE(OH)2 for 10 hr @ 1600 °C ... remained mainly in the lung.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V23 182 (1980)
... Rabbits given beryllium oxide ... IV a year or more before being killed or dying from osteosarcoma. Relatively high amt of the metal were found in the reticulo endothelial cells of liver & spleen. The lung also contained high concn. The levels in bone, kidney & heart were much lower.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V1 23 (1972)
... The skeletal deposition of beryllium from the ... low fired oxide, inhaled for 40 to 100 days by dogs, showed ... 0.6% ... of that retained in the lung ... 0.6% ... in the liver; and ... 397% ... in the pulmonary lymph nodes.
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 1545
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for BERYLLIUM OXIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

7.2 Metabolism / Metabolites

Beryllium is absorbed mainly through the lungs, where it enters the bloodstream and is transported throughout the body by binding to prealbumins and gamma-globulins. Beryllium accumulates in lung tissue and the skeleton. It is excreted mainly in the urine. (L25)
L25: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2002). Toxicological profile for beryllium. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp4.html

7.3 Biological Half-Life

Alveolar retention half-life for beryllium oxide was approx 6 mo.
Sanders CL et al; ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH 30 (11): 546 (1975)

8 Use and Manufacturing

8.1 Uses

Sources/Uses
Used in electric heat sinks, electrical insulators, microwave oven components, gyroscopes, military vehicle armor, rocket nozzles, crucibles, thermocouple tubing, laser structural components, electron tubes, resistor cores, windows in klystron tubes, transistor mountings, high-temperature reactor systems, and beryllium oxide ceramics; Also used as an additive (glass, ceramics, and plastics) and as a catalyst for organic reactions; [HSDB] Used in fuels and moderators in nuclear reactors; [Merck Index] Used to make ceramics in resistor cores, laser tubes, and circuit chip carriers; [ACGIH]
Merck Index - O'Neil MJ, Heckelman PE, Dobbelaar PH, Roman KJ (eds). The Merck Index, An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, 15th Ed. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013.
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure
Glass Manufacturing [Category: Industry]
Beryllium oxide is used in high technology ceramics, electronic heat sinks, electrical insulators, microwave oven components, gyroscopes, military vehicle armor, rocket nozzles crucibles, thermocouple tubing, laser structural components, substrates for high-density electrical circuits, automotive ignition systems, and radar electronic countermeasure systems.
U.S. Dept Health & Human Services/Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry; Toxicological Profile for Beryllium p.147 (2002) PB2003-100135. Available from, as of October 29, 2013: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp
Electron tubes, resistor cores; windows in klystron tubes; transistor mountings; high-temperature reactor systems; additive to glass, ceramics and plastics; preparation of beryllium compounds; catalyst for organic reactions.
Kuney, J.H. and J.N. Mullican (eds). Chemcyclopedia. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1984., p. 141
Transparency to microwaves has led to its use as windows, radomes and antennae in microwave devices; it is also used in high-power laser tubes.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V58: 55 (1993)
Beryllium oxide is an electrical insulator and is used in rocket engines, catalysts, semiconductors, moderators of atomic reactors, and neutron reflectors. (L28)
L28: Wikipedia. Beryllium oxide. Last Updated 17 March 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium_oxide

8.1.1 Use Classification

Hazard Classes and Categories -> Carcinogens

8.1.2 Industry Uses

  • Laboratory chemicals
  • Other (specify)

8.1.3 Consumer Uses

  • Laboratory chemicals
  • Other (specify)

8.2 Methods of Manufacturing

Beryllium oxide is produced by the following processes: beryllium hydroxide is first converted to high-purity beryllium sulfate tetrahydrate, as described above. This salt is calcined at carefully controlled temperatures, between 1150 and 1450 °C, selected to give the properties of the beryllium oxide powders required by individual beryllia ceramic fabricators. Alternatively, beryllium hydroxide may be purified first and then calcined directly to beryllium oxide powder.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V58: 52 (1993)
... Produced by dissolving technical-grade beryllium hydroxide in sulfuric acid, precipitating out hydrated beryllium sulfate, which is then calcined at 1,150-1,450 °C.
U.S. Dept Health & Human Services/Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry; Toxicological Profile for Beryllium p.143 (2002) PB2003-100135. Available from, as of October 29, 2013: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp
By heating of beryllium nitrate or hydroxide.
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 147
... Obtained directly from beryllium hydroxide by calcination or from the basic carbonate, acetate, or sulfate by ignition. The white, reactive powders differ in grain size, morphology, and impurity content.
Svilar M et al; Beryllium and Beryllium Compounds. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2013). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: September 16, 2013
In the primary industrial process, beryllium hydroxide extracted from ore is dissolved in sulfuric acid. The solution is filtered and the filtrate is concentrated by evaporation and unpon cooling high purity beryllium sulfate, BeSO4.4H2O crystallizes. The salt is calcined at carefully controlled temperatures between 1150 and 1450 °C, selected to give tailored properties of the beryllium oxide powders.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. VA4: 150 (1985)

8.3 Impurities

Beryllium oxide-purities: 99-99.99% ... The purity of beryllia is critical to its thermal conductivity: as the purity drops below 99.5%, thermal conductivity drops off rapidly. Impurities (mg/kg): Al, 46; Fe, 32; Cr, 8; Mn, < 2; Ni, 9; B, 2; Ca, 31; Co, < 1; Cu, 3; Si, 1861; Mg, 922; Li, 2; Zn, < 20; Ti, 5; Na, 173; Ag, < 1; Mo, < 3; Pb, 2. Silicon and magnesium silicates are added to beryllia powder as sintering aids.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V58: 46 (1993)

8.4 Formulations / Preparations

Beryllium oxide-purities: 99-99.99%
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V58: 46 (1993)
Grade: Technical, CP, pure, single crystals.
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 147

8.5 U.S. Production

Aggregated Product Volume

2019: <1,000,000 lb

2018: <1,000,000 lb

2017: <1,000,000 lb

2016: <1,000,000 lb

Production volume for non-confidential chemicals reported under the 2006 Inventory Update Rule. Chemical: Beryllium oxide. Aggregated National Production Volume: < 500,000 pounds.
USEPA; Non-Confidential 2006 Inventory Update Reporting. National Chemical Information. Beryllium Oxide (1304-56-9). Available from, as of October 3, 2013: https://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/index.cfm
Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: Beryllium oxide. National Production Volume: Withheld.
USEPA/Pollution Prevention and Toxics; 2012 Chemical Data Reporting Database. Beryllium Oxide (1304-56-9). Available from, as of October 3, 2013: https://java.epa.gov/oppt_chemical_search/

8.6 General Manufacturing Information

Industry Processing Sectors
  • Wholesale and Retail Trade
  • Miscellaneous Manufacturing
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Beryllium oxide (BeO): ACTIVE
Today, practically all of the beryllium oxide produced commercially is calcined at temperatures of 1000 °C or higher and is referred to as 'high-fired'. Beryllium oxide that is calcined at temperatures lower than 1000 °C is referred to as 'low-fired'; it consists of poorly crystallized, small particles which are more reactive and more soluble in dilute acid than those of high-fired beryllium oxide
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V58: 53 (1993)
... Its property of being sinterized at 1,400 °C makes it suitable for manufacture of ceramic materials, since it can be either molded or applied as a coating to a metal or other base; sintering then produces a hard coherent mass with a smooth glassy surface.
Browning, E. Toxicity of Industrial Metals. 2nd ed. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1969., p. 67
The higher the calcination temperature the more inert the beryllium oxide.
Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA4: 26 (1985)
Beryllium oxide ceramics have the highest thermal conductivity of the oxide ceramics.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V58: 55 (1993)

8.7 Sampling Procedures

The objective of the research work was to evaluate the efficiency of three different sampling methods (Ghost Wipe, micro-vacuum, and ChemTest) in the recovery of Be dust by assessing: (1) four Be compounds (beryllium acetate, beryllium chloride, beryllium oxide and beryllium aluminium), (2) three different surfaces (polystyrene, glass and aluminium) and (3) inter-operator variation. The three sampling methods were also tested on site in a laboratory of a dental school for validation purposes. The Ghost Wipe method showed recovery ranging from 43.3% to 85.8% for all four Be compounds and for all three quantities of Be spiked on Petri dishes, while recovery with the micro-vacuum method ranged from 0.1% to 12.4%. On polystyrene dishes with 0.4 ug Be, the recovery ranged from 48.3% to 81.7%, with an average recovery of 59.4% for Operator 1 and 68.4% for Operator 2. The ChemTest wipe method with beryllium acetate, beryllium chloride, and AlBeMet showed analogous results that are in line with the manufacturer's manual, but collection of beryllium oxide was negative. In the dental laboratory, Ghost Wipe samplings showed better recovery than the micro-vacuum method. The ratios between the recovered quantities of Be in each location where the Ghost Wipe was tested differed substantially, ranging from 1.45 to 64. In the dental laboratory, a faint blue color indicating the presence of Be was observed on the ChemTest wipes used in two locations out of six. In summary, the Ghost Wipe method was more efficient than micro-vacuuming in collecting the Be dust from smooth, non-porous surfaces such as Petri dishes by a factor of approximately 18. The results obtained on site in a dental laboratory also showed better recovery with Ghost Wipes. However, the ratio of Be recovered by Ghost Wipes versus micro-vacuuming was much lower for surfaces where a large amount of dust was present. Wet wiping is preferred over micro-vacuuming for beryllium forms, but this conclusion probably applies to the ultra-low particulate loading levels (0.4 micrograms or less) which was tested in this study.
Dufresne A et al; J Environ Monit. 13 (1): 74-83 (2011)
Analyte: Beryllium; Matrix: air; Sampler: Filter (0.8-um cellulose ester membrane); Flow rate: 1 to 4 L/min; Vol: min: 25 L @ 2 ug/cu m, max: 1000 L @ 2 ug/cu m; Stability: stable /Beryllium and cmpds as Be/
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with 1985 supplement, and revisions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1984., p. V1 7102-1
Analyte: Beryllium; Matrix: air; Sampler: Filter (0.8-um cellulose membrane); Flow rate: 1-4 L/min; Vol: min: 1250 L, max: 2000 L; Stability: stable /Beryllium and cmpds as Be/
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with 1985 supplement, and revisions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1984., p. V1 7300-1
In regard to measuring air levels of insoluble beryllium substances such as beryllium oxide & beryllium metal dust recommended that sampling be done with prefilters to eliminate nonrespirable particles. /Beryllium and cmpd/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986., p. 56

9 Safety and Hazards

9.1 Hazards Identification

9.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 5
View All
Pictogram(s)
Acute Toxic
Irritant
Health Hazard
Signal
Danger
GHS Hazard Statements

H301 (97.9%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H315 (97.9%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (97.9%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (100%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (100%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H350 (100%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H372 (100%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 48 reports by companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

9.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Acute Tox. 3 (97.9%)

Skin Irrit. 2 (97.9%)

Skin Sens. 1 (97.9%)

Eye Irrit. 2 (100%)

Acute Tox. 2 (100%)

STOT SE 3 (100%)

Carc. 1B (100%)

STOT RE 1 (100%)

Acute toxicity - category 1

Carcinogenicity - category 1B

Specific target organ toxicity (single exposure) - category 3

Specific target organ toxicity (repeated exposure) - category 1

Respiratory sensitisation - category 1

Skin sensitisation - category 1

9.1.3 Health Hazards

Any dramatic, unexplained weight loss should be considered as possible first indication of beryllium disease. Other symptoms include anorexia, fatigue, weakness, malaise. Inhalation causes pneumonitis, nasopharyngitis, tracheobronchitis, dyspnea, chronic cough. Contact with dust causes conjunctival inflammation of eyes and irritation of skin. (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

9.1.4 Fire Hazards

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic beryllium oxide fume may form in fire. (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Not combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

9.1.5 Hazards Summary

May cause burns to skin and eyes; [HSDB] A severe skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritant; May cause beryllium sensitization after prolonged contact; Dust or fume inhalation may cause chemical pneumonitis; Repeated or prolonged exposure may cause chronic beryllium disease; [ICSC] See Beryllium for one additional linked occupational disease.
The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of beryllium oxide stem from its toxicologic properties. Toxic primarily by inhalation and dermal contact, exposure to this odorless, white, crystalline substance may occur from the processing (machining, molding, grinding, cutting, and fabrication) of beryllium oxide-containing glass and ceramics used in the manufacture of electronic equipment, aerospace equipment, and non-ferrous foundry products. Effects from exposure may include contact burns to the skin and eyes, skin ulceration, headache, weakness, chest pain, shortness of breath, pulmonary edema, and possibly death from heart failure. The OSHA PEL and ACGIH TLV are set at a TWA of 2 ug/cu m. Engineering control of process equipment (eg, enclosure and local exhaust ventilation) should be used to prevent inhalation and skin contact with beryllium oxide. In activities where over-exposure is possible, workers should wear a self-contained breathing apparatus. Protective clothing should also be worn, including protective suits, (preferably disposable, one-piece, and close-fitting at the ankles and wrists), goggles, gloves, hair covering, and overshoes. Work clothes should not be taken home for laundering. Beryllium oxide is not flammable. Shipping regulations and other DOT regulatory requirements should be consulted before transport. In cleaning spills of beryllium oxide, use a wet mop, or vacuum cleaner equipped with a high efficiency particulate filter. Do not dry sweep, dry mop, or use any such method that could disperse the dust. Before implementing land disposal of beryllium oxide waste, consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance.

9.1.6 Fire Potential

NOT FLAMMABLE
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

9.1.7 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

Will burn skin and eyes.
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

9.2 Safety and Hazard Properties

9.2.1 OSHA Standards

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 2 ug/cu m. /Beryllium and beryllium compounds/
29 CFR 1910.1000 (USDOL); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of October 23, 2013: https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/ECFR?page=browse
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 Acceptable Ceiling Concentration: 5 ug/cu m. /Beryllium and beryllium compounds/
29 CFR 1910.1000 (USDOL); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of October 23, 2013: https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/ECFR?page=browse
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 Acceptable maximum peak above the acceptable ceiling concentration for an 8-hour shift. Concentration: 25 ug/cu m. Maximum Duration: 30 minutes. /Beryllium and beryllium compounds/
29 CFR 1910.1000 (USDOL); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of October 23, 2013: https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/ECFR?page=browse

9.2.2 NIOSH Recommendations

NIOSH considers beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be) to be potential occupational carcinogens. /Beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be)/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg
Recommended Exposure Limit: Ceiling Value: 0.0005 mg/cu m. /Beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be)/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg
NIOSH usually recommends that occupational exposures to carcinogens be limited to the lowest feasible concentration.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg

9.3 First Aid Measures

Inhalation First Aid
Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer for medical attention.
Skin First Aid
Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Wear protective gloves when administering first aid.
Eye First Aid
First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.
Ingestion First Aid
Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

9.3.1 First Aid

INHALATION: take chest x-ray immediately to check for pneumonitis.

INGESTION: induce vomiting; get medical attention.

EYES: flush with water for at least 15 min.; get medical attention.

SKIN: cuts or puncture wounds in which beryllium may be embedded under the skin should be thoroughly cleansed immediately by a physician. (USCG, 1999)

U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

9.4 Fire Fighting

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use fine water spray. In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

9.4.1 Fire Fighting Procedures

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Beryllium compound, NOS/
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 121
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. /Beryllium compound, NOS/
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 121
Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Beryllium oxide, Product Number: 202770, Version 4.7 (Revision Date 4/2/2014). Available from, as of April 24, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Advice for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Beryllium oxide, Product Number: 202770, Version 4.7 (Revision Date 4/2/2014). Available from, as of April 24, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

9.5 Accidental Release Measures

9.5.1 Isolation and Evacuation

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

9.5.2 Spillage Disposal

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

9.5.3 Cleanup Methods

Control of environmental exposure: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Beryllium oxide, Product Number: 202770, Version 4.7 (Revision Date 4/2/2014). Available from, as of April 24, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Beryllium oxide, Product Number: 202770, Version 4.7 (Revision Date 4/2/2014). Available from, as of April 24, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

9.5.4 Disposal Methods

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.
Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Beryllium oxide, Product Number: 202770, Version 4.7 (Revision Date 4/2/2014). Available from, as of April 24, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

9.5.5 Preventive Measures

Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Beryllium oxide, Product Number: 202770, Version 4.7 (Revision Date 4/2/2014). Available from, as of April 24, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Beryllium oxide, Product Number: 202770, Version 4.7 (Revision Date 4/2/2014). Available from, as of April 24, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. /Beryllium compound, NOS/
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 121
For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for BERYLLIUM OXIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

9.6 Handling and Storage

9.6.1 Nonfire Spill Response

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

9.6.2 Safe Storage

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Store only in original container. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

9.6.3 Storage Conditions

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Keep in a dry place.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Beryllium oxide, Product Number: 202770, Version 4.7 (Revision Date 4/2/2014). Available from, as of April 24, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

9.7 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

9.7.1 Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)

0.002 [mg/m3], as Be, Ceiling(OSHA) = 0.005 mg/m3, as Be(0.025 mg/m3,as Be,for 30 min.peak per 8-hr shift)

9.7.2 Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)

4 mg Be/m3 ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)
4.0 [mg/m3], as Be
NIOSH considers beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be) to be a potential occupational carcinogen.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg

9.7.3 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)

0.00005 [mg/m3], as Be, inhalable fraction
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.00005 mg/cu m (inhalable fraction); Skin. /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH 2013, p. 14
Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH 2013, p. 5
A1: Confirmed human carcinogen. /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH 2013, p. 14
2013 Notice of Intended Changes (NIC): Updates of Sensitizer (SEN) Notations to Dermal Sensitizer (DSEN) and/or Respiratory Sensitizer (RSEN). The following substances are placed on the NIC for review of this notation only. Substance: Beryllium and compounds, as Be; Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.00005 mg/cu m (Inhalable fraction); Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): None; Notations: Skin; Dermal Sensitization (DSEN), Respiratory Sensitization (RSEN); A1: Confirmed human carcinogen.; Molecular Weight: 9.01; TLV Basis: Beryllium sensitization; Beryllium disease (berylliosis). /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH 2013, p. 65
(as Be): (inhalable fraction): 0.00005 mg/m

9.7.4 Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL)

EU-OEL
(inhalable fraction): 0.0002 mg/m
MAK (Maximale Arbeitsplatz Konzentration)
sensitization of respiratory tract and skin (SAH); carcinogen category: 1.

9.7.5 Inhalation Risk

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

9.7.6 Effects of Short Term Exposure

The substance is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. Inhalation of dust or fume may cause chemical pneumonitis. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated. Exposure could cause death.

9.7.7 Effects of Long Term Exposure

Sensitization to the substance, through repeated or prolonged inhalation or skin contact, may result in serious granulomatous lung disease (chronic beryllium disease). This substance is carcinogenic to humans.

9.7.8 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Respiratory protection; gloves; freshly laundered clothing; chemical safety goggles (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Respiratory protection Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Beryllium oxide, Product Number: 202770, Version 4.7 (Revision Date 4/2/2014). Available from, as of April 24, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Skin protection: Handle with gloves.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Beryllium oxide, Product Number: 202770, Version 4.7 (Revision Date 4/2/2014). Available from, as of April 24, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Eye/face protection Face shield and safety glasses Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Beryllium oxide, Product Number: 202770, Version 4.7 (Revision Date 4/2/2014). Available from, as of April 24, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Beryllium oxide, Product Number: 202770, Version 4.7 (Revision Date 4/2/2014). Available from, as of April 24, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for BERYLLIUM OXIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

9.7.9 Preventions

Exposure Prevention
PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! AVOID ALL CONTACT!
Inhalation Prevention
Use closed system.
Skin Prevention
Protective gloves. Protective clothing.
Eye Prevention
Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection if powder.
Ingestion Prevention
Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

9.8 Stability and Reactivity

9.8.1 Air and Water Reactions

The amount of heat generated by hydrolysis may be large.

9.8.2 Reactive Group

Bases, Strong

9.8.3 Reactivity Alerts

Water-Reactive

9.8.4 Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities

... Can react explosively with magnesium when heated.
National Fire Protection Association; Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 14TH Edition, Quincy, MA 2010, p. 491-112
Acids, caustics, chlorinated hydrocarbons, oxidizers, molten lithium. /Beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be)/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg

9.9 Transport Information

9.9.1 DOT Emergency Guidelines

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Beryllium compound, NOS/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. /Beryllium compound, NOS/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Beryllium compound, NOS/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Beryllium compound, NOS/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for BERYLLIUM OXIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

9.9.2 Shipping Name / Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO

UN 1566; Beryllium compounds, NOS
IMO 6.1; Beryllium compounds, NOS

9.9.3 Standard Transportation Number

49 232 16; Beryllium compounds, not otherwise specified

9.9.4 Shipment Methods and Regulations

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
49 CFR 171.2 (USDOT); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of October 22, 2013: https://www.ecfr.gov
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. /Beryllium compounds, NOS/
International Air Transport Association. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 47th Edition. Montreal, Quebec Canada. 2006., p. 149
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. /Beryllium compound, NOS/
International Maritime Organization. IMDG Code. International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code Volume 2 2006, p. 73

9.9.5 DOT Label

Poison

9.9.6 Packaging and Labelling

Unbreakable packaging. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

9.9.7 EC Classification

Symbol: T+; R: 49-25-26-36/37/38-43-48/23; S: 53-45; Note: E

9.9.8 UN Classification

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II

9.10 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: Beryllium oxide (BeO)
California Safe Cosmetics Program (CSCP) Reportable Ingredient

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity

Authoritative List - EC Annex VI CMRs - Cat. 1B; Prop 65

Report - regardless of intended function of ingredient in the product

REACH Registered Substance
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Beryllium oxide: HSNO Approval: HSR004367 Approved with controls

9.10.1 Atmospheric Standards

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Beryllium compounds are included on this list. /Beryllium Compounds/
Clean Air Act as amended in 1990, Sect. 112 (b) (1) Public Law 101-549 Nov. 15, 1990

9.10.2 Federal Drinking Water Standards

Maximum contaminant level for inorganic contaminants: Contaminant: Beryllium; MCL 0.004 mg/L. /Beryllium/
40 CFR 141.62 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of October 23, 2013: https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/ECFR?page=browse

9.10.3 Federal Drinking Water Guidelines

Maximum contaminant level goal for inorganic contaminants: Contaminant: Beryllium; MCLG 0.004 mg/L. /Beryllium/
40 CFR 141.51 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of October 23, 2013: https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/ECFR?page=browse

9.10.4 Clean Water Act Requirements

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Beryllium and compounds/
40 CFR 401.15 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of October 18, 2013: https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/ECFR?page=browse

9.11 Other Safety Information

Chemical Assessment
IMAP assessments - Beryllium metal and Beryllium oxide: Human health tier II assessment

9.11.1 Toxic Combustion Products

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture: Beryllium oxides
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Beryllium oxide, Product Number: 202770, Version 4.7 (Revision Date 4/2/2014). Available from, as of April 24, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

10 Toxicity

10.1 Toxicological Information

10.1.1 Toxicity Summary

Once in the body, beryllium acts as a hapten and interacts with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) DP presenting cells in the lungs, becoming physically associated with a major histocompatability (MHC) class II molecule. This MHC class II-beryllium-peptide complex is recognized by the T lymphocyte receptor, triggering CD4+ T lymphocyte activation and proliferation. The resulting inflammatory response is a cell-mediated process orchestrated by cytokines and results in the formation of (usually pulmonary) granulomas. Beryllium's toxicity may be controlled by the iron-storage protein ferritin, which sequesters beryllium by binding it and preventing it from interacting with other enzymes. (L25, A37, A91)
A37: Amicosante M, Berretta F, Dweik R, Saltini C: Role of high-affinity HLA-DP specific CLIP-derived peptides in beryllium binding to the HLA-DPGlu69 berylliosis-associated molecules and presentation to beryllium-sensitized T cells. Immunology. 2009 Sep;128(1 Suppl):e462-70. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.03000.x. Epub 2008 Dec 23. PMID:19191908
A91: Lindenschmidt RC, Sendelbach LE, Witschi HP, Price DJ, Fleming J, Joshi JG: Ferritin and in vivo beryllium toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1986 Feb;82(2):344-50. PMID:3945960
L25: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2002). Toxicological profile for beryllium. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp4.html

10.1.2 RAIS Toxicity Values

Inhalation Unit Risk (IUR) (ug/m^3)^-1
0.0024
Inhalation Unit Risk Reference
CALEPA
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
7e-06
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration Reference
CALEPA
Oral Chronic Reference Dose (RfDoc) (mg/kg-day)
0.002
Oral Chronic Reference Dose Reference
CALEPA

10.1.3 Evidence for Carcinogenicity

There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of beryllium and beryllium compounds. Beryllium and beryllium compounds cause cancer of the lung. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of beryllium and beryllium compounds. Beryllium and beryllium compounds are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). /Beryllium and beryllium compounds/
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V100C 116 (2012)
A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH 2013, p. 14
Beryllium and beryllium compounds are known to be human carcinogens based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans. /Beryllium and compounds/
DHHS/National Toxicology Program; Beryllium and Beryllium Compounds. Twelfth Report on Carcinogens (2011). Available from, as of October 28, 2013: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/

10.1.4 Carcinogen Classification

Carcinogen Classification
1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

10.1.5 Health Effects

Acute inhalation of a high level of beryllium can result in a pneumonia-like condition called acute beryllium disease. Chronic inhalation of beryllium can cause an inflammatory reaction in the respiratory system called chronic beryllium disease. Chronic beryllium disease may result in anorexia and weight loss, as well as right side heart enlargement and heart disease in advanced cases. Chronic exposure can also increase the risk of lung cancer. Skin contact with beryllium results in contact dermatitus. (L24, L25)
L24: Wikipedia. Beryllium. Last Updated 17 March 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium
L25: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2002). Toxicological profile for beryllium. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp4.html

10.1.6 Exposure Routes

The substance can be absorbed into the body in hazardous amounts by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.
Inhalation (L24)
L24: Wikipedia. Beryllium. Last Updated 17 March 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium

10.1.7 Symptoms

Inhalation Exposure
Cough. Laboured breathing. Shortness of breath. Sore throat. Symptoms may be delayed.
Skin Exposure
MAY BE ABSORBED!
Eye Exposure
Redness. Pain.
Chronic beryllium disease causes fatigue, weakness, difficulty breathing, and a persistent dry cough. (L24, L25)
L24: Wikipedia. Beryllium. Last Updated 17 March 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium
L25: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2002). Toxicological profile for beryllium. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp4.html

10.1.8 Adverse Effects

Fibrogenic - Inducing tissue injury and fibrosis (scarring).

10.1.9 Toxicity Data

LD50: 0.5 mg (Oral, Rat) (L477) LD50: 40-75 mg/m3 (Chronic Inhalation, Rabbit) (L477) LD50: 100 ug/m3 (Acute Inhalation, Rat) (L477)
L477: The Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory of Oxford University (2008). Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for beryllium oxide. http://msds.chem.ox.ac.uk/BE/beryllium_oxide.html

10.1.10 Minimum Risk Level

Chronic Oral: 0.002 mg/kg/day (L134)
L134: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2001). Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for Hazardous Substances. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls/

10.1.11 Treatment

Chronic beryllium disease is treated with immunosuppressive medicines, usually of the glucocorticoid class. (L24)
L24: Wikipedia. Beryllium. Last Updated 17 March 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium

10.1.12 Interactions

Guinea pigs sensitized by 12 biweekly intradermal injections of 10 ug beryllium sulfate reacted with delayed hypersensitivity to max subtoxic skin test doses of 5 ug beryllium oxide, with persistent granulomata and sensitivity proportional to solubility of salt.
Marx JJ Jr, Burrell R; J Immunol 111 (2): 590 (1973)

10.1.13 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Beryllium and Related Compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 379
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Beryllium and Related Compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 379-80
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Beryllium and Related Compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 380

10.1.14 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... Acute illness ... in beryllium industry ... reported ... /during/ ... processing of beryl ore for prodn of beryllium oxide. Thirty-eight cases with five deaths ... reported. Symptoms include cough, dyspnea, substernal pain, anorexia, increasing fatigue, & weight loss.
Hamilton, A., and H. L. Hardy. Industrial Toxicology. 3rd ed. Acton, Mass.: Publishing Sciences Group, Inc., 1974., p. 46
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ A chronic pulmonary condition known as 'berylliosis' ... is frequently fatal ... pulmonary x-rays demonstrated a miliary mottling, & interstitial granulomatosis was diagnosed ... caused by beryllium cmpd of low solubility, particularly the low fired oxide. No established dose response relationship ...
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V23 185 (1980)
/CASE REPORTS/ Two cases of human carcinomas by beryllium aerosols were reported. In one case, an adult male had contact with the dust, vapors, and gases of beryllium oxide and beryllium chloride for about 3 years. 3 years after employment ceased, the worker had shadows in both pulmonary x-ray midfields. /14 years later/ autopsy confirmed the presence of carcinoma in the right pulmonary upper lobe, with metastases ...
Niemoeller HK; Internationales Archiv fur Gewerbepathologie und Gewerbehygiene 20: 180-6 (1963)
/CASE REPORTS/ ... Persons who had ... constant exposure to beryllium oxide for 5 years showed appreciable excretion after 6 years' removal from contact ... no evidence of pulmonary involvement.
Browning, E. Toxicity of Industrial Metals. 2nd ed. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1969., p. 70
For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for BERYLLIUM OXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.1.15 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Early pulmonary changes in guinea pigs that were morphologically similar to a characteristic delayed hypersensitivity, after the animals had received low-calcined beryllium oxide intratracheally. /Also/ displayed dermal hypersensitivity to beryllium sulfate. The tissue reactions induced by beryllium cmpd should be considered immunologic reactions of the delayed or tuberculin type.
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 1547
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Fischer 344 rats were exposed for 1 hr to an aerosol of beryllium oxide generated at a temperature of 560 degrees C. An initial lung burden of 500 + or - 4.1 ng beryllium was achieved. Animals were killed at 2.5 hr, and 2, 12, and 21 days postexposure. Bronchopulmonary lavage fluids were analyzed biochemically for enzymes, protein, lipids, and sialic acid, and cytologically to determine the composition of the free alveolar cell population. Nonspecific phacytosis of yeast was measured in adherent macrophages. There were increases in all the biochemical parameters by 2 days postexposure, which peaked by Day 5 and then began to return to control levels. The cytological response on Days 2 and 5 was characterized by polymorphonuclear leucocyte infiltration and a depression in macrophage number and phagocytic activity. By Day 12, increased numbers of newly recruited macrophages with supranormal phagocytic activity populated the lung. During the same period, there was a reduction in lavage protein and lipid levels, perhaps due to a restoration of normal clearance mechanisms. Tissue morphological changes correlated well with the cytological and biochemical alterations.
Hart BA et al ; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 75 (3): 454-65 (1984)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ ... Rats ... were given intratracheal admin of beryllium oxide, produced by calcining beryllium hydroxide for 10 hr at 500 °C ... lung tumors developed after 7-8 MO. In contrast, lung of rats treated with beryllium oxide produced by calcining beryllium hydroxide for 10 hr at 1600 °C ... showed minimal pathological changes.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V23 176 (1980)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Granulomatous pulmonary lesions, resembling to some extent the 'berylliosis' seen in humans, has been produced after exposure of guinea pigs or rats to beryllium oxide. Observed osteosclerosis in rabbits and mice injected intravenously with beryllium oxide.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V23 181 (1980)
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for BERYLLIUM OXIDE (27 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.2 Ecological Information

10.2.1 Ecotoxicity Values

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); Conditions: static; Concentration: 150 ug/L for 96 hr, soft water; 20,000 ug/L for 96 hr, hard water /Beryllium ion/
USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Beryllium p.B-2 (1980) EPA 440/5-80-024
LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill); Conditions: static; Concentration: 1,300 ug/L for 96 hr, softwater; 12,000 ug/L for 96 hr, hardwater /Beryllium ion/
USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Beryllium p.B-2 (1980) EPA 440/5-80-024
EC50; Species: Cladoceran (daphnia magna); Concentration: 2,500 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: reproduction /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/ /Beryllium ion/
USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Beryllium p.B-3 (1980) EPA 440/5-80-024
LC50; Species: Carassius auratus (goldfish); Conditions: flow through, measured; Concentration: 4,800 ug/Be/L, time not specified /Beryllium ion/
USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Beryllium p.B-6 (1980) EPA 440/5-80-024
For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for BERYLLIUM OXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.2.2 ICSC Environmental Data

The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment.

10.2.3 Natural Pollution Sources

Mineral: bromellite; composition: beryllium oxide; geological occurrence: veins; geological distribution: Sweden. /From table/
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V23: 162 (1980)

10.2.4 Environmental Fate

AQUATIC FATE: In aqueous solution, beryllium exhibits only the +2 oxidation state(1). Soluble beryllium salts are hydrolyzed to form insoluble beryllium hydroxides(2). Under typical environmental conditions, the hydroxo-complex BeOH+ and Be2+, are expected to be the dominant dissolved species(1). Be(OH)2 is expected to precipitate from water given its low solubility at the pH range of most natural systems(1).
(1) Bodek I et al eds; Environmental Inorganic Chemistry, Properties, Processes, and Estimation Methods. New York, NY: Pergamon Press Inc, pp 7.4-1-7.4.6 (1988)
(2) USEPA; Treatability Manual - Vol 1. Treatability Data. USEPA-600/8-80-042 (1980)

10.2.5 Environmental Bioconcentration

Bioconcentration of 100 fold can occur under constant exposure. Not significant in spill conditions.
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

10.2.6 Environmental Water Concentrations

Beryllium is not likely to be found in natural water in greater than trace amt, because of the relative insolubility of beryllium oxides & hydroxides @ normal pH range of such water.
National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977., p. 233

10.2.7 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of beryllium oxide is 1 to 99; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).
(1) US EPA; Inventory Update Reporting (IUR). Non-confidential 2006 IUR Records by Chemical, including Manufacturing, Processing and Use Information. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available from, as of Nov 7, 2013: https://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/index.cfm
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 4,305 workers (849 of these were female) were potentially exposed to beryllium oxide in the US(1).
(1) NIOSH; NOES. National Occupational Exposure Survey conducted from 1981-1983. Estimated numbers of employees potentially exposed to specific agents by 2-digit standard industrial classification (SIC). Available from, as of Nov 7, 2013: https://www.cdc.gov/noes/
... The range of industrial processes that could lead to occupational exposure /of beryllium oxide/ has expanded. ... mining, extraction, refining, alloy mfr, metallurgical operations, mfr ceramics, electronic equipment, non-ferrous foundry products, aerospace equipment, tools & dies ...
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V23: 164 (1980)
Processing & manufacturing activities /with the potential for exposure to beryllium oxide/ include ... beryllium-alloy machining, molding, grinding, cutting & fabrication as well as processes in the electroplating and atomic energy industries.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V23: 164 (1980)

11 Associated Disorders and Diseases

Associated Occupational Diseases with Exposure to the Compound
Chronic beryllium disease [Category: Pneumoconiosis (Pulmonary Fibrosis)]

12 Literature

12.1 Consolidated References

12.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

12.3 Springer Nature References

12.4 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

12.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

12.6 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

13 Patents

13.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

13.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

13.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

13.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

13.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

14 Interactions and Pathways

14.1 Chemical-Target Interactions

15 Biological Test Results

15.1 BioAssay Results

16 Classification

16.1 MeSH Tree

16.2 NCI Thesaurus Tree

16.3 ChEBI Ontology

16.4 ChemIDplus

16.5 CAMEO Chemicals

16.6 UN GHS Classification

16.7 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

16.8 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

16.9 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

16.10 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

17 Information Sources

  1. Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS)
  2. CAMEO Chemicals
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    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/help/reference/terms_and_conditions.htm?d_f=false
    CAMEO Chemical Reactivity Classification
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
  3. CAS Common Chemistry
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    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
  4. ChemIDplus
    ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
  5. EPA Chemical Data Reporting (CDR)
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  6. EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
    EPA TSCA Classification
    https://www.epa.gov/tsca-inventory
  7. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
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    https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/legal-notice
  8. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  9. ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
  10. New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
    LICENSE
    This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International licence.
    https://www.epa.govt.nz/about-this-site/general-copyright-statement/
  11. NJDOH RTK Hazardous Substance List
  12. Risk Assessment Information System (RAIS)
    LICENSE
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    https://rais.ornl.gov/
  13. California Safe Cosmetics Program (CSCP) Product Database
  14. Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
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  15. ChEBI
  16. NCI Thesaurus (NCIt)
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    https://www.cancer.gov/policies/copyright-reuse
  17. Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
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    http://www.t3db.ca/downloads
  18. Hazardous Chemical Information System (HCIS), Safe Work Australia
  19. NITE-CMC
    Beryllium oxide - FY2006 (New/original classication)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/06-imcg-0478e.html
  20. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council
    LICENSE
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    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/legal-notice/legal-notice.html
  21. SpectraBase
  22. Springer Nature
  23. Wikidata
  24. Wikipedia
  25. PubChem
  26. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
  27. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  28. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
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    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  29. EPA Substance Registry Services
  30. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  31. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
CONTENTS