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Thiabendazole

PubChem CID
5430
Structure
Thiabendazole_small.png
Thiabendazole_3D_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • thiabendazole
  • 148-79-8
  • Tiabendazole
  • 2-(4-Thiazolyl)benzimidazole
  • Mintezol
Molecular Weight
201.25 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-03-25
  • Modify:
    2025-01-18
Description
Thiabendazole appears as white or cream-colored odorless, tasteless powder. Sublimes above 590 °F. Fluoresces in acidic solution. Formulated as a dust, flowable powder or wettable powder for use as a systemic fungicide and anthelmintic.
Thiabendazole is a member of the class of benzimidazoles carrying a 1,3-thiazol-4-yl substituent at position 2. A mainly post-harvest fungicide used to control a wide range of diseases including Aspergillus, Botrytis, Cladosporium and Fusarium. It has a role as an antifungal agrochemical and an antinematodal drug. It is a member of benzimidazoles, a member of 1,3-thiazoles and a benzimidazole fungicide. It derives from a hydride of a 1H-benzimidazole.
2-Substituted benzimidazole first introduced in 1962. It is active against a variety of nematodes and is the drug of choice for strongyloidiasis. It has CNS side effects and hepatototoxic potential. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p919)

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Thiabendazole.png

1.2 3D Conformer

1.3 Crystal Structures

COD records with this CID as component

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-1,3-thiazole
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C10H7N3S/c1-2-4-8-7(3-1)12-10(13-8)9-5-14-6-11-9/h1-6H,(H,12,13)
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

WJCNZQLZVWNLKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

C1=CC=C2C(=C1)NC(=N2)C3=CSC=N3
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

C10H7N3S
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

148-79-8

2.3.2 Deprecated CAS

1135441-27-8, 123242-33-1, 145316-67-2, 8018-04-0, 8027-10-9, 8028-27-1, 94977-06-7, 98002-42-7
1135441-27-8, 123242-33-1, 145316-67-2, 1983131-69-6, 8018-04-0, 8027-10-9, 8028-27-1, 94977-06-7, 98002-42-7
1135441-27-8, 123242-33-1, 145316-67-2, 8018-04-0, 8027-10-9, 94977-06-7, 98002-42-7

2.3.3 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.4 UNII

2.3.5 UN Number

2.3.6 ChEBI ID

2.3.7 ChEMBL ID

2.3.8 DrugBank ID

2.3.9 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.10 HMDB ID

2.3.11 KEGG ID

2.3.12 Metabolomics Workbench ID

2.3.13 NCI Thesaurus Code

2.3.14 Nikkaji Number

2.3.15 NSC Number

2.3.16 PharmGKB ID

2.3.17 Pharos Ligand ID

2.3.18 Wikidata

2.3.19 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

  • 2-(4'-Thiazolyl)Benzimidazole
  • Mintesol
  • Mintezol
  • Omnizole
  • Thiabendazole
  • Thibendole
  • Tiabendazol

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
201.25 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
XLogP3
Property Value
2.5
Reference
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
3
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
201.03606841 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
201.03606841 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
69.8 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
14
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
212
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Thiabendazole appears as white or cream-colored odorless, tasteless powder. Sublimes above 590 °F. Fluoresces in acidic solution. Formulated as a dust, flowable powder or wettable powder for use as a systemic fungicide and anthelmintic.
Colorless, white, or tan odorless solid; [HSDB] Colorless solid; [EPA REDs] Off-white to yellow-tan solid; [CPSQ]
Solid

3.2.2 Color / Form

Colorless crystals
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 1597
White crystals
Becher J; Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (2001). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Antiparasitic Agents, Anthelmintics. Online Posting Date: Dec 4, 2000.
Off-white powder
Tomlin CDS, ed. Thiabendazole (148-79-8). In: The e-Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition Version 3.1 (2004-05). Surrey UK, British Crop Protection Council.
White to practically white powder
Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 1177
White to tan crystals
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 1233

3.2.3 Odor

Odorless
Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 1777

3.2.4 Taste

Tasteless
Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 1777

3.2.5 Melting Point

579 to 581 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
300 °C
PhysProp
304-305 °C
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 1597
300 °C

3.2.6 Solubility

>30.2 [ug/mL] (The mean of the results at pH 7.4)
less than 1 mg/mL at 70 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
50 mg/L (at 25 °C)
WAUCHOPE,RD ET AL. (1991A)
Max solubility in water at pH 2.2: 3.84%; slightly sol in alcohols, esters, chlorinated hydrocarbons
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 1597
In n-heptane <0.1, xylene 0.13, methanol 8.28, 1,2-dichloroethane 0.81, acetone 2.43, ethyl acetate 1.49, n-octanol 3.91, all in g/L at 25 °C
Tomlin CDS, ed. Thiabendazole (148-79-8). In: The e-Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition Version 3.1 (2004-05). Surrey UK, British Crop Protection Council.
Slightly soluble in ethanol
Becher J; Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (2001). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Antiparasitic Agents, Anthelmintics. Online Posting Date: Dec 4, 2000.
In water, 50 mg/L at 25 °C
Wauchope RD et al; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 123: 1-36 (1991)
1.38e-01 g/L

3.2.7 Density

Amber liquid; density: 1.103 at 25 °C /Thiabendazole hypophosphite/
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 1597

3.2.8 Vapor Pressure

Negligible (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
4X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C
Wauchope RD et al; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 123: 1-36 (1991)

3.2.9 LogP

2.47
NIELSEN,LS ET AL. (1992)
log Kow = 2.47
Nielsen LS et al; Acta Pharm Nord 4: 43-9 (1992)
2.2

3.2.10 Stability / Shelf Life

Non-volatile at room temp; stable in water and in acid and alkaline soln; stable under normal conditions to hydrolysis, light, and heat.
Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection. 7th ed. Publication 1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada: Information Canada, 1982., p. 552

3.2.11 Decomposition

When heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes of /sulfur and nitrogen oxides/.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3343

3.2.12 Dissociation Constants

pKa
4.64 (at 25 °C)
CHAMBERLAIN,K ET AL. (1996)
pKa = 4.64
Chamberlain K et al; Pest Sci 47: 265-271 (1996)

3.2.13 Collision Cross Section

138.9 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: DT; Method: single field calibrated]

152.4 Ų [M+Na]+ [CCS Type: TW; Method: calibrated with Waters Major Mix]

141.7 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW; Method: calibrated with Waters Major Mix]

144.6 Ų [M-H]- [CCS Type: DT; Method: stepped-field]

164.17 Ų [M+Na]+ [CCS Type: DT; Method: stepped-field]

137.7 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW; Method: calibrated with polyalanine and drug standards]
135.93 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW; Method: calibrated with polyalanine and drug standards]
Ross et al. JASMS 2022; 33; 1061-1072. DOI:10.1021/jasms.2c00111
136.19 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW]

137.44 Ų [M+H]+

141.71 Ų [M-H]-

S61 | UJICCSLIB | Collision Cross Section (CCS) Library from UJI | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3549476

144.1 Ų [M-H]-

163.1 Ų [M+Na]+

S50 | CCSCOMPEND | The Unified Collision Cross Section (CCS) Compendium | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2658162

3.2.14 Kovats Retention Index

Standard non-polar
2010 , 2088 , 2080 , 2023.5 , 2015.8 , 2040
Semi-standard non-polar
2091 , 2036.7 , 2052.3

3.2.15 Other Experimental Properties

Nonhygroscopic
Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 1777
Sublimes when heated strongly to 310 °C
Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection. 7th ed. Publication 1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada: Information Canada, 1982., p. 552

3.3 SpringerMaterials Properties

3.4 Chemical Classes

Other Uses -> Animal Feed Additives
Pharmaceutical

3.4.1 Drugs

Pharmaceuticals -> Antibiotics
S6 | ITNANTIBIOTIC | Antibiotic List from the ITN MSCA ANSWER | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2621956
Pharmaceuticals -> Listed in ZINC15
S55 | ZINC15PHARMA | Pharmaceuticals from ZINC15 | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3247749
3.4.1.1 Human Drugs
Human drug -> Active ingredient (THIABENDAZOLE)
Human drug -> Discontinued
3.4.1.2 Animal Drugs
Active Ingredients (Thiabendazole) -> FDA Greenbook

3.4.2 Cosmetics

Antimicrobial
S13 | EUCOSMETICS | Combined Inventory of Ingredients Employed in Cosmetic Products (2000) and Revised Inventory (2006) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2624118

3.4.3 Endocrine Disruptors

Potential endocrine disrupting compound
S109 | PARCEDC | List of 7074 potential endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) by PARC T4.2 | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.10944198

3.4.4 Pesticides

Agrochemicals -> Pesticide active substances
Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Approved
Biocide
S120 | DUSTCT2024 | Substances from Second NORMAN Collaborative Dust Trial | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.13835254
Environmental transformation -> Pesticides (parent, predecessor)
S60 | SWISSPEST19 | Swiss Pesticides and Metabolites from Kiefer et al 2019 | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3544759
Fungicides
S69 | LUXPEST | Pesticide Screening List for Luxembourg | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3862688
Pesticide (Thiabendazole) -> USDA PDB

4 Spectral Information

4.1 1D NMR Spectra

4.1.1 1H NMR Spectra

Source of Spectrum
Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.
Source of Sample
Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.
Catalog Number
289515
Copyright
Copyright © 2021-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.1.2 13C NMR Spectra

1 of 2
Spectra ID
Frequency
50.18 MHz
Solvent
DMSO-d6
Shifts [ppm]:Intensity
121.70:250.00, 111.72:218.00, 122.49:237.00, 143.72:151.00, 147.08:742.00, 155.40:830.00, 146.93:574.00, 119.28:1000.00, 118.75:212.00, 134.32:152.00
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2 of 2
Source of Spectrum
Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.
Source of Sample
Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.
Catalog Number
289515
Copyright
Copyright © 2021-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.2 Mass Spectrometry

4.2.1 GC-MS

1 of 7
View All
NIST Number
408784
Library
Main library
Total Peaks
132
m/z Top Peak
174
m/z 2nd Highest
201
m/z 3rd Highest
63
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2 of 7
View All
NIST Number
59474
Library
Replicate library
Total Peaks
78
m/z Top Peak
201
m/z 2nd Highest
174
m/z 3rd Highest
202
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4.2.2 MS-MS

1 of 7
View All
Spectra ID
Ionization Mode
Positive
Top 5 Peaks

175.0325 100

202.0433 51.31

131.0604 32.13

92.0495 7.92

65.0387 4.36

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Spectra ID
Ionization Mode
Positive
Top 5 Peaks

131.0603 100

175.0327 75.69

92.0501 28.81

65.0397 22.17

202.0439 16.47

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4.2.3 LC-MS

1 of 66
View All
Authors
Nikiforos Alygizakis, Anna Bletsou, Nikolaos Thomaidis, University of Athens
Instrument
Bruker maXis Impact
Instrument Type
LC-ESI-QTOF
MS Level
MS2
Ionization Mode
POSITIVE
Ionization
ESI
Collision Energy
Ramp 18.1-27.1 eV
Fragmentation Mode
CID
Column Name
Acclaim RSLC C18 2.2um, 2.1x100mm, Thermo
Retention Time
6.4 min
Precursor m/z
202.0433
Precursor Adduct
[M+H]+
Top 5 Peaks

202.045 999

175.0332 542

131.0607 76

204.0401 55

176.0356 44

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License
CC BY
2 of 66
View All
Authors
Nikiforos Alygizakis, Anna Bletsou, Nikolaos Thomaidis, University of Athens
Instrument
Bruker maXis Impact
Instrument Type
LC-ESI-QTOF
MS Level
MS2
Ionization Mode
POSITIVE
Ionization
ESI
Collision Energy
40 eV
Fragmentation Mode
CID
Column Name
Acclaim RSLC C18 2.2um, 2.1x100mm, Thermo
Retention Time
6.1 min
Precursor m/z
202.0433
Precursor Adduct
[M+H]+
Top 5 Peaks

175.0321 999

131.0601 650

202.0435 166

176.0351 66

143.0599 65

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License
CC BY-SA

4.2.4 Other MS

1 of 6
View All
Authors
Rennie E, McEachran A, Agilent Technologies
Instrument Type
ESI-QTOF
MS Level
MS2
Ionization Mode
POSITIVE
Ionization
ESI
Collision Energy
40
Precursor m/z
202.0433444
Precursor Adduct
[M+H]+
Top 5 Peaks

131.060375 999

175.032445 541

65.038577 452

92.049476 252

104.049476 132

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License
CC BY
2 of 6
View All
Authors
Rennie E, McEachran A, Agilent Technologies
Instrument Type
ESI-QTOF
MS Level
MS2
Ionization Mode
POSITIVE
Ionization
ESI
Collision Energy
10
Precursor m/z
202.0433444
Precursor Adduct
[M+H]+
Top 5 Peaks

202.043344 999

175.032445 21

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License
CC BY

4.3 IR Spectra

4.3.1 FTIR Spectra

1 of 2
Technique
KBr WAFER
Source of Sample
Riedel-De Haen AG
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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2 of 2
Technique
KBr WAFER
Source of Sample
Calgon Corporation
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.3.2 ATR-IR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Bio-Rad FTS
Technique
ATR-Neat (DuraSamplIR II)
Source of Spectrum
Forensic Spectral Research
Source of Sample
Fluka, Sigma-Aldrich Company LLC
Catalog Number
45684
Lot Number
SZB8042XV
Copyright
Copyright © 2014-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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2 of 2
Instrument Name
Bruker Tensor 27 FT-IR
Technique
ATR-Neat (DuraSamplIR II)
Source of Spectrum
Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.
Source of Sample
Sigma-Aldrich Company Llc.
Catalog Number
T5535
Lot Number
SLBD3103V
Copyright
Copyright © 2014-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.4 Raman Spectra

Technique
FT-Raman
Source of Spectrum
Forensic Spectral Research
Source of Sample
Fluka Pestanal, Sigma-Aldrich Inc.
Catalog Number
45684
Lot Number
SZB08042XV
Copyright
Copyright © 2012-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.5 Other Spectra

UV Max absorption (methanol): 298 nm (extinction coefficient: 23,330); fluorescence max in acid soln: 370 nm (310 nm excitation)
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 1597
Intense mass spectral peaks: 201 m/z (100%), 174 m/z (69%), 202 m/z (15%), 175 m/z (9%)
Hites, R.A. Handbook of Mass Spectra of Environmental Contaminants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1985., p. 361

6 Chemical Vendors

7 Drug and Medication Information

7.1 Drug Indication

For the treatment of strongyloidiasis (threadworm), cutaneous larva migrans (creeping eruption), visceral larva migrans, and trichinosis.

7.2 LiverTox Summary

Thiabendazole is a broad spectrum anthelmintic agent used predominantly in treatment of intestinal pinworm and strongyloides infection, which recently has been replaced by better tolerated agents. Thiabendazole therapy has been shown to cause clinically apparent cholestatic liver injury which is rare, but can be severe.

7.3 Drug Classes

Anthelmintic Agents

7.4 FDA Approved Drugs

7.5 FDA Orange Book

7.6 FDA Green Book

7.7 Drug Labels

Drug and label
Active ingredient and drug

7.8 Clinical Trials

7.8.1 EU Clinical Trials Register

7.9 Therapeutic Uses

Antinematodal Agents
National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings online file (MeSH, 1999)
MEDICATION (VET): Thiabendazole is included in some otic preparations for treatment of yeast infections.
Kahn, C.M. (Ed.); The Merck Veterinary Manual 9th ed. Merck & Co. Whitehouse Station, NJ. 2005, p. 2102
MEDICATION (VET): The antifungal imidazoles also have some antibacterial action but are rarely used for this purpose. ... Thiabendazole is effective against Aspergillus and Penicillium spp , but its use has largely been replaced by the more effective imidazoles.
Kahn, C.M. (Ed.); The Merck Veterinary Manual 9th ed. Merck & Co. Whitehouse Station, NJ. 2005, p. 212
MEDICATION (VET): Imidazoles may have antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, and anthelmintic activity. ... The anthelmintic thiabendazole is also an imidazole with antifungal properties.
Kahn, C.M. (Ed.); The Merck Veterinary Manual 9th ed. Merck & Co. Whitehouse Station, NJ. 2005, p. 2101
For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for THIABENDAZOLE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

7.10 Drug Warnings

The clinical utility of thiabendazole in adults is compromised by its toxicity. Side effects frequently encountered with therapeutic doses include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Less frequently, diarrhea, fatigue, drowsiness, giddiness, or headache occur. Occasional fever, rashes, erythema multiforme, hallucinations, sensory disturbances, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome have been reported. Angioedema, shock, tinnitus, convulsions, and intrahepatic cholestasis are rare complications of therapy. Some patients excrete a metabolite that imparts an odor to the urine much like that occurring after ingestion of asparagus. Crystalluria without hematuria has been reported on occasion; it promptly subsides with discontinuation of therapy. Transient leukopenia has been noted in a few patients on thiabendazole therapy. There are no absolute contraindications to the use of thiabendazole. Because CNS side effects occur frequently, activities requiring mental alertness should be avoided during therapy. Thiabendazole has hepatotoxic potential and should be used with caution in patients with hepatic disease or decreased hepatic function.
Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B., A.G. Gilman. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2006., p. 1081
Hypersensitivity reactions consisting of pruritus, fever, facial flush, chills, conjunctival injection, rash (including perianal), angioedema, anaphylaxis, erythema multiforme (including Stevens-Johnson syndrome with some fatalities), and lymphadenopathy have occurred.
American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2009. Bethesda, MD. (2009), p. 64
Because adverse CNS effects of thiabendazole may occur quite frequently, patients should be warned that the drug may impair their ability to perform activities requiring mental alertness or physical coordination (e.g., operating machinery, driving a motor vehicle) and that such activities should be avoided.
American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2009. Bethesda, MD. (2009), p. 64
Thiabendazole should be used with caution in patients in whom vomiting might be dangerous and in patients with severe malnutrition or anemia. Ideally, supportive therapy is indicated for anemic, dehydrated, or malnourished patients prior to administration of the drug.
American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2009. Bethesda, MD. (2009), p. 64
For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for THIABENDAZOLE (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

8 Food Additives and Ingredients

8.1 Food Additive Classes

JECFA Functional Classes
Veterinary Drug -> ANTHELMINTHIC_AGENT;

8.2 Evaluations of the Joint FAO / WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives - JECFA

Chemical Name
TIABENDAZOLE
Evaluation Year
2002
ADI
0-0.1 mg/kg bw
Comments
Emesis and effects on the kidney, haematopoietic system, and development were considered relevant end-points for establishing an acute RfD. The most sensitive effect was histopathological changes in the spleen and bone marrow indicative of anaemia, for which almost identical NOELs were found in rats and dogs. Using the NOEL from the dogs study of 10 mg/kg bw/d and a safety factor of 100, the Committee established an acute RfD of 100 µg/kg bw, the same value as the ADI, which is based on a NOEL of 10 mg/kg bw/d for reduced weight gain in a 2-year dietary study in rats and a 100-fold safety factor. In view of the lack of appropriate data for this effect after single doses, the acute RfD is based on data from studies of repeated administration and hence may be conservative.
Tox Monograph

9 Agrochemical Information

9.1 Agrochemical Category

Fungicide
Pesticide active substances
Fungicides
S69 | LUXPEST | Pesticide Screening List for Luxembourg | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3862688

9.2 Agrochemical Transformations

Thiabendazole has known environmental transformation products that include Benzimidazole and 5-Hydroxy-thiabendazole.
S60 | SWISSPEST19 | Swiss Pesticides and Metabolites from Kiefer et al 2019 | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3544759

9.3 EU Pesticides Data

Active Substance
thiabendazole
Status
Approved [Reg. (EC) No 1107/2009]
Date
Approval: 01/04/2017 Expiration: 31/03/2032
Legislation
01/21/EC, 2010/77/EU, Reg. (EU) 2015/1885, Reg. (EU) 2016/549, Reg. (EU) 2017/157, Reg. (EU) No 540/2011
ADI
0.1 mg/kg bw/day [Reg. (EU) 2017/157]
ARfD
0.1 mg/kg bw [Reg. (EU) 2017/157]
AOEL
0.07 mg/kg bw/day [Reg. (EU) 2017/157]

9.4 USDA Pesticide Data Program

10 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

10.1 Pharmacodynamics

Thiabendazole is a fungicide and parasiticide. Thiabendazole is also a chelating agent, which means that it is used medicinally to bind metals in cases of metal poisoning, such as lead poisoning, mercury poisoning or antimony poisoning. Thiabendazole is vermicidal and/or vermifugal against Ascaris lumbricoides ("common roundworm"), Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm), Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm), Trichuris trichiura (whipworm), Ancylostoma braziliense (dog and cat hookworm), Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati (ascarids), and Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm). Thiabendazole also suppresses egg and/or larval production and may inhibit the subsequent development of those eggs or larvae which are passed in the feces.

10.2 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Anthelmintics
Agents that kill parasitic worms. They are used therapeutically in the treatment of HELMINTHIASIS in man and animal. (See all compounds classified as Anthelmintics.)

10.3 FDA Pharmacological Classification

FDA UNII
N1Q45E87DT
Active Moiety
THIABENDAZOLE
Pharmacological Classes
Established Pharmacologic Class [EPC] - Anthelmintic
FDA Pharmacology Summary
Thiabendazole is an Anthelmintic.

10.4 ATC Code

P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents

P02 - Anthelmintics

P02C - Antinematodal agents

P02CA - Benzimidazole derivatives

P02CA02 - Tiabendazole

D - Dermatologicals

D01 - Antifungals for dermatological use

D01A - Antifungals for topical use

D01AC - Imidazole and triazole derivatives

D01AC06 - Tiabendazole

10.5 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Absorption
Rapidly absorbed and peak plasma concentration is reached within 1 to 2 hours after the oral administration of a suspension. Some systemic absorption may occur from topical preparations applied to the skin.
Route of Elimination
It is metabolized almost completely to the 5-hydroxy form which appears in the urine as glucuronide or sulfate conjugates.
Investigations in mice, rats and dogs using (14)C-labelled thiabendazole indicated that oral doses were rapidly absorbed from the gut and were distributed throughout the body (including the brain). Only 0.01% of the (14)C-thiabendazole given to rats was recovered as (14)C-carbon dioxide. Thiabendazole readily crossed the placental barrier to expose the fetuses.
European Medicine Agency (EMEA), The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, Veterinary Medicines Evaluation Unit, Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products; Thiabendazole (148-79-8) EMEA/MRL/868/03, Summary Report (June 2004). Available from, as of June 10, 2009: https://www.ema.europa.eu/pdfs/vet/mrls/086803en.pdf
It becomes distributed throughout most of the body tissues, its highest concn in blood occurring at 4-7 hr after admin /in animals/.
Jones, L.M., et al. Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 4th ed. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977., p. 1002
Absorption of thiabendazole by parasites is probably through the cuticle. Evidence from in vitro studies ... suggests that absorption ... is by means of passive diffusion of molecule through lipid barrier of nematode cuticle. This ... is not necessarily the case in vivo.
Jones, L.M., et al. Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 4th ed. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977., p. 1003
Thiabendazole is rapidly absorbed and peak plasma concentrations occur within 1 to 2 hours. It is metabolized almost completely and appears in the urine as conjugates. In 48 hours, approximately 5% of the administered dose is recovered from feces and approximately 90% from urine. Most is excreted within the first 24 hours.
Novak, K.M. (ed.). Drug Facts and Comparisons 59th Edition 2005. Wolters Kluwer Health. St. Louis, Missouri 2005., p. 1830
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for THIABENDAZOLE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.6 Metabolism / Metabolites

Hepatic. Metabolized almost completely to the 5-hydroxy form which appears in the urine as glucuronide or sulfate conjugates.
In mice, rats and humans, the main pathway of metabolism of thiabendazole is an initial hydroxylation to form 5-hydroxythiabendazole, followed by conjugation to 5-hydroxythiabendazole glucuronide and 5-hydroxythiabendazole sulfate. In rats, 4-hydroxythiabendazole and 2-acetylbenzimidazole have been identified as minor metabolites or degradation products in urine.
European Medicine Agency (EMEA), The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, Veterinary Medicines Evaluation Unit, Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products; Thiabendazole (148-79-8) EMEA/MRL/868/03, Summary Report (June 2004). Available from, as of June 10, 2009: https://www.ema.europa.eu/pdfs/vet/mrls/086803en.pdf
... Treated beet leaves were exposed to sunlight for equiv of 14 8-hr days ... in addn to benzimidazole-2-carboxamide, benzimidazole and polar and polymer products were formed ... Thiabendazole was not metabolized by potatoes or cotton ...
Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides, Update II. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report - Wildlife No. 2l2. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978., p. 259
A single oral dose of thiabendazole was administered to four male human subjects. Feces and urine were collected. After an oral dose of 1.0 g of (14)C thiabendazole, plasma levels peaked at 1 to 2 hr and large amounts of radioactivity appeared rapidly in the urine. More than 40% of the label was excreted within 4 hr and 80% in 24 hr. Most of the dose appeared in urine as the glucuronide (35%) and sulfate (13%) of 5-hydroxy-TBZ. A small amount of unchanged TBZ and unconjugated 5-HO-TBZ were also present. The same compounds were observed with rats and dogs. It has also been reported that (14)C-labeling of the benzene ring in thiabendazole gave rise to some (14)CO2 by rats, indicating ring cleavage.
Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides-Update III. Special Scientific Report- Wildlife No. 232. Washington, DC: U.S.Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1980., p. 507
Rat hepatic mixed function oxidase /activities in microsomal/ preparations hydroxylated thiabendazole. This activity seemed to be greatest in microsomal preparations > hepatocytes > slices.
Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides-Update III. Special Scientific Report- Wildlife No. 232. Washington, DC: U.S.Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1980., p. 507
For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for THIABENDAZOLE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Thiabendazole has known human metabolites that include 5-hydroxythiabendazole.
S73 | METXBIODB | Metabolite Reaction Database from BioTransformer | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.4056560
Hepatic. Metabolized almost completely to the 5-hydroxy form which appears in the urine as glucuronide or sulfate conjugates. Route of Elimination: It is metabolized almost completely to the 5-hydroxy form which appears in the urine as glucuronide or sulfate conjugates. Half Life: The half-life for thiabendazole in both normal and anephric patients is 1.2 hours (range 0.9 to 2 hours). The half-life for the 5-hydroxythiabendazole metabolite in both normal and anephric patients is 1.7 hours (range 1.4 to 2 hours).

10.7 Biological Half-Life

The half-life for thiabendazole in both normal and anephric patients is 1.2 hours (range 0.9 to 2 hours). The half-life for the 5-hydroxythiabendazole metabolite in both normal and anephric patients is 1.7 hours (range 1.4 to 2 hours).

10.8 Mechanism of Action

The precise mode of action of thiabendazole on the parasite is unknown, but it most likely inhibits the helminth-specific enzyme fumarate reductase.
Thiabendazole and other benzimidazole anthelmintics act by binding strongly to tubulin in the absorptive cells in the gut of parasitic worms. This interferes with the uptake of nutrients and the worms effectively starve to death. The host is less affected as the binding to mammalian tubulin is less strong and is reversible.
European Medicine Agency (EMEA), The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, Veterinary Medicines Evaluation Unit, Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products; Thiabendazole (148-79-8) EMEA/MRL/868/03, Summary Report (June 2004). Available from, as of June 10, 2009: https://www.ema.europa.eu/pdfs/vet/mrls/086803en.pdf
Although the exact mechanism of anthelmintic activity of thiabendazole has not been fully elucidated, the drug has been shown to inhibit the helminth-specific enzyme, fumarate reductase. In animals, thiabendazole has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects.
American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2009. Bethesda, MD. (2009), p. 65

10.9 Human Metabolite Information

10.9.1 Cellular Locations

Membrane

10.10 Transformations

11 Use and Manufacturing

11.1 Uses

EPA CPDat Chemical and Product Categories
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
Sources/Uses
Used to treat roundworm infections in animals and humans; also added to animal feed; [Kanerva, p. 1839] Used as a paint biocide; [Adams, p. 475] Used as a fungicide for potatoes and citrus fruit, for treatment and prevention of Dutch elm disease in trees, and as a human anthelmintic and veterinary anthelmintic and fungicide; [Merck Index] Used as a fungicide for various fruits and vegetables, soybeans, and wheat (seed treatment and post-harvest dip or spray); Also used to preserve paints, carpet, adhesives, paper products, and textiles; [EPA REDs] Used as a wood preservative; [ExPub: CPSQ]
Kanerva - Rustemeyer L, Elsner P, John SM, Maibach HI (eds). Kanerva's Occupational Dermatology, 2nd Ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2012., p. 1839
Adams - Adams, RM (ed). Occupational Skin Diseases, 3rd Ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1999., p. 475
Merck Index - O'Neil MJ, Heckelman PE, Dobbelaar PH, Roman KJ (eds). The Merck Index, An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, 15th Ed. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013.
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure
For thiabendazol (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 060101) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./
National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's USEPA/OPP Chemical Ingredients Database on Thiabendazole (148-79-8). Available from, as of May 22, 2009: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
Fungicide for spoilage control of citrus fruit; for treatment of dutch elm disease in trees; for control of fungal diseases of seed potatoes.
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1585
Agricultural fungicide
Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 3. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991., p. 1454
Fungicide
Meister, R.T., Sine, C; Crop Protection Handbook Volume 94. Meister Media Worldwide, Willoughby, OH 2008, p. D 423
For more Uses (Complete) data for THIABENDAZOLE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
For the treatment of strongyloidiasis (threadworm), cutaneous larva migrans (creeping eruption), visceral larva migrans, and trichinosis.

11.1.1 Use Classification

Animal Drugs -> FDA Approved Animal Drug Products (Green Book) -> Active Ingredients
Human Drugs -> FDA Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (Orange Book) -> Active Ingredients
Veterinary Drug -> ANTHELMINTHIC_AGENT; -> JECFA Functional Classes
Hazard Classes and Categories ->
Cosmetics -> Antimicrobial
S13 | EUCOSMETICS | Combined Inventory of Ingredients Employed in Cosmetic Products (2000) and Revised Inventory (2006) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2624118
Environmental transformation -> Pesticides (parent, predecessor)
S60 | SWISSPEST19 | Swiss Pesticides and Metabolites from Kiefer et al 2019 | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3544759
Fungicides
S69 | LUXPEST | Pesticide Screening List for Luxembourg | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3862688

11.1.2 Household Products

Household & Commercial/Institutional Products

Information on 3 consumer products that contain Thiabendazole (Biogard) in the following categories is provided:

• Home Maintenance

• Pet Care

11.2 Methods of Manufacturing

Thiabendazole is produced by heating thiazoly-2-formamide with o-phenylenediamine in the presence of polyphosphoric acid.
Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 6th ed.Vol 1: Federal Republic of Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 2003 to Present, p. V15 141 (2003)
Prepared by reaction of 4-thiazolecarboxamide with o-phenylenediamine in polyphosphoric acid.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 1597
L. H. Sarett, H. D. Brown, US 3017415 (1962 to Merck & Company)
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 1597

11.3 Formulations / Preparations

USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 060101; Trade Names: Arbotect; Mertect; TBZ; Apl-luster; Bioguard; Bovizole; Eprofil; Equizole; Lombristop; Mertect 160; Metasol TK 100; Mintesol; Mycozol; MK 360; Nemapan; Omnizole; Polival; Tebuzate; Tecto; Thibenzole 200; Thiprazole; Top Form Wormer; Agrosol, component of (with 081301); Agrosol T, component of (with 079801).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pesticide Program's Chemical Ingredients Database on Thiabendazole (148-79-8). Available from, as of May 24, 2001: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
The following thiabendazole formulation types are registered: a ready-to-use, dusts, flowable concentrates, emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, granules, and water dispersable granules.
USEPA/Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Thiabendazole p.3 EPA 738-R-02-xxx (October 2002). Available from, as of May 28, 2009: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm
Oral: Suspension: 500 mg/5 mL Mintezol (Merck); Tablets, chewable: 500 mg Mintezol (scored) (Merck).
American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2009. Bethesda, MD. (2009), p. 65
40, 60 AND 90% WETTABLE POWDERS; 45% WT/VOL FLOWABLE SUSPENSION; THERMAL FUMIGATION TABLET CONTAINING 7 G THIABENDAZOLE; 5 AND 10% DUSTS AND OTHERS.
Martin, H. and C.R. Worthing (eds.). Pesticide Manual. 4th ed. Worcestershire, England: British Crop Protection Council, 1974., p. 485
For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for THIABENDAZOLE (31 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.4 Consumption Patterns

Approximately 150,000 lbs. active ingredient of thiabendazole are used annually, according to registrant and Agency estimates.
USEPA/Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Thiabendazole p.4 EPA 738-R-02-xxx (October 2002). Available from, as of May 28, 2009: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm

11.5 General Manufacturing Information

EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
1H-Benzimidazole, 2-(4-thiazolyl)-: ACTIVE
The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies Thiabendazole as unlikely to present an acute hazard in normal use; Main Use: Fungicide.
WHO (2005) The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2004, International Programme on Chemical Safety, p.46
It is also effective for the post-harvest treatment of fruit and vegetables for the control of storage diseases (bananas, citrus, apples, and pears, etc).
Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection. 7th ed. Publication 1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada: Information Canada, 1982., p. 552

12 Identification

12.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

Method: EPA 641; Procedure: high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection; Analyte: thiabendazole; Matrix: municipal and industrial wastewater; Detection Limit: 1.7 ug/L.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Methods and Guidance for Analysis of Water. CD-ROM, Version 2.0 (ISO 9660-2, V393EPAW). Solutions Software Corp (1999)
Method: EPA-OW/OST 1694; Procedure: high performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry; Analyte: thiabendazole; Matrix: water, soil, sediment, and biosolids; Detection Limit: 0.7 ng/L.
National Environmental Methods Index; Analytical, Test and Sampling Methods. Thiabendazole (148-79-8). Available from, as of June 2, 2009: https://www.nemi.gov
Method: USGS-NWQL O-2080-08; Procedure: high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry; Analyte: thiabendazole; Matrix: broad range of filtered water types; Detection Limit: 0.0125 ug/L.
National Environmental Methods Index; Analytical, Test and Sampling Methods. Thiabendazole (148-79-8). Available from, as of June 2, 2009: https://www.nemi.gov
Thiabendazole determination in feed supplements and premixes containing greater than 1% thiabendazole (not applicable to feed premixes or cattle supplements containing high level of proteins.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. and Supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Analytical Chemists, 1990, p. V1 14
For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for THIABENDAZOLE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.2 Clinical Laboratory Methods

A RAPID, SENSITIVE & PRECISE HPLC METHOD USING FLUORESCENCE DETECTION WAS DEVELOPED FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF THIABENDAZOLE & 5-HYDROXYTHIABENDAZOLE IN HUMAN SERUM.
WATTS MT ET AL; J CHROMATOGR 230 (1): 79 (1982)

13 Safety and Hazards

13.1 Hazards Identification

13.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 4
View All
Note
Pictograms displayed are for 99.7% (374 of 375) of reports that indicate hazard statements. This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.3% (1 of 375) of reports.
Pictogram(s)
Environmental Hazard
Signal
Warning
GHS Hazard Statements

H400 (99.2%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (99.5%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P273, P391, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 375 reports by companies from 15 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 375 reports by companies. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

There are 14 notifications provided by 374 of 375 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

13.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Aquatic Acute 1 (99.2%)

Aquatic Chronic 1 (99.5%)

Hazardous to the aquatic environment (acute) - category 1

Hazardous to the aquatic environment (chronic) - category 1

13.1.3 Health Hazards

SYMPTOMS: Symptoms of exposure to this compound include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress, vertigo, pruritus, skin rashes, diarrhea, headache, fatigue, drowsiness, hyperglycemia, xanthopsia, leukopenia, bradycardia, hypotension, crystalluria and erythema multiforme. Other symptoms include dry eyes, dry mouth, cholestatic jaundice, hypersensitivity, jaundice, parenchymal liver damage, giddiness, numbness, hyperirritability, convulsions, collapse, psychic disturbances, tinnitus, abnormal sensation in eyes, blurring of vision, hematuria, enuresis, malodor of the urine, facial flush, chills, conjunctival injection, angiodema, anaphylaxis and lymphadenopathy. Exposure may also cause fever, itching, body odor, hypotension and fainting. Central nervous system depression may occur. Decrease in pulse rate and systolic blood pressure and perianal rash may also occur.

ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: When heated to decomposition this compound emits toxic fumes of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

13.1.4 Fire Hazards

Flash point data for this chemical are not available; however, it is probably combustible. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

13.1.5 Hazards Summary

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) reported in feed mill workers; [Kanerva, p. 1839] Ingestion of high doses can cause hepatic injury. [Zimmerman, p. 412] Reports of liver injury, CNS effects, and hypersensitivity reactions (rashes, conjunctivitis, erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and angioedema) in patients; Report of ACD in banana plantation employees; [HSDB] The hypophosphite salt (CAS# 28558-32-9) is used in the non-food applications; Not irritating to skin or eyes and not a skin sensitizer; May interfere with thyroid-pituitary homeostasis; Likely to be carcinogenic at doses high enough to cause disturbance of the thyroid hormone balance. It is not likely to be carcinogenic at doses lower than those which could cause a disturbance of this hormonal balance. [EPA REDs]
Kanerva - Rustemeyer L, Elsner P, John SM, Maibach HI (eds). Kanerva's Occupational Dermatology, 2nd Ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2012., p. 1839
Zimmerman - Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999., p. 412

13.1.6 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

/Thiabendazole/ is neither irritating to the eyes or skin nor is a dermal sensitizer.
USEPA; Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Database for Thiabendazole (148-79-8). (October 2002). Available from, as of April 30, 2009: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm

13.2 First Aid Measures

13.2.1 First Aid

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

13.3 Fire Fighting

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

13.4 Accidental Release Measures

13.4.1 Isolation and Evacuation

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

13.4.2 Cleanup Methods

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a POTW is acceptable only after review by the governing authority. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must meet Hazardous Material Criteria for disposal.

13.4.3 Disposal Methods

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.
If reuse is not possible thiabendazole should be incinerated in a unit equipped with an effluent gas scrubber to remove SO2 /sulfur dioxide/. Incineration temp above 1000 °C about 1-2 sec. Recommendable method: Incineration.
United Nations. Treatment and Disposal Methods for Waste Chemicals (IRPTC File). Data Profile Series No. 5. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Environmental Programme, Dec. 1985., p. 109
Do not discharge effluent containing this product into lakes, streams, ponds, estuaries oceans or other waters unless in accordance with the requirements of a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit and the permitting authority has been notified in writing prior to discharge.
USEPA/Office of Pesticide Programs; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Thiabendazole p. 41 EPA 7508W (October 2002). Available from, as of June 9, 2009: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm

13.4.4 Preventive Measures

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
Users should wash hands before eating, drinking, chewing gum, tobacco, or using the toilet.
USEPA/Office of Pesticide Programs; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Thiabendazole p. 42 EPA 7508W (October 2002). Available from, as of June 9, 2009: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm
Users should remove clothing/PPE immediately if pesticides get inside. Then wash thoroughly and put on clean clothing.
USEPA/Office of Pesticide Programs; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Thiabendazole p. 42 EPA 7508W (October 2002). Available from, as of June 9, 2009: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm
For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for THIABENDAZOLE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.5 Handling and Storage

13.5.1 Nonfire Spill Response

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material under ambient temperatures. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

13.5.2 Storage Conditions

Thiabendazole tablets and oral suspension should be stored in tight containers at 15 - 30 °C. The oral suspension should be protected from freezing.
American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2009. Bethesda, MD. (2009), p. 65

13.6 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAK)
20.0 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

13.6.1 Allowable Tolerances

Tolerances are established for the combined residues of the fungicide thiabendazole (2-(4-thiazolyl)benzimidazole) and its metabolite benzimidazole (free and conjugated) in or on the following food commodities:
Commodity
Apple, wet pomace
Parts per million
12.0
Commodity
Avocado (There are no U.S. registrations on the indicated commodity.)
Parts per million
10.0
Commodity
Banana, post harvest
Parts per million
3.0
Commodity
Bean, dry, seed
Parts per million
0.1
Commodity
Beet, sugar, dried pulp
Parts per million
3.5
Commodity
Beet, sugar, roots
Parts per million
0.25
Commodity
Beet, sugar, tops
Parts per million
10.0
Commodity
Cantaloupe (There are no U.S. registrations on the indicated commodity.)
Parts per million
15.0
Commodity
Carrot, roots, postharvest
Parts per million
10.0
Commodity
Citrus, oil
Parts per million
15.0
Commodity
Fruit, citrus, group 10, postharvest
Parts per million
10.0
Commodity
Fruit, pome, group 11, postharvest
Parts per million
5.0
Commodity
Mango
Parts per million
10.0
Commodity
Mushroom
Parts per million
40.0
Commodity
Papaya, postharvest
Parts per million
5.0
Commodity
Potato, postharvest
Parts per million
10.0
Commodity
Soybean
Parts per million
0.1
Commodity
Strawberry (There are no U.S. registrations on the indicated commodity.)
Parts per million
5.0
Commodity
Sweet potato (postharvest to sweet potato intended only for use as seed)
Parts per million
0.05
Commodity
Wheat, grain
Parts per million
1.0
Commodity
Wheat, straw
Parts per million
1.0
40 CFR 180.242(a) (1) (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of April 21, 2009: https://www.ecfr.gov
Tolerances are established for the combined residues of thiabendazole (2-(4-thiazolyl)benzimidazole) and its metabolites 5-hydroxythiabendazole (free and conjugated) and benzimidazole in or on the following food commodities:
Commodity
Cattle, meat
Parts per million
0.1
Commodity
Cattle, meat byproducts
Parts per million
0.4
Commodity
Goat, meat byproducts
Parts per million
0.4
Commodity
Hog, meat byproducts
Parts per million
0.3
Commodity
Horse, meat byproducts
Parts per million
0.4
Commodity
Milk
Parts per million
0.1
Commodity
Sheep, meat byproducts
Parts per million
0.4
40 CFR 180.242(a) (2) (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of April 21, 2009: https://www.ecfr.gov
Time-limited tolerances are established for the combined residues of thiabendazole (2-(4-thiazolyl)benzimidazole) and its metabolite benzimidazole (free and conjugated), in connection with use of the pesticide under section 18 emergency exemptions granted by EPA. The tolerances are specified in the following table. The tolerances will expire on the dates specified in the table.
Commodity
Brussels sprout
Parts per million
0.05
Expiration/Revocation Date
12/31/09
Commodity
Cabbage
Parts per million
0.05
Expiration/Revocation Date
12/31/09
Commodity
Cauliflower
Parts per million
0.05
Expiration/Revocation Date
12/31/09
Commodity
Lentil, seed
Parts per million
0.1
Expiration/Revocation Date
12/31/08
40 CFR 180.242(b) (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of April 21, 2009: https://www.ecfr.gov
The following pesticide chemical uses on food or feed, or food or feed crops, do not need a tolerance or exemption from the requirement of a tolerance, and may be registered under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 7 U.S.C. 136 et seq ., without obtaining such tolerance or exemption, based on EPA's determination that the uses are below the threshold of regulation. Pesticide chemical: Thiabendazole; CAS Registry Number: 148-79-8; Use/Limits: As a seed treatment for dry pea (including field pea, pigeon pea, chickpea or lentil), using a maximum application rate of 0.075 pounds of active ingredient per 100 pounds of seed. Vines or hay grown from treated seed may not be fed to livestock.
40 CFR 180.2010 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of April 21, 2009: https://www.ecfr.gov

13.6.2 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Mixers, loaders, applicators, and other handlers must wear long sleeve shirt and long pants, shoes, plus socks. In addition to the above, handlers making applications to mushroom houses using hand held sprayers must wear chemical resistant gloves.
USEPA/Office of Pesticide Programs; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Thiabendazole p. 41 EPA 7508W (October 2002). Available from, as of June 9, 2009: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm

13.7 Stability and Reactivity

13.7.1 Air and Water Reactions

Insoluble in water.

13.7.2 Reactive Group

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines

Hydrocarbons, Aromatic

Sulfides, Organic

13.7.3 Reactivity Profile

THIABENDAZOLE is incompatible with a number of pesticides, including copper-containing fungicides, and with highly alkaline materials. It is a chelating agent, binding many metals including iron, but not calcium (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

13.7.4 Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities

Incompatible with a number of pesticides including copper-containing fungicides, & highly alkaline materials.
Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium. 10th ed. Surrey, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1994., p. 973

13.8 Transport Information

13.8.1 DOT Label

Class 9

13.9 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: 1H-Benzimidazole, 2-(4-thiazolyl)-
Status Regulation (EC)
01/21/EC, 2010/77/EU, Reg. (EU) 2015/1885, Reg. (EU) 2016/549, Reg. (EU) 2017/157, Reg. (EU) No 540/2011
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Thiabendazole: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

13.9.1 FIFRA Requirements

Tolerances are established for the combined residues of the fungicide thiabendazole (2-(4-thiazolyl)benzimidazole) and its metabolite benzimidazole (free and conjugated) in or on the following food commodities:
Commodity
Apple, wet pomace
Commodity
Avocado (There are no U.S. registrations on the indicated commodity.)
Commodity
Banana, post harvest
Commodity
Bean, dry, seed
Commodity
Beet, sugar, dried pulp
Commodity
Beet, sugar, roots
Commodity
Beet, sugar, tops
Commodity
Cantaloupe (There are no U.S. registrations on the indicated commodity.)
Commodity
Carrot, roots, postharvest
Commodity
Citrus, oil
Commodity
Fruit, citrus, group 10, postharvest
Commodity
Fruit, pome, group 11, postharvest
Commodity
Mango
Commodity
Mushroom
Commodity
Papaya, postharvest
Commodity
Potato, postharvest
Commodity
Soybean
Commodity
Strawberry (There are no U.S. registrations on the indicated commodity.)
Commodity
Sweet potato (postharvest to sweet potato intended only for use as seed)
Commodity
Wheat, grain
Commodity
Wheat, straw
40 CFR 180.242(a) (1) (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of April 21, 2009: https://www.ecfr.gov
Tolerances are established for the combined residues of thiabendazole (2-(4-thiazolyl)benzimidazole) and its metabolites 5-hydroxythiabendazole (free and conjugated) and benzimidazole in or on the following food commodities:
Commodity
Cattle, meat
Commodity
Cattle, meat byproducts
Commodity
Goat, meat byproducts
Commodity
Hog, meat byproducts
Commodity
Horse, meat byproducts
Commodity
Milk
Commodity
Sheep, meat byproducts
40 CFR 180.242(a) (2) (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of April 21, 2009: https://www.ecfr.gov
Time-limited tolerances are established for the combined residues of thiabendazole (2-(4-thiazolyl)benzimidazole) and its metabolite benzimidazole (free and conjugated), in connection with use of the pesticide under section 18 emergency exemptions granted by EPA. The tolerances are specified in the following table. The tolerances will expire on the dates specified in the table.
Commodity
Brussels sprout
Expiration/Revocation Date
12/31/09
Commodity
Cabbage
Expiration/Revocation Date
12/31/09
Commodity
Cauliflower
Expiration/Revocation Date
12/31/09
Commodity
Lentil, seed
Expiration/Revocation Date
12/31/08
40 CFR 180.242(b) (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of April 21, 2009: https://www.ecfr.gov
The following pesticide chemical uses on food or feed, or food or feed crops, do not need a tolerance or exemption from the requirement of a tolerance, and may be registered under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 7 U.S.C. 136 et seq ., without obtaining such tolerance or exemption, based on EPA's determination that the uses are below the threshold of regulation. Pesticide chemical: Thiabendazole; CAS Registry Number: 148-79-8; Use/Limits: As a seed treatment for dry pea (including field pea, pigeon pea, chickpea or lentil), using a maximum application rate of 0.075 pounds of active ingredient per 100 pounds of seed. Vines or hay grown from treated seed may not be fed to livestock.
40 CFR 180.2010 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of April 21, 2009: https://www.ecfr.gov
For more FIFRA Requirements (Complete) data for THIABENDAZOLE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.9.2 FDA Requirements

Tolerances are established at 0.1 part per million for negligible residues of thiabendazole in uncooked edible tissues of cattle, goats, sheep, pheasants, and swine, and at 0.05 part per million for negligible residues in milk.
21 CFR 556.730 (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of April 20, 2009: https://www.ecfr.gov
The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations List identifies currently marketed prescription drug products, incl thiabendazole, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA under sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
DHHS/FDA; Electronic Orange Book-Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations. Available from, as of June 8, 2009: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/ob/docs/queryai.cfm
The Generic Animal Drug and Patent Restoration Act requires that each sponsor of an approved animal drug must submit to the FDA certain information regarding patents held for the animal drug or its method of use. The Act requires that this information, as well as a list of all animal drug products approved for safety and effectiveness, be made available to the public. Thiabendazole is included on this list.
US FDA/Center for Veterinary Medicine; The Green Book - On Line, Active Ingredients. Thiabendazole (148-79-8). Available from, as of June 8, 2009: https://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/Products/ApprovedAnimalDrugProducts/default.htm
Thiabendazole ... is used in feed for animals as follows: (1) Cattle - (i) Amount. 3 grams per 100 lb. body weight. (a) Indications for use. Control of infections of gastrointestinal roundworms ( Trichostrongylus spp., Haemonchus spp., Ostertagia spp., Nematodirus spp., Oesophagostomum radiatum). (b) Limitations. Use 3 grams per 100 lb. body weight at a single dose; may repeat once in 2 to 3 weeks; do not treat animals within 3 days of slaughter; milk taken from treated animals within 96 hours (8 milkings) after the latest treatment must not be used for food. (ii) Amount. 5 grams per 100 lb. body weight. (a) Indications for use. Control of severe infections of gastrointestinal roundworms (Trichostrongylus spp., Haemonchus spp., Ostertagia spp., Nematodirus spp., Oesophagostomum radiatum); control of infections of Cooperia spp. (b) Limitations. 5 grams per 100 lb. body weight at a single dose or divided into 3 equal doses, administered 1 dose each day, on succeeding days; may repeat once in 2 to 3 weeks; do not treat animals within 3 days of slaughter; milk taken from treated animals within 96 hours (8 milkings) after the latest treatment must not be used for food.
21 CFR 558.615(d) (1) (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of April 21, 2009: https://www.ecfr.gov
For more FDA Requirements (Complete) data for THIABENDAZOLE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.10 Other Safety Information

13.10.1 Special Reports

USEPA/Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Thiabendazole EPA 738-R-02-xxx (October 2002). The RED summarizes the risk assessment conclusions and outlines any risk reduction measures necessary for the pesticide to continue to be registered in the U.S.[Available from, as of May 28, 2009: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm]

14 Toxicity

14.1 Toxicological Information

14.1.1 Toxicity Summary

The precise mode of action of thiabendazole on the parasite is unknown, but it most likely inhibits the helminth-specific enzyme fumarate reductase.

14.1.2 RAIS Toxicity Values

Oral Acute Reference Dose (RfDoa)(mg/kg-day)
0.5
Oral Acute Reference Dose Reference
OPP
Oral Chronic Reference Dose (RfDoc) (mg/kg-day)
0.1
Oral Chronic Reference Dose Reference
OPP

14.1.3 EPA Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides

Chemical Substance
Acute or One Day PAD (RfD) [mg/kg/day]
0.5
Acute or One Day HHBPs [ppb]
3000
Acute HHBP Sensitive Lifestage/Population
Children
Chronic or One Day PAD (RfD) [mg/kg/day]
0.1
Chronic or One Day HHBPs [ppb]
600
Chronic HHBP Sensitive Lifestage/Population
General Population

14.1.4 USGS Health-Based Screening Levels for Evaluating Water-Quality

Chemical
Thiabendazole
USGS Parameter Code
67455
Chemical Classes
Pharmaceutical
Chronic Noncancer HHBP (Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides)[μg/L]
600
Benchmark Remarks
Applies to thiabendazole + salt
Reference
Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

14.1.5 Hepatotoxicity

Thiabendazole therapy is associated with serum aminotransferase elevations in up to 36% of patients, but it is usually given for a brief period only and its effects on serum enzyme levels after single dose administration has not been systematically evaluated. Importantly, thiabendazole therapy has also been associated with clinically apparent liver injury which can be prolonged and severe. The onset of injury is usually within 1 to 2 weeks of finishing a 1 to 5 day course of therapy. The pattern of serum enzyme elevations is typically cholestatic. Autoantibodies are usually negative and fever, arthralgias and rash are uncommon. Several reported cases have been associated with sicca complex marked by parotid enlargement and tenderness, dry eyes and dry mouth arising before the onset of jaundice (Case 1). The cholestatic injury can be associated with damage to small bile ducts and with prolonged jaundice and/or pruritus and alkaline phosphatase elevations. Several instances of prolonged cholestasis and chronic vanishing bile duct syndrome and end stage liver disease has been reported even after a single dose of thiabendazole.

14.1.6 Drug Induced Liver Injury

Compound
thiabendazole
DILI Annotation
Most-DILI-Concern
Severity Grade
7
Label Section
Warnings and precautions
References

M Chen, V Vijay, Q Shi, Z Liu, H Fang, W Tong. FDA-Approved Drug Labeling for the Study of Drug-Induced Liver Injury, Drug Discovery Today, 16(15-16):697-703, 2011. PMID:21624500 DOI:10.1016/j.drudis.2011.05.007

M Chen, A Suzuki, S Thakkar, K Yu, C Hu, W Tong. DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans. Drug Discov Today 2016, 21(4): 648-653. PMID:26948801 DOI:10.1016/j.drudis.2016.02.015

14.1.7 Evidence for Carcinogenicity

Cancer Classification: Likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans at High Doses; Not Likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans at Low Doses
USEPA Office of Pesticide Programs, Health Effects Division, Science Information Management Branch: "Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential" (April 2006)

14.1.8 Carcinogen Classification

Carcinogen Classification
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

14.1.9 Exposure Routes

Rapidly absorbed and peak plasma concentration is reached within 1 to 2 hours after the oral administration of a suspension. Some systemic absorption may occur from topical preparations applied to the skin.

14.1.10 Adverse Effects

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

14.1.11 Acute Effects

14.1.12 Toxicity Data

The oral LD 50 is 3.6 g/kg, 3.1 g/kg and 3.8 g/kg in the mouse, rat, and rabbit respectively.

14.1.13 Interactions

Thiabendazole had no protective effects against pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions in rats at 20-100 mg/kg, whereas 200 mg/kg sc incr frequency of clonic convulstions resulting in 100% mortality.
Shashindran CH et al; Bull Jawaharlal Inst Post-Grad Med Educ Res (2): 46 (1977)
Strongyloidiasis in immunosuppressed pt often requires prolonged admin of the anthelmintic, thiabendazole. The case described herein represents the first report of theophylline toxicity induced by concurrent admin of thiabendazole. Preliminary studies suggest that interference with theophylline clearance by thiabendazole may be the mechanism in this drug interaction.
Sugar AM et al; Am Rev Respir Dis Sep 122 (3): 501 (1980)
Thiabendazole may compete with other drugs (eg, theophylline) for sites of metabolism in the liver and thereby increase serum concentrations of such drugs to potentially toxic levels. When thiabendazole and a xanthine derivative are used concomitantly, it may be necessary to monitor serum concentrations of the xanthine derivative and/or reduce its dosage. Patients receiving the drugs concomitantly should be carefully monitored.
American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2009. Bethesda, MD. (2009), p. 65
A probable drug interaction between theophylline and thiabendazole is reported in a 49-yr-old asthmatic male patient initially receiving 300 mg of oral sustained-action theophylline anhydrous 2 times/day, who was given oral thiabendazole suspension at a dose of 1.8 g 2 times/day (total of 6 doses) for the treatment of strongyloidiasis. The patient's serum theophylline concentration was 14 ug/mL before thiabendazole therapy. The dosage of Theo-Dur was decreased to 200 mg twice daily; however, serum theophylline concentrations increased to 22 ug/mL. The dose was then decreased to 150 mg 2 times/day, resulting in serum theophylline levels of 12 ug/mL. Before initiation of thiabendazole therapy, the patient's estimated baseline theophylline clearance was about 1.7 L/hr; after thiabendazole therapy was begun, this clearance fell to about 0.8 L/hr. Nine days after cessation of thiabendazole therapy, theophylline clearance was close to the baseline value. It was concluded that in patients on theophylline therapy, a 50% reduction in theophylline dosage should be considered when thiabendazole therapy is initiated.
Lew G et al; Clin Pharm 8 (3): 225-7 (1989)

14.1.14 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Thiabendazoles and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 364
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... /Thiabendazoles and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 364-5
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in severe respiratory distress. Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Thiabendazoles and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 365

14.1.15 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Overdosage may be associated with transient disturbances of vision and psychic alterations.
US Natl Inst Health; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for Mintezol (Thiabendazole) (November 2007). Available from, as of April 23, 2009: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?id=5829
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Jaundice, cholestasis, and parenchymal liver damage have been reported in patients treated with MINTEZOL. In rare cases, liver damage has been severe and has led to irreversible hepatic failure.
US Natl Inst Health; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for Mintezol (Thiabendazole) (November 2007). Available from, as of April 23, 2009: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?id=5829
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ If hypersensitivity reactions occur, the drug should be discontinued immediately and not be resumed. Erythema multiforme has been associated with thiabendazole therapy; in severe cases (Stevens-Johnson syndrome), fatalities have occurred.
US Natl Inst Health; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for Mintezol (Thiabendazole) (November 2007). Available from, as of April 23, 2009: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?id=5829
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptoms and signs that sometimes follow ingestion are: dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, epigastric distress, lethargy, fever, flushing, chills, rash and local edema, headache, tinnitus, paresthesia, and hypotension. Blood enzyme tests may indicate liver injury.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. Reigart, J.R., Roberts, J.R. Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. 5th ed. 1999. EPA Document No. EPA 735-R-98-003, and available in electronic format at: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/safety/healthcare, p. 153
For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for THIABENDAZOLE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

14.1.16 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ n nonpregnant sheep, dosages as high as 800-1000 mg/kg are required to produce toxic depression & anorexia. Dosages of 1200 mg/kg may cause deaths in sheep.
Jones, L.M., et al. Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 4th ed. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977., p. 1005
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Dosages as high as 825 mg/kg did not cause any pathological changes. Some /mice/ that had received /thiabendazole/ somewhat above LD50 level showed fatty degeneration of the liver, a decr in the number of malpighian bodies in the spleen, a diffuse desquamation and necrosis of the intestinal epithelium.
Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 3. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991., p. 1454
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ External contact tests on rabbit eyes by application of 4% thiabendazole in ointment or 10% in suspension in saline for 5 to 10 minutes caused no irritation.
Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 901
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Beagle dogs were given daily oral doses of 0, 35, 75 or 150 mg/kg bw/day of thiabendazole in gelatin tablets for 14 days. In all groups including controls there was cytoplasmic vacuolation of the gallbladder epithelium, but the incidence and severity was highest in the mid and high dose groups. At the highest dose there was also an increased relative liver weight (without corresponding histopathology) and anemia. The NOEL for this study was 35 mg/kg bw/day.
European Medicine Agency (EMEA), The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, Veterinary Medicines Evaluation Unit, Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products; Thiabendazole (148-79-8) EMEA/MRL/868/03, Summary Report (June 2004). Available from, as of June 10, 2009: https://www.ema.europa.eu/pdfs/vet/mrls/086803en.pdf
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for THIABENDAZOLE (41 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

14.1.17 Non-Human Toxicity Values

LD50 Mouse oral 3.6 g/kg
American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2009. Bethesda, MD. (2009), p. 65
LD50 Rat oral 3.1 g/kg
American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2009. Bethesda, MD. (2009), p. 65
LD50 Rabbit oral 3.85 g/kg
American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2009. Bethesda, MD. (2009), p. 65
LD50 Rat oral 2080 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3443
For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for THIABENDAZOLE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

14.1.18 Populations at Special Risk

Persons with liver and kidney disease may be unusually vulnerable to toxic effects.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. Reigart, J.R., Roberts, J.R. Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. 5th ed. 1999. EPA Document No. EPA 735-R-98-003, and available in electronic format at: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/safety/healthcare, p. 153
Most of the adverse effects of thiabendazole are transient and should require only symptomatic management. In regard to its metabolism by the liver and the occasional rise of the SGOT seen during its use, one should avoid this drug in persons with liver disease. It also seems reasonable to monitor the levels of concomitant drugs that are metabolized by the liver when thiabendazole is in use.
Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990., p. 969

14.2 Ecological Information

14.2.1 EPA Ecotoxicity

Pesticide Ecotoxicity Data from EPA

14.2.2 Ecotoxicity Values

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) diet >10000 ppm for 8 days
USEPA/OPP, EFED; Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database (2000) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available from, as of May 11, 2009
LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck, age 14 days) diet >5620 ppm for 8 days
USEPA/OPP, EFED; Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database (2000) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available from, as of May 11, 2009
LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (northern bobwhite) diet >10000 ppm for 8 days
USEPA/OPP, EFED; Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database (2000) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available from, as of May 11, 2009
LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (northern bobwhite, age 10 days) diet >5620 ppm for 8 days
USEPA/OPP, EFED; Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database (2000) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available from, as of May 11, 2009
For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for THIABENDAZOLE (26 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

14.2.3 Ecotoxicity Excerpts

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Aquatic toxicities of six benzimidazole-based anthelmintics /including/ thiabendazole ...were evaluated with a marine bacterium, Vibrio fischeri, and a freshwater invertebrate, Daphnia magna. ... Vibrio fischeri was greater than 10-fold less sensitive to most of the benzimidazoles tested compared to daphnids. For D. magna, the most acutely toxic anthelmintic compound tested was fenbendazole (48-hr median effective concentration [EC50s], 16.5 ug/L), followed by flubendazole (48-hr EC50, 66.5 ug/L), albendazole (48-hr EC50, 67.9 ug/L), febantel (48-hr EC50, 216.5 ug/L), thiabendazole (48-hr EC50, 843.6 ug/L), and oxfendazole (48-hr EC50, 1,168.4 ug/L). The lipophilicity parameter, log Kow, explained the observed acute D. magna toxicity of the individual benzimidazoles (r = -0.91, p < 0.01)...
Oh, Su Jin et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 25 (8): 221-6 (2006).

14.2.4 Environmental Fate / Exposure Summary

Thiabendazole's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a fungicide will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 4.0X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates thiabendazole will exist solely in the particulate phase in the atmosphere. Particulate-phase thiabendazole will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. Thiabendazole absorbs light at 298 nm and therefore thiabendazole may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, thiabendazole is expected to have slight mobility based upon a Koc range of 2,500 to 4,680. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.1X10-11 atm-cu m/mole. Thiabendazole may not volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. A half-life of 403 days in soil suggests that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process. If released into water, thiabendazole is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 20 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Thiabendazole is stable in aqueous environments and therefore is not expected to undergo hydrolysis. Occupational exposure to thiabendazole may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where thiabendazole is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to thiabendazole via ingestion of contaminated food. (SRC)

14.2.5 Artificial Pollution Sources

Thiabendazole's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a fungicide(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).
(1) Meister RT, Sine C; Crop Protection Handbook Volume 94. Meister Media Worldwide, Willoughby, OH p D 423 (2008)

14.2.6 Environmental Fate

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 2,500 to 4,680(2) indicate that thiabendazole is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of thiabendazole from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.1X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 4.0X10-9 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 50 mg/L(2). Thiabendazole is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(2). A half-life of 403 days in soil(2) suggests that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) Wauchope RD et al; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 123: 1-36 (1991)
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 2,500 to 4,680(2) indicate that thiabendazole is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.1X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 4.0X10-9 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 50 mg/L(2). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 20(SRC), from its log Kow of 2.47(5) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Thiabendazole is stable in aqueous environments(1) and therefore is not expected to undergo hydrolysis(SRC). A half-life of 403 days in soil(2) suggests that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) Wauchope RD et al; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 123: 1-36 (1991)
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(4) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
(5) Nielsen LS et al; Acta Pharm Nord 4: 43-9 (1992)
(6) Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999)
(7) Tomlin CDS, ed. Thiabendazole (148-79-8). In: The e-Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition Version 3.1 (2004-05). Surrey UK, British Crop Protection Council.
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), thiabendazole, which has a vapor pressure of 4.0X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase thiabendazole may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Thiabendazole absorbs light at 298 nm(3) and therefore thiabendazole may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988)
(2) Wauchope RD et al; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 123: 1-36 (1991)
(3) O'Neil MJ, ed; The Merck Index. 14th ed Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., p. 1597 (2006)

14.2.7 Environmental Biodegradation

AEROBIC: The half-life of thiabendazole in soil was determined to be 403 days(1). Thiabendazole was degraded approximately 25% and 15% 30 days post-application in an unsterilized sandy loam when incorporated at soil depths of 10 and 30 cm, respectively(2).
(1) Wauchope RD et al; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 123: 1-36 (1991)
(2) Yarden O et al; Soil Biol Biochem 21: 857-61 (1989)

14.2.8 Environmental Abiotic Degradation

Thiabendazole is stable in aqueous environments(1) and therefore is not expected to undergo hydrolysis(SRC). The aqueous photolysis half-life is 29 hours at pH 5(1). Photosensitized oxygenation of a 1% methanolic solution of thiabendazole results in the disappearance of thiabendazole after irradiation for 300 hours with UV light(2). The photoreaction of thiabendazole with singlet oxygen produced the same results after 400 hours of irradiation(2). A UV max absorption in methanol 298 nm has been reported(3).
(1) Tomlin CDS, ed. Thiabendazole (148-79-8). In: The e-Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition Version 3.1 (2004-05). Surrey UK, British Crop Protection Council.
(2) Mahran MR et al; Chemosphere 12: 1611-18 (1983)
(3) O'Neil MJ, ed; The Merck Index. 14th ed. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., p. 2597 (2006)
Photolysis of thiabendazole in methanol for 9 days produced a pale yellow solution. The methanol distillate contained dimethyl oxalate and other materials. Treatment of the residual oil with ammonia and then vacuum evaporation produced ammonium formate. The remaining oil was added to an alumina column and elution with ether-methanol mixtures yielded thiazole-4- carboxamide, identified by IR, MS, and mixed melting point; benzimidazol-2-carboxamide, identified by MS; benzimidaxole, identified by comparison of physical characteristics; thiazol-4-ylamide and methyl thiazole-4-carboxylate, identified by IR and MS.
Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides-Update III. Special Scientific Report- Wildlife No. 232. Washington, DC: U.S.Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1980., p. 507
(14)C Thiabendazole was sprayed on sugar beet leaves. The plants were grown for 34 days under incandescent and fluorescent illumination. Analyses accounted for 97-98% of the radioactivity as unchanged thiabendazole. When treated beet leaves were exposed to sunlight for the equivalent of 14, 8 hr days, only 78% of the radioactivity was present as unchanged thiabendazole. The remainder appeared to be photoproducts. In addition to benzimidazole-2-carboxamide, benzimidazole, and polar and polymer products were formed. When photolysis was conducted on glass plates, benzimidazole-2-carboxamide and benzimidazole were observed.
Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides, Update II. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report - Wildlife No. 2l2. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978., p. 259

14.2.9 Environmental Bioconcentration

An estimated BCF of 20 was calculated in fish for thiabendazole(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.47(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).
(1) Nielsen LS et al; Acta Pharm Nord 4: 43-9 (1992)
(2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999)
(3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)

14.2.10 Soil Adsorption / Mobility

The Koc range of thiabendazole is 2,500 to 4,680(1,2). According to a classification scheme(3), this Koc value suggests that thiabendazole is expected to have slight mobility in soil. A mean Kd value of 9.55 has been reported with absorption being affected by organic carbon, clay content, and soil pH(4).
(1) Wauchope RD et al; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 123: 1-36 (1991)
(2) Sekusak S, Sabljic A; J Math Chem 11: 271-280 (1992)
(3) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(4) Weber JB et al; Chemosphere 55: 157-66 (2004)
Increasing soil acidity increased adsorption of TBZ. Studies indicated this resulted from ionization at lower pH values and adsorption of ionized molecules. After 9 months, 85-95% of the TBZ applied to soil was recovered from air dried soils; 75-90% from moist soils.
Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides-Update III. Special Scientific Report- Wildlife No. 232. Washington, DC: U.S.Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1980., p. 507

14.2.11 Volatilization from Water / Soil

The Henry's Law constant for thiabendazole is estimated as 2.1X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 4.0X10-9 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 50 mg/L(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that thiabendazole is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Thiabendazole's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may not occur(SRC). Thiabendazole is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).
(1) Wauchope RD et al; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 123: 1-36 (1991)
(2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)

14.2.12 Environmental Water Concentrations

SURFACE WATER: Thiabendazole concentrations ranged from 1-100 ug/L in surface waters of the Suerte River Basin, Costa Rica, an area characterized by banana plantations. A maximum concentration of 5 ug/L was reported for the Suerte River(1). Eight water samples from the Port of Osaka, Japan contained thiabendazole ranging in average concentrations of 0.002 to 0.007 ug/L, sampled from January 27, 2002 through October 21, 2003(2).
(1) Castillo LE et al; Environ Sci Technol 19: 1942-50 (2000)
(2) Harino H et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 48: 303-10 (2005)

14.2.13 Effluent Concentrations

Thiabendazole was reported at concentrations of <11 ng/L in two effluents entering Assunpink Creek, in the vicinity of Trenton, New Jersey(1). Thiabendazole concentrations ranged from 1-100 ug/L in effluents from treatment plants in the Suerte River Basin, Costa Rica, an area characterized by banana plantations(2).
(1) Alvarez DA et al; Chemosphere 61: 610-22 (2005)
(2) Castillo LE et al; Environ Sci Technol 19: 1942-50 (2000)

14.2.14 Sediment / Soil Concentrations

SEDIMENT: Thiabendazole concentrations ranged from 85-1,100 ug/kg dry weight in sediments of the Suerte River Basin, Costa Rica, 1993-1997, an area characterized by banana plantations(1). Eight sediment samples from the Port of Osaka, Japan contained thiabendazole ranging in average concentrations of <0.04 to 0.12 ug/kg dry weight, sampled from January 27, 2002 through October 21, 2003(2).
(1) Castillo LE et al; Environ Sci Technol 19: 1942-50 (2000)
(2) Harino H et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 48: 303-10 (2005)

14.2.15 Food Survey Values

Thiabendazole residues were found in monitoring of domestic and import commodities during the years 1978-1982 and 1983-1986 above the approximate detection limit of 0.01 ppm(1,2). In a study of 836 samples of infant foods during 1985-1991, thiabendazole was detected 12 times at trace-0.26 ppm levels(3). In the same study, thiabendazole residues were found in 11 fruit samples: applesauce (4 samples) at trace-0.09 ppm, pears with pineapple (2 samples) at trace and 0.17 ppm, plums (2 samples) at 0.24 and 0.26 ppm, apple juice (1 sample) at 0.17 ppm, pear juice (1 sample) at 0.05 ppm, and pears (1 sample) at 0.21 ppm(3). In adult foods eaten by infants/children, thiabendazole was found in: 141 of the 152 samples of apples at trace-4.2 ppm, 24 of the 64 samples of bananas at trace-0.26 ppm, 38 of 44 samples of oranges at trace-3.5 ppm, 17 of 49 samples of pears at trace-1.2 ppm during the years 1985-1991(3).
(1) Yess NJ et al; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 74: 265-72 (1991)
(2) Yess NJ et al; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 74: 273-80 (1991)
(3) Yess NJ et al; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 76: 492-507 (1993)
Thiabendazole has also been detected in Danish foods during the period of 1978-1979: 22 of 30 imported samples of oranges at 0.28-6.85 ppm, 4 of 5 samples of imported bananas at 0.55-1.52 ppm, 11 of 30 samples of imported clementines, satsumas, and tangerines at 0.21-6.25 ppm, 6 of 7 samples of imported grapefruit at 0.11-4.66 ppm, 1 of 313 of Danish lettuce at an average of 0.05 ppm, 13 of 137 samples of Danish strawberries, 2 of 302 samples of Danish potatoes, 10 of 135 samples of Danish tomatoes, and 36 of 353 samples of Danish apples at 0.13-2.47 ppm(1). Of 6391 domestic agricultural commodities tested during the period of 1981-1986, 1 sample contained 0.05 ppm thiabendazole, 3 samples contained 0.5 ppm thiabendazole, 14 samples contained 1.0 ppm thiabendazole, 34 samples contained 2.0 ppm thiabendazole, and 53 samples contained >2.0 ppm thiabendazole although none of these samples exceeded EPA guideline levels(2). Of 12,044 imported agricultural commodities tested during this same period, 14 samples contained 0.5 ppm thiabendazole, 3 samples contained 1.0 ppm thiabendazole, and 2 samples contained 2.0 ppm thiabendazole and twelve of these samples violated EPA guidelines(2).
(1) Anderson KS; Statens Levnedsmiddelinst 54: 75 pp (1981)
(2) Hundley HK et al; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 71: 875-92 (1988)
In a survey of 13,980 samples of foods, 25 contained thiabendazole at levels below guideline limits during the years of 1988-1989(1). In a study of 13,230 samples of agricultural food commodities available in Canada during the years 1988-1991, 3 domestic samples contained less than 0.5 ppm thiabendazole which did not exceed the guideline levels(2). Thiabendazole was found in 14 out of 4,329 samples of large fruits in the years 1971, and 1973-1975(3).
(1) Minyard JP, Roberts WE; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 74: 438-52 (1991)
(2) Neidert E et al; J AOAC Intl 77: 18-33 (1991)
(3) Duggan RE et al; Pesticide Residue Levels in Foods in the United States from July 1, 1969 to June 30, 1976. Washington DC: Food Drug Admin Div Chem Technol 240 pp. (1983)
Thiabendazole was detected in 78 of 109 imported citrus fruits (grapefruit, lemon, orange) at residue levels ranging from <0.01 to 1 ug/g as a result of 5-year monitoring survey of 478 domestic and 287 imported agricultural products conducted from April 1995-March 200 in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan(1). Pesticide residues on 270 apple and citrus fruit samples from 1999-2001 revealed thiabendazole concentrations ranging from a trace to 12.52 ppm on 12 apple and 17 citrus samples(2).
(1) Akiyama Y et al; J AOAC Int 85: 692-703 (2002)
(2) Parveen Z et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 73: 312-8 (2004)

14.2.16 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 5,960 workers (1,184 of these were female) were potentially exposed to thiabendazole in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to thiabendazole may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where thiabendazole is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to thiabendazole via ingestion of contaminated food(SRC).
(1) NIOSH; NOES. National Occupational Exposure Survey conducted from 1981-1983. Estimated numbers of employees potentially exposed to specific agents by 2-digit standard industrial classification (SIC). Available from, as of Jul 14, 2009: https://www.cdc.gov/noes/

14.2.17 Average Daily Intake

In a total diet study analysis, the pesticide intake of thiabendazole for 1986-1991 has been determined to be 0.2461 (6-11 months of age), 0.6685 (2 years old), 0.1326 (14-16 year old females), 0.1655 (14-16 year old males), 0.1506 (25-30 year old females), 0.1139 (25-30 year old males), 0.1853 (60-65 year old females), and 0.1432 (60-65 year old males) ug/kg body wt/day(1).
(1) FDA; Food and Drug Administration Pesticide Program. Residue Monitoring 1992. Washington DC: Food and Drug Administration pp. 22 (1992)

15 Associated Disorders and Diseases

Associated Occupational Diseases with Exposure to the Compound
Contact dermatitis, allergic [Category: Skin Disease]

16 Literature

16.1 Consolidated References

16.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

16.3 Springer Nature References

16.4 Thieme References

16.5 Wiley References

16.6 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

16.7 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

16.8 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

17 Patents

17.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

17.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

17.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

17.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

17.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

18 Interactions and Pathways

18.1 Protein Bound 3D Structures

18.1.1 Ligands from Protein Bound 3D Structures

PDBe Ligand Code
PDBe Structure Code
PDBe Conformer

18.2 Chemical-Target Interactions

18.3 Drug-Drug Interactions

19 Biological Test Results

19.1 BioAssay Results

20 Classification

20.1 MeSH Tree

20.2 NCI Thesaurus Tree

20.3 ChEBI Ontology

20.4 KEGG: Pesticides

20.5 KEGG: ATC

20.6 KEGG: Drug Groups

20.7 KEGG : Antimicrobials

20.8 WHO ATC Classification System

20.9 FDA Pharm Classes

20.10 ChemIDplus

20.11 CAMEO Chemicals

20.12 ChEMBL Target Tree

20.13 UN GHS Classification

20.14 EPA CPDat Classification

20.15 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

20.16 CCSBase Classification

20.17 EPA DSSTox Classification

20.18 Consumer Product Information Database Classification

20.19 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

20.20 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

20.21 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

21 Information Sources

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    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
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  17. EU Pesticides Database
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    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  22. LiverTox
  23. NCI Thesaurus (NCIt)
    LICENSE
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    https://www.cancer.gov/policies/copyright-reuse
  24. Open Targets
    LICENSE
    Datasets generated by the Open Targets Platform are freely available for download.
    https://platform-docs.opentargets.org/licence
  25. Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
    LICENSE
    T3DB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (T3DB) and the original publication.
    http://www.t3db.ca/downloads
  26. CCSbase
    CCSbase Classification
    https://ccsbase.net/
  27. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
    LICENSE
    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    Thiabendazole
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  28. ChEMBL
    LICENSE
    Access to the web interface of ChEMBL is made under the EBI's Terms of Use (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html). The ChEMBL data is made available on a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/).
    http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html
  29. Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD)
    LICENSE
    It is to be used only for research and educational purposes. Any reproduction or use for commercial purpose is prohibited without the prior express written permission of NC State University.
    http://ctdbase.org/about/legal.jsp
  30. Therapeutic Target Database (TTD)
  31. Consumer Product Information Database (CPID)
    LICENSE
    Copyright (c) 2024 DeLima Associates. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials from CPID are copyrighted by DeLima Associates. No part of these materials, either text or image may be used for any purpose other than for personal use. Therefore, reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly prohibited without prior written permission.
    https://www.whatsinproducts.com/contents/view/1/6
    Consumer Products Category Classification
    https://www.whatsinproducts.com/
  32. Crystallography Open Database (COD)
    LICENSE
    All data in the COD and the database itself are dedicated to the public domain and licensed under the CC0 License. Users of the data should acknowledge the original authors of the structural data.
    https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
  33. DailyMed
  34. Drug Induced Liver Injury Rank (DILIrank) Dataset
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  35. Drugs@FDA
    LICENSE
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    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  36. EPA Chemical and Products Database (CPDat)
  37. EPA Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database
  38. EU Clinical Trials Register
  39. USDA Pesticide Data Program
  40. Hazardous Chemical Information System (HCIS), Safe Work Australia
  41. NITE-CMC
    2-(1,3-Thiazol-4-yl)-1H-benzoimidazole - FY2008 (New/original classication)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/08-meti-0080e.html
  42. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council
    LICENSE
    The copyright for the editorial content of this source, the summaries of EU legislation and the consolidated texts, which is owned by the EU, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence.
    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/legal-notice/legal-notice.html
    thiabendazole (ISO); 2-(thiazol-4-yl)benzimidazole
    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2008/1272/oj
  43. FDA Approved Animal Drug Products (Green Book)
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  44. FDA Orange Book
    LICENSE
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    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  45. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)
    LICENSE
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    https://www.who.int/about/policies/publishing/copyright
  46. USGS Health-Based Screening Levels for Evaluating Water-Quality Data
  47. SpectraBase
    2-(1,3-Thiazol-4-yl)-1H-benzimidazole
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/3jPHFrlGxxQ
  48. NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
    LICENSE
    Data covered by the Standard Reference Data Act of 1968 as amended.
    https://www.nist.gov/srd/public-law
  49. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
  50. KEGG
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    https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/legal.html
    Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification
    http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/get_htext?br08303.keg
  51. MassBank Europe
  52. MassBank of North America (MoNA)
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    https://mona.fiehnlab.ucdavis.edu/documentation/license
  53. Metabolomics Workbench
  54. PharmGKB
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  55. Pharos
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    https://pharos.nih.gov/about
  56. Protein Data Bank in Europe (PDBe)
  57. RCSB Protein Data Bank (RCSB PDB)
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    https://www.rcsb.org/pages/policies
  58. Springer Nature
  59. SpringerMaterials
  60. Thieme Chemistry
    LICENSE
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    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
  61. WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification
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    https://www.whocc.no/copyright_disclaimer/
  62. Wikidata
  63. Wikipedia
  64. Wiley
  65. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
  66. PubChem
  67. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  68. EPA Substance Registry Services
  69. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  70. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
  71. NCBI
CONTENTS