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Thallium sulfate

PubChem CID
24833
Structure
Thallium sulfate_small.png
Thallium sulfate__Crystal_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • Thallium(I) sulfate
  • THALLIUM SULFATE
  • Thallous sulfate
  • 7446-18-6
  • Tharattin
Molecular Weight
504.83 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-08-08
  • Modify:
    2025-01-18
Description
Thallium sulfate appears as odorless white rhomboid prisms or a dense white powder. Density 6.77 g / cm3. Melting point 1170 °F (632 °C). Extremely toxic by ingestion. Very toxic by skin absorption and ingestion. A slow acting cumulative poison. Used as a rat poison, and an ant bait. Also used for analysis (testing for iodine in the presence of chlorine) and ozonometry. Not registered as a pesticide in the U.S.
Thallium sulfate is a metal sulfate in which the counterion is thallium and the ratio of thallium to sulfate is 2:1. It is a rodenticide used to control rats, squirrels, mice, moles, prairie dogs, ants and cockroaches. It is no longer registered for pesticide use in the United States. It has a role as a rodenticide and an insecticide. It is a thallium molecular entity and a metal sulfate. It contains a thallium(1+) and a sulfate.

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Thallium sulfate.png

1.2 3D Status

Conformer generation is disallowed since MMFF94s unsupported element, mixture or salt

1.3 Crystal Structures

1 of 2
View All
COD Number
Associated Article
Pannetier, G.; Gaultier, G.. Structure de la forme basse temperature beta du sulfate de thallium(I). Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, Serie C, Sciences Chimiques (1966-) 1966;263:132-134.
Crystal Structure Depiction
Crystal Structure Depiction
Hermann-Mauguin space group symbol
P n a m
Hall space group symbol
-P 2c 2n
Space group number
62
a
7.821 Å
b
10.63 Å
c
5.934 Å
α
90 °
β
90 °
γ
90 °
Z
4
Z'
0.5
Component
1 x [O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-] (Sulfate)
Component
2 x [Tl+] (Thallium (I) ion)

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

thallium(1+);sulfate
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/H2O4S.2Tl/c1-5(2,3)4;;/h(H2,1,2,3,4);;/q;2*+1/p-2
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

YTQVHRVITVLIRD-UHFFFAOYSA-L
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

[O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-].[Tl+].[Tl+]
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

Tl2SO4
Tl2SO4
O4STl2
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

7446-18-6

7446-18-6

10031-59-1

10031-59-1

2.3.3 Deprecated CAS

14012-92-1, 37333-30-5, 87993-82-6
10031-59-1, 14012-92-1, 37333-30-5, 87993-82-6
10031-59-1

2.3.4 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.5 UNII

2.3.6 UN Number

2.3.7 ChEBI ID

2.3.8 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.9 ICSC Number

2.3.10 KEGG ID

2.3.11 Nikkaji Number

2.3.12 Wikidata

2.3.13 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

  • thallium sulfate
  • thallium sulfate dithallium (+1) salt

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
504.83 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
4
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
505.90058 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
505.90058 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
88.6 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
7
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
62.2
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
3
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Thallium sulfate appears as odorless white rhomboid prisms or a dense white powder. Density 6.77 g / cm3. Melting point 1170 °F (632 °C). Extremely toxic by ingestion. Very toxic by skin absorption and ingestion. A slow acting cumulative poison. Used as a rat poison, and an ant bait. Also used for analysis (testing for iodine in the presence of chlorine) and ozonometry. Not registered as a pesticide in the U.S.
Colorless or white odorless solid; Soluble in water; [ICSC] Colorless odorless crystalline solid; [MSDSonline]
WHITE OR COLOURLESS CRYSTALS.

3.2.2 Color / Form

White, rhomboid prisms
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1581
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1581
Colorless ... solid
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1
White rhomboid crystals
Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p. 4-90
Colorless, dense powder
Hayes, Wayland J., Jr. Pesticides Studied in Man. Baltimore/London: Williams and Wilkins, 1982., p. 25

3.2.3 Odor

Odorless
Hayes, Wayland J., Jr. Pesticides Studied in Man. Baltimore/London: Williams and Wilkins, 1982., p. 25
Hayes, Wayland J., Jr. Pesticides Studied in Man. Baltimore/London: Williams and Wilkins, 1982., p. 25

3.2.4 Boiling Point

Decomposes (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Decomposes
Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 67th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 1986-87., p. B-138

3.2.5 Melting Point

1170 °F (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
632 °C
Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p. 4-90
Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p. 4-90

3.2.6 Solubility

Solubility in 100 ml water at 0 °C: 2.70 g, at 20 °C: 4.87 g, at 100 °C: 18.45 g
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1581
48.7 g/l @ 15 °C; 191.4 g/l @ 100 °C
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 1917
Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 4.87 (moderate)

3.2.7 Density

6.77 (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
6.77
Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p. 4-90
Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p. 4-90
6.77 g/cm³

3.2.8 Vapor Pressure

Inappreciable (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Zero
Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. Old Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom: Royal Society of Chemistry/Unwin Brothers Ltd., 1983., p. A390/Oct 83

3.2.9 Stability / Shelf Life

Very stable
Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. Old Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom: Royal Society of Chemistry/Unwin Brothers Ltd., 1983., p. A390/Oct 83

3.2.10 Corrosivity

Slightly corrosive to iron
Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. Old Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom: Royal Society of Chemistry/Unwin Brothers Ltd., 1983., p. A390/Oct 83

3.2.11 Refractive Index

Index of refraction: 1.860, 1.867, 1.885
Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 67th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 1986-87., p. B-138
Index of refraction: 1.860; 1.867; 1.885
Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p. 4-90

3.2.12 Other Experimental Properties

Heat of fusion 5500 cal/g mole; 10.9 cal/g
Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 67th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 1986-87., p. B-219
Heat of solution: (absorbs heat) 29.5 Btu/lb= 16.4 cal/g= 6.86X10+5 J/kg
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.
Thallium(III) forms some organo-metallic compounds ... . /Thallium(III) ion/
Callahan, M.A., M.W. Slimak, N.W. Gabel, et al. Water-Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants. Volume I. EPA-440/4 79-029a. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, December 1979., p. 18-1
Exists in two oxidation states, /thallous/ (Tl(I)) and /thallic/ (Tl(III)). /Thallium/
Seiler, H.G., H. Sigel and A. Sigel (eds.). Handbook on the Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1988., p. 678
Seiler, H.G., H. Sigel and A. Sigel (eds.). Handbook on the Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1988., p. 678
In reducing environments, thallous may precipitate as a sulfide; otherwise, it will remain in solution.
Callahan, M.A., M.W. Slimak, N.W. Gabel, et al. Water-Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants. Volume I. EPA-440/4 79-029a. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, December 1979., p. 18-7
... Thallium(I), forms relatively few complexes with the exception of those with halogen, oxygen, and sulfur ligands. In this & several other respects, thallium(I) has chemical properties similar to those of the alkali metal cations. /Thallium (I)/
Callahan, M.A., M.W. Slimak, N.W. Gabel, et al. Water-Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants. Volume I. EPA-440/4 79-029a. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, December 1979., p. 18-1

3.3 Chemical Classes

Metals -> Metals, Inorganic Compounds

3.3.1 Pesticides

Rodenticides
Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved

4 Spectral Information

4.1 IR Spectra

4.1.1 FTIR Spectra

Technique
KBr WAFER
Source of Sample
Wood Ridge Chemical Corporation
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.1.2 ATR-IR Spectra

Source of Sample
Aldrich
Catalog Number
204625
Copyright
Copyright © 2018-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2018-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
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4.2 Raman Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Bio-Rad FTS 175C with Raman accessory
Technique
FT-Raman
Source of Sample
Fluka Chemie AG, Buchs, Switzerland
Catalog Number
88290
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Instrument Name
Bio-Rad FTS 175C with Raman accessory
Technique
FT-Raman
Source of Sample
Fluka Chemie AG, Buchs, Switzerland
Catalog Number
88290
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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6 Chemical Vendors

7 Agrochemical Information

7.1 Agrochemical Category

Pesticide active substances -> Rodenticides

7.2 EU Pesticides Data

Active Substance
thallium sulphate
Status
Not approved [Reg. (EC) No 1107/2009]
Legislation
2004/129/EC

8 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

8.1 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Rodenticides
Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. (See all compounds classified as Rodenticides.)

8.2 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

... GAVE INTRAVENOUS THALLIUM SULFATE TO A SMALL GROUP OF RATS & SIMULATED THALLIUM KINETICS ON THE BASIS OF A THREE-COMPARTMENT MODEL. ... CONCLUDED THAT A SIGNIFICANT EXCHANGE OF THALLIUM OCCURRED BETWEEN THE TISSUES & THE INTESTINAL CONTENTS ... DESCRIBED AS AN ENTERO-ENTERAL CYCLE. ... GAVE RADIOACTIVE THALLOUS NITRATE & THALLOUS SULFATE ORALLY TO 1 PT WITH METASTATIC OSTEOGENIC SARCOMA & FOUND RATE OF EXCRETION IN URINE TO BE 3.2% PER DAY OF AMOUNT REMAINING IN BODY. THALLIUM EXCRETION IN BOTH URINE & FECES MAY PERSIST FOR MANY WEEKS IN SPITE OF LOW PLASMA LEVELS IN POISONED PATIENTS.
Friberg, L., G.R. Nordberg, and V.B. Vouk. Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. New York: Elsevier North Holland, 1979., p. 604
Friberg, L., Nordberg, G.F., Kessler, E. and Vouk, V.B. (eds). Handbook of the Toxicology of Metals. 2nd ed. Vols I, II.: Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1986., p. V2 555
FATAL CASE ... HAD INGESTED MORE THAN 3 G THALLIUM SULFATE, PROBABLY THE HIGHEST DOSE TO BE REPORTED. TISSUE CONCN (MG/KG) WERE ... MORE THAN 20: COLON & LIVER; 10-19: STOMACH, GALLBLADDER, BONE MARROW, SMALL BOWEL; 5-9: BRAIN, LUNG, ADRENAL, SPLEEN, CEREBELLUM, KIDNEY, MUSCLE, PONS, ALL IN DESCENDING ORDER.
Friberg, L., G.R. Nordberg, and V.B. Vouk. Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. New York: Elsevier North Holland, 1979., p. 607
/AFTER IP THALLIUM SULFATE TO ADULT MICE/ HEAVY ACCUM OF TL WAS ALSO OBSERVED IN PERI- & ENDOSTEAL LAYERS OF COMPACT BONE & IN HYALINE CARTILAGE. INTESTINES SHOWED HIGH LEVEL OF TL ... HIGHEST CONCN IN MUCOSA & CONTENTS OF LARGE INTESTINE. NO EXCRETION ... VIA BILE WAS NOTICED. LYMPH NODES & FAT & LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE CONTAINED VERY LITTLE TL. THE CNS SHOWED A RELATIVELY LOW LEVEL OF (204)THALLIUM, WITH ACCUMULATION MAINLY IN THE CHOROID PLEXUSES & THE MENINGES /AFTER INTRAPERITONEAL ADMIN THALLIUM SULFATE/. NO ACCUMULATION OF THALLIUM IN THE ENDOCRINE ORGANS WAS OBSERVED.
Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 2241-2
IN TWO GROUPS OF 3 CASES OF THALLIUM POISONING URINE OF THE FIRST AND THIRD CASES 0.14 & 0.6 PPM OF THALLIUM WAS DETECTED. THE SECOND GROUP CONSISTED OF 3 CASES: A FIVE-YR-OLD BOY, A FIVE-YR-OLD GIRL, HER THREE-YR-OLD SISTER, & A 4TH CASE WHICH PRESUMABLY INVOLVED DIABETIC COMA, BUT THE CHILD'S URINE CONTAINED 3.84 PPM OF THALLIUM. THE URINE CONTAINED 1.52 & 0.91 PPM OF THALLIUM IN THE 5TH & 6TH CASES, RESPECTIVELY. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION REVEALED THAT THALLIUM SULFATE SOLUTION (3%) HAD BEEN USED IN HOMES IN THE DISTRICT AS A RODENTICIDE.
CHINEN M ET AL; NIPPON SHONIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI (ACTA PEDIATRICA JPN) 81 (11): 1125-6 (1977)
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for THALLIUM SULFATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
THE RAPIDITY OF ABSORPTION FROM THE GUT OF THE RAT WAS SHOWN ... /BY OBSERVATION OF/ THALLIUM IN THE URINE WITHIN 1 HOUR OF ORAL ADMIN OF THALLOUS SULFATE.
Friberg, L., Nordberg, G.F., Kessler, E. and Vouk, V.B. (eds). Handbook of the Toxicology of Metals. 2nd ed. Vols I, II.: Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1986., p. V2 553
Of two nonfatal human cases, from skin absorption of thallium sulfate rodenticide /in the first instance urinary thallium determination was 2.4 mg/l with a time frame of more than one month since the last exposure, and in the second instance, urinary thallium of 0.5 mg/l 6 wk after last exposure followed by 0.45 mg/l found 1 wk later/. Two weeks later thallium was not detected in the urine by the method employed.
Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 2242
THE DISTRIBUTION OF THALLIUM WAS DETERMINED IN 57 AUTOPSIED TISSUES, INCL BLOOD, OF A PATIENT WHO HAD BEEN ORALLY ADMIN 500 mCi THALLOUS NITRATE (TlNO3) FOLLOWED BY ... 45 MG DOSES ... THALLIUM(I) SULFATE (Tl2SO4) ... UNTIL 225 MG HAD BEEN GIVEN. THE BLOOD SHOWED A RAPID RISE WITHIN 2 HR TO A LEVEL OF 3% OF THE ADMIN RADIOISOTOPE ... TO 1.6%. SOME SPECIFIC LOCALIZATION OF THALLIUM ... WAS FOUND IN THE SCALP HAIR, KIDNEYS, HEART MUSCLE, PRIMARY BONE TUMOR, AND SPLEEN, IN THAT DECREASING ORDER. ... CLOSELY FOLLOWED BY ADRENAL MEDULLA, BONE TUMOR FROM LUNG, PANCREAS, SCALP SKIN, AND LIVER, RIB MARROW, THYROID, ADRENAL CORTEX, AND PITUITARY. ... A DIFFERENT DISTRIBUTION PICTURE WAS FOUND IN THE RAT ... INJECTED WITH 23 UG TlNO3. ... 2 DAYS AFTER DOSING, THE KIDNEYS CONTAINED THE HIGHEST CONCN FOLLOWED BY THE GUT, GONADS, AND PANCREAS. ... THESE DIFFERENCES IN LOCALIZATION OF THALLIUM SUGGEST CAUTION IN TRANSLATING RESULTS OBTAINED IN ANIMALS TO MAN.
Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 2241
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for DITHALLIUM SULFATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

8.3 Biological Half-Life

BODY BURDEN AS % OF ADMIN DOSE WAS DETERMINED IN RATS FOLLOWING ADMIN OF (204)THALLIUM ... OVER A PERIOD OF 21 DAYS. BODY CLEARANCE /OCCURRED/ ... EXPONENTIALLY WITH HALFTIME 3.3 DAYS ... AT THE END OF 21 DAYS ... 1% OF ADMIN DOSE REMAINED. ... WITH BIOLOGICAL HALF-TIME OF 3.3 DAYS ... DAILY DOSING /GIVES/ AN EQUILIBRIUM ... @ 20 DAYS. /SOLUBLE THALLIUM SALTS/
Friberg, L., Nordberg, G.F., Kessler, E. and Vouk, V.B. (eds). Handbook of the Toxicology of Metals. 2nd ed. Vols I, II.: Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1986., p. V2 555
Friberg, L., Nordberg, G.F., Kessler, E. and Vouk, V.B. (eds). Handbook of the Toxicology of Metals. 2nd ed. Vols I, II.: Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1986., p. V2 555

8.4 Mechanism of Action

Heavy-metal poison, blocks cellular enzymes. Stomach action against some types of insects.
Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. Old Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom: Royal Society of Chemistry/Unwin Brothers Ltd., 1983., p. A390/Oct 83
... STUDY INVOLVING /THALLIUM SOLUBLE SALTS EFFECTS ON MOUSE CELL CULTURES SHOWED/ ... CYTOPATHIC EFFECTS ... GREATLY ENLARGED MITOCHONDRIA IN AXONS OF PERIPHERAL NERVE FIBERS. ... MECHANISM /CONCERNS INACTIVATION OF/ ... SH GROUPS THAT /ALLOW/ ... INCR PERMEABILITY OF MITOCHONDRIA LEADING TO WATER INFLUX & SWELLING. /THALLIUM CMPD/
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 1927
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 1927
TRIVALENT THALLIUM COMPOUNDS ARE SOMEWHAT LESS TOXIC THAN ARE THALLIUM ION COMPOUNDS ... THALLIUM ACTS AS A MITOTIC AGENT & GENERAL CELLULAR POISON. CELLULAR ACCUM OF THALLIUM IN MUSCLE & OTHER TISSUES CAUSES DERANGEMENT OF NORMAL CELLULAR METABOLISM ... HIGH THALLIUM CONCN IN BLOOD AGGLUTINATES ERYTHROCYTES & LYSES THEM FOLLOWING THALLIUM ION ACCUMMULATION WITHIN ERYTHROCYTES. /THALLIUM SALTS/
Venugopal, B. and T.D. Luckey. Metal Toxicity in Mammals, 2. New York: Plenum Press, 1978., p. 125
Venugopal, B. and T.D. Luckey. Metal Toxicity in Mammals, 2. New York: Plenum Press, 1978., p. 125
Thallium inhibits enzymes, but nothing is really known of a biochemical lesion. In fatal cases, there usually is extensive peripheral paralysis and cardiovascular involvement. The immediate cause of death may be peripheral respiratory failure of cardiac arrest. /Thallium/
Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 2. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991., p. 526
Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 2. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991., p. 526

9 Use and Manufacturing

9.1 Uses

Sources/Uses
Used in chemical analysis (testing of iodine in the presence of chlorine), in ozonometry, and formerly, as a pesticide (rodenticide, ant bait, and mammal control agent); [HSDB]
Restricted Notes
No longer registered as a pesticide in the US; [CAMEO] Banned for use as pesticide in the EU; [eChemPortal: ESIS]
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure
Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]
As a rat poison /former/, as an ant bait /former/, and as a reagent in analytical chemistry.
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1581
Analysis (testing for iodine in the presence of chlorine); ozonometry
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 1138
CHEM INT FOR OTHER THALLIUM COMPDS & THALLIUM METAL
SRI
Insecticides, rodenticides /Thallous sulfate/
Klaassen, C.D., M.O. Amdur, Doull J. (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons. 5th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1995., p. 593
Rodenticide, insecticide bait ingredient, mammal control agent /former use/
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Toxicity of Pesticides to Wildlife. Resource Publication 153. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984., p. 81
Analysis (testing of iodine in the presence of chlorine); ozonometry; rodenticide /former use/
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 1138
USED FOR CONTROL OF RATS, MOLES, AND HOUSE MICE /FORMER USE/
Farm Chemicals Handbook 1997. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1997., p. C-363
ANT BAIT, RAT POISON, & A REAGENT IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY /FORMER USE/
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1581
For more Uses (Complete) data for DITHALLIUM SULFATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

9.1.1 Use Classification

Hazard Classes and Categories ->

9.2 Methods of Manufacturing

REACTION OF THALLIUM METAL & SULFURIC ACID FOLLOWED BY CRYSTALLIZATION; SEPARATION FROM FLUE DUSTS RESULTING FROM ROASTING OF ZINC BLENDE & LEAD SULFIDE ORES VIA DIRECT LEACHING WITH WATER OR DILUTE ACID
SRI
REACTION OF THE METAL WITH SULFURIC ACID AND CONCENTRATION OF THE SOLUTION UNTIL CRYSTALLIZATION BEGINS
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. 22(83) 840
BY DISSOLVING THALLOUS HYDROXIDE OR NITRATE BY RECRYSTALLIZATION FROM WATER
BAILAR JC ET AL; COMPREHENSIVE INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, p.1164 (1973)

9.3 Formulations / Preparations

Paste, grain
Farm Chemicals Handbook 1986. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister Publishing Co., 1986., p. C-229
Farm Chemicals Handbook 88. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister Publishing Co., 1988., p. C-229
Thallium sulfate is used at 0.5-2.0% by wt.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. 18:309
Grades: technical, 99%
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 1138
Eccothal
Merck Index 10th Ed (1983) p.1325
Ant Trap; Beacon Ant Killer; GTA Ant Base; GTA Bait for Rats, Mice; Magikil Ant and Roach Duster; Magikil Jelly Ant Bait; Martin's Rat Stop Liquid; Miracle Kill Roach Death; Tat Ant Trap /Former use/
Arena, J. M. Poisoning: Toxicology, Symptoms, Treatments. Fourth Edition. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, 1979., p. 159
TECHNICAL, 99%
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 1138
Ratox
Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. Old Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom: Royal Society of Chemistry/Unwin Brothers Ltd., 1983., p. A390/Oct 83
Zelio
Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. Old Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom: Royal Society of Chemistry/Unwin Brothers Ltd., 1983., p. A390/Oct 83

9.4 U.S. Production

(1977) AT LEAST 4.54X10+5 G
SRI
(1982) NOT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN U.S.
SRI

9.5 General Manufacturing Information

EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Sulfuric acid, thallium(1+) salt (1:2): ACTIVE
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Sulfuric acid, thallium salt (1:?): ACTIVE
Note: The labeling of thallium sulfate products in the United States now must indicate for use by government agencies only. Sale in some localities is prohibited.
Farm Chemicals Handbook 1986. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister Publishing Co., 1986., p. C-229
Thallium sulfate is found in an EPA document entitled Chemical Emergency Preparedness Program: Interim Guidance (Nov, 1985). This voluntary program provides 2 goals: to increase community awareness of chemical hazards and to develop state & local emergency response plans for dealing with chemical accidents.
Roytech/SOCMA Suspect Chemicals Source Book. 4th ed. Burlingame, CA: Roytech Publications, 1985., p. IV-235
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SINGLE-DOSE POISON TREATMENTS OF FARM RAT INFESTATIONS, ANALYZED BY COMPARING THE WEIGHTS OF THE POST-TREATMENT CENSUS BAIT TAKES IN COVARIANCE WITH THE WEIGHTS OF THE PREBAIT TAKES, SHOWED THAT TREATMENTS WITH 2.5% ZINC PHOSPHIDE, 0.3% THALLIUM SULFATE, OR 0.3% GOPHACIDE WERE EQUALLY EFFECTIVE & SIGNIFICANTLY BETTER THAN WERE TREATMENTS WITH 1% ZINC PHOSPHIDE OR 0.1% THALLIUM SULFATE.
RENNISON BD; J HYG 77 (1): 55-62 (1976)
The labeling of thallium sulfate products /for pesticide use/ in the USA now must indicate for use by government agencies only. Sale in some localities is prohibited.
Farm Chemicals Handbook 1997. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1997., p. C-363
THALLIUM SULFATE HAS NOT BEEN USED AS A RAT POISON IN THE USA SINCE 1972, ALTHOUGH THIS USE MAY PERSIST IN OTHER COUNTRIES.
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 1915

9.6 Sampling Procedures

Collection on a filter, workup with acid, analysis by atomic absorption.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic And Hazardous Chemicals. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1981., p. 649
Analyte: Thallium; Matrix: air; Sampler: filter collection, acid digestion. /Soluble thallium cmpd/
U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present., p. V3 S306-1
Matrix: air; filter collection, nitric acid digestion.
U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present., p. V3 S306-1

10 Identification

10.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

Collection on a filter, workup with acid, analysis by atomic absorption.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic And Hazardous Chemicals. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1981., p. 649
AOAC 939.01. Thallous Sulfate in Rodenticide Formulations. A method for the determination of thallous sulfate in rodenticide formulations requires acid digestion and the addition of potassium iodide. The percent of thallous sulfate is calculated from the amount of recovered potassium iodide.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. and Supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Analytical Chemists, 1990, p. 163-4
Analyte: Thallium; Matrix: air; Procedure: Atomic absorption spectroscopy; wavelength 278.6 nm; Range: 0.034-0.15 mg/cu m; Precision 0.060; Interferences: the presence of insoluble thallium compounds ... therefore, it is necessary to obtain a bulk sample to test for solubility. /Soluble thallium cmpd/
U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present., p. V3 S306-1
U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present., p. V3 S306-1
ANALYTE: THALLIUM, MATRIX: AIR, PROCEDURE: FILTER COLLECTION, ACID DIGESTION, ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY, RANGE: 5-20 UG/ML, 210-840 UG/CU M. /SOLUBLE THALLIUM COMPOUNDS/
U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present., p. V5 173-15
U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present., p. V5 173-15
For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for THALLIUM SULFATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
AOAC 939.01. Thallous Sulfate in Rodenticide Formulations. A method for the determination of thallous sulfate in rodenticide formulations requires acid digestion and the addition of potassium iodide. The percent of thallous sulfate is calculated from the amount of recovered potassium iodide. /Thallous sulfate/
Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. and Supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Analytical Chemists, 1990, p. 163-4
Procedure Samp(1): Atomic absorption spectrophotometer, having a monochromator with a reciprocal linear dispersion of about 6.5 Angstrom/mm in the ultraviolet region. The instrument must be equipped with an air-acetylene burner head. Precision: Coefficient of variation= 0.060. /Soluble thallium cmpd/
U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present., p. V3 S306-1
Atomic absorption spectrophotometer, having a monochromator with a reciprocal linear dispersion of about 6.5 Angstrom/mm in the ultraviolet region. The instrument must be equipped with an air-acetylene burner head. Precision: Coefficient of variation= 0.060. /Soluble thallium cmpd/
U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present., p. V3 S306-1

10.2 Clinical Laboratory Methods

Thallium was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in urine, feces, and saliva.
Richelmi P et al; Arch Toxicol 43 (4): 321-26 (1980)

11 Safety and Hazards

11.1 Hazards Identification

11.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 6
View All
Pictogram(s)
Acute Toxic
Irritant
Health Hazard
Environmental Hazard
Signal
Danger
GHS Hazard Statements

H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (20.2%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (24.7%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H361 (20.2%): Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H372 (100%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (20.2%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H411 (100%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P203, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P405, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 89 reports by companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

11.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Acute Tox. 2 (100%)

Acute Tox. 3 (20.2%)

Skin Irrit. 2 (100%)

Eye Irrit. 2 (24.7%)

Repr. 2 (20.2%)

STOT RE 1 (100%)

Aquatic Acute 1 (20.2%)

Aquatic Chronic 2 (100%)

Acute toxicity - category 2

Specific target organ toxicity (repeated exposure) - category 1

Skin irritation - category 2

Hazardous to the aquatic environment (chronic) - category 2

11.1.3 Health Hazards

Rated as extremely toxic. The probable oral lethal dose in humans is 5 to 50 mg/kg, or between 7 drops and 1 teaspoon for a 150-pound person. The mean lethal dose in an adult is probably about 1 gm of thallium sulfate. Chronic exposure causes hair loss starting 10 days after exposure and complete baldness in about a month. (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

11.1.4 Fire Hazards

When heated to decomposition, it emits very toxic fumes of thallium and sulfur oxide. (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Not combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

11.1.5 Hazards Summary

A skin and eye irritant; Can be absorbed through skin; Can cause thallium poisoning; [ICSC] See Thallium and linked occupational diseases.

11.1.6 EPA Hazardous Waste Number

P115; An acute hazardous waste when a discarded commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate.

11.2 Safety and Hazard Properties

11.2.1 OSHA Standards

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time-Weighted Avg: 0.1 mg/cu m. Skin Designation. /Thallium, soluble compounds, as Tl/
29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98)
29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98)

11.3 First Aid Measures

Inhalation First Aid
Refer for medical attention.
Skin First Aid
Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .
Eye First Aid
First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.
Ingestion First Aid
Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer immediately for medical attention.

11.3.1 First Aid

Warning: Effects may be delayed. Caution is advised.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Thallous Sulfate Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to thallous sulfate may be severe and include bronchitis, pneumonia, and respiratory paralysis. Tachycardia (rapid heart rate) may occur. Victims may experience headache, delirium, dementia, depression, psychosis, and peripheral burning sensations with severe pain. Muscle weakness, ptosis (drooping eyelids), strabismus (loss of coordination between eyes), incoordination, spasmodic movements, convulsions, seizure, shock, and coma may also occur. Gastrointestinal effects include increased salivation, inflammation of the oral cavity, anorexia, vomiting (may be bloody), diarrhea (may be bloody), abdominal pain, and constipation. Kidney damage has been reported.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to thallous sulfate may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to thallous sulfate.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to thallous sulfate.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas thoroughly with water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of thallous sulfate is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

4. Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of thallous sulfate may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

4. The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

11.4 Fire Fighting

(Non-Specific -- Thallium Salts, n.o.s.) For personnel protection avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning material. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. Wear boots, protective gloves, and goggles. Do not handle broken packages without protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. If contact with the material is anticipated, wear full protective clothing. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas.

(Non-Specific -- Thallium Salts, n.o.s.) If material is involved in fire, extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (material itself does not burn). Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical. For small fires use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. For large fires use water spray, fog, or foam. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk. (EPA, 1998)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

11.4.1 Fire Fighting Procedures

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material.
Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994., p. 1047
Water, carbon dioxide, foam, dry chemical. /Soluble thallium cmpd/
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981.

11.5 Accidental Release Measures

11.5.1 Isolation and Evacuation

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

11.5.2 Spillage Disposal

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance and complete protective clothing. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

11.5.3 Disposal Methods

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P115, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.
40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/96)
40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/96)
Thallium sulfate is a poor candidate for incineration.
USEPA; Engineering Handbook for Hazardous Waste Incineration p.3-10 (1981) EPA 68-03-3025
Chemical Treatability of Thallium Concentration Process: Activated carbon; Chemical Classification: Metals; Scale of Study: Literature Review; Type of Wastewater Used: Unkown; Results of Study: GAC treatment after time precipitate yielded 84% reduction; /Soluble thallium cmpd/
USEPA; Management of Hazardous Waste Leachate, EPA Contract No. 68-03-2766 p.E-166 (1982)
USEPA; Management of Hazardous Waste Leachate, EPA Contract No. 68-03-2766 p.E-166 (1982)
Chemical Treatability of Thallium; Concentration Process: Chemical Precipitation; Chemical Classification: Metals; Scale of Study: Literature Review; Type of Wastewater Used: Unknown; Results of Study: 54% reduction with lime. /Soluble thallium cmpd/
USEPA; Management of Hazardous Waste Leachate, EPA Contract No. 68-03-2766 p.E-74 (1982)
USEPA; Management of Hazardous Waste Leachate, EPA Contract No. 68-03-2766 p.E-74 (1982)
Chemical Treatability of Thallium; Concentration Process: Chemical Precipitation; Chemical Classification: Metals; Scale of Study: Pilot Scale; Type of Wastewater Used: Synthetic wastewater; Results of Study: 30% reduction with ferric chloride, 31% reduction with aluminum (3 coagulants used: 220 ppm of alum @ pH= 6.4. 40 ppm of ferric chloride @ pH= 6.2, 415 ppm of lime @ pH= 11.5; Chemical coagulation was followed by dual media filtration.) /Soluble thallium cmpd/
USEPA; Management of Hazardous Waste Leachate, EPA Contract No. 68-03-2766 p.E-74 (1982)
USEPA; Management of Hazardous Waste Leachate, EPA Contract No. 68-03-2766 p.E-74 (1982)
Thallium(1) sulfate is a poor candidate for incineration.
USEPA; Engineering Handbook for Hazardous Waste Incineration p.3-10 (1981) EPA 68-03-3025

11.5.4 Preventive Measures

May be harmful to aquatic life in very low concentrations. Notify local health and wildlife officials. Notify operators of nearby water intakes.
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.
Avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning material. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment.
Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994., p. 1047
If employees' clothing may have become contaminated with soluble thallium compounds, employees should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. Clothing contaminated with soluble thallium compounds should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of soluble compounds from the clothing. If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the soluble thallium compounds, the person perfoming the operation should be informed of soluble thallium compounds's hazardous properties. Non-impervious clothing which becomes contaminated with soluble thallium compounds should be removed promptly and not reworn until the soluble thallium compound is removed from the clothing. /Soluble thallium compounds/
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3
Skin that becomes contaminated with soluble thallium compounds should be promptly washed or showered to remove any soluble thallium compounds. Eating and smoking should not be permitted in areas where soluble thallium compound is handled, processed, or stored. Employees who handle soluble thallium compounds should wash their hands thoroughly before eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities. /Soluble thallium compounds/
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3

11.6 Handling and Storage

11.6.1 Nonfire Spill Response

(Non-Specific -- Thallium Salts, n.o.s.) Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do so without risk.

Small spills: absorb with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

Small dry spills: with clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover; move containers from spill area.

Large spills: dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. (EPA, 1998)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

11.6.2 Safe Storage

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Store only in original container. Well closed. Separated from strong oxidants and food and feedstuffs. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

11.7 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

11.7.1 Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)

0.1 [mg/m3], as Tl

11.7.2 Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)

15 mg Tl/m3 (NIOSH, 2024)
15.0 [mg/m3], as Tl (soluble compounds)
15 mg/cu m (as Tl). /Thallium (soluble cmpds, as Tl)/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 94-116. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 304
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 94-116. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 304

11.7.3 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)

0.02 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction, as Tl
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 mg/cu m, skin. /Thallium and soluble cmpds, as Tl/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 56
Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Thallium and soluble cmpds, as Tl/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 5
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 5
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 mg/cu m, skin. /Thallium and soluble cmpd, as Tl/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 56
(as Tl, inhalable fraction): 0.02 mg/m

11.7.4 Inhalation Risk

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed, especially if powdered.

11.7.5 Effects of Short Term Exposure

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and possibly the respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Exposure could cause hair loss. Ingestion of large amounts could cause effects on the cardiovascular system, kidneys and liver. Ingestion of large amounts could cause death. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

11.7.6 Effects of Long Term Exposure

The substance may have effects on the nervous system. May cause hair loss.

11.7.7 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots, and goggles.
Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994., p. 1047
Respirator selection: 0.5 mg/cu m: Any dust and mist respirator, if not present as a fume. 1 mg/cu m: Any dust and mist respirator except single-use and quarter-mask respirators, if not present as a fume/Any supplied-air respirator. 2.5 mg/cu m: Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous flow mode/Any powered, air-purifying respirator with a dust and mist filter, if not present as a fume. 5 mg/cu m: Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator with a high-efficiency particulate filter/Any supplied-air respirator that has a tight-fitting facepiece and is operated in a continuous-flow mode/Any powered, air-purifying respirator with a tight-fitting facepiece and a high-efficiency particulate filter/Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece/Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece. 15 mg/cu m: Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. Emergency or planned entry into unknown concentrations or IDLH conditions: Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode/Any supplied-air respirator that has a full face piece and is operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. Escape: Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator with a high-efficiency particulate filter/Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus. /Thallium (soluble cmpds, as Tl/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 94-116. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 305
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 94-116. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 305

11.7.8 Preventions

Exposure Prevention
PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! STRICT HYGIENE! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!
Inhalation Prevention
Use closed system or breathing protection.
Skin Prevention
Protective gloves. Protective clothing.
Eye Prevention
Wear safety goggles, face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.
Ingestion Prevention
Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

11.8 Stability and Reactivity

11.8.1 Air and Water Reactions

Soluble in water.

11.8.2 Reactive Group

Non-Redox-Active Inorganic Compounds

11.8.3 Reactivity Profile

THALLIUM SULFATE has weak oxidizing and weak reducing powers. Redox reactions can however still occur.

11.9 Transport Information

11.9.1 DOT Emergency Guidelines

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Thallium sulfate, solid/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004
/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. /Thallium sulfate, solid/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004
/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at lease 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. /Thallium sulfate, solid/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004
/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Thallium sulfate, solid/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004
For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for THALLIUM SULFATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.9.2 Shipping Name / Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO

UN 1707; Thallium sulfate, solid; Thallium cmpd, nos, liquid or solid (pesticide)
IMO 6.1; Thallium sulfate, solid; Thallium cmpd, nos, liquid or solid (pesticide)

11.9.3 Standard Transportation Number

49 232 97; Thallium sulfate, solid

11.9.4 Shipment Methods and Regulations

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
49 CFR 171.2 (7/1/96)
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.
IATA. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 38th ed. Montreal, Canada and Geneva, Switzerland: International Air Transport Association, Dangerous Goods Board, January, 1997., p. 219
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.
IMDG; International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code; International Maritime Organization p.6193,6195 (1988)

11.9.5 DOT Label

Poison

11.9.6 Packaging and Labelling

Unbreakable packaging. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

11.9.7 EC Classification

Symbol: T+, N; R: 28-38-48/25-51/53; S: (1/2)-13-36/37-45-61

11.9.8 UN Classification

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II

11.10 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: Sulfuric acid, dithallium(1+) salt
Status Regulation (EC)
2004/129/EC
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Thallium (I) sulphate: HSNO Approval: HSR003961 Approved with controls

11.10.1 Federal Drinking Water Standards

EPA 2 ug/l /Thallium/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present

11.10.2 Federal Drinking Water Guidelines

EPA 0.5 ug/l /Thallium/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present

11.10.3 State Drinking Water Guidelines

(AZ) ARIZONA 13 ug/l /Thallium/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(MN) MINNESOTA 0.6 ug/l /Thallium/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present

11.10.4 Clean Water Act Requirements

Designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance.
40 CFR 116.4 (7/1/83)
Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Thallium and cmpd/
40 CFR 401.15 (7/1/87)

11.10.5 CERCLA Reportable Quantities

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).
40 CFR 302.4 (7/1/96)
40 CFR 302.4 (7/1/96)
Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Thallium sulfate is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100/10,000 lbs.
40 CFR 355 (7/1/97)

11.10.6 RCRA Requirements

P115; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when thallium(I) sulfate, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)).
40 CFR 261.33 (7/1/96)
P115 As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when thallium(I) sulfate, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)).
40 CFR 261.33 (7/1/96)

11.10.7 FIFRA Requirements

Cancelled and suspended, all products.
Environmental Protection Agency/OPTS. Suspended, Cancelled and Restricted Pesticides. 3rd Revision. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Protection Agency, January 1985., p. 25

11.11 Other Safety Information

Chemical Assessment

IMAP assessments - Sulfuric acid, dithallium(1+) salt: Human health tier I assessment

IMAP assessments - Sulfuric acid, dithallium(1+) salt: Environment tier I assessment

11.11.1 Special Reports

Marmo E et al; Effects of Thallium Sulfate on Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems of various Animals. Chung Kuo Yao Li Hsueh Pao 4 (2): 119-22 (1983)
USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Thallium (1980) EPA 440/5-80-074
RANGEL GUERRA R ET AL; THALLIUM INTOXICATION: CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH 14 CASES; REV INVEST CLIN 32 (4): 381-90 (1980). CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH 14 CASES OF THALLIUM INTOXICATION IS DISCUSSED.
Ludolph A et al; Trace Elem Med 3 (3): 121-5 (1986). Clinical and electrophysiological data from chronic thallium exposure in cement plant workers are presented.
For more Special Reports (Complete) data for THALLIUM SULFATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Marmo E et al; Effects of Thallium Sulfate on Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems of Various Animals, Chung Kuo Yao Li Hsueh Pao 4 (2): 119-22 (1983)
For more Special Reports (Complete) data for DITHALLIUM SULFATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12 Toxicity

12.1 Toxicological Information

12.1.1 EPA IRIS Information

Toxicity Summary
EPA IRIS Summary PDF (Update: Sep-30-2009 )

12.1.2 EPA Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values

Chemical Substance
PPRTV Assessment
Weight-Of-Evidence (WOE)
Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential
Last Revision
2012

12.1.3 RAIS Toxicity Values

Oral Chronic Reference Dose (RfDoc) (mg/kg-day)
2e-05
Oral Chronic Reference Dose Reference
SCREEN Current
Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose (RfDos) (mg/kg-day)
5e-05
Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose Reference
PPRTV Current

12.1.4 Evidence for Carcinogenicity

Cancer Classification: Group D Not Classifiable as to Human Carcinogenicity
USEPA Office of Pesticide Programs, Health Effects Division, Science Information Management Branch: "Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential" (April 2006)
CLASSIFICATION: D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on the lack of carcinogenicity data in animals and humans. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Summary on Thallium(I) sulfate (7446-18-6). Available from, as of March 15, 2000: https://www.epa.gov/iris/

12.1.5 Exposure Routes

The substance can be absorbed into the body through the skin and by ingestion.

12.1.6 Symptoms

Inhalation Exposure
Cough. Sore throat. See Ingestion.
Skin Exposure
Redness. See Ingestion.
Eye Exposure
Redness. Pain.
Ingestion Exposure
Abdominal pain. Nausea. Vomiting. Diarrhoea. Headache. Weakness. Convulsions. Muscle pain. Paralysis. Delirium. Unconsciousness.

12.1.7 Adverse Effects

Neurotoxin - Sensorimotor

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

12.1.8 Acute Effects

12.1.9 Interactions

THALLIUM SULFATE WAS GIVEN ORALLY TO RATS & BLOOD LEVELS WERE STUDIED AS A FUNCTION OF TIME. MAXIMUM BLOOD LEVELS OF THALLIUM WERE ATTAINED ABOUT 1 HR AFTER DOSING. TREATMENT WITH FUROSEMIDE FOR 11 DAYS (30 MG/KG TWICE DAILY) SIGNIFICANTLY ACCELERATED THALLIUM REMOVAL FROM THE BODY WITH THE URINE. ACETAZOLAMIDE (30 MG/KG) ALSO ENHANCED EXCRETION OF THALLIUM, ESPECIALLY WITHIN THE INITIAL 24 HR OF TREATMENT.
LAMEIJER W, VANZWIETEN PA; ARCH TOXICOL 40 (1): 7-16 (1978)
THALLIUM POISONING IN GUINEA PIGS WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY PREVENTED BY THE ENTERAL (GASTRIC TUBE) APPLICATION OF DITHIOCARB & POTASSIUM CHLORIDE. WHEN DITHIOCARB (90 MG/KG/DAY, SC 10 DAYS) WAS GIVEN DURING A TIME PERIOD OF 2-12 HR AFTER A SINGLE ADMIN OF THALLIUM SULFATE (20 MG/KG, SC), A SLIGHT THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF THE ANTIDOTE DITHIOCARB WAS NOTED.
RIGHETTI P, MOESCHLIN S; CLIN TOXICOL 4 (2): 165-71 (1971)

12.1.10 Medical Surveillance

The following medical procedures should be made available to each employee who is exposed to ... thallium /and thallium/ compounds at potentially hazardous levels: Initial Medical Examination: A complete history and physical examination: The purpose is to detect existing conditions that might place the exposed employee at increased risk, and to establish a baseline for future health monitoring. Examination of the eyes, nervous system, lung, liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and body hair should be stressed. Urinalysis: Since kidney damage has been observed in humans exposed to thallium, a urinalysis should be obtained to include at a minimum specific gravity, albumin, glucose, and a microscopic /examination/ on centrifuged sediment. Periodic Medical Examination: These medical examinations should be repeated on an annual basis. /Thallium and thallium compounds/
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1

12.1.11 Human Toxicity Excerpts

SIX CASES OF THALLIUM POISONING WHICH OCCURRED DURING JUNE-OCTOBER, 1976 IN A SINGLE DISTRICT WERE REPORTED. THE CASES WERE DIVIDED INTO 2 GROUPS, ONE IN JUNE & THE OTHER IN OCTOBER. THE FIRST GROUP CONSISTED OF 3 CASES, A FOUR-YR-OLD BOY, ANOTHER FOUR-YR-OLD BOY & HIS THREE-YR-OLD SISTER. THE FIRST CASE WAS SUSPECTED TO BE ENCEPHALITIS, THE SECOND WAS SUSPECTED TO BE A BRAIN TUMOR (DIED AFTER OPERATION) & THE THIRD CASE WAS HOSPITALIZED FOR LOSS OF HAIR & ATAXIA, WHICH REVEALED THAT THE INTOXICATION WAS DUE TO THALLIUM. THE SECOND GROUP CONSISTED OF 3 CASES: A FIVE-YR-OLD BOY, A FIVE-YR-OLD GIRL, HER THREE-YR-OLD SISTER, & A 4TH CASE WHICH PRESUMABLY INVOLVED DIABETIC COMA, BUT THE CHILDS URINE CONTAINED 3.84 PPM OF THALLIUM. IN BOYS, ACUTE & SUBACUTE GI SYMPTOMS & CNS SYMPTOMS WERE CONSPICUOUSLY OBSERVED WITH SEVERE COURSE, & IN GIRLS, CHRONIC LOSS OF HAIR & ATAXIA WERE THE MAJOR SYMPTOMS WITH A RELATIVELY FAVORABLE COURSE. ACCORDING TO EXAMINATION, ABNORMALITY OF URINE & EEG WERE INDICATED SUGGESTING A STRONG ATTACK ON KIDNEY & BRAIN. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION REVEALED THAT THALLIUM SULFATE SOLUTION (3%) HAD BEEN USED IN HOMES IN THE DISTRICT AS A RODENTICIDE.
CHINEN M ET AL; NIPPON SHONIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI (ACTA PEDIATRICA JPN) 81 (11): 1125-6 (1977)
Gastrointestinal manifestations include severe paroxysmal abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, stomatitis, salivation, and weight loss. Neurological manifestations during the first days of illness may include paresthesias, headache, cranial nerve damage (ptosis, strabismus, optic atrophy), myoclonic or choreiform movements, convulsions, delirium, and coma. The occurrence of high fever is probably the result of brain injury; it indicates a bad prognosis. Vascular collapse and death may occur in 24-48 hours, but the course is usually more prolonged. Death may be caused by respiratory paralysis, pneumonia, or circulatory disturbances. Peripheral neuropathy, particularly in the legs, is common with severe pain, paresthesias, muscle weakness, tremor, ataxia, and atrophy.
Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 2. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991., p. 527
Thallium sulfate affects almost every tissue in the body, as may be seen from the description of accidental poisoning. The most serious effect is on the nervous system, but there are notable effects on the cardiovascular system, the kidney, the gastrointestinal system, and the hair and nails.
Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 2. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991., p. 526
Observations have been performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes from a patient having ingested 200 mg thallium sulfate, in order to evaluate the ability of the compound to produce cytogenetic damage in vivo in humans. Results demonstrated that neither the yield of structural chromosome aberrations nor sister chromatid exchanges were significantly modified. The drastic increase of binucleated cells with micronuclei indicates that thallium sulfate has in common with many metallic compounds the ability to interfere with chromosome distribution.
Hantson P et al; J Toxicol Environ Health 50 (2): 97-100 (1997)
For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for THALLIUM SULFATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
... Between 1935 and 1955, 778 persons were reported to have been poisoned by thallium containing insecticides, rodenticides, and therapeutic chemicals, resulting in 46 fatalities.
Doull, J., C.D.Klassen, and M.D. Amdur (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 3rd ed., New York: Macmillan Co., Inc., 1986., p. 566
Observations have been performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes from a patient having ingested 200 mg thallium sulfate, in order to evaluate the ability of the compound to produce cytogenetic damage in vivo in humans. The results demonstrate that neither the yield of structural chromosome aberrations nor sister chromatid exchanges were significantly modified. The drastic increase of binucleated cells with micronuclei indicates that thallium sulfate has in common with many metallic compounds the ability to interfere with chromosome distribution.
Hantson P et al; J of Toxicol and Environ Health 50 (2): 97-100 (1997)
Thallium is a skin sensitizer and cumulative poison which is toxic by ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption. /Soluble thallium compounds/
International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 2170

12.1.12 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

/Mallards and Pheasants/ Signs of intoxication: Polydipsia, regurgitation, ataxia, imbalance, high carriage, slowness, goose-stepping ataxia, myasthenia, asthenia, hypoactivity, hopping and falling, wind-drop, immobility, and loss of righting reflex. Signs appeared as soon as 15 min and mortalities usually occurred between 1 and 7 days after treatment. Remission took up to 20 days. ... Gross necropsies of mallard and pheasant mortalities revealed consistent incidence of extreme visceral uration (especially of the Glisson's capsule and the pericardium), pericardium adhering to the heart, hyperemia and purpura of the gastrointestinal tract, coronary band petechiation, and small spleens.
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Toxicity of Pesticides to Wildlife. Resource Publication 153. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984., p. 81
... Chicks receiving 0.5 to 2.0 mg of thallium sulfate via the yolk sac on the 4th day of incubation developed an achondroplastic-like condition. ... Administered the sulfate form intraperitoneally in amounts up to 10 mg per kg to pregnant rats during critical times of development. Some fetal weight reduction and a slight increase in hydronephrosis was reported.
Shepard, T.H. Catalog of Teratogenic Agents. 4th ed. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983., p. 418
ACHONDROPLASIA WAS INDUCED IN THE EMBRYONIC CHICK BY ADMIN OF 0.6 MG THALLIUM SULFATE INTO THE CHORIOALLANTOIC MEMBRANE AT 7 DAYS OF INCUBATION. EMBRYOS WERE STUDIED AT 2-DAY INTERVALS TO 18 DAYS OF INCUBATION. GROWTH OF THE LONG BONES WAS REDUCED, & AREAS OF NECROTIC CARTILAGE FORMED IN THE TREATED EMBRYOS. THE NECROTIC CHONDROCYTES ACCUMULATED COLLAGEN, CALCIUM, & LIPID & CONTAINED LESS THAN NORMAL AMOUNTS OF ACID MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDE. TOTAL ACID MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDE WAS REDUCED IN LONG BONES FROM TREATED EMBRYOS BECAUSE OF DEFECTIVE SYNTHESIS &/OR RELEASE WITHIN THE CARTILAGINOUS FRACTION. THE THALLIUM-INDUCED ACHONDROPLASIA APPARENTLY RESULTED FROM THIS INHIBITION OF ACID MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDE.
HALL BK; DEVELOP BIOL 28 (1): 47-60 (1972)
WHEN YEAST CELLS WERE GROWN IN NUTRIENT BROTH TO WHICH THALLIUM SULFATE HAD BEEN ADDED, THE CRISTATE MITOCHONDRIA OF MANY OF THE CELLS WERE DARKENED BY THE FORMATION OF BLACK, HEXAGONAL THALLIUM OXIDE CRYSTALS IN 24 HR. TWO DAYS LATER, THE DARKENED MITOCHONDRIA HAD LOST THEIR COLOR, BUT THE AFFECTED CELLS CONTAINED 1-5 LARGE, HEXAGONAL PLATES OF CRYSTALLINE THALLIUM OXIDE BETWEEN THE CELL WALL & THE PLASMA MEMBRANE.
LINDEGREN CC; PHYSIOL CHEM PHYS 3 (5): 499-500 (1971)
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for THALLIUM SULFATE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Parenteral injection of 2.0 mg/kg/day thallium sulfate in pregnant rats was associated with delays in development as evidenced by reduced fetal body weights, delayed skeletal ossification, and an increased incidence of fetal hydronephrosis.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 1534
When rats were fed 0.7 mg/kg/day thallium sulfate for 60 days, increased numbers of abnormal sperm, reduced sperm motility, sertoli cell vacuolization, and distortion in the seminiferous epithelium were observed.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 1535
The effect of dithallium sulfate (thallium, 20 mg/kg body weight) on renal function was investigated in 10- and 20-day old rats. Nephrotoxic effects were evaluated by the determination of glomerular filtration rate, urinary volume, electrolyte and protein excretion, as well as by morphological investigations. In contrast to adult rats there were no morphological destructions in 10- and 20-day old rats. Changes in renal function seemed to be less expressed in 10- and 20-day old rats than in adult rats. The smaller nephrotoxicity in 10-day rats may be caused by lower thallium concentration in renal tissue, whereas in 20-day old rats decreased nephrotoxicity cannot be explained in this way. The activity of Na+/K+-ATPase in rat renal tissues was found to be involved in the mechanisms of thallium enrichment in renal tissue, being an indirect determinant of thallium nephrotoxicity.
Appenroth D et al; J of Applied Toxicol 16 (3): 235-43 (1996)

12.1.13 Non-Human Toxicity Values

LD50 Brown rat oral 16 mg/kg
Farm Chemicals Handbook 88. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister Publishing Co., 1988., p. C 219

12.2 Ecological Information

12.2.1 Ecotoxicity Values

LD50 Mallard oral, males 3 mo age 36.7 mg/kg (95% confidence limits 28.3-47.5 mg/kg)
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Toxicity of Pesticides to Wildlife. Resource Publication 153. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984., p. 81
LD50 Golden eagles oral 1 mo of age 60.0-120 mg/kg
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Toxicity of Pesticides to Wildlife. Resource Publication 153. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984., p. 81
LD50 Pheasant oral male, 3-4 mo age 23.7 mg/kg (95% confidence limits 17.1-32.9 mg/kg)
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Toxicity of Pesticides to Wildlife. Resource Publication 153. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984., p. 81
LD50 Anas platyrhynchos (mallard) male oral 36.7 mg/kg
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Toxicity of Pesticides to Wildlife. Resource Publication 153. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984., p. 81
LD50 Aquila chrysaetos (golden eagle) oral 60.0-120 mg/kg
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Toxicity of Pesticides to Wildlife. Resource Publication 153. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984., p. 81

12.2.2 US EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants

Resident Soil (mg/kg)
1.60e+00
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
2.30e+01
Tapwater (ug/L)
4.00e-01
MCL (ug/L)
2.00e+00
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
2e-05
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1

12.2.3 US EPA Regional Removal Management Levels for Chemical Contaminants

Resident Soil (mg/kg)
4.70e+00
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
7.00e+01
Tapwater (ug/L)
1.20e+00
MCL (ug/L)
2.00e+00
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
2e-05
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1

12.2.4 ICSC Environmental Data

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal.

12.2.5 Environmental Fate

IN JAPAN, THALLIUM SULFATE HAS BEEN SPRAYED OVER FOREST AREAS TO KILL RATS AND OTHER PESTS, BUT HAS NOT BEEN FOUND IN SAMPLES OF WATER TAKEN OVER A PERIOD OF ONE MONTH AFTER SPRAYING.
Friberg, L., G.R. Nordberg, and V.B. Vouk. Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. New York: Elsevier North Holland, 1979., p. 602

13 Associated Disorders and Diseases

14 Literature

14.1 Consolidated References

14.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

14.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

14.4 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

14.5 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

15 Patents

15.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

15.2 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

15.3 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

15.4 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

16 Interactions and Pathways

16.1 Chemical-Target Interactions

17 Biological Test Results

17.1 BioAssay Results

18 Classification

18.1 MeSH Tree

18.2 ChEBI Ontology

18.3 KEGG: Pesticides

18.4 KEGG: Animal Drugs

18.5 ChemIDplus

18.6 CAMEO Chemicals

18.7 UN GHS Classification

18.8 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

18.9 EPA DSSTox Classification

18.10 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

18.11 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

18.12 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

19 Information Sources

  1. Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS)
  2. CAMEO Chemicals
    LICENSE
    CAMEO Chemicals and all other CAMEO products are available at no charge to those organizations and individuals (recipients) responsible for the safe handling of chemicals. However, some of the chemical data itself is subject to the copyright restrictions of the companies or organizations that provided the data.
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/help/reference/terms_and_conditions.htm?d_f=false
    CAMEO Chemical Reactivity Classification
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
  3. ChemIDplus
    ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
  4. EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
    Sulfuric acid, thallium(1+) salt (1:2)
    https://www.epa.gov/chemicals-under-tsca
    EPA TSCA Classification
    https://www.epa.gov/tsca-inventory
  5. EPA DSSTox
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
  6. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
  7. EPA Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values (PPRTVs)
  8. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
    LICENSE
    Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: "Source: European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/". Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice page.
    https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/legal-notice
  9. FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS)
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  10. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  11. ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
  12. New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
    LICENSE
    This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International licence.
    https://www.epa.govt.nz/about-this-site/general-copyright-statement/
  13. NJDOH RTK Hazardous Substance List
  14. Risk Assessment Information System (RAIS)
    LICENSE
    This work has been sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Environmental Management, Oak Ridge Operations (ORO) Office through a joint collaboration between United Cleanup Oak Ridge LLC (UCOR), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), and The University of Tennessee, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The Institute for Environmental Modeling (TIEM). All rights reserved.
    https://rais.ornl.gov/
  15. EU Pesticides Database
  16. Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
    LICENSE
    Copyright (c) 2022 Haz-Map(R). All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials from Haz-Map are copyrighted by Haz-Map(R). No part of these materials, either text or image may be used for any purpose other than for personal use. Therefore, reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly prohibited without prior written permission.
    https://haz-map.com/About
  17. ChEBI
  18. Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD)
    LICENSE
    It is to be used only for research and educational purposes. Any reproduction or use for commercial purpose is prohibited without the prior express written permission of NC State University.
    http://ctdbase.org/about/legal.jsp
  19. Crystallography Open Database (COD)
    LICENSE
    All data in the COD and the database itself are dedicated to the public domain and licensed under the CC0 License. Users of the data should acknowledge the original authors of the structural data.
    https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
  20. EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants at Superfund Sites
  21. Hazardous Chemical Information System (HCIS), Safe Work Australia
  22. NITE-CMC
    Dithallium sulfate - FY2006 (New/original classication)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/06-imcg-0321e.html
    Thallium(I) sulfate - FY2021 (Revised classification)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/21-moe-2167e.html
    Dithallium sulfate - FY2016 (Revised classification)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/16-mhlw-0088e.html
  23. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council
    LICENSE
    The copyright for the editorial content of this source, the summaries of EU legislation and the consolidated texts, which is owned by the EU, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence.
    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/legal-notice/legal-notice.html
    dithallium sulphate; thallic sulphate
    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2008/1272/oj
  24. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
  25. KEGG
    LICENSE
    Academic users may freely use the KEGG website. Non-academic use of KEGG generally requires a commercial license
    https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/legal.html
  26. SpectraBase
  27. Wikidata
  28. Wikipedia
  29. PubChem
  30. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
    LICENSE
    Works produced by the U.S. government are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any such works found on National Library of Medicine (NLM) Web sites may be freely used or reproduced without permission in the U.S.
    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
  31. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  32. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
    LICENSE
    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  33. EPA Substance Registry Services
  34. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
CONTENTS