An official website of the United States government

Toxaphene

PubChem CID
5284469
Structure
Toxaphene_small.png
Toxaphene_3D_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • toxaphene
  • 8001-35-2
  • 1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachloro-2,2-bis(chloromethyl)-3-methylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane
  • NCGC00091881-01
  • TOXAPHENE (IARC)
Molecular Weight
411.8 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-11-20
  • Modify:
    2025-01-11
Description
Toxaphene was one of the most heavily used pesticides in the United States in the 1970s and early 1980s. It was used primarily to control insect pests on cotton and other crops in the southern United States. Other uses included controlling insect pests on livestock and killing unwanted fish in lakes. Toxaphene was banned for all registered uses by 1990. Toxaphene is made by reacting chlorine gas with a substance called camphene. The resulting product (toxaphene) is a mixture of hundreds of different chlorinated camphenes and related chemicals.
Toxaphene (Polychlorinated camphenes) can cause cancer according to an independent committee of scientific and health experts.
Toxaphene is a yellow, waxy solid with a pleasant piney odor. Used as an insecticide, primarily for cotton and early growth stages of vegetables. Also peas, soybeans, peanut, corn, and wheat. Not produced commercially in the U.S. since 1982. Only registered for scabies control on cattle in the U.S. (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Toxaphene.png

1.2 3D Conformer

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachloro-2,2-bis(chloromethyl)-3-methylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C10H8Cl8/c1-4-7(2-11,3-12)9(16)6(14)5(13)8(4,15)10(9,17)18/h5-6H,1-3H2
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

OEJNXTAZZBRGDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

C=C1C(C2(C(C(C1(C2(Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)(CCl)CCl
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

C10H8Cl8
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

8001-35-2
1852481-29-8

2.3.2 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.3 UN Number

2.3.4 ChEMBL ID

2.3.5 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.6 HMDB ID

2.3.7 ICSC Number

2.3.8 NCI Thesaurus Code

2.3.9 RTECS Number

2.3.10 Wikidata

2.3.11 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

  • Polychlorocamphene
  • Toxaphene

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
411.8 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
XLogP3-AA
Property Value
4.7
Reference
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
2
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
411.807522 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
407.813422 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
0 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
18
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
403
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
4
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Toxaphene is a yellow, waxy solid with a pleasant piney odor. Used as an insecticide, primarily for cotton and early growth stages of vegetables. Also peas, soybeans, peanut, corn, and wheat. Not produced commercially in the U.S. since 1982. Only registered for scabies control on cattle in the U.S. (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Amber, waxy solid with a mild, piney, chlorine- and camphor-like odor. [insecticide]; [NIOSH]
YELLOW-TO-AMBER WAXY SOLID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.
Amber, waxy solid with a mild, piney, chlorine- and camphor-like odor.
Amber, waxy solid with a mild, piney, chlorine- and camphor-like odor. [insecticide]

3.2.2 Color / Form

Yellow waxy solid.
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1996., p. 1741
Amber, waxy solid.
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 1117

3.2.3 Odor

Pleasant piney odor
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1630
Mild odor of chlorine and camphor
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 1117
Mild, turpentine-like odor
Weiss, G.; Hazardous Chemicals Handbook. 1986, Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ 1986., p. 971
Mild, piney, chlorine- and camphor-like odor.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 58

3.2.4 Boiling Point

Decomposes (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Decomposes
Weiss, G.; Hazardous Chemicals Handbook. 1986, Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ 1986., p. 971
Decomposes near boiling point
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2

3.2.5 Melting Point

149 to 194 °F (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
65-90 °C
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 1117
149-194 °F

3.2.6 Flash Point

84 °F (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
135 °C, 275 °F (closed cup) /Chlorinated camphene 60%/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986., p. 115
115 °C (tag closed cup) /Toxaphene 90% soln/
National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 7th ed. Boston, Mass.: National Fire Protection Association, 1978., p. 274
34-46 °C (tag closed cup) /Strobane T-90/
Farm Chemicals Handbook 87. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister Publishing Co., 1987., p. C-255
84 °F

3.2.7 Solubility

less than 1 mg/mL at 66 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Clear, amber-colored, and viscous liquid, mild terpene odor, specific gravity: 1.519-1.567 at 25 °C/25 °C; readily sol in most commercial organic solvents and is more sol in aromatic than in aliphatic hydrocarbons /Strobane T-90/
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5., p. C-255
Freely sol in aromatic hydrocarbons
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1630
READILY SOL IN ORG SOLVENTS INCL PETROLEUM OILS
Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987., p. 119
3 mg/l water @ room temp
Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987., p. 119
> 450 g/100 ml benzene
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. 13(81) 433
For more Solubility (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Solubility in water: none
0.0003%

3.2.8 Density

1.65 (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
1.65 @ 25 °C
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1996., p. 1741
Relative density (water = 1): 1.65
1.65

3.2.9 Vapor Density

14.3 (air= 1)
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2
Relative vapor density (air = 1): 14.3

3.2.10 Vapor Pressure

0.4 mmHg at 77 °F (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
0.00000669 [mmHg]
6.69X10-6 mm Hg @ 20 °C
Murphy TJ et al; Environ Sci Technol 21: 155-62 (1987)
Vapor pressure, Pa at 25 °C: 53
0.4 mmHg
(77 °F): 0.4 mmHg

3.2.11 LogP

The median log Kow for toxaphene is 5.90.
Fisk AT et al; Chemosphere 39: 2549-2562 (1999)
3.3

3.2.12 Henry's Law Constant

Henry's Law constant= 6.00X10-6 atm cu m/ mole @ 20 °C
Murphy TJ et al; Environ Sci Technol 21: 155-62 (1987)

3.2.13 Stability / Shelf Life

DEHYDROCHLORINATES IN PRESENCE OF ALKALI, PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO SUNLIGHT & AT TEMPERATURES ABOUT 155 °C
The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 1367

3.2.14 Autoignition Temperature

986 °F (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

3.2.15 Corrosivity

Noncorrosive in the absence of moisture
Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987., p. 119
Corrosive to iron
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1630
Solution in xylene may produce corrosive products when heated.
Weiss, G.; Hazardous Chemicals Handbook. 1986, Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ 1986., p. 971

3.2.16 Odor Threshold

1.40x10-1 ppm (Medium: water; purity: not specified)
Fazzalari, F.A. (ed.). Compilation of Odor and Taste Threshold Values Data. ASTM Data Series DS 48A (Committee E-18). Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1978., p. 158
Threshold for toxaphene is 2.3660 mg/cu m.
Ruth JH; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 47: A-142-51 (1986)

3.2.17 Other Experimental Properties

The commercial product is relatively stable but may be degraded by losing hydrogen chloride or chlorine upon prolonged exposure to sunlight, alkali, or high temperatures above 120 °C. Toxaphene and its components may be dechlorinated by reaction with tin hydrides.
Saleh MA; Rev Environ Contam Toxic 118: 1-85 (1990)

3.3 Chemical Classes

3.3.1 Pesticides

Agrochemicals -> Pesticide active substances
Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved
Pesticides -> Organochlorine Pesticides
Pesticide (Toxaphene) -> USDA PDB
Pesticide

4 Spectral Information

4.1 UV Spectra

Toxaphene has a maximum absorbance at 260 nm in hexane. IR showed a strong band at 1280-1308/cm.

4.2 Other Spectra

DEHYDROCHLORINATED BY CERTAIN CATALYSTS SUCH AS IRON
Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987., p. 119

6 Chemical Vendors

7 Drug and Medication Information

7.1 Reported Fatal Dose

2 to 7 grams for an adult human. (183)

8 Agrochemical Information

8.1 Agrochemical Category

Insecticide
Pesticide active substances

8.2 EU Pesticides Data

Active Substance
camphechlor
Status
Not approved [Reg. (EC) No 1107/2009]

8.3 USDA Pesticide Data Program

9 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

9.1 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Insecticides
Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. (See all compounds classified as Insecticides.)

9.2 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

IN RAT, 52.6% OF ORAL DOSE OF (36)CL-TOXAPHENE WAS EXCRETED WITHIN 9 DAYS. APPROX 37% ... IN FECES, & 15% IN URINE. ON EXTRACTION, MOST OF RADIOACTIVITY OCCURRED IN WATER FRACTIONS OF URINE & FECES AS IONIC CHLORIDE. ANIMALS GIVEN 2ND DOSE ON 9TH DAY EXCRETED TOXAPHENE IN SIMILAR MANNER, EXCEPT THAT (36)CHLORINE EXCRETION IN FECES WAS REDUCED. LESS THAN 10% OF DOSE WAS FOUND IN SELECTED TISSUES & ORGANS 1 DAY AFTER TREATMENT.
National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977., p. 600
/IT IS/ ... ABSORBED THROUGH INTACT SKIN, RESP TRACT & GI TRACT. ... INTESTINAL ABSORPTION IS INCR BY PRESENCE OF DIGESTIBLE OILS, & LIQ PREPN (OIL SOLVENTS) PENETRATE THE SKIN FAR MORE READILY THAN DO DUSTS OR POWDERS.
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-386
3% OF AN ORAL DOSE OF (14)C-TOXAPHENE WAS EXCRETED UNCHANGED IN THE FECES OF RATS. MORE THAN 5% OF THE ADMINISTERED DOSE WAS EXCRETED IN THE URINE AND FECES AS COMPLETELY DECHLORINATED METABOLITES, AND 27% AS PARTIALLY DECHLORINATED METABOLITES; 20% OF THE ACTIVITY WAS FOUND IN EXPIRED AIR.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V20 338 (1979)
When white leghorn chickens are fed 5, 50, or 100 ppm toxaphene in the diet, residues are detected in eggs. ... The concn of toxaphene in adipose tissue of 8 wk old Hubbard-Hubbard broiler chickens increases with increasing dietary intake. Bioaccumulation factor is about 5.
Booth, N.H., L.E. McDonald (eds.). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 5th ed. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1982., p. 1105
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

9.3 Metabolism / Metabolites

USING BIOASSAY METHODS, IT WAS FOUND THAT RESISTANT FLIES COULD METABOLIZE 4.0 UG OF TOXAPHENE FROM AN ABSORBED DOSE OF 5.4 UG. NO METABOLITES WERE IDENTIFIED. ... IN STUDIES WITH THE COTTON LEAFWORM, THE PRESENCE OF A DEHYDROCHLORINASE & THE BREAKDOWN OF TOXAPHENE WAS DEMONSTRATED. 3 COMPONENTS WERE SEPARATED BY PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY BUT WERE NOT IDENTIFIED.
Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Publication 127. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969., p. 311
Rats metabolically dechlorinate toxaphene. In several organisms ... this reaction is a reductive dechlorination, sometimes a dehydrochlorination. In part toxaphene is also metabolized by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dependent mixed function oxidase in rat hepatic microsomal enzyme preparations. ...
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-386
In vitro studies were conducted with rat liver microsomal preparations. Metabolism of toxaphene was increased by addition of reduced glutathione & nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate. In addition to dechlorination, some oxidation to hydroxyl and acidic cmpd occurred. Further study showed that aglycones were released by action of beta-glucuronidase and beta-sulfatase, indicating the presence of water releasing conjugates in vitro.
Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides-Update III. Special Scientific Report- Wildlife No. 232. Washington, DC: U.S.Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1980., p. 521
The metabolism of toxaphene in perfused bovine liver was studied. Two beef cows and one dairy calf had blood collected from the jugular vein and the liver was then removed. The blood was defibrinated and filtered; 100 milligrams oxytetracycline was added and then used as perfusate. The liver was cleaned and drained, then attached to the arterial side of a perfusion chamber. An ethanolic solution of toxaphene was added to give a concentration of 20 micrograms per gram in the blood. Samples of the perfusate were taken every 15 minutes until the end of the experiment when the liver was weighed and a sample taken. Recovery of toxaphene and the effect of blood on toxaphene were determined by circulating dosed blood without the liver. Blood samples were analyzed for toxaphene and dechlorinated metabolites were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. By 15 minutes after dosing, approximately 75% of the toxaphene was taken up by the liver; 105 minutes after dosing, an additional 15% was taken up. The half-life of early rapid rate of decline and later rate of decline of toxaphene from the perfusate was 7 minutes and 86 minutes, respectively. The gas chromatographs showed that toxaphene components produced partially dechlorinated derivatives that degraded further with time. The response ratio between perfusate with liver and circulating blood without liver showed that toxaphene metabolism by the liver occurred by 15 minutes after dosing.
Maiorino RM et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 13 (5): 565-71 (1984)
For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Toxaphene is absorbed through the intestines and lungs, then distributed mainly to fat tissues. Due to the complex composition of toxaphene, it requires various metabolic pathways to degrade, which involve dechlorination, dehydrodechlorination, and oxidation. Metabolism occurs primarily by hepatic mixed-function oxidases, and metabolites are excreted in the urine and faeces. (L107)
L107: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1996). Toxicological profile for toxaphene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp94.html

9.4 Biological Half-Life

Animal studies: 9 days; [TDR, p. 1163]
TDR - Ryan RP, Terry CE, Leffingwell SS (eds). Toxicology Desk Reference: The Toxic Exposure and Medical Monitoring Index, 5th Ed. Washington DC: Taylor & Francis, 1999., p. 1163
In broilers, the half-life ... in adipose tissue is 2.66, 2.76, 2.47, & 2.5 wk for birds fed 0.22, 0.40, 2.16, & 3.82 ppm, ... respectively.
Booth, N.H., L.E. McDonald (eds.). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 5th ed. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1982., p. 1105
The half-life of (14)C or (36)Cl labeled toxaphene in rats after single oral dose ... from 1 to 3 days, with most elimination occurring via the urine and feces.
USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Toxaphene p.C-21 (1980) EPA 440/5-80-076

9.5 Mechanism of Action

... The relationship between the structures of cyclodiene type insecticides & the interaction with ... picrotoxinin receptor /have been investigated/. It was ... found that their competitive binding abilities to the picrotoxinin receptor of the brain of the American cockroach are well related to their insecticidal properties. ... The most active cmpd were kepone, gamma-BHC, photodieldrin, oxychlordane, & toxaphene. ... In summary, the ... evidence indicates that cyclodiene-type insecticides owe their neuroexicitatory actions to their abilities to interact with picrotoxinin receptor in nervous system. ... The end result of the interaction is the inhibition of Cl- uptake by the neurons & perhaps by muscles, which results in an uncontrolled excitation in those cells that are normally supplied with gamma-aminobutyric acid.
Matsumura, F. Toxicology of Insecticides. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Plenum Press, 1985., p. 145
There are two kinds of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors: GABAA is the major inhibitory receptor of vertebrate brain and the one that operates a Cl- channel, and the GABAB receptor, which is proposed to regulate cAMP production. ... It is suggested that the GABAA receptor is the primary target for the action of toxaphene and cyclodiene insecticides.
Eldefrawi AT, Eldefrawi ME; FASEB 1 (4): 262-71 (1987)
In vivo effect of toxaphene on calcium pump activity in rat brain P2 fraction was studied. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) were dosed with toxaphene at 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day for 3 days and sacrificed 24 hr after last dose. Ca2+-ATPase activity and (45)Ca2+ uptake were determined in brain P2 fraction. Toxaphene decreased both Ca2+-ATPase activity and (45)Ca2+ uptake, and the reduction was dose dependent. Both substrate and Ca2+ activation kinetics of Ca2+-ATPase indicated noncompetitive type of inhibition, as evidence by decreased catalytic velocity but not enzyme-substrate affinity. The decreased Ca2+-ATPase activity and (45)Ca2+ uptake were restored to normal level by exogenously added calmodulin, which increased both velocity and affinity. The inhibition of Ca2+-ATPase activity and (45)Ca2+ uptake and restoration by calmodulin suggests that toxaphene may impair active calcium transport mechanisms by decreasing levels of calmodulin.
Moorthy KS et al; J Toxicol Environ Health 20 (3): 249-59 (1987)
The toxicity to mice of intraperitoneally administered polychlorocycloalkane (PCCA) insecticides is generally correlated with their potency as in vitro inhibitors of the brain specific (35)S t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate binding site with correction for metabolic activation and detoxification. ... Radioligand binding assays involved brain P2 membranes washed three times with 1 mM EDTA to remove endogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or other modulator(s) which otherwise serves as a noncompetitive inhibitor of (35)S t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate binding at the gamma-aminobutyric acid regulated chloride ionophore. Examination of technical toxaphene, toxaphene toxicant A, revealed 62 + or - 4% binding site inhibition 30 min after their LD50 doses with 32 + or - 3% inhibition at one-half and 6 + or - 3% inhibition at one-quarter of their LD50 doses. The correlation between binding site inhibition and convulsant action is also evident in dose and time dependency studies with endosulfan sulfate. The brain P2 membranes of treated mice contain the parent compound with each of the polychlorocycloalkane plus activation products of some of the cyclodienes, ie endosulfan sulfate from alpha- and beta-endosulfan and 12-ketoendrin from isodrin and endrin. The finding that the brains of treated mice contain sufficient polychlorocycloalkane or its activation products to achieve a magnitude of (35)S t-butylbicyclophosphorothiate binding site inhibition correlated with the severity of the poisoning signs supports the hypothesis that the acute toxicity of polychlorocyloalkane insecticides to mammals is due to disruption of the gamma-aminobutyric acid regulated chloride ionophore.
Cole LM, Casida JE; Life Sci 39 (20): 1855-62 (1986)
Toxaphene (polychlorinated camphenes) is an insecticidal mixture of >670 chemicals, which was widely used until the mid 1980s. Due to their lipophilic and volatile nature, these chemicals accumulate in animal and human tissues and continue to be a major contaminant in marine and freshwater biota. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in mammalian test systems suggest that toxaphene is a carcinogen and reports support the hypothesis that toxaphene could have tumor-promoting potential in human breast tissue. In order to examine the potential of toxaphene as an environmental endocrine disrupter, we investigated its effect on the estrogen receptor (ER) function in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Using transient gene expression experiments, we observed approximately 60% and 80% inhibition of the constitutive and 17beta-estradiol induced ER-dependent transactivation, respectively. The involvement of the ER in the ability of toxaphene to block the estrogen action was verified by cotransfection studies in ER-negative DMA-MB-231 cells. The interference of toxaphene with the ER mediated responses was supported by a significant suppression of endogenously expressed pS2 RNA and decreased levels of secreted pS2 protein. These reproducible results indicate that toxaphene can disturb hormonal signals mediated by the ER and suggest that these environmental chemicals have potential endocrine disrupting activities which may affect the reproductive health and increase the risk of carcinogenesis.
Autrup H and Hansen JC; Carcinogenesis 18 (8): 1651-4 (1997)

10 Use and Manufacturing

10.1 Uses

The principal use of toxaphene in the past was for pest control on cotton crops. It was also used to control pests in livestock and poultry, and on other field crops.
Sources/Uses
Formerly used as an insecticide and as a miticide; [HSDB]
Restricted Notes
All U.S. registrations cancelled; [EPA Pesticides, p. 56]
For Toxaphene (USEPA/OPP PC Code: 080501) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S./
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pesticide Program's Chemical Ingredients Database on Toxaphene (8001-35-2). Available from, as of June 14, 2000: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
/SRP:/ Approved uses of pesticides are established by the US EPA and may change periodically. Local and state authorities should be consulted for currently approved uses. The following web site also addresses current uses of pesticides approved by the US EPA and by the state of California: <http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/epa/epamenu.htm>.
The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."
USEPA/OPP; Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration and Special Review p.214 (Spring, 1998) EPA 738-R-98-002
IT IS A NON-SYSTEMIC CONTACT AND STOMACH INSECTICIDE WITH SOME ACARICIDAL ACTION
Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987., p. 119
For more Uses (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Toxaphene was used as an insecticide. (L107)
L107: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1996). Toxicological profile for toxaphene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp94.html

10.1.1 Use Classification

Chemical Classes -> Pesticides (chemicals used for killing pests, such as rodents, insects, or plants)
Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)
Hazard Classes and Categories -> Carcinogens, Teratogens
INSECTICIDES

10.2 Methods of Manufacturing

... produced by chlorination of camphene ...
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1630
Toxaphene was produced in the U.S. primarily by four major companies: Hercules, Inc., at Brunswick, Georgia; Tenneco Chemical, Inc., at Ford, New Jersey; Riverside Chemical Company at Groves, Texas; and Vicksburg Chemical Company at Vicksburg, Mississippi.
Saleh MA; Rev Environ Contam Toxic 118: 1-85 (1990)

10.3 Formulations / Preparations

Very complex, but reproducible mixture of at least 175 C10 polychloro-derivatives, having an approx overall empirical formula of C10H10Cl8. Produced by chlorination of camphene to 67-69% chlorine by wt and made up of compounds of C10H8Cl10, C10H18-nCln (mostly polychlorobornanes) and C10H16-nCln (polychlorobornenes and/or polychlorotricyclenes) with n= 6 to 9.
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1630
The most active ingredients in technical toxaphene are 2,2,5-endo-6-exo-8,9,10-heptachlorobornane ... and 2,2,5-endo-6-exo-8,9,9,10-octachlorobornane ... Each constitues about 2-6% of the technical mixture.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V14 (95) 547
Its standard commercial formulation is a dust containing 20% toxaphene. Emulsifiable concentrates contain up to 8 lb/gallon; oil solutions are 90% toxaphene, and wettable powders are 40% toxaphene.
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1996., p. 1741
Formulation types: Emulsifiable concentrate; dustable powder; wettable powder. Mixed formulation: (camphechlor +)lindane.
Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987., p. A054/87
For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (28 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.4 Consumption Patterns

INSECTICIDE FOR COTTON, 50%; VEGETABLES, 17%; LIVESTOCK & POULTRY, 17%; SOYBEANS, 12%; ALFALFA, 2%; WHEAT, 2%; SORGHUM, 1% (1982)
SRI
(1982) 5.45X10+9 G (CONSUMPTION)
SRI
The use of toxaphene in U.S. Agriculture has been recorded from 1966 to 1989. Records indicate that toxaphene use in 1966, 1971, 1976, 1982, and 1989 was 34,605,000, 37,464,000, 34,178,000, 6,596,000 and 0 lbs active ingredient/yr, respectively.
Gianessi LP; US Pesticide Use Trends: 1966-1989. Resources for the Future, Washington, DC. (1992)
Cumulative world use of toxaphene during the period 1946 to 1974 exceeded 409,000 metric tons. It is estimated that the amount of toxaphene that was applied to cotton was 80-90% of all toxaphene consumption.
Saleh MA; Rev Environ Contam Toxic 118: 1-85 (1990)
For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.5 U.S. Production

(1977) 1.81X10+10 G
SRI
Toxaphene is no longer produced in the United States. The total estimated amount of toxaphene produced from 1964 to 1982 by the U.S. is 233,688 metric tons.
Saleh MA; Rev Environ Contam Toxic 118: 1-85 (1990)

10.6 U.S. Exports

Of the estimated 233,688 metric tons of toxaphene produced in the U.S. from 1964-1982, 25-29% of this amount is estimated to have been exported.
Saleh MA; Rev Environ Contam Toxic 118: 1-85 (1990)

10.7 General Manufacturing Information

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies Toxaphene as an active ingredient believed to be obsolete or discontinued for use as a pesticide. The international trade of ... Toxaphene ... is regulated by the Rotterdam convention on Prior Informed Consent (see http://www.pic.int/), which entered force on 24 February 2004. According to the PIC Convention, export of /Toxaphene/ can only take place with the prior informed consent of the importing Party. ...(further information can be found at: http://www.pic.int/). The use and production of ... Toxaphene ... is prohibited or severely restricted by the Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants, which entered force on 17 May 2004. See http://www.pops.int/.
WHO (2005) The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2004, International Programme on Chemical Safety, p.37-39
Toxaphene can still be used on corn, cotton and small grain for specific insect infestation (emergency use only); pineapples and bananas for specific insects in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands only; and scabies treatment of cattle and sheep.
United States Environmental Protection Agency/ Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances; Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration, and Special Review. (1998) EPA 738-R-98-002, p. 44
Incompatible with alkaline preparations.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V14 (95) 547
Not recommended for use in dairy barns or on milking animals.
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1630
For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.8 Sampling Procedures

MATRIX: AIR; PROCEDURE: FILTER COLLECTION ...
U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present., p. V2 S67-1

11 Identification

11.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

PRODUCT ANALYSIS IS BY TOTAL CHLORINE (CIPAC HANDBOOK, 1970, 1, 132; FAO SPECIFICIATION (CP/35; CP/68).
Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987., p. 120
MATRIX: AIR; ANALYTE: TOXAPHENE; PROCEDURE: FILTER COLLECTION, PETROLEUM ETHER EXTRACTION, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; RANGE: 0.225-1.155 MG/CU M; PRECISION: 0.076.
U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present., p. V2 S67-1
SAMPLE: SOIL; EXTRACTION/CLEANUP: MOISTEN WITH WATER, EXTRACT WITH HEXANE-ISOPROPANOL & WASH AGAIN WITH WATER; DETECTION: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/ELECTRON CAPTURE DETECTION; LIMIT OF DETECTION: 0.05-0.1 MG/KG. SAMPLE: SOIL; EXTRACTION/CLEANUP: EXTRACT WITH HEXANE-ISOPROPANOL, FILTER, WASH WITH WATER; DETECTION: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/FLAME PHOTOMETRIC DETECTION; LIMIT OF DETECTION: 50 MUG/KG. /FROM TABLE/
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V20 333 (1979)
Sample: Formulations contaminated with 0.05-0.1% toxaphene; Extraction/cleanup: Extract with acetone, centrifuge; Detection: Thin-layer chromatography (revelation: silver nitrate-ultra-violet). /From table/
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V20 333 (1979)
For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.2 Clinical Laboratory Methods

MATRIX: URINE & BLOOD; SPECTROPHOTOMETRY AT 540 NM: GARD LN & CE FERGUSON, J AGR FOOD CHEM 11, 234 (1963).
Sunshine, I. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Analytical Toxicology. Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1969., p. 535
SAMPLE: TISSUE; STOMACH WASHINGS & URINE, OR BLOOD; DETECTION: THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY; LIMIT OF DETECTION GIVEN ONLY FOR TISSUE: 1 UG (ON THE PLATE). /FROM TABLE/
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V20 334 (1979
TOXAPHENE WAS DETECTED IN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES (HERRING OIL & BALTIC SEAL) BY MASS SPECTROMETRY USING NEG IONS FORMED BY CHEMICAL IONIZATION.
JANSSON B, WIDEQVIST U; INT J ENVIRON ANAL CHEM 13 (4): 309-21 (1983)

11.3 NIOSH Analytical Methods

12 Safety and Hazards

12.1 Hazards Identification

12.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 5
View All
Pictogram(s)
Acute Toxic
Irritant
Health Hazard
Environmental Hazard
Signal
Danger
GHS Hazard Statements

H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (100%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H335 (100%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351 (100%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P203, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 41 reports by companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

12.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Acute Tox. 3 (100%)

Acute Tox. 4 (100%)

Skin Irrit. 2 (100%)

STOT SE 3 (100%)

Carc. 2 (100%)

Aquatic Acute 1 (100%)

Aquatic Chronic 1 (100%)

Carcinogenicity - category 2

Specific target organ toxicity (single exposure) - category 3

Hazardous to the aquatic environment (acute) - category 1

Hazardous to the aquatic environment (chronic) - category 1

Skin irritation - category 2

Acute toxicity (ingestion) - category 3

Acute toxicity (dermal) - category 4

12.1.3 Health Hazards

Camphechlor is extremely toxic: the probable oral lethal dose (human) is 5-50 mg/kg or between 7 drops and 1 teaspoonful for 70 kg (150 lb.) person. (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

12.1.4 Fire Hazards

Container may explode in heat of fire. Toxic vapors are generated when heated. Releases hydrochloric acid in the presence of alkali, on prolonged exposure to sunlight, and at temperatures above 311F. Avoid strong oxidizers, corrosive to iron. (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Liquid formulations containing organic solvents may be flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

12.1.5 Hazards Summary

Toxaphene was one of the most heavily used pesticides in the United States in the 1970s and early 1980s. It was used primarily to control insect pests on cotton and other crops in the southern United States. Other uses included controlling insect pests on livestock and killing unwanted fish in lakes. Toxaphene was banned for all registered uses by 1990. Toxaphene is made by reacting chlorine gas with a substance called camphene. The resulting product (toxaphene) is a mixture of hundreds of different chlorinated camphenes and related chemicals.
Toxaphene was a widely used pesticide on cotton, other crops, and in livestock and poultry. In 1982, most of its uses were cancelled and in 1990, all uses were cancelled in the United States. The major effect of toxaphene is central nervous system (CNS) stimulation, which results in convulsive seizures. No studies are available on acute (short-term) inhalation exposure to toxaphene in humans or animals. Chronic (long- term) inhalation exposure to toxaphene in humans results in reversible respiratory toxicity, while chronic, oral exposure in animals has resulted in effects on the liver, kidney, spleen, adrenal and thyroid glands, CNS, and the immune system. Animal studies have reported an increased incidence of thyroid gland tumors and liver tumors via ingestion. EPA has classified toxaphene as a Group B2, probable human carcinogen.
In the past, fatal poisoning after ingestion was reported. Only a few cases of poisoning from occupational exposure were reported. [ACGIH]
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.

12.1.6 Fire Potential

Solid /is/ not flammable, but /it is/ usually dissolved in combustible liquid.
Farm Chemicals Handbook 87. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister Publishing Co., 1987.

12.1.7 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

Short term exposure: Eyes: Can cause irritation.
Bureau of Toxic Substance Assessment, New York State Department of Health Chemical Fact Sheet for Toxaphene (July/1982)

12.1.8 EPA Hazardous Waste Number

P123; An acute hazardous waste when a discarded commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate.
D015; A waste containing toxaphene may or may not be characterized as a hazardous waste following testing by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure as prescribed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations.

12.2 Safety and Hazard Properties

12.2.1 Flammable Limits

Flammability
Noncombustible Solid, but may be dissolved in flammable liquids.

12.2.2 Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)

1.1 % (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
1.1%

12.2.3 Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)

6.4 % (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
6.4%

12.2.4 OSHA Standards

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time-Weighted Avg: 0.5 mg/cu m. Skin Designation.
29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/99)
Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 0.5 mg/cu m; STEL 1 mg/cu m, skin designation, is still enforced in some states.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 361

12.2.5 NIOSH Recommendations

NIOSH considers chlorinated camphene to be a potential occupational carcinogen.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 58
NIOSH usually recommends that occupational exposures to carcinogens be limited to the lowest feasible concentration.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 58

12.3 First Aid Measures

Inhalation First Aid
Fresh air, rest.
Skin First Aid
Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.
Eye First Aid
First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.
Ingestion First Aid
Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Rest. Refer for medical attention .

12.3.1 First Aid

Signs and Symptoms of Camphechlor Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to camphechlor may be severe and include headache, dizziness, agitation, nervousness, tremor, seizures, and coma. Convulsive episodes may alternate with periods of severe central nervous system depression. Hypersalivation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are common. Hypertension (high blood pressure), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and cardiac arrhythmias (abnormal heart beating) and sudden exertional dyspnea (labored breathing) may be noted. Respiratory depression may lead to respiratory arrest. Contact with the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes may result in redness and irritation. Victims often have an elevated temperature.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to camphechlor exposure may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to camphechlor.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to camphechlor.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas three times. Wash initially with soap and water, follow with an alcohol wash, then again with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of camphechlor is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

4. Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of camphechlor may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

4.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3- 1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

(See general first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

12.4 Fire Fighting

Move container from fire area if this can be done without risk. Fight fire from a maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing.

Small fires: dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. Large fires: water spray, fog, or foam. Water may be ineffective on fire. (EPA, 1998)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Use foam, powder, carbon dioxide. NO water. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. NO direct contact with water.

12.4.1 Fire Fighting Procedures

If material is involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type surrounding fire. Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.
Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads, Hazardous Materials Systems (BOE), 1987., p. 688
Wear a self contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure demand or other positive pressure mode /when fighting a fire/.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 5
/Use/ foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Water may be ineffective. /Soln/
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

12.4.2 Firefighting Hazards

Soln in xylene may produce corrosive products when heated. /Soln/
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

12.5 Accidental Release Measures

12.5.1 Isolation and Evacuation

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

12.5.2 Spillage Disposal

Do NOT wash away into sewer. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

12.5.3 Cleanup Methods

ACTIVATED CARBON IS RECOMMENDED FOR MIXTURES INCLUDING TOXAPHENE. POLYOLEFIN OR POLYISOBUTYLENE FIBERS, OR AMBERLITE XAD RESIN ARE ALSO RECOMMENDED FOR USE IN THE CLEANUP OF TOXAPHENE.
PROCEDURES LEADING TO CLEANUP; POLLUT TECHNOL REV 59: 23-86 (1979)
Environmental considerations--land spill: Dig a pit, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.
Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads, Hazardous Materials Systems (BOE), 1987., p. 688
Environmental considerations--water spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom /SRP: until properly disposed/. If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concn, apply activated carbon at 10 times the spilled amt. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.
Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads, Hazardous Materials Systems (BOE), 1987., p. 688
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 15
For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.5.4 Disposal Methods

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P123 and D015, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.
40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/96)
BY DISSOLVING CHLORINATED CAMPHENE IN FLAMMABLE SOLVENT (SUCH AS ALCOHOL) & ATOMIZING IN SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER EQUIPPED WITH AFTERBURNER & SCRUBBER (ALKALI).
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3
Toxaphene (20% toxaphene dust, 80% inert ingredients) was disposed of using a multiple chamber incinerator with a temperature of 670-1030 °C with residence times of 2.4-8.3 seconds and a destruction efficiency of 99.99%. /Data from table/
USEPA; Engineering Handbook for Hazardous Waste Incineration p.F-5 (1981) EPA 68-03-3025
Toxaphene (60% emulsifiable concentrate) was disposed of using a multiple chamber incinerator with a temperature of 620-1040 °C with a residence time of 2.2-6.7 seconds and a destruction efficiency of 99.99%.
USEPA; Engineering Handbook for Hazardous Waste Incineration p.F-6 (1981) EPA 68-03-3025
For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.5.5 Preventive Measures

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
Eating and smoking should not be permitted in areas where solid chlorinated camphene or liquids containing chlorinated camphene are handled, processed, or stored.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3
Employees who handle solid chlorinated camphene or liquids containing chlorinated camphene should wash their hands thoroughly with soap or mild detergent and water before eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3
If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the chlorinated camphene, the person performing the operation should be informed of chlorinated camphene's hazardous properties.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2
For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.6 Handling and Storage

12.6.1 Nonfire Spill Response

Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. In case of land spill, dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain the liquid or solid material. Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or firefighting water. In case of water spill, if camphechlor is dissolved, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

12.6.2 Safe Storage

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from food and feedstuffs. Keep in the dark.

12.6.3 Storage Conditions

... /STORE IN/ SEALED CONTAINERS IN WELL-VENTILATED AREA.
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.
Toxaphene & emulsion concentrates of it must be kept from contact with iron or corrosive metals & lining of metal tanks & use of non-corrosive piping is required in formulating plants. Packaging materials include those normally used in the industry although containers for emulsifiable concentrates must be lined. Relatively stable chemical when stored in glass, polyolefin or polyoleofin-lined metal containers at ambient temperature.
Farm Chemicals Handbook 87. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister Publishing Co., 1987., p. C-255
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13

12.7 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

Exposure Summary
TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

12.7.2 Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)

0.5 [mg/m3]
PEL-TWA (8-Hour Time Weighted Average)
0.5 mg/m³
TWA 0.5 mg/m3 [skin] See Appendix G

12.7.3 Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)

200 mg/m3 ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)
200.0 [mg/m3]
NIOSH considers chlorinated camphene to be a potential occupational carcinogen.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 58
200 mg/m³

Ca [200 mg/m3]

See: 8001352

12.7.4 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)

0.5 [mg/m3]
TLV-STEL
1.0 [mg/m3]
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.5 mg/cu m; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 1 mg/cu m; skin
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 18
A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 18
0.5 mg/m
TLV-TWA (Time Weighted Average)
0.5 mg/m³ [1990]
TLV-STEL (Short Term Exposure Limit)
1 mg/m³ [1990]

12.7.5 Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL)

MAK (Maximale Arbeitsplatz Konzentration)
skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 2

12.7.6 Effects of Short Term Exposure

The substance is mildly irritating to the skin. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. This may result in tremors and convulsions. Exposure at high levels could cause death.

12.7.7 Effects of Long Term Exposure

This substance is possibly carcinogenic to humans.

12.7.8 Acceptable Daily Intakes

Acceptable daily intake of toxaphene: 1.25 ug/kg.
NAS; Drinking Water and Health (1970) as cited in USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Toxaphene p.C-49 (1980) EPA 440/5-80-076
Based upon a human body weight of 70 kg and daily water consumption of two liters ... the NAS /calculated/ no-adverse-effect level from water at 8.75 ug/l (assigning 20% of the total ADI to water) or 0.44 ug/l (assigning 1% of the total ADI to water.
NAS; Drinking Water and Health (1970) as cited in USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Toxaphene p.C-49 (1980) EPA 440/5-80-076

12.7.9 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Chlorinated camphene:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin:

• WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

• DAILY - The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Provide:

• EYEWASH - Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substances; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

• QUICK DRENCH - Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2024)

Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inch minimum), and other protective clothing necessary to prevent any possibility of skin contact with liquids containing chlorinated camphene and to prevent repeated and prolonged skin contact with solid chlorinated camphene.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2
Personnel must wear full protective equipment at all times. This includes: Neoprene-coated gloves, rubber workshoes or overshoes, latex rubber apron, goggles to protect eyes, respirator or mask approved for toxic dust & organic vapors, overalls or rubber suit. Protective clothing for formulations with methyl parathion: Wear clean, protective clothing & wash skin thoroughly with soap & water.
Farm Chemicals Handbook 87. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister Publishing Co., 1987., p. C-255
Workers who mix, load, transfer, or otherwise handle toxaphene products must wear hats, impermeable gloves, rubber or synthetic boots or boot covers, long-sleeved shirts & long pants. Full-face respirators are recommended: half-face respirators are required. Instead of wearing protective clothing workers may use closed system methods of mixing, loading, & transferring; mixers & loaders are encouraged to wear waterproof gloves.
Environmental Protection Agency/OPTS. Suspended, Cancelled and Restricted Pesticides. 3rd Revision. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Protection Agency, January 1985., p. 27
Respirators may be used when engineering & work practice controls are not feasible, when such controls are in the process of being installed, or when they fail and need to be supplemented. ... If the use of respirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted are those that have been approved by Mine Safety and Health Administration (formerly Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration) or by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2
For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(See personal protection and sanitation codes)

Skin: Prevent skin contact - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: Prevent eye contact - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: When contaminated/Daily

Remove: When wet or contaminated

Change: Daily - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Provide: Eyewash, Quick drench

12.7.10 Respirator Recommendations

NIOSH

At concentrations above the NIOSH REL, or where there is no REL, at any detectable concentration:

(APF = 10,000) Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode

(APF = 10,000) Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained positive-pressure breathing apparatus

Escape:

(APF = 50) Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister having an N100, R100, or P100 filter.

Click here for information on selection of N, R, or P filters.

Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus

Important additional information about respirator selection

12.7.11 Preventions

Exposure Prevention
STRICT HYGIENE! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!
Inhalation Prevention
Use local exhaust or breathing protection.
Skin Prevention
Protective gloves. Protective clothing.
Eye Prevention
Wear safety goggles or face shield.
Ingestion Prevention
Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

12.8 Stability and Reactivity

12.8.1 Air and Water Reactions

Insoluble in water.

12.8.2 Reactive Group

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

12.8.3 Reactivity Profile

TOXAPHENE is decomposed by sunlight and heat. This chemical is decomposed in the presence of alkali. It is corrosive to iron. It is incompatible with strong oxidizers. It is non corrosive in the absence of moisture. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

12.8.4 Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities

Contact with strong oxidizing agents may cause fires and explosions.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2
Emulsifiable concentrates of chlorinated camphene in xylene may decompose with liberation of much heat if allowed to come in contact with iron or aluminum above 70 °C (158 °F).
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2
Strong oxidizers [Note: Slightly corrosive to metals under moist conditions].
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 58

12.9 Transport Information

12.9.1 DOT ID and Guide

12.9.2 Standard Transportation Number

49 411 90; Toxaphene (chlorinated camphene)
49 411 88; Toxaphene, liquid
49 411 89; Toxaphene, other than liquid

12.9.3 Shipment Methods and Regulations

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13

12.9.4 DOT Label

Poison

12.9.5 Packaging and Labelling

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

12.9.6 EC Classification

Symbol: T, N; R: 21-25-37/38-40-50/53; S: (1/2)-36/37-45-60-61

12.9.7 UN Classification

UN Hazard Class: 6.1

12.10 Regulatory Information

California Safe Cosmetics Program (CSCP) Reportable Ingredient

Hazard Traits - Bioaccumulation; Carcinogenicity; Environmental Persistence; Neurotoxicity; Respiratory Toxicity

Authoritative List - ATSDR Neurotoxicants; CA MCLs; CA TACs; CWA 303(c); CWA 303(d); IARC Carcinogens - 2B; IRIS Carcinogens - B2; NTP RoC - reasonable; Prop 65; US EPA TRI PBTs; WA PBTs

Report - regardless of intended function of ingredient in the product

REACH List of substances subject to POPs Regulation (POPs)

Substance: Toxaphene

EC: 232-283-3

Date of inclusion in the POPs Regulation: 29-Apr-2004

POPs Regulation Annex: Annex I, part A; Annex IV

12.10.1 Atmospheric Standards

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Toxaphene is included on this list.
Clean Air Act as amended in 1990, Sect. 112 (b) (1) Public Law 101-549 Nov. 15, 1990

12.10.2 Federal Drinking Water Standards

EPA 3 ug/l
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present

12.10.3 State Drinking Water Guidelines

(AZ) ARIZONA 0.03 ug/l
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(ME) MAINE 0.3 ug/l
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(MN) MINNESOTA 0.3 ug/l
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present

12.10.4 Clean Water Act Requirements

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations.
40 CFR 401.15 (7/1/99)
Toxaphene is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.
40 CFR 116.4 (7/1/99)

12.10.5 CERCLA Reportable Quantities

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1 lb or 0.454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).
40 CFR 302.4 (7/1/99)
Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Camphechlor is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 500/10,000 lbs.
40 CFR 355 (7/1/99)

12.10.6 RCRA Requirements

D015; A solid waste containing toxaphene may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste.
40 CFR 261.24 (7/1/99)
P123; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when toxaphene, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)).
40 CFR 261.33 (7/1/99)

12.10.7 FIFRA Requirements

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Toxaphene is found on List B. Case No: 2685; Pesticide type: insecticide; Case Status: No products containing the pesticide are actively registered ... The case /is characterized/ as "cancelled." Under FIFRA, pesticide producers may voluntarily cancel their registered products. EPA also may cancel pesticide registrations if registrants fail to pay required fees or make/meet certain reregistration commitments, or if EPA reaches findings of unreasonable adverse effects.; Active ingredient (AI): technical chlorinated camphene; AI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."
USEPA/OPP; Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration and Special Review p.214 (Spring, 1998) EPA 738-R-98-002

12.11 Other Safety Information

Chemical Assessment

IMAP assessments - Toxaphene: Human health tier I assessment

IMAP assessments - Toxaphene: Environment tier I assessment

12.11.1 Toxic Combustion Products

Toxic gases and vapors (such as hydrogen chloride and carbon monoxide) may be released in a fire involving chlorinated camphene.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2

12.11.2 Special Reports

USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Toxaphene (1980) EPA 440/5-80-076
USEPA; TOXAPHENE: DECISION DOCUMENT AND FEDERAL REGISTER NOTICE (1982) EPA 540/9-82-027. THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS DATA ON THE CANCELLATION OF TOXAPHENE & EPA'S DETERMINATION ON REBUTTABLE PRESUMPTION AGAINST REGISTRATION PROCESS FOR TOXAPHENE-CONTAINING PESTICIDES.
Eisler R, Jackson J; Govt Report Ann & Index (5): 1-39 (1986) NTIS/PB86-127345. This report briefly reviews the information on the environmental fate and effects of toxaphene, with emphasis on natural resources, and provides recommendations for the protection of sensitive species of fish and wildlife from its residual effects.
WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Camphechlor (1984). Aspects covered: identity, properties and analytical methods; distribution in the environment; toxicology; effects on man, animals and the environment.
For more Special Reports (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13 Toxicity

13.1 Toxicological Information

13.1.1 Toxicity Summary

Toxaphene is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen.

13.1.2 EPA IRIS Information

Substance
Toxicity Summary
EPA IRIS Summary PDF (Update: Aug-22-1988 )
Cancer Sites
Hepatic

13.1.3 EPA Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values

Chemical Substance
Reference Dose (RfD), Chronic
9 x 10^-5 mg/kg-day
Reference Dose (RfD), Subchronic
3 x 10^-4 mg/kg-day
PPRTV Assessment
Weight-Of-Evidence (WOE)
See the IRIS entry for Toxaphene
Last Revision
2018

13.1.4 RAIS Toxicity Values

Inhalation Unit Risk (IUR) (ug/m^3)^-1
0.00032
Inhalation Unit Risk Reference
IRIS Current
Oral Acute Reference Dose (RfDoa)(mg/kg-day)
0.05
Oral Acute Reference Dose Reference
ATSDR Final
Oral Chronic Reference Dose (RfDoc) (mg/kg-day)
9e-05
Oral Chronic Reference Dose Reference
PPRTV Current
Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose (RfDos) (mg/kg-day)
0.0003
Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose Reference
PPRTV Current
Short-term Oral Reference Dose (RfDot) (mg/kg-day)
0.002
Short-term Oral Reference Dose Reference
ATSDR Final
Oral Slope Factor (CSFo)(mg/kg-day)^-1
1.1000000000000001
Oral Slope Factor Reference
IRIS Current

13.1.5 USGS Health-Based Screening Levels for Evaluating Water-Quality

Chemical
Toxaphene
Chemical Classes
Pesticide
MCL (Maximum Contaminant Levels)[μg/L]
3
Reference
Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

13.1.6 NIOSH Toxicity Data

13.1.7 Evidence for Carcinogenicity

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of toxaphene. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of toxaphene. Overall evaluation: Toxaphene is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. 79 596 (2001)
Cancer Classification: Group B2 Probable Human Carcinogen
USEPA Office of Pesticide Programs, Health Effects Division, Science Information Management Branch: "Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential" (April 2006)
CLASSIFICATION: B2; probable human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: The classification is based on increased incidence of hepatocellular tumors in mice and thyroid tumors in rats and is supported by mutagenicity in Salmonella. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Summary on Toxaphene (8001-35-2). Available from, as of March 15, 2000: https://www.epa.gov/iris/
A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH 2010, p. 18
Toxaphene: reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.
DHHS/National Toxicology Program; Eleventh Report on Carcinogens: Toxaphene (8001-35-2) (January 2005). Available from, as of July 31, 2009: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s179toxa.pdf

13.1.8 Carcinogen Classification

1 of 3
IARC Carcinogenic Agent
Toxaphene (Polychlorinated camphenes)
IARC Carcinogenic Classes
Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans
IARC Monographs

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 79: (2001) Some Thyrotropic Agents

2 of 3
Substance
NTP Technical Report
TR-037: Bioassay of Toxaphene for Possible Carcinogenicity (CASRN 8001-35-2) (1979 )
Peer Review Date
Conclusion for Male Rat
Equivocal Evidence Equivocal Evidence
Conclusion for Female Rat
Equivocal Evidence Equivocal Evidence
Conclusion for Male Mice
Clear Evidence Clear Evidence
Conclusion for Female Mice
Clear Evidence Clear Evidence
Summary
It is concluded that under the conditions of this bioassay, toxaphene was carcinogenic in male and female B6C3F1 mice, causing increased incidences of hepatocellular carcinomas. The test results also suggest carcinogenicity of toxaphene for the thyroid of male and female Osborne-Mendel rats.
3 of 3
Carcinogen Classification
2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

13.1.9 Health Effects

Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides.

13.1.10 Exposure Routes

The substance can be absorbed into the body through the skin and by ingestion.
inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact
Oral (L107) ; inhalation (L107)
L107: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1996). Toxicological profile for toxaphene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp94.html

13.1.11 Symptoms

Skin Exposure
MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness.
Eye Exposure
Redness.
Ingestion Exposure
Convulsions. Dizziness. Nausea. Vomiting.
nausea, confusion, agitation, tremor, convulsions, unconsciousness; dry, red skin; [potential occupational carcinogen]
Symptoms of low dose exposure include excessive salivation and eye-watering. Acute dose symptoms include severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Hypertension, hypoglycemia, anxiety, headache, tremor and ataxia may also result.

13.1.12 Target Organs

Immunological (Immune System), Neurological (Nervous System)
central nervous system, skin

13.1.13 Cancer Sites

Hepatic
[in animals: liver cancer]

13.1.15 Adverse Effects

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Other Poison - Organochlorine

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

NTP Carcinogen - Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

13.1.16 Toxicity Data

LD50: 50 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (L147) LD50: 600 mg/kg (Dermal, Rat) (L147)
L147: The Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory of Oxford University (2005). Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for toxaphene. http://msds.chem.ox.ac.uk/TO/toxaphene.html

13.1.17 Minimum Risk Level

Acute Oral: 0.005 mg/kg/day (L134) Intermediate Oral: 0.001 mg/kg/day (L134)
L134: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2001). Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for Hazardous Substances. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls/

13.1.18 Treatment

If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally.

13.1.19 Interactions

PREEXPOSURE OF RATS TO TOXAPHENE AT DIETARY LEVEL OF 100 PPM FOR 8 DAYS LED TO REDN IN METABOLISM OF (14)C-IMIPRAMINE, IN PRODUCTION OF BILE, & IN BILIARY EXCRETION OF BOTH ENDOGENOUS & EXOGENOUS METABOLITES OF IMIPRAMINE.
Hayes, Wayland J., Jr. Pesticides Studied in Man. Baltimore/London: Williams and Wilkins, 1982., p. 261
... PRIOR ADMIN OF THIAMINE INCR THE TOXICITY OF CAMPHECHLOR.
Clarke, M. L., D. G. Harvey and D. J. Humphreys. Veterinary Toxicology. 2nd ed. London: Bailliere Tindall, 1981., p. 144
THE EFFECTS OF TOXAPHENE ON PYRETHROID RESIDUES ON COTTON FOLIAGE WERE DETERMINED. FENVALERATE RESIDUES WERE INCREASED ABOUT 2-FOLD DUE TO ENHANCED PERSISTENCE IN THE PRESENCE OF TOXAPHENE. PERMETHRIN RESIDUES WERE REDUCED BY TOXAPHENE. TOXAPHENE SYNERGIZED FENVALERATE & PERMETHRIN 2-FOLD IN SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA; SUSCEPTIBILITY OF HELIOTHIS VIRESCENS WAS INCREASED 1.5-FOLD TO BOTH PYRETHROIDS.
BROWN TM ET AL; J AGRIC FOOD CHEM 30 (3): 542-5 (1982)
A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN BENZO(A)PYRENE INDUCED LUNG TUMORS WAS FOUND AFTER DIETARY ADMIN OF 100 PPM TOXAPHENE FOR 12 WK OR 200 PPM FOR 20 WK IN MICE.
TRIOLO AJ ET AL; J TOXICOL ENVIRON HEALTH 9 (4): 637-49 (1982)
For more Interactions (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.1.20 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Keep patient quiet, reduce external stimuli and be prepared to treat seizures ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Toxaphene and related compounds/
Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 287
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Toxaphene and related compounds/
Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 287-8
Observation. Persons exposed to high levels of organochlorine pesticides by any route should be observed for sensory disturbances, incoordination, speech slurring, mental aberrations, and involuntary motor activity that would warn of imminent convulsions. /Solid organochlorine insecticides/
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. Reigart, J.R., Roberts, J.R. Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. 5th ed. 1999. EPA Document No. EPA 735-R-98-003, and available in electronic format at: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/safety/healthcare, p. 58
Convulsions. If convulsions occur, place the victim in the left lateral decubitus position with the head down. Move away furniture or other solid objects that could be a source of injury. If Jaw movements are violent, place padded tongue blades between the teeth to protect the tongue. Whenever possible, remove dentures and other removable dental work. Aspirate oral and pharyngeal secretion, and when possible, insert an oropharyngeal airway to maintain an open passage unobstructed by the tongue. Minimize noise and any manipulation of the patient that may trigger seizure activity. Seizures in patients caused by organochlorine toxicity are likely to be prolonged and difficult to control. Status epilepticus is common. For this reason, patients with seizures that do not respond immediately to anticonvulsants should be transferred as soon as possible to a trauma center and will generally require intensive care admission until seizures are controlled and neurologic status is improved. Initial therapy with benzodiazepines should be instituted. /Solid organochlorine insecticides/
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. Reigart, J.R., Roberts, J.R. Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. 5th ed. 1999. EPA Document No. EPA 735-R-98-003, and available in electronic format at: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/safety/healthcare, p. 58-9
For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.1.21 Medical Surveillance

Whole Blood: The assessment of toxaphene exposure can be accomplished through measurement of toxaphene. This test may be useful for identification of recent exposure (within the last few days), since clearance of toxaphene is believed to be rapid.
Ryan, R.P., C.E. Terry (eds.). Toxicology Desk Reference 4th ed. Volumes 1-3. Taylor & Francis, Washington, D.C. 1997., p. 2181
Urine Albumin: Albuminuria has been shown to be a specific marker of glomerular dysfunction. Tubular damage, however, can also result in increased levels of albumin in the urine.
Ryan, R.P., C.E. Terry (eds.). Toxicology Desk Reference 4th ed. Volumes 1-3. Taylor & Francis, Washington, D.C. 1997., p. 2182
Urinary Beta-2-Microglobulin and/or Retinal Binding Protein: Measurements for the presence of either of these low molecular weight proteins are useful in detection of early impairment of proximal tubular function. However, beta-2-microglobulin is unstable at urinary pH less than 6, and may degrade in the bladder prior to collection and subsequent neutralization of the urine sample. Measurement of retinal binding protein appears to be a better marker for early tubular dysfunction due to its stability in the urine subsequent to collection and analysis. However, retinal binding protein is produced in the liver and not a constitutive protein of the kidney, so that its presence in the kidney provides only indirect evidence of tubular damage.
Ryan, R.P., C.E. Terry (eds.). Toxicology Desk Reference 4th ed. Volumes 1-3. Taylor & Francis, Washington, D.C. 1997., p. 2182
Urinary Alpha () and Pi () Isoenzymes of Glutathione S-Transferase: Radio-immunological and Elisa techniques have been developed for quantitation of and isoenzymes of glutathione S-transferase, which are constitutive proteins in the kidney." The isoenzyme is located only in the proximal tubule, while the isoenzyme is located in the distal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, and the collecting ducts of the kidney. Damage to epithelial cell membranes can result in the increased excretion of these isoenzymes in the urine. This test for assessing renal tubular damage appears to have many advantages over other available tests, such as: (1) the and isoenzymes are constitutive proteins in the kidney; (2) these isoenzymes are stable in the urine; (3) the test is simple and reproducible; and (4) due to selective localization of the isoenzymes, differential diagnosis of specific tubular damage is possible. In addition, increased levels of these isoenzymes were seen in patients previously exposed to nephrotoxicants where'conventional tests for kidney function were normal, indicating a high degree of sensitivity.
Ryan, R.P., C.E. Terry (eds.). Toxicology Desk Reference 4th ed. Volumes 1-3. Taylor & Francis, Washington, D.C. 1997., p. 2182
For more Medical Surveillance (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.1.22 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/INVESTIGATORS/ ... REPORTED 4 FATAL CASES OF CHILDREN WHO HAD INGESTED TOXAPHENE. TOXAPHENE PRODUCED CONGESTION AND EDEMA IN THE LUNG, DILATATION OF HEART, AND PETECHIAL HEMORRHAGES IN THE BRAIN.
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 3756
SYMPTOMATOLOGY: 1. REFLEX HYPEREXCITABILITY, EVIDENCED BY TREMOR, SALIVATION, & VOMITING. WHEN PRESENT, EMESIS IS APPARENTLY ALWAYS SECONDARY TO REFLEX EXCITATION & NOT TO LOCAL GI IRRITATION. 2. GENERALIZED EPILEPTIFORM CONVULSIONS OF VARIABLE DURATION. ... 3. DEATH DUE TO EXHAUSTION & RESP FAILURE. 4. MILD IRRITATION OF SKIN AFTER DERMAL EXPOSURES BUT LITTLE IF ANY SENSITIZATION.
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-387
... HUMAN VOLUNTEERS INHALED ... 0.0004 MG/L FOR 10 MIN/DAY FOR 15 DAYS, THERE WERE NO SUBJECTIVE OR OBJECTIVE RESULTS. IN ANOTHER STUDY, A MIST CONTAINING TOXAPHENE AT 0.25 MG/L OF AIR WAS INHALED BY 25 PEOPLE FOR 30 MIN/DAY FOR 13 DAYS; THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE OF LOCAL OR SYSTEMIC TOXICITY.
National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977., p. 601
EIGHT WOMEN WORKING IN AREA WHICH HAD BEEN SPRAYED WITH 2 KG/HA TOXAPHENE BY AIRCRAFT HAD HIGHER INCIDENCE OF CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS (ACENTRIC FRAGMENTS & CHROMATID EXCHANGES), AS OBSERVED IN LYMPHOCYTE CULTURES, COMPARED WITH AN UNSPECIFIED NUMBER OF CONTROL INDIVIDUALS: 13.1% VERSUS 1.6%.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V20 338 (1979)
For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.1.23 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

TOXAPHENE ADMIN BY CAPSULE IN DAILY DOSE OF 4 MG/KG TO 2 DOGS FOR 44 DAYS, & TO 2 (OTHER) DOGS FOR 106 DAYS, INDUCED CNS STIMULATION. THIS OCCURRED OCCASIONALLY & FOR A BRIEF PERIOD AFTER ADMIN. HISTOLOGICAL EXAM OF MANY OF THE ORGANS REVEALED SOME DAMAGE TO THE KIDNEYS (DEGENERATION OF THE TUBULAR EPITHELIUM), & GENERALIZED HYDROPIC DEGENERATIVE LIVER CHANGES, BUT NO DESTRUCTION OF THE CELLS.
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 3754
... 4 GROUPS OF RATS (20 MALES & 20 FEMALES) /WERE FED/ ... 10, 100, 1000, & 1500 PPM OF TOXAPHENE IN THE DIET. AFTER 7.5-10 MO OF FEEDING SOME OF THE RATS FED 1500 PPM & A FEW OF THOSE FED 1000 PPM SUFFERED ... CONVULSIONS. ... THE LIVER WT & LIVER TO BODY WT RATIO WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INCR IN 1000 & 1500 PPM GROUPS. LIVER CHANGES CONSISTED OF SWELLING & HOMOGENEITY OF CYTOPLASM ... THESE CHANGES OCCURRED TO A MODERATE DEGREE IN 1500 PPM GROUP & TO A SLIGHT DEGREE IN THE 1000 PPM GROUP.
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 3754
SIGNS OF INTOXICATION /IN BIRDS FROM ACUTE ORAL ADMIN/: ATAXIA, GOOSE-STEPPING ATAXIA, CIRCLING, LOW OR HIGH CARRIAGE, NECK PULLED IN, PTOSIS OF EYELID, CONSTANT TREMORS ... PHONATION, RELUCTANCE TO MOVE, TENESMUS, HYPERTHERMIA, WINGBEAT CONVULSIONS OR OPISTHOTONOS. THIS IS A FAIRLY SLOW-ACTING CHEMICAL. ALTHOUGH SIGNS WERE SEEN AS SOON AS 20 MIN IN SOME SPECIES, MORTALITIES USUALLY OCCURRED BETWEEN 2 & 14 DAYS AFTER TREATMENT.
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Toxicity of Pesticides to Wildlife. Resource Publication 153. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984., p. 83
... LOW TOXICITY TO HONEY BEES. IT IS ONE OF THE MOST TOXIC OF CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON INSECTICIDES TO FISH.
Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 1195
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (44 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.1.24 Non-Human Toxicity Values

LD50 Rat oral 80-90 mg/kg
Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987., p. 119
LD50 Rat percutaneous 780-1075 mg/kg
Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987., p. 119

13.1.25 Ongoing Test Status

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=8001-35-2]

13.1.26 National Toxicology Program Studies

A bioassay of technical grade toxaphene for possible carcinogenicity was conducted by administering the test chemical in feed to Osborne-Mendel rats and B6C3F1 mice. Groups of 50 rats of each sex were administered toxaphene at one of two doses for 80 wk, then observed for 28 or 30 wk. Time weighted avg doses for males were 556 or 1,112 ppm; for females they were 540 or 1,080 ppm. Matched controls consisted of groups of 10 untreated rats of each sex; pooled controls consisted of the matched control groups for toxaphene combined with 45 untreated male and 45 untreated female rats from similar bioassays of five other test chemicals. All surviving rats were /sacrificed/ at 108-110 wk. Groups of 50 mice of each sex were administered toxaphene at one of two doses for 80 wk, then observed for 10 or 11 wk. Time weighted avg doses were 99 and 198 ppm for both males and females. Matched controls consisted of groups of 10 untreated mice of each sex; pooled controls consisted of the matched control groups for toxaphene combined with 40 untreated male and 40 untreated female mice from similar bioassays of four other test chemicals. All surviving mice were /sacrificed/ at 90-91 wk. ... In the male rats, the incidence of follicular cell carcinomas or adenomas of the thyroid was dose related (p=0.007) using the pooled controls (matched controls 1/7, pooled controls 2/44, low dose 7/41, high dose 9/35). In the females, the incidence of follicular cell adenomas of the thyroid was dose related using either the matched (p=0.022) or pooled (p=0.008) controls (matched controls 0/6, pooled controls 1/46, low dose 1/43, high dose 7/42). Direct comparisons of dosed and pooled control groups but not in matched controls showed significantly incr incidences of follicular cell carcinomas or adenomas in the high dose males (p=0.008) and of follicular cell adenomas in high dose females (p=0.021). Two follicular cell tumors in the high dose males were carcinomas; all other follicular cell tumors in the rats were adenomas. In the mice, the incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas was dose related (p<0.001) for both males (matched controls 0/10, pooled controls 4/48, low dose 34/49, high dose 45/46) and females (matched controls 0/9, pooled controls 0/48, low dose 5/49, high dose 34/49), using either matched or pooled controls. Direct comparisons showed that the incidences of hepatocellular carcinomas in low and high dose male mice and high dose female mice were all significantly higher (p<0.001) than those in the respective matched or pooled controls. Statistical significance was maintained when the incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas was combined with that of neoplastic nodules of the liver. It is concluded that under the conditions of this bioassay, toxaphene was carcinogenic in male and female B6C3F1 mice, causing incr incidences of hepatocellular carcinomas. The test results also suggest carcinogenicity of toxaphene for the thyroid of male and female Osborne-Mendel rats. Levels of Evidence of Carcinogenicity: Male Rats: Equivocal; Female Rats: Equivocal; Male Mice: Positive; Female Mice: Positive.
Bioassay of Toxaphene for Possible Carcinogenicity (1979) Technical Rpt Series No. 37 DHEW Pub No. (NIH) 79-837, U.S. Department of Health Education and Welfare, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20014

13.1.27 Populations at Special Risk

Subsets of the human population that may be unusually susceptible to the toxic effects of toxaphene incl pregnant women, their fetuses, nursing babies, young children, people with neurologic diseases (particularly convulsive disorder), and individuals with protein-deficient diets. Others at incr risk incl people with hepatic, cardiac, renal, or respiratory diseases, those with immune system suppression, and those ingesting alcohol or consuming therapeutic or illicit drugs.
U.S. Dept Health & Human Services/ ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Toxaphene (Update) p. 81 (1996)

13.2 Ecological Information

13.2.1 EPA Ecotoxicity

Pesticide Ecotoxicity Data from EPA

13.2.2 Ecotoxicity Values

LD50 ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS (MALLARDS) ORAL 70.7 MG/KG, 3-5 MO OLD FEMALES (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 37.6-133 MG/KG) /PURITY 100%= 67-69% TOTAL CHLORINE CONTENT/
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Toxicity of Pesticides to Wildlife. Resource Publication 153. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984., p. 82
LD50 PHASIANUS COLCHICUS (PHEASANTS) ORAL 40.0 MG/KG, 3 MO OLD FEMALES (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 20.0-80.0 MG/KG) /PURITY 90%/
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Toxicity of Pesticides to Wildlife. Resource Publication 153. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984., p. 83
LD50 COLINUS VIRGINIANUS (BOBWHITE QUAIL) ORAL 85.5 MG/KG, 3 MO OLD MALES (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 59.2-123 MG/KG) /PURITY 90%/
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Toxicity of Pesticides to Wildlife. Resource Publication 153. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984., p. 83
LD50 TYMPANUCHUS PHASIANELLUS (SHARP-TAILED GROUSE) ORAL 19.9 MG/KG, 12-48 MO OLD MALES (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 14.1-28.2 MG/KG) /PURITY 90% & 100%= 67-69% TOTAL CHLORINE CONTENT/
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Toxicity of Pesticides to Wildlife. Resource Publication 153. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984., p. 83
For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (43 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.2.3 US EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants

1 of 2
Resident Soil (mg/kg)
4.90e+03
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
4.70e+04
Resident Air (ug/m3)
5.20e+03
Industrial Air (ug/m3)
2.20e+04
Tapwater (ug/L)
1.10e+03
MCL (ug/L)
1.00e+03
Risk-based SSL (mg/kg)
7.60e-01
MCL-based SSL (mg/kg)
6.90e-01
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
8.00e-02
Chronic Inhalation Reference Concentration (mg/m3)
5.00e+00
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Soil Saturation Concentration (mg/kg)
8.18e+02
2 of 2
Resident Soil (mg/kg)
4.90e-01
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
2.10e+00
Resident Air (ug/m3)
8.80e-03
Industrial Air (ug/m3)
3.80e-02
Tapwater (ug/L)
7.10e-02
MCL (ug/L)
3.00e+00
Risk-based SSL (mg/kg)
1.10e-02
MCL-based SSL (mg/kg)
4.60e-01
Oral Slope Factor (mg/kg-day)-1
1.10e+00
Inhalation Unit Risk (ug/m3)-1
3.20e-04
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
9e-05
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed Dermally from Soil
0.1

13.2.4 US EPA Regional Removal Management Levels for Chemical Contaminants

1 of 2
Resident Soil (mg/kg)
5.30e+01
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
6.70e+02
Resident Air (ug/m3)
6.30e-03
Industrial Air (ug/m3)
2.60e-02
Tapwater (ug/L)
1.80e+01
MCL (ug/L)
1.00e+03
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
3.00e-04
Chronic Inhalation Reference Concentration (mg/m3)
2e-06
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed Dermally from Soil
0.13
2 of 2
Resident Soil (mg/kg)
1.70e+01
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
2.10e+02
Resident Air (ug/m3)
8.80e-01
Industrial Air (ug/m3)
3.80e+00
Tapwater (ug/L)
5.40e+00
MCL (ug/L)
3.00e+00
Oral Slope Factor (mg/kg-day)-1
1.10e+00
Inhalation Unit Risk (ug/m3)-1
3.20e-04
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
9e-05
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed Dermally from Soil
0.1

13.2.5 ICSC Environmental Data

This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to aquatic organisms, terrestrial organisms and birds. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur in aquatic organisms.

13.2.6 Environmental Fate / Exposure Summary

Toxaphene is a complex mixture of at least 177 chlorinated bornanes containing 67-69% chlorine. Its production and use as an insecticide has resulted in its direct release to the environment. Since its ban by the EPA in 1983, existing stocks of toxaphene can only be used for emergency situations on corn, cotton and small grain for specific insect infestation; pineapples and bananas for specific insects in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands only; and scabies treatment of cattle and sheep. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 6.69X10-6 mm Hg at 20 °C for the mixture and estimated values for a representative hexachloro- and decachloro- congener found in the toxaphene mixture of 6X10-6 and 3.6X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C, respectively, indicate that these compounds will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase toxaphene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-lives for this reaction in air for the representative hexachloro- and decachloro-congeners used above are estimated to be approximately 4.7 and 8.4 days, respectively. Particulate-phase toxaphene will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. Direct photolysis and hydrolysis have been reported to be insignificant environmental processes. If released to soil, toxaphene is expected to be immobile based upon Koc values of 2.1X10+5 and 1X10+6 for the mixture. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 6.0X10-6 atm-cu m/mole for the mixture. However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization. Studies in cotton demonstrated that evaporation is probably the major pathway of toxaphene dissipation from plant surfaces. Toxaphene is expected to be resistant to biodegradation under aerobic conditions but readily degraded via reductive dechlorination anaerobically. Half-lives in aerobic soil range from 1 to 11 yrs. Toxaphene was not degraded in aerobic soil after 6 weeks; under anaerobic conditions, >80% degradation was reported with loss of the more highly chlorinated congeners and increasing concns of the less chlorinated congeners. If released into water, toxaphene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon its Koc range. Adsorption to sediment and suspended solids may attenuate the effect of volatilization from water surfaces. Toxaphene is persistent under aerobic conditions; an oligotrophic lake was still toxic to fish 5 years following the application of toxaphene. In waters containing high concns of suspended material, toxaphene will be sorbed and settle to the sediment. In sediment, toxaphene is susceptible to anaerobic biodegradation. Three components of toxaphene added to anaerobic sediment were biodegraded by 48.4% to 48.9% in 30 days. Toxaphene has been shown to undergo degradation, even in sterile sediments, under anoxic conditions. BCF values ranging from 3,100 to 69,000 in fish suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high. Occupational exposure to toxaphene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where toxaphene is still used for emergency situations. Another potential source of occupational exposure is through contact with this compound at hazardous waste sites containing toxaphene residues. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to toxaphene via inhalation of ambient air and ingestion of fish from contaminated bodies of water. (SRC)

13.2.7 Natural Pollution Sources

Toxaphene is not known to occur as a natural product.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V20 329 (1979)

13.2.8 Artificial Pollution Sources

The use of toxaphene in U.S. Agriculture has been recorded from 1966 to 1989. Records indicate that toxaphene use in 1966, 1971, 1976, 1982, and 1989 was 34,605,000, 37,464,000, 34,178,000, 6,596,000 and 0 lbs active ingredient/yr, respectively(1). Reregistration of toxaphene was revoked in 1983 by the EPA(2). However, existing stocks of toxaphene can still be used on corn, cotton and small grain for specific insect infestation(emergency use only); pineapples and bananas for specific insects in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands only; and scabies treatment of cattle and sheep(3). Approximately 85% of the toxaphene used in the U.S. was on cotton crops in the southern states from Texas eastward to Georgia(4). Approximately 1% or less was used in the Great Lakes basin. The rate of use in the basin (including Ontario) was approximately 1 million kg/yr in the early 1970s, and would have peaked around 1977(4). Cumulative world use of toxaphene during the period 1946 to 1974 exceeded 409,000 metric tons(5). Toxaphene and toxaphene-like preparations are still used in South America, Africa, Mexico, Romania, Hungary, the Federal Republic of Germany, Poland, and Russia(5). In the past, it has been used as a piscicide (fish toxicant) in lakes(6).
(1) Gianessi LP; US Pesticide Use Trends: 1966-1989. Resources for the Future, Washington, DC. (1992)
(2) Metcalf RL; Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Technol. 4th ed. NY, NY: John Wiley and Sons 14: 524-6-2 (1995)
(3) USEPA; Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration, and Special Review. Washington, DC: Off Prev Pest Toxic Sub USEPA 738-R-98-002 p. 44 (1998)
(4) Swackhamer DL et al; Organohalogen Compounds 28: 395-398 (1996)
(5) Saleh MA; Rev Environ Contam Toxic 118: 1-85 (1990)
(6) Durkin PR et al; Reviews of the Environmental Effects of Pollutants: X. Toxaphene p.8-1 USEPA-600/1-79-044 (1979)

13.2.9 Environmental Fate

TERRESTRIAL FATE: THE STUDY OF THE MOVEMENT & DISTRIBUTION OF TOXAPHENE IN ANAEROBIC SALINE MARSH SOILS ALLOWED 4 CONCLUSIONS. TOXAPHENE ACCUMULATION IN SALINE MARSH SOILS WAS ONLY AT A SIGNIFICANT LEVEL WHERE SUBSTRATES WERE FREQUENTLY SUBJECTED TO TIDAL FLOODING BY CONTAMINATED WATER. AS THE DEPTH OF THE SOIL INCR, THE CONCN OF TOXAPHENE CONTAMINANT DECREASED. ORGANISMS LIVING IN DIFFERENT LEVELS OF THE SOIL MAY BE SUBJECTED TO VARYING CONCENTRATIONS AS 50-FOLD RANGE. TOXAPHENE DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS IN MARSH SOILS ARE FUNCTIONS OF BASIPETAL & ACROPETAL PLANT TRANSLOCATION, AS WELL AS LEACHING, DEGRADATION & PESTICIDE CONCN AT TIME OF DEPOSITION.
GALLAGHER JL ET AL; HYDROBIOLOGIA 63 (1): 3-9 (1979)
TERRESTRIAL FATE: ... THE PERSISTENCE OF TOXAPHENE IN SOIL IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ALDRIN, DIELDRIN, DILAN, OR CHLORDANE. /INVESTIGATORS/ ... FOUND ... /45%/ IN SOIL 20 YR AFTER (SOIL) TREATMENT ... APPROX 22% OF TOXAPHENE WAS RECOVERED 10 YR AFTER APPLICATION ... TO SOIL; 90-95% OF TOXAPHENE ... RESIDUES WERE IN 30 CM LAYER. ... HALF-LIFE ... IN SOIL ... 10 YR ...
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 3756
AQUATIC FATE: THREE NONPOINT SOURCE RUNOFF MODELS WERE TESTED AND COMPARED FOR THEIR ABILITIES TO PREDICT MOVEMENT OF TOXAPHENE FROM 15.6-HA WATERSHED IN MISSISSIPPI DELTA (USA) REGION AND A SMALLER WATERSHED IN SOUTHERN PIEDMONT. TESTING EXCERCISES INDICATED THAT ALL THREE MODELS ACCURATELY REPRODUCED FIELD DATA.
LORBER MN, MULKEY LA; J ENVIRON QUAL 11 (3): 519-29 (1982)
AQUATIC FATE: Seasonal variation in the degradation of pesticides, reflecting the changes in both biotic and abiotic factors, has ... been reported. Degradation of toxaphene was high during the summer temperatures, and it remained negligible during the freezing, winter conditions in Midway Lake, Saskatchewan.
Murty, A.S. Toxicity of Pesticides to Fish. Volumes I, II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1986., p. V1 27
For more Environmental Fate (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.2.10 Environmental Biodegradation

METABOLISM OF (14)C- AND (36)CL-LABELED TOXAPHENE WAS STUDIED UNDER AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC INCUBATION CONDITIONS IN AQUATIC SEDIMENTS, ENRICHED WITH BACTERIAL AND WASHED CELL CULTURES OF PSEUDOMONAS PUTIDA. THE PRODUCTION OF WATER SOLUBLE METABOLITES AS THE MAJOR INDICATOR OF METABOLISM, SHOWED THAT THE AEROBIC ROUTE OF DEGRADATION WAS SIGNIFICANT IN ALL INCUBATION CONDITIONS, AND DEMONSTRATED THAT OXIDATIVE METABOLISM WAS IMPORTANT IN THE DEGRADATION.
CLARK JM, MATSUMURA F; ARCH ENVIRON CONTAM TOXICOL 8 (3): 285-98 (1979)
Aerobic biodegradation does not occur readily for toxaphene components with more than 3 chlorine atoms(1). However, toxaphene degradation increases dramatically when the redox potential of the system drops to 0 to -0.1 Volts; during anaerobic biodegradation, reductive dechlorination for even the most chlorinated congeners, results in the formation of less chlorinated metabolites(8). Radiolabeled toxaphene was incubated in flooded soil; hepta- and penta- chlorinated congeners decreased in concn during the study period while concns of hexa- and tetra- chlorinated congeners increased(8). Only minimal quantities of radiolabeled carbon dioxide were detected(8) indicating that mineralization of toxaphene components proceeds very slowly under anaerobic conditions(SRC). Rates of reductive dechlorination were shown to be faster for the more highly-chlorinated congeners(2). The GC fingerprint of a toxaphene mixture extracted from a sandy, well-aerated South Carolina soil, exposed to toxaphene by rainfall was essentially the same as the original toxaphene mixture while toxaphene extracted from a reducing marsh sediment collected 100 m from the aerobic soil at the same time showed extensive degradation(3). After 6 months, no degradation was shown in a Nevada soil where toxaphene had been added at 10 mg/l(4). A half-life of 11 years was reported in a soil field study; 55% of the initially added toxaphene was still present after 15 years(5). A half-life of 1 year has been reported in a study using Texas soils (9). Toxaphene added to Crowley silt loam at 100 ppm was not degraded after 6 weeks under aerobic conditions; under anaerobic conditions, >80% degradation was reported with loss of the more highly chlorinated congeners and increasing concns of the less chlorinated congeners(6). 14C-Labeled toxaphene was added to Metapeak loam soil and incubated anaerobically; after 42 days, only 0.008 to 0.37% of the radiolabel was found as CO2 although an increase in hexa- and tetrachloro- congeners was reported with a decrease in heptachlorobornanes following the incubation period(7).
(1) Esaac EG, Matsumura F; Pharmacol Ther 9: 1-26 (1980)
(2) Fingerling G et al; Environ Sci Technol 30: 2984-92 (1996)
(3) Bidleman TF et al; pp. 481-508 in Atmospheric Pollutants in Natural Waters. Eisenreich SJ, ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Sci Pub Inc (1981)
(4) Brumley WC et al; J Chrom 633: 177-83 (1993)
(5) Nash RG, Woolson EA; Science 157: 924-27 (1967)
(6) Parr JF, Smith S; Soil Sci 121: 52-57 (1976)
(7) Murthy NBK et al; J Nucl Agric Bio 13: 16-17 (1984)
(8) Kuhn EP, Suflita JM; Reactions and Movement of Organic Chemicals in Soils, SSSA Special Publication No. 22, pp. 111-180 (1989)
(9) Sanborn JR et al; The Degradation of Selected Pesticides in Soil: A Review of Published Literature USEPA-600/9-77-022 (1977)
A deep and oligotrophic lake in Oregon (Davis Lake) was still toxic to fish 5 years following the application of toxaphene (2). The detoxification of lakes (in terms of allowing the reintroduction of fish) following the application of toxaphene has been published; in eutrophic lakes this is most likely due to the adsorption of toxic components of toxaphene to sediment and suspended particulate matter and thus their removal from the water(1). Three components of toxaphene, composing from 26.4% to 32.5% of typical commercial toxaphene mixtures, were incubated under anaerobic conditions in sediment for 30 days; 48.4% to 48.9% overall degradation was measured (3). Under aerobic conditions, only 13.6% degradation of these 3 components was observed during the same time period(3). 50% loss in 6 weeks due to biological transformation in anaerobic, flooded soils was reported while no transformation was found in aerobic sediments(4).
(1) Sanborn JR et al; The Degradation of Selected Pesticides in Soil: A Review of Published Literature p.616 USEPA-600/9-77-022 (1977)
(2) Terriere LE et al; J Agric Food Chem 14: 66-69 (1966)
(3) Clark JM, Matsumura F; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 8: 285-98 (1979)
(4) Callahan MA et al; Water Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants Vol 1 USEPA-440/4-79-029a (1979) (5)

13.2.11 Environmental Abiotic Degradation

Toxaphene remained unchanged after two days at 65 °C in aqueous solution at pH 3.7 and 10.0(1); an estimated hydrolysis half-life at 25 °C and pH 5 to 8 is > 10 yr(2). Direct photolysis has been reported to be an insignificant environmental process(3,4) and screening studies indicated that photolysis of toxaphene under sunlight is a very slow process in pure water(1).
(1) Wolfe NL et al; Chemical and Photochemical Transformation of Selected Pesticides in Aquatic Systems p.153 USEPA-600/3-76-067 (1976)
(2) Callahan MA et al; Water Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants Vol 1 USEPA-440/4-79-029A (1979)
(3) Jaber HM et al; Data Acquisition for Environmental Transport and Fate Screening for Compounds of Interest to the Office of Emergency and Remedial Response p.156 USEPA-600/6-84-011 (1984)
(4) Saleh MA; Rev Environ Contam Toxic 118: 1-85 (1990)
Toxaphene is a mixture of many congeners, each of which will react with hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere at different rates. Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constants for the individual congeners or for the toxaphene mixture are not available; however, estimated values for a representative hexachloro- and decachloro- congener found in the toxaphene mixture of 3.4X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec and 1.9X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC), respectively, were determined using a structure estimation method(1). These values correspond to atmospheric half-lives of approximately 4.7 and 8.4 days, respectively, at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Toxaphene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2) nor to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum (>290 nm)(3,4). Six pure polychlorinated bornanes (7 to 9 chlorine substitutions), isolated from technical toxaphene, were added to a loamy silt soil under sterilized anoxic conditions for 6 months. Degradation proceeded via reductive dechlorination; the final degradation products at the end of the 6-month study were hexachlorobornane compounds(5). Sediment taken from the Baruch Plantation, an estuary near Georgetown, South Carolina, was used to study the degradation of toxaphene(7). Toxaphene was quickly degraded over the 14-day experiment in both sterile and unsterile sediments and in sterile sand containing iron oxides but was not degraded in sterilized sand with distilled water(7). Neither the extent of degradation nor the breakdown products were determined in this study. However, other studies report that only non-sterile sediments are capable of degrading toxaphene(8). Rate constants ranging from 1.2 to 8.1X10+8 /mole sec were measured for the reaction of toxaphene with hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solution(6). Based on an average concn of hydroxyl radicals found in natural water (1X10-17 hydroxyl radicals), the half-life for this reaction ranges from 2.7 to 18.3 yrs(SRC).
(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993)
(2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990)
(3) Jaber HM et al; Data Acquisition for Environmental Transport and Fate Screening for Compounds of Interest to the Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. USEPA-600/6-84-011 p. 156 (1984)
(4) Saleh MA; Rev Environ Contam Toxic 118: 85 (1990)
(5) Fingerling G et al; Environ Sci Technol 30: 2984-92 (1996)
(6) Haag WR, Yao CCD; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1005-1013 (1992)
(7) Williams RR, Bidleman TF; J Agric Food Chem 26: 280-282 (1978)
(8) Clark JM, Matsumura F; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 8: 285-98 (1979)

13.2.12 Environmental Bioconcentration

BIOACCUMULATION DOES TAKE PLACE. ... REPORTED A MAX TOXAPHENE ACCUMULATION FROM WATER TO FISH OF 69,000 TIMES IN FATHEAD MINNOWS AND 50,000 TIMES IN CHANNEL CATFISH.
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 3757
/It has been/ ... reported that the fry & juveniles of longnose killifish bioconcentrated toxaphene, respectively, from 19,300 to 33,300 & 23,700 to 60,000 in 28 days, whereas adults bioconcentrated toxaphene 4200 to 5300 times in 14 days.
Murty, A.S. Toxicity of Pesticides to Fish. Volumes I, II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1986., p. V1 72
When white leghorn chickens are fed 5, 50, or 100 ppm toxaphene in the diet, residues are detected in eggs. ... The concn of toxaphene in adipose tissue of 8 wk old Hubbard-Hubbard broiler chickens increases with increasing dietary intake. Bioaccumulation factor is about 5.
Booth, N.H., L.E. McDonald (eds.). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 5th ed. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1982., p. 1105
Bioconcentration factors (BCF) were reported for fish: 3100 to 33,300(1), 4247 (Gambusia)(2), 6460 (flowing water) and 5250 (microcosm conditions)(3). Measured BCF values for brook trout fry after a 150-day exposure was 15,000-20,000 while BCF values of 55,000-69,000 were reported in fathead minnows after a 98-day exposure(5). The BCF of toxaphene was studied at different developmental stages of the longnose killifish after 28 days of continuous exposure(5). BCFs in embryos/fry ranged from 13,800-33,000, BCFs in fry ranged from 19,300-33,300, BCFs in juveniles ranged from 23,700-60,000, while BCFs in adults ranged from 4,200-5,300(5). Other BCF values were reported for shrimp, 400-1200(1), Oedogonium (alga), 6902 and Physa (snail), 9600(3). According to a classification scheme(4), these BCF values suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high.
(1) Reish DJ et al; J Water Pollut Control Fed 50: 1424-69 (1978)
(2) Sanborn JR et al; Env Entomol 5: 533-8 (1976)
(3) Garten CT, Trabalka JR; Environ Sci Technol 17: 590-5 (1983)
(4) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
(5) Verschueren K; Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 3rd ed. NY, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., pp. 1742-3 (1996)

13.2.13 Soil Adsorption / Mobility

Koc= 7200
Kenaga EE; Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 4: 26-38 (1980)
Toxaphene is a mixture of many congeners, each of which has its own Koc value. Measured Koc values of 2.1X10+5(1) to 1.0X10+6(2) have been reported for the mixture(1). Toxaphene applied to 2 soil columns, one containing a West Sacramento sand and the other a Davis sandy loam, was not leached despite continual application of water. If soil crevices were formed in the columns, however, 25 to 68% of the initially- added toxaphene was found in the eluate(7). Koc measurements for the individual congeners are not available; however, values for a representative hexachloro- and decachloro- congener found in the toxaphene mixture of 4.2X10+4 and 2.4X10+5, respectively, were estimated(SRC) using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(3). According to a classification scheme(4), these Koc values suggest that toxaphene is expected to be immobile in soil. Estimated leaching through soil with annual rainfall of 150 cm is 10 cm(5). Toxaphene adsorbed on sediments under natural lake conditions could not be desorbed from sediment by pure water in the laboratory(6).
(1) Bomberger DC et al; ACS Symp Ser 225: 197-214 (1983)
(2) Wauchope RD et al; Rev Environ Contam Toxic 123: 36 (1991)
(3) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992)
(4) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(5) Haque R, Freed VH; Res Rev 52: 89-116 (1974)
(6) Callahan MA et al; Water Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants Vol 1 USEPA-440/4-79-029a (1979)
(7) Jacquess AB et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 42: 417-23 (1989)

13.2.14 Volatilization from Water / Soil

Toxaphene is a mixture of many congeners, each of which has its own Henry's Law constant. A Henry's Law constant of 6.00X10-6 mm Hg has been measured for the mixture(1). Henry's Law constant measurements for the individual congeners are not available; however, estimated values for a representative hexachloro- and decachloro- congener found in the toxaphene mixture of 3.5X10-4 and 5.4X10-6 cu cm/molecule-sec, respectively, (SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(2). These Henry's Law constant values indicate that toxaphene is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Using an estimatation method(6), a model pond, 2 m deep, had estimated volatilization half-lives of 5 and 165 days(SRC) for the representative hexachloro- and decachloro- congeners, respectively, without considering sorption to particulate matter. However, these half-lives increased to 660 days and 365 years, respectively, when sorption was considered(6), indicating that sorption may attenuate the rate of the volatilization process considerably(SRC). Toxaphene's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Cotton plants treated with toxaphene at a level of 2.24 kg/ha by aerial application lost 26% of the toxaphene via evaporation with the greatest loss occurring mid-afternoon(5). The researchers concluded that volatile loss of toxaphene was 3.5 g/ha 4 to 5 days after application. They found that evaporation and subsequent aerial transport is probably the major pathway of toxaphene dissipation from cotton(5). Loss of toxaphene in dry, aerobic soil was slower at a depth of 7.5 cm than from soil surfaces(6).
(1) Murphy TJ et al; Environ Sci Technol 21: 155-62 (1987)
(2) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 1283-93 (1991)
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(4) USEPA; EXAMS II Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 1283-93 (1991)
(5) Saleh MA; Rev Environ Contam Toxic 118: 1-85 (1990)
(6) Seiber JN et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 8: 125-37 (1979)

13.2.15 Environmental Water Concentrations

RAINFALL WAS COLLECTED WITHIN NORTH INLET ESTUARY, A HIGH SALINITY SALT MARSH NEAR GEORGETOWN, SC. TOXAPHENE LEVELS IN RAIN INCR FROM NEAR BACKGROUND LEVELS IN LATE SPRING TO MORE THAN 150 NG/KG IN MIDSUMMER. THESE HIGH LEVELS CORRELATED WITH INCR USAGE DURING THESE MONTHS. MEAN TOXAPHENE CONTENT OF 60 RAIN SAMPLES WAS 45 NG/KG.
HARDER HW ET AL; ESTUARIES 3 (2): 142-7 (1980)
RAINWATER: It was detected in 5/8 samples of rainwater /from Chesapeake Bay region/, at levels ranging from 44-280 ng/l.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V20 330 (1979)
DRINKING WATER: Treated water, Flint Creek, AL 1959-1963: range - 5 to 410 parts per trillion; range of means - 18 to 210 parts per trillion, avg of means - 72 parts per trillion for toxaphene(1). Between Nov 1, 1983 to July 1, 1992, the California EPA tested various wells throughout the state of California(2). Toxaphene was not detected in any of the 1,304 wells (covering 33 counties) sampled during this study.
(1) Faust SD, Suffet IH; Res Rev 15: 44-116 (1966)
(2) California EPA; Sampling for Pesticide Residues in California Well Water. 1995 Update of the Well Inventory Data Base. California EPA, Dept. Pesticide Regulation., December 1995. EH95-06 p. 21 (1995)
SURFACE WATER: USA ambient water 1980-82, 7325, STORET data points, 32% pos, median - 0.05 ppb(1). USA, 1964-68 - not detected in 529 samples from approximately 100 sampling stations(2). Western USA streams, 1968-71 - not detected at 20 sites(3). Southern FL, 1968-72 - not detected in 146 samples(4). Tennessee R, AL, 1950 - detected, not quantified(5). Delaware and Raritan Canal, NJ, 1979-80 - not detected in 5 samplings at 37 points(6). The average concn of toxaphene in Lake Superior in August 1996 and May 1997 was 848 pg/l and 952 pg/l, respectively(7). Water samples were obtained from Lake Baikal in June 1991 and analyzed for toxaphene concns(8). Dissolved toxaphene concn ranged from 34 to 143 pg/l(8). concns of toxaphene in Great Lakes water in 1992 were as follows: 0.29 ng/l in Lake Superior; 0.13 ng/l in Lake Michigan; and 0.061 ng/l in Lake Ontario(9).
(1) Staples CA et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 4: 131-42 (1985)
(2) Lichtenberg JJ et al; Pestic Monit J 4: 71-86 (1970)
(3) Schulze JA et al; Pestic Monit J 7: 73-84 (1973)
(4) Mattraw HC Jr; Pestic Monit J 9: 106-14 (1975)
(5) Faust SD, Aly OM; J Amer Water Works Assoc 56: 267-79 (1964)
(6) Granstrum MC et al; Wat Sci Technol 16: 375-80 (1984)
(7) Jantunen L et al; Amer Chem Soc, Div Environ Chem, Preprint Extend. Abstr, 217th ACS Nat Meet, 39: 61-3 (1999)
(8) Kucklick JR et al; Chemosphere 27: 2017-2026 (1993)
(9) Swackhamer DL et al; Organohalogen Compounds 28: 395-398 (1996)
For more Environmental Water Concentrations (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.2.16 Effluent Concentrations

USA industrial effluents were sampled during 1980-82 and reported as 708 STORET data points. 3.4% tested positive for toxaphene, with a median concn <0.2 ppb(1). Toxaphene concn in runoff from farm in the Yazoo River basin, MS in from March, 1974 to Feb, 1975 was 96.53 g/ha, with a low loss of 0.14 g/ha in March and high loss of 26.64 g/ha in May(2).
(1) Staples CA et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 4: 131-42 (1985)
(2) Lorber MN, Mulkey LA; J Environ Qual 11: 519-29 (1982)

13.2.17 Sediment / Soil Concentrations

Chesapeake Bay: suspended sediments: 0.28 ug/kg
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1996., p. 1742
SEDIMENTS: Lower Mississippi River and Tributaries, 1964, 1966-1967 - 548 samples, 2.2% pos, avg - 6.5 ppm, range - 0.1 to 13.18 ppm(1). Southern Florida, 1969-72, 126 samples, 3.2% pos, not quantified(2). Delaware and Raritan Canal, NJ, 1979-80, not detected in 27 samples(3). Terry Creek, Brunswick, GA, 1971 - 1.4 miles from outfall of toxaphene plant - 5.27 ppm in a 70-80 cm sediment sample(4). SOILS : USA, 35 states, Fiscal Year (FY) 1970, 1506 samples, cropland sites, 1.8% pos - 0.79-8.75 ppm(5). USA, 37 states, FY 1972, 1486 samples, cropland sites, 6.2% pos, 0.27 ppm mean, range of 0.18 to 36.33 ppm(6). USA, 37 states, FY 1973, 1483 samples, cropland sites, 5.1% pos, 0.24 ppm mean, range of 0.22 to 46.58 ppm(7). USA, 9 of 17 states pos, 937 samples, cropland sites, 6% pos - range of geometric means - 3 to 219 ppb (adjusted for zero values)(8). USA, 34 states, 1968-73, range of 6.6% pos (1971) to 2.0% pos (1969), range of geometric mean - 1 to 5 ppb(9). USA, 66 fields where pesticides were used regularly, 23% pos, 0.11-9.38 ppm(10). Colorado, 50 orchards and cultivated fields, 1967, 2% pos - 1.0 ppm avg(11). U.S. 1971, 1 of 5 metropolitan areas pos, 43 samples, from pos area, range of 0.23-4.95 ppm, 0.24 ppm mean; 380 samples overall, 2.9% pos(12). USA 1969, 3 of 8 cities pos - 0.11 to 52.73 ppm(13). Southern Florida, 1969, cropland soils, 4.2% samples pos, not quantified(14).
(1) Barthel WF et al; Pestic Monit J 3: 8-34 (1969)
(2) Mattraw HC Jr; Pestic Monit J 9: 106-14 (1975)
(3) Granstrom ML et al; Wat Sci Technol 16: 375-80 (1984)
(4) IARC; Some Halogenated Hydrocarbons 20: 327-48 (1979)
(5) Crockett AB et al; Pestic Monit J 8: 69-97 (1974)
(6) Carey AE et al; Pestic Monit J 12: 117-36
(7) Carey AE et al; Pestic Monit J 12: 209-29 (1979)
(8) Kutz FW et al; pp.95-137 in Air pollution from pesticides and agricultural processes; Lee RI, ed (1976)
(9) Carey AE; Pestic Monit J 13: 23-7 (1979)
(10) Stevens LJ et al; Pestic Monit J 4: 145-66 (1970)
(11) Mullins DE et al; Pestic Monit J 5: 268-75(1971)
(12) Carey AE et al; Pestic Monit J 13: 17-22 (1979)
(13) Wiersma GB et al; Pestic Monit J 6: 126-29 (1972)
(14) Mattraw HC Jr; Pestic Monit J 9: 106-14 (1975)
Toxaphene ranked seventh in occurrence in soils tested from 43 U.S. states in 1969(1). In one study, toxaphene migration in sediments from three Wisconsin lakes was determined. The toxaphene concentration in the 0-5 cm level of sediment increased for 190 days following the treatment of the lakes and then began decreasing by a factor of 2 every 120 days(1). It was transported vertically to the 5-10 cm and the 10-15 cm level of the sediment at rates varying from 0.4 to 1.1 cm/day in the three lakes. Toxaphene was not detected below the 20 cm level in any of the three sediments(1). concns of pesticides were analyzed in soil samples collected from 49 agrochemical facilities located throughout Illinois. Of the 822 soil samples analyzed, toxaphene was detected only once at a concn of 1743 ug/kg soil(2).
(1) Saleh MA; Rev Environ Contam Toxic 118: 1-85 (1990)
(2) Krapac IG et al; J Soil Contam 4: 209-226 (1995)

13.2.18 Atmospheric Concentrations

BACKGROUND: 1973-74, Bermuda - <0.02 to 3.3 ng/cu m; western North Atlantic - <0.04 to 1.6 ng/cu m; Sapelo Island, GA - 1.7 to 5.2 ng/cu m(1). RURAL/REMOTE: 1967-68, 3 of 5 rural sites pos - Dothan, AL - 90 samples, 12% pos, max 68.0 ng/cu m; Orlando, FL - 99 samples, 9.1% pos, max 2520 ng/cu m; Stoneville, MS - 98 samples, 56% pos, max 1340 ng/cu m; not detected - 57 Buffalo, NY samples and 94 Iowa City, IA samples; overall 438 samples, 17% pos(2). URBAN: 1967-68 - not detected in 437 urban samples from 4 USA cities(2). June-August, 1978, Columbia, SC - 11.1 ng/cu m; Boston, MA - not detected(3). Summer/Fall 1981: Greenville, MS - 9.05/4.34 ng/cu m, St. Louis, MO - 1.73/0.63 ng/cu m, Bridgeman, MI - 0.44/0.26 ng/cu m(5). Ambient Air, locations selected for potentially high concns of pesticides, 1970, 14 states, 787 samples, 0.76% pos, mean of pos: 5223.6 ng/cu m, max 8700 ng/cu m; 1971 - 16 states, 667 samples, 5.93% pos, mean of pos - 114.5 ng/cu m, max 344.7 ng/cu m; 1972 - 16 states, 1025 samples, 4.0% pos, mean of pos- 332.7 ng/cu m, max 720 ng/cu m(4).
(1) IARC; Some Halogenated Hydrocarbons 20: 327-48 (1979)
(2) Lewis RG, Lee RE Jr; pp.5-57 in Air pollution from pesticides and agricultural processes; Lee RI, ed (1976)
(3) Bidleman TF; Atmos Environ 15: 619-24 (1981)
(4) Kutz FW et al; pp.95-137 in Air pollution from pesticide and agricultural process; Lee RI ed (1976)
(5) Rice CP et al; Atmospheric Transport of Toxaphene to Lake Michigan USEPA-600/3-84-101 (1984)
In one study, researchers monitored the atmospheric levels of toxaphene during the summer and fall of 1981 at four locations: Greenville, MS; Saint Louis MO; Bridgman, MI; and Beaver Island, MI(1). Each collection was conducted by continuously sampling air during the first 2 weeks of Aug, Sept, Oct, and Nov. They reported an average concn over the entire sampling period for each site of 7.0 ng/cu m in Greenville, 1.3 ng/cu m in St. Louis, and 0.29 ng/cu m for Lake Michigan (Bridgman and Beaver Island combined)(1). Air concn levels were moderate in August, peaked in September, returned to moderate levels in October and declined in November. The average vapor-phase concn of toxaphene over Lake Superior in August 1996 and May 1997 was 28 pg/cu m and 11 pg/cu m, respectively(2). Air samples from outside the town of Muscle Shoals, Alabama were also sampled in December 1995 to October 1996 and May 1997 for toxaphene concns. The lowest concn was found in January (8 pg/cu m) and the highest in June (612 pg/cu m), with an average concn of 197 pg/cu m(2). Toxaphene concentrations were also monitored in Columbia, South Carolina from August 1994 to January 1995. The average concn of toxaphene over the 6 month study was 189 pg/cu m(2). The study concluded that atmospheric transport of toxaphene from the south is likely to be a continuing source of toxaphene in the United States(2).
(1) Saleh MA; Rev Environ Contam Toxic 118: 1-85 (1990)
(2) Jantunen L et al; Amer Chem Soc, Div Environ Chem, Preprint Extend Abstr, 217th ACS Nat Meet, 39: 61-3 (1999)

13.2.19 Food Survey Values

During a 5 study conducted from Oct 1981 to Sept 1986, 19,851 food samples were analyzed for a wide variety of pesticide residues. Toxaphene was detected in 14 food samples at an average concn level of 0.5 ppm (max 2 ppm)(1). Toxaphene was mostly detected in tomatoes at 0.1 ppm, in carrots, fresh bell peppers, potatoes, and cherry tomatoes at 0.5 ppm; in tomatillos at 1 ppm; in jalapeno peppers from 1 to 2 ppm; and in parsley at 2 ppm(1). Toxaphene was reported to be present in the total diet study conducted by the FDA in which they analyzed 14,492 samples of domestically produced and imported food from 79 countries. Toxaphene was not detected in more than 50% of the samples and when it was detected it was usually below tolerance levels(1). Less than 1% exceeded regulatory limits.
(1) Saleh MA; Rev Environ Contam Toxic 118: 1-85 (1990)
The average daily intake of toxaphene in the USA from 1971-76 was 0.003 ug/kg body weight/day(1). The percentage of composite samples testing positive for toxaphene and the daily intake in ug/kg body weight for each year was: 1971 - 0.3% (trace), 1972 - 0.2% (0.02), 1973 - not detected, 1974 - 0.8% (0.5), 1975 - 0.4% (0.5), 1976 - 0.4% (trace)(1); red meat - domestic 15200 samples, 0.2% pos, 0.007 ppm avg; poultry 11340 samples, 0.1% pos, 0 .005 ppm avg; leaf and stem vegetables - domestic 5319, 11.2% pos, 0.421 ppm avg; vine and ear vegetables - domestic 2954 samples, 2.2% pos, 0.012 ppm avg, imported 4117 samples, 1.3% pos, 0.004 ppm avg; beans - domestic 499 samples, 1.4% pos, 0.036 ppm avg, imported 365 samples, 1.3% pos, 0.007 ppm avg; root vegetables - domestic 3248 samples, 3.2% pos, 0.012 ppm avg; grains - domestic 947 samples, 2.6% pos, 0.025 ppm avg; processed vegetables - domestic 631 samples, 0.5% pos, 0.001 ppm avg; nuts - domestic 174 samples, 22.4% pos, 0.219 ppm avg; peanuts 148 samples, 31.1% pos, 0.587 ppm avg, max 3.78 ppm; soybeans 104 samples, 8.7% pos, 0.03 ppm avg, max 1.0 ppm(1). The percentage of composite samples testing positive for toxaphene and the daily intake in ug/kg body weight from 1963-69 was: 1964-65 - not detected, 1965-66 - 1.0% (2.0), 1966-67 - not detected, 1967-68 - 1.1% (2.0), 1968-69 - 3.6% (4.0)(2). In an adult total diet study conducted in the USA from Aug 1976-Sept 1977 of 300 composite food samples: 3.3% pos at 0.026-0.597 ppm(3); Oct 1977-Sept 1978, 240 food composites, 1.7% pos, 0.173-0.469 ppm(4). Canada, total diet, 1976-78, avg dietary intake-0.012 ug/kg body weight(5).
(1) United States From July 1, 1969 to June 30, 1976 FDA and AOAC (1983)
(2) Duggan RE et al; Pestic Monit J 5: 73-212 (1971)
(3) Johnson RD et al; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 67: 154-66 (1984)
(4) Podrebarac DS; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 67: 176-85 (1984)
(5) McLeod HA et al; J Food Safety 2: 141-64 (1980)

13.2.20 Plant Concentrations

Toxaphene residues of 13, 60 and 46 ppm were found in the lint of cotton, in the no-lint portion, and in general waste storage, respectively, at harvest time, even though it was applied to cotton 2 months prior to harvest(1). Highest residues were in leaf materials (135-661 ppm), but residues were found in burrs, stems and lint as well. Alfalfa was treated with 4.16 kg toxaphene/acre in the field; the alfalfa hay fed to dairy cows from this field contained toxaphene residues of 226-409 ppm (1). The uptake of toxaphene by a salt marsh plant was examined(1). Living plants contained 43 ppm toxaphene; however, one month after injecting the soil with toxaphene, the concn of toxaphene dropped to 7 ppm and complete removal was reported in 4 months. In dead plants, the toxaphene concn was 110 ppm following soil injection; within 7 months, however, residues were no longer detectable(1).
(1) Saleh MA; Rev Environ Contam Toxic 118: 1-85 (1990)

13.2.21 Fish / Seafood Concentrations

US market basket surveys, July 1, 1969 to June 30, 1976 - fish, domestic, 2901 samples, 7.9% pos, avg 0.115 ppm, imported, 361 samples, 0 .6% pos, avg 0.004 ppm; shellfish, domestic, 291 samples, 0.7% pos, avg 0.1 ppb, imported, 152 samples, not detected(1); July 1, 1963 to June 30, 1969 - fish, domestic, 2150 samples, 1.9% pos, avg 0.04 ppm, imported, 378 samples, 0.8% pos, avg < 0.005 ppm(2). US fish, 1971-1974, 2106 samples, 115 stations, range of pos stations/yr - 9.5% to 14.9%, wet weight - not detected to 51.0 ppm, lipid weight - not detected to 1900 ppm(3). US, juvenile estuarine fish, 1972-76, 1524 samples, 8.1% pos, avg 0.306 ppm(4). US, estuarine mollusks, 1965-72, 8,095 samples, 1.6% pos (> 5 ppb), max 54,000 ppb(5). US, freshwater fish, 1976-77, 1978-79 and 1980-81, yearly pos stations - 58.5%, 61.1%, 87.9%, max wet weight 12.7, 18.7 and 21 ppm, max lipid weight - 409.7, 162.6 and 207 ppm(6). South Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, Eastern oyster, 1964, 133 samples, 4.5% pos, < 0.01 - 1.0 ppm, median 0.08 ppm(7). Southern AZ, 1965-69, 39 fish tissue samples, 87% pos from 5 species, 0.25-172.9 ppm(8). Texas, fiscal year 1975, estuarine finfish, 10 samples, 100% pos, geometric mean 2.84 ppm(9). Apalachicola River, FL, 1979-80, clam Corbicula manilensis, 9 samples, 33% pos, < 10-300 ppb, median < 10 ppb(10). California, 1978-79, 7 rivers - predatory fish, not detected to 4.0 ppm; forage fish, 0.46-1.4 ppm; benthic invertebrates, 0.46-1.0 ppm(11). Lake Michigan lake trout, 4 fish, the two primary toxicants: toxicant A, 0.08-0.70 ppm, avg 0.26 ppm, toxicant B, 0.04-0.21 ppm, avg 0.10 ppm; estimated total toxaphene based on percent of composition of above components in the original toxaphene mixture: 1.6-10.7 ppm, avg 4.3 ppm(12).
(1) Duggan RE et al; Pesticide Residue Levels in Foods in the United States From July 1, 1969 to June 30, 1976 FDA and AOAC (1983)
(2) Duggan RE et al; Pestic Monit J 5: 73-113 (1971)
(3) Schmitt CJ et al; Pestic Monit J 14: 136-55 (1981)
(4) Butler PA, Schutzmann RL; Pestic Monit J 12: 51-9 (1978)
(5) Butler PA; Pestic Monit J 6: 238-362 (1973)
(6) Schmitt CJ et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 14: 225-60 (1985)
(7) Bugg JC Jr et al; Pestic Monit J 1: 9-12 (1967)
(8) Johnson DW, Lew S; Pestic Monit J 4: 57-61 (1970)
(9) Kutz FW et al; pp.95-137 in Air pollution from pesticides and agricultural processes: Lee RI, ed (1976)
(10) Elder JF, Mattraw HC Jr; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 13: 453-69 (1984)
(11) McCleneghan K et al; Toxic Substances Monitoring Program 1979. Water Quality Report No. 80-6, State of California Water Resources Control Board (1980)
(12) Matsumura F, Gooch JW; Amer Chem Soc 25: 179-82 (1985)
Toxaphene residues have been reported in fish: trout from Lake Michigan, 5-10 ppm toxaphene (wet weight); lake trout from Lake Superior, 5-7 ppm; Antarctic cod, 0.068 ug/g (lipid extract); Arctic char from the Tyrolean Alp, 0.25 ug/g (of lipid); Arctic char from southern Sweden, 9 ug/g lipid; carp from the St. Joseph river, 3.3 mg/kg(1). Fish samples collected from 61% and 88% of 109 total stations located in the US in 1978-79 and 1980-81, respectively, contained measurable concns of toxaphene (detection limit not reported)(1). Toxaphene residues were reported in largemouth bass, channel catfish, threadfin shad, Asiatic clam, burrowing mayfly, water snakes, and little green heron collected from upper and lower reaches of the Apalachicola River, Florida in 1978(1). Toxaphene residues are generally higher in bottom feeding fish, such as carp, than in top predators. Bottom feeders tend to be relatively fatty fish and live and feed near contaminated sediments thereby increasing their potential to accumulate fat-soluble contaminants(1).
(1) Saleh MA; Rev Environ Contam Toxic 118: 1-85 (1990)
Marine fish were collected from wholesalers in Hamburg, Germany and analyzed for toxaphene residues(1). Concentrations of toxaphene in different species of fish were as follows: herring from the Baltic Sea contained 69 ng/g fat; saithe from North Atlantic contained 126 ng g fat; farmed salmon contained 36 ng/g fat; redfish from the North Atlantic contained 153 ng/g fat; herring from the North Sea contained 31 ng/g fat; mackerel from the North Atlantic contained 23 ng/g fat; mackerel from the North Sea contained 16 ng/g fat; and halibut from the North Atlantic contained 390 ng/g fat(1). Biological samples were obtained from Lake Baikal in June 1991 and analyzed for toxaphene concns(2). Toxaphene in biota was 1.9 mg/kg-lipid in the pelagic sculpin, 1.1 mg/kg-lipid in the omul and 2.3 mg/kg-lipid in Baikal seal blubber(2). Toxaphene concns in fish from other regions include: 6.2 mg/kg in salmon from Lake Vattern; 4.7 mg/kg in alpine char from Lake Vattern; 11 mg/kg in lake trout from Siskiwit Lake; 7.0 mg/kg in whitefish from Siskiwit Lake; 0.81 mg/kg in burbot (liver) from Lake Winnipeg; 2.34 mg/kg in burbot (liver) from Trout Lake; 2.5 mg/kg (dry weight) in sculpin from Lake Michigan; 12 mg/kg in ringed seal from the Gulf of Bothnia; 1.9 mg/kg in harp seal from the Gulf of St. Lawrence; 2.9 mg/kg in Caspian seal from the Caspian Sea; 0.22 mg/kg (wet weight) in ringed seal from Beaufort Sea; and 0.39 mg/kg (wet weight) in ringed seal from the Hudson Bay(2).
(1) Alder L et al; Organohalogen Compd 28: 410-415 (1996)
(2) Kucklick JR et al; Chemosphere 27: 2017-2026 (1993)
Toxaphene residues were measured in salmon collected from the Simo River in Bothnian Bay from 1988 to 1991. Average concns in the livers of fish collected in 1988, 1989, and 1991 were 2581 (n=23); 1365 (n=17) and 912 (n=14) ng/g (lipid weight basis), respectively (1). Salmon collected from the Teno River, Arctic were also sampled in 1988 and 1990. Average concns in the livers of fish collected in 1988 and 1990 were 2874 (n=4) and 891 (n=15) ng/g (lipid weight basis), respectively (1). Organochlorine residues in U.S. freshwater fish were monitored by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service from 1976 to 1986(2). The study found that mean concns of toxaphene in freshwater fish samples increased steadily through the mid-1970s, peaked around 1980, and declined significantly in each collection thereafter(2). The maximum concn of toxaphene in fish was 12.7 ug/g from 1976-1977, 21.0 ug/g from 1980-1981, and 2.5 ug/g in 1986 (wet-weight basis)(2). In 1986, toxaphene was mainly reported in freshwater fish samples from the South and the Great Lakes region of the U.S(2).
(1) Paasivirta J et al; Chemosphere 27: 2011-2015 (1993)
(2) Schmitt CJ et al; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 162: 43-104 (1999)

13.2.22 Animal Concentrations

USA, Bald Eagles, 1978-81, 1978, 64 samples, 23% pos, median .09 ppm wet weight; 1979, 97 samples, 25% pos, median 0.15 ppm, 1980, 66 samples, 18% pos, median 0.14 ppm; 1981, 66 samples, 17% pos, median 0.15 ppm(1); 1971-74, 101 samples, 6% pos, brain 0.15 ppm wet weight, carcass 15 ppm lipid basis(2); bald eagle eggs, 1969-79, 84 samples, 25% pos, 0.03-0.84 ppm wet weight(3). US, Maine and Virginia, May, 1977, herring gull, 58 samples, 15.5% pos, mean 0.02 ppm wet weight; Maine, great black-backed gull, 28 samples, 10.7% pos, mean 0.02 ppm wet weight(4). US, Herons, 105 samples, 8.6% pos, max 0.5 ppm wet weight(5). Northeastern LA, herons, 64 samples, 81% pos, range - not detected to 24 ppm wet weight(6). CO and WY, 1979, heron eggs, 147 samples, 6.1 pos, geometric mean - 0.25 ppm, range 0.07-0.52 ppm(7). AL, 1969, bobwhite quail from treated soybean fields, 20 samples, 40% pos, range - trace to 88.9 ppm lipid basis; white-tailed deer, 22 samples, 1.4% pos, 1.7-8.7 ppm lipid basis; rabbits, 31 samples, 6.5% pos 1.20-12.35 ppm lipid basis(8).
(1) Reichel Wl et al; Environ Monit Assess 4: 395-403 (1984)
(2) Barbehenn KR, Reichel WL; J Toxicol Environ Health 8: 325-30 (1981)
(3) Wiemeyer SN et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 13: 529-49 (1984)
(4) Szaro RC et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 22: 394-9 (1970)
(5) Ohlendorf HM et al; Pestic Monit J 14: 125-35 (1981)
(6) Niethammer KR et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 33: 491-98 (1984)
(7) McEwen LC et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 3: 367-76 (1984)
(8) Causey K et al; J Agr Food Chem 20: 1205-209 (1972)
In one study, 103 shorebirds of seven species collected at Corpus Christi, TX from 1976-77 were analyzed for organochlorine residues(1). The study found an average concentration of 0.2-0.3 ppm (wet weight) of toxaphene in the shorebirds. Toxaphene was found at a level of 0.03 ppm in New Jersey osprey eggs and at 0.17 ppm (wet weight) in canvasback duck carcasses from Chesapeake Bay, Maryland(1). A study of toxaphene concns in animals from different levels of the food chain were studied in Lake Providence and Lake Bruin. Toxaphene was found in tertiary consumer animals (green-backed heron, snakes, largemouth bass) at levels averaging 5.47-18.8 ppm, in secondary consumer animals (blue-gill, blacktail shiner) at levels averaging 0.09-3.30 ppm, and in primary consumers(crayfish and threadfin shad) at levels from no detection to 2.27 ppm(1). In 1980, 1,150 individual birds of 38 species were collected from 46 locations in 8 western states and analyzed for organochlorine residues. The chemicals detected at greater than 0.05 ppm levels were from highest to lowest frequency: DDE, PCBs, HCH, heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane, dieldrin, and toxaphene(1). Toxaphene was found in 16% of all samples analyzed, ranging from 0.02 to 4 ppm(1).
(1) Saleh MA; Rev Environ Contam Toxic 118: 1-85 (1990)

13.2.23 Milk Concentrations

EXCRETION ... IN MILK CLOSELY PARALLELED THE LEVEL IN BODY FAT. RESIDUES ... HAVE, AT VARIOUS TIMES, BEEN FOUND IN MILK OF CATTLE. COWS THAT WERE FED 20, 60, 100, AND 140 PPM IN THE DIET EXCRETED THE FOLLOWING CONCENTRATIONS IN MILK 0.37, 0.74, 1.15, AND 1.88 PPM, RESPECTIVELY.
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 3756
TOXAPHENE /LEVEL/ IN HUMAN MILK HAS BEEN INSIGNIFICANT.
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 3756
Toxaphene concns of 2.3 to 18 ppm were reported in milk samples obtained from cows fed alfalfa hay which was contaminated with toxaphene(at concns from 226-409 ppm)(1). Thirty-four days after the cows were taken off the treated hay, toxaphene was not present in any of the milk samples. In 1984, toxaphene was found in Finnish human milk at levels ranging form 1-10 ppb(1). A pooled sample of human milk taken from 9 mothers living on the Faroe Islands was analyzed for toxaphene residues(2). The study found that the average concn of toxaphene was 77 ng/g fat(2).
(1) Saleh MA; Rev Environ Contam Toxic 118: 1-85 (1990)
(2) Alder L et al; Organohalogen Compd 28: 410-415 (1996)

13.2.24 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

PRINCIPAL EXPOSURES HAVE OCCURRED DURING MANUFACTURING PROCESS, FROM DUSTS OR MISTS WHEN SPRAYING, OR FROM SKIN CONTACT OF SOLUTIONS & EMULSIONS.
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 3752
Persons with the greatest risk of exposure to toxaphene were manufacturers of toxaphene, cotton farmers, and pesticide applicators.
DHHS/NTP; Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens p.194 (1985) NTP 85-002
Occupational exposure to toxaphene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where toxaphene is still used(SRC). Since its ban by the EPA in 1983(1), toxaphene exposure is expected to occur only under special circumstances such as emergency situations of insect infestations(2). Another potential source of occupational exposure is through contact with this compound at hazardous waste sites containing toxaphene residues. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to toxaphene via inhalation of ambient air(3) and ingestion of fish from contaminated bodies of water(4,5).
(1) Metcalf RL; Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Technol. 4th ed. NY, NY: John Wiley and Sons 14: 524-602 (1995)
(2) USEPA; Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration, and Special Review. Washington, DC: USEPA, Off Prevent Pest Toxic Sub USEPA 738-R-98-002 p. 44 (1998)
(3) Jantunen L et al; in Amer Chem Soc, Div Environ Chem., Preprint Extend Abstr, 217th ACS Natl. Meet., 39: 61-3 (1999)
(4) Alder L et al; Organohalogen Compd 28: 410-415 (1996)
(5) Kucklick JR et al; Chemosphere 27: 2017-2026 (1993)

13.2.25 Average Daily Intake

The average daily intake of toxaphene was estimated by the FDA from 1986-1991 based on average residues levels detected in food samples(1). The average daily intake of toxaphene (ug/kg body wt/day) for people 6-11 months, 2 yrs, 14-16 yrs (female), 14-16 yrs (male), 25-30 yrs (female), 25-30 yrs (male), 60-65 yrs (female) and 60-65 yrs (male) is 0.0071, 0.0224, 0.0062, 0.0089, 0.0057, 0.0067, 0.0078, and 0.0077, respectively(1).
(1) FDA; Pesticide Program. Residue Monitoring. J AOAC Int 76: 127A-148A (1993)
(2) Saleh MA; Rev Environ Contam Toxic 118: 1-85 (1990)

13.2.26 Body Burden

TOXAPHENE /LEVEL/ IN HUMAN MILK HAS BEEN INSIGNIFICANT.
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 3756
The concn of toxaphene in Finnish human adipose tissues was estimated to be on the level of 0.01-0.1 mg/kg, based on concns of toxaphene in Finnish human milk (at concns of 1 to 10 ppb). However, this estimate was strongly dependent on diet(1). Although toxaphene was used extensively during the 1960's in Alberta, Canada, analyses of human tissue from 50 autopsies at the University Hospital in Edmonton from 1967-68 did not reveal toxaphene(n=217)(1). These negative results could be due to a lack of selectivity and sensitivity of the method used for the analysis(1).
(1) Saleh MA; Rev Environ Contam Toxic 118: 1-85 (1990)

14 Associated Disorders and Diseases

Associated Occupational Diseases with Exposure to the Compound

15 Literature

15.1 Consolidated References

15.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

15.3 Springer Nature References

15.4 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

15.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

15.6 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

16 Patents

16.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

16.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

16.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

16.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

16.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

17 Interactions and Pathways

17.1 Chemical-Target Interactions

18 Biological Test Results

18.1 BioAssay Results

19 Classification

19.1 MeSH Tree

19.2 CAMEO Chemicals

19.3 IUPHAR / BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY Target Classification

19.4 UN GHS Classification

19.5 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

19.6 EPA DSSTox Classification

19.7 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Classification

19.8 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

20 Information Sources

  1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
    LICENSE
    The information provided using CDC Web site is only intended to be general summary information to the public. It is not intended to take the place of either the written law or regulations.
    https://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html
  2. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    LICENSE
    The information provided using CDC Web site is only intended to be general summary information to the public. It is not intended to take the place of either the written law or regulations.
    https://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html
  3. EPA Air Toxics
  4. NJDOH RTK Hazardous Substance List
  5. USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center
  6. Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
    LICENSE
    Copyright (c) 2022 Haz-Map(R). All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials from Haz-Map are copyrighted by Haz-Map(R). No part of these materials, either text or image may be used for any purpose other than for personal use. Therefore, reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly prohibited without prior written permission.
    https://haz-map.com/About
  7. California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA)
  8. CAMEO Chemicals
    LICENSE
    CAMEO Chemicals and all other CAMEO products are available at no charge to those organizations and individuals (recipients) responsible for the safe handling of chemicals. However, some of the chemical data itself is subject to the copyright restrictions of the companies or organizations that provided the data.
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/help/reference/terms_and_conditions.htm?d_f=false
    CAMEO Chemical Reactivity Classification
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
  9. NCI Thesaurus (NCIt)
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise indicated, all text within NCI products is free of copyright and may be reused without our permission. Credit the National Cancer Institute as the source.
    https://www.cancer.gov/policies/copyright-reuse
  10. Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
    LICENSE
    T3DB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (T3DB) and the original publication.
    http://www.t3db.ca/downloads
  11. Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS)
  12. CAS Common Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
    Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 2,2-dimethyl-3-methylene-, octachloro deriv.
    https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1319-80-8
  13. EPA DSSTox
    1,4,5,6,7,7-Hexachloro-2,2-bis(chloromethyl)-3-methylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID90858936
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
  14. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
  15. EPA Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values (PPRTVs)
  16. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
    LICENSE
    Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: "Source: European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/". Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice page.
    https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/legal-notice
  17. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  18. ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
  19. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
    LICENSE
    Materials created by the federal government are generally part of the public domain and may be used, reproduced and distributed without permission. Therefore, content on this website which is in the public domain may be used without the prior permission of the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL). Warning: Some content - including both images and text - may be the copyrighted property of others and used by the DOL under a license.
    https://www.dol.gov/general/aboutdol/copyright
    CHLORINATED CAMPHENE (TOXAPHENE)
    https://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/698
  20. Risk Assessment Information System (RAIS)
    LICENSE
    This work has been sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Environmental Management, Oak Ridge Operations (ORO) Office through a joint collaboration between United Cleanup Oak Ridge LLC (UCOR), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), and The University of Tennessee, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The Institute for Environmental Modeling (TIEM). All rights reserved.
    https://rais.ornl.gov/
  21. California Safe Cosmetics Program (CSCP) Product Database
  22. ChEMBL
    LICENSE
    Access to the web interface of ChEMBL is made under the EBI's Terms of Use (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html). The ChEMBL data is made available on a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/).
    http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html
  23. Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD)
    LICENSE
    It is to be used only for research and educational purposes. Any reproduction or use for commercial purpose is prohibited without the prior express written permission of NC State University.
    http://ctdbase.org/about/legal.jsp
  24. IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY
    LICENSE
    The Guide to PHARMACOLOGY database is licensed under the Open Data Commons Open Database License (ODbL) https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/. Its contents are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
    https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/about.jsp#license
    Guide to Pharmacology Target Classification
    https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/targets.jsp
  25. Therapeutic Target Database (TTD)
  26. EPA Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database
  27. EU Pesticides Database
  28. EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants at Superfund Sites
    Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (Aromatic High)
    https://epa-prgs.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/chemicals/csl_search?tool=rml
  29. USDA Pesticide Data Program
  30. USGS Health-Based Screening Levels for Evaluating Water-Quality Data
  31. Hazardous Chemical Information System (HCIS), Safe Work Australia
  32. NITE-CMC
    Toxaphene - FY2006 (New/original classication)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/06-imcg-0675e.html
  33. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council
    LICENSE
    The copyright for the editorial content of this source, the summaries of EU legislation and the consolidated texts, which is owned by the EU, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence.
    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/legal-notice/legal-notice.html
  34. Human Metabolome Database (HMDB)
    LICENSE
    HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications.
    http://www.hmdb.ca/citing
  35. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
    LICENSE
    Materials made available by IARC/WHO enjoy copyright protection under the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literature and Artistic Works, under other international conventions, and under national laws on copyright and neighbouring rights. IARC exercises copyright over its Materials to make sure that they are used in accordance with the Agency's principles. All rights are reserved.
    https://publications.iarc.fr/Terms-Of-Use
    Toxaphene (Polychlorinated camphenes)
    https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications
    IARC Classification
    https://www.iarc.fr/
  36. NTP Technical Reports
  37. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods
    LICENSE
    The information provided using CDC Web site is only intended to be general summary information to the public. It is not intended to take the place of either the written law or regulations.
    https://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html
  38. Springer Nature
  39. Wikidata
    1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachloro-2,2-bis(chloromethyl)-3-methylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane
    https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63381159
  40. Wikipedia
  41. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
    LICENSE
    Works produced by the U.S. government are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any such works found on National Library of Medicine (NLM) Web sites may be freely used or reproduced without permission in the U.S.
    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
  42. PubChem
  43. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  44. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
    LICENSE
    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  45. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  46. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
  47. NCBI
CONTENTS