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Nickel Oxide

PubChem CID
14805
Structure
Nickel Oxide_small.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • Nickel(II) oxide
  • 1313-99-1
  • NICKEL OXIDE
  • oxonickel
  • Nickelous oxide
Molecular Weight
74.693 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-08-08
  • Modify:
    2025-01-18
Description
Nickel Oxide can cause cancer according to California Labor Code.
Nickel oxide appears as odorless green-black cubic crystals (yellow when hot) or green powder. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Nickel Monoxide is a green to black colored, inorganic compound that turns yellow and produces toxic gases upon heating. Nickel monoxide is used in the electronics, ceramics, steel and alloy industries. Exposure to this substance can cause severe dermatitis, skin and asthma-like allergies and damages the lungs, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract and neurological system. Nickel monoxide is a known carcinogen and is associated with an increased risk of developing lung and nasal cancers. (NCI05)

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Nickel Oxide.png

1.2 3D Status

Conformer generation is disallowed since MMFF94s unsupported element

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

oxonickel
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/Ni.O
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

O=[Ni]
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

NiO
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

1314-06-3
1313-99-1
11099-02-8

2.3.2 Deprecated CAS

185461-96-5, 203645-17-4, 2214286-18-5, 2566882-23-1, 2644645-41-8, 2706615-06-5, 339311-41-0
164144-91-6, 203212-67-3, 34875-54-2

2.3.3 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.4 UN Number

2.3.5 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.6 ICSC Number

2.3.7 NCI Thesaurus Code

2.3.8 Wikidata

2.3.9 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

  • nickel monoxide
  • nickel oxide
  • nickel(II)oxide

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
74.693 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
73.930256 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
73.930256 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
17.1 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
2
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
2
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Nickel oxide appears as odorless green-black cubic crystals (yellow when hot) or green powder. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Dry Powder
Dry Powder, Pellets or Large Crystals; Pellets or Large Crystals; Dry Powder, Other Solid; Other Solid; Dry Powder
Green solid, insoluble in water; [Merck Index]
Gray-black solid, soluble in water; [Merck Index] Insoluble in water; [Hawley]
Black powder; Insoluble in water; [BDH Laboratory Supplies MSDS]
GREEN-TO-BLACK CRYSTALLINE POWDER.

3.2.2 Color / Form

Green powder
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1117
Greenish-black cubic crystals
Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999., p. 4-73
Yellow when hot
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1117

3.2.3 Melting Point

3603 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
1955 °C
Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999., p. 4-73

3.2.4 Solubility

less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
0.11 MG/100 ML @ 20 °C
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V11 79 (1976)
SOL IN ACIDS; AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE
Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 68th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1987-1988., p. B-110
Insol in caustic solutions
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 788
SOL IN POTASSIUM CYANIDE
Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 2161
Insoluble in water; soluble in acids
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1117
Solubility in water, mg/l at 20 °C: 1.1 (practically insoluble)

3.2.5 Density

6.67 (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
6.72
Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999., p. 4-73
6.7 g/cm³

3.2.6 Vapor Pressure

0 mmHg at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

3.2.7 Decomposition

Toxic gases and vapors (such as nickel carbonyl) may be released ... in the decomp of nickel cmpd. /Nickel & sol nickel cmpd/
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3

3.2.8 Refractive Index

INDEX OF REFRACTION: 2.1818 (RED)
Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 68th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1987-1988., p. B-110

3.2.9 Other Experimental Properties

Absorbs oxygen @ 400 °C forming nickelic oxide which is reduced to nickel oxide @ 600 °C
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 788
Reacts with acids to form nickel salts & soaps.
Kuney, J.H. and J.N. Nullican (eds.) Chemcyclopedia. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1988., p. 198

3.3 SpringerMaterials Properties

3.4 Chemical Classes

Metals -> Nickel Compounds, Inorganic

5 Chemical Vendors

6 Minerals

1 of 3
Formula
NiO
System
Cubic
2 of 3
Name
bunsenite
Link
3 of 3
Formula
Ni2+O or NiO
IMA Symbol
Bse

7 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

7.1 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Ten days after the inhalation of a nickel oxide aerosol, ... 80% of the deposited dose was still retained in the lung of hamsters.
Friberg, L., Nordberg, G.F., Kessler, E. and Vouk, V.B. (eds). Handbook of the Toxicology of Metals. 2nd ed. Vols I, II.: Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1986., p. V2 467
Wistar male rats were exposed to green nickel oxide aerosols (mass media aerodynamic diameter, 0.6 um) for 7 hr/day, 5 days/wk for less than or equal to 12 mo. The avg exposure concn was controlled at 0.3 mg/cu m and 1.2 mg/cu m. Rats were sacrificed following a 3-6 or 12 mo exposure. There were no differences in body wt gain between exposure groups and controls. Lung wt in exposed rats were heavier than those in the control groups. Nickel concn in lung of exposure groups were much higher than those of controls. The nickel concn in liver, kidney, spleen, and blood increased slightly with increased exposure times. The nickel content in lung during the 12 mo exposure was estimated theoretically. The estimated values agreed with the experimental data.
Tanaka I et al; Biol Trace Elem Res 9 (3): 187-95 (1986)
SIGNIFICANT UPTAKE & ACCUM OCCURRED IN 20, 40, & 80 MG NI/L IN 96 HR EXPT. MUSSELS SECRETED BYSSAL THREADS IN CONCN OF 20 MG NI/L, BUT NOT IN HIGHER CONCN.
FRIEDRICH AR ET AL; BULL ENVIRON CONTAM TOXICOL 16 (6): 750 (1976)
AFTER ACUTE OR CHRONIC EXPOSURE OF RATS ... BY INHALATION, INCR IN NI OCCUR PREDOMINANTLY IN MICROSOMAL & SUPERNATANT FRACTIONS OF LUNG & LIVER. AFTER CHRONIC EXPOSURE, INCR AMT OF NI ARE ALSO OBSERVED IN NUCLEAR & MITOCHONDRIAL FRACTION OF THE LUNG.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V11 100 (1976)
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for NICKEL OXIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

7.2 Metabolism / Metabolites

Nickel is absorbed mainly through the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Once in the body it enters the bloodstream, where it binds to albumin, L-histidine, and _2-macroglobulin. Nickel tends to accumulate in the lungs, thyroid, kidney, heart, and liver. Absorbed nickel is excreted in the urine, wherease unabsorbed nickel is excreted in the faeces. (L41)
L41: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp15.html
L41: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp15.html

7.3 Biological Half-Life

Male rats were exposed to nickel oxide (NiO) aerosols (mass median aerodynamic diameter, 1.2 and 4.0 um). The average exposure concn was controlled from a low level of 0.6 mg/cu m to a high level of 70 mg/cu m and total exposure time was 140 hr. Some rats were sacrificed just after the exposure, whereas others were exposed for 1 mo and kept for 12 and 20 mo clearance periods before sacrifice. There were no differences in body wt grain between NiO exposure groups and controls. Nickel concn in lung of exposure groups were much higher than those of controls and decreased with increased clearance time. No apparent deposition of nickel was observed in the liver, kidney, spleen, and blood immediately after the exposure, but in the high exposure groups, nickel concn in the liver, spleen, and blood increased slightly with increasing clearance time. The biological half-time of NiO deposited in the lung, assuming that the amt of the clearance is proportional to the amt of the NiO deposited, was 11.5 and 21 mo for 1.2 and 4.0 um, respectively.
Tanaka I et al; Biol Trace Elem Res 8 (3): 203-10 (1985)
... Half-life for the clearance of nickel /oxide/ from the deep tract /of the lungs/ of 36 days. The half-life for clearance from the tracheobronchiolar compartment was less than 1 day.
WHO; Environ Health Criteria 108: Nickel p.106 (1991)

7.4 Mechanism of Action

Carcinogenic nickel compounds are known to induce promutagenic DNA lesions such as DNA strand breaks and DNA adducts in cultured mammalian cells. In standard mutation assays, in contrast, they were found to be either inactive or weakly active. In our in vitro mutation studies in a lacI transgenic embryonic fibroblast cell line, nickel subsulfide (Ni3S2) increased mutation frequency up to 4. 5-fold. We subsequently applied the comet assay and transgenic rodent mutation assays to investigate the DNA damaging effect and mutagenic potential of nickel subsulfide in target cells of carcinogenesis. A 2-h in vitro treatment of freshly isolated mouse nasal mucosa and lung cells with nickel subsulfide clearly induced DNA fragmentation in a concentration dependent manner. The strong effect was not seen in the same cell types following inhalative treatment of mice and rats, leading only in the mouse nasal mucosa to high DNA damage. When the same inhalative treatment was applied to lacZ and lacI transgenic mice and rats, the spontaneous mutation frequency of these target genes in the respiratory tissues was not increased. These results support a recently proposed non-genotoxic model of nickel carcinogenesis, which acts through gene silencing via DNA methylation and chromatin condensation. This model may also explain our in vitro mutation data in the lacI transgenic cell line, in which nickel subsulfide increased mutation frequency, but in about one-third of the mutants, molecular analysis did not reveal any DNA sequence change in the coding region of the lacI gene despite of the phenotypic loss of its function.
Mayer C et al; Mutat Res 420 (1-3): 85-98 (1998)

8 Use and Manufacturing

8.1 Uses

Sources/Uses
Used in painting porcelain, electroplating, and glass coloring; Also used to make fuel cell electrodes, ferrites (e.g. NiOFe2O3), nickel salts, nickel catalysts, varistors, and propellant for automotive air bags; [HSDB] Found in the mineral bunsenite; Used in porcelain paint; [Merck Index]
Merck Index - O'Neil MJ, Heckelman PE, Dobbelaar PH, Roman KJ (eds). The Merck Index, An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, 15th Ed. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013.
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure

Electroplating [Category: Plate]

Semiconductor Manufacturing [Category: Industry]

Painting (Pigments, Binders, and Biocides) [Category: Paint]

Mining [Category: Industry]

Glass Manufacturing [Category: Industry]

Sources/Uses
Used in storage batteries; [Hawley]
Hawley - Lewis RJ. _Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, _15th Ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure
Battery Manufacturing [Category: Industry]
Painting on porcelain
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1117
In fuel cell electrodes
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 788
Miscellaneous applications of nickel oxide include its use in: (a) the manufacture of ferrites (eg NiOFe2O3) which find use in the electronics field because of their magnetic properties; (b) the manufacture of nickel salts (eg chloride, nitrate, and sulfate) which can be used to make refined nickel oxide; (c) the production of active nickel catalysts; (d) electroplating and (e) coloring and decolorizing glass.
NTP; Chemical Selection Working Group Profile: Nickel Oxide p.2 (1979)
Secondary (rechargeable) cells with zinc anodes ... are alkaline zinc, nickel oxide, and zinc chloride.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. 24(84) 807-51
For more Uses (Complete) data for NICKEL OXIDE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Nickel oxide is used in the production of alloys. It is also used in the ceramic industry to make frits, ferrites, and porcelain glazes, and is a component of the nickel-iron battery and fuel cells. (L46)
L46: Wikipedia. Nickel(II) oxide. Last Updated 12 March 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel(II)_oxide

8.1.1 Use Classification

Hazard Classes and Categories -> Carcinogens

8.1.2 Industry Uses

Other (specify)
  • Other (specify)
  • Intermediate
  • Sealant (barrier)
  • Adsorbents and absorbents
  • Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
  • Intermediates
  • Filler
  • Process regulators
  • Catalyst
  • Adsorbent
  • Chemical reaction regulator
Plating agents and surface treating agents

8.1.3 Consumer Uses

Other (specify)
  • Other (specify)
  • Fillers
  • Catalyst
  • Process regulators
  • Filler
Plating agents and surface treating agents

8.2 Methods of Manufacturing

ROASTING OF REFINED NICKEL ORES
SRI
By heating nickel above 400 °C in presence of oxygen.
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 788
Green nickel oxide is prepared by firing a mixture of water and pure nickel powder in air at 1000 °C or by firing a mixture of high purity nickel powder, nickel oxide, and water in air. The latter provides a more rapid reaction than the former method. Single whiskers of green nickel oxide have been made by the closed-tube transport method from oxide powder formed by the decomposition of nickel sulfate using hydrochloric acid as the transport gas. Green nickel oxide also is formed by thermal decomposition of nickel carbonate or nickel nitrate at 1000 °C. /Green nickel oxide/
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V17 18
Black nickel oxide /is made by/ the calcination of /nickel/ carbonate and nitrate at 600 °C. /Black nickel oxide/
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V17 18

8.3 Impurities

Typical impurities, present at levels of 1% or less, include cobalt, copper, iron, and sulfur.
NTP; Chemical Selection Working Group Profile: Nickel Oxide p.1 (1979)

8.4 Formulations / Preparations

A commercial grade of nickel oxide powder contains 78% minimum nickel plus cobalt while nickel oxide sinters (partially reduced commercial forms) are available in grades containing 75%, 77%, and 96% nickel.
NTP; Chemical Selection Working Group Profile: Nickel Oxide p.1 (1979)
Plasma spray grade; -100 mesh; -150, +325 mesh; -325 mesh, 99 & 99.995% purity grades; high-purity grades; powder grade
Kuney, J.H. and J.N. Nullican (eds.) Chemcyclopedia. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1988., p. 198

8.5 Consumption Patterns

(EXCLUDING SINTERS) 72% IS USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF NICKEL SULFATE; 13% FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CATALYSTS; 15% FOR ENAMEL FRITS AND ELECTRONIC DEVICES (1970)
SRI
In 1976, the USA consumption pattern for nickel oxide (representing 2.0x10+10 g contained nickel) is estimated to have been as follows: 60% for stainless and heat resisting steels, 27% for other steel alloys, 8% for other nickel alloys, 2% for cast irons, and 3% for other uses.
NTP; Chemical Selection Working Group Profile: Nickel Oxide p.2 (1979)
(1975) 1.35X10+10 GRAMS (CONSUMPTION)
SRI

8.6 U.S. Production

Aggregated Product Volume

2019: 915,263 lb

2018: 606,281 lb

2017: 142,998 lb

2016: 344,546 lb

Aggregated Product Volume

2019: 10,000,000 - <50,000,000 lb

2018: 10,000,000 - <50,000,000 lb

2017: 10,000,000 - <50,000,000 lb

2016: 10,000,000 - <50,000,000 lb

Aggregated Product Volume

2019: <1,000,000 lb

2018: 264,480 lb

2017: <1,000,000 lb

2016: <1,000,000 lb

(1970) LESS THAN 4.54X10+8 GRAMS
SRI

8.7 U.S. Imports

(1972) 5.41X10+9 GRAMS
SRI
USA IMPORTS OF NICKEL OXIDE IN 1973 (MOSTLY FROM CANADA) WERE 5.84 MILLION KG.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V11 84 (1976)
(1975) 4.02X10+9 GRAMS (GROSS WT)
SRI
(1974) 5.8x10+9 grams
NTP; Chemical Selection Working Group Profile: Nickel Oxide p.1 (1979)
For more U.S. Imports (Complete) data for NICKEL OXIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

8.8 General Manufacturing Information

Industry Processing Sectors
All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
Industry Processing Sectors
  • Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing
  • All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing
  • Transportation Equipment Manufacturing
  • All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
  • Electrical Equipment, Appliance, and Component Manufacturing
  • Petroleum Refineries
  • Other (requires additional information)
  • Industrial Gas Manufacturing
  • Miscellaneous Manufacturing
  • Services
  • All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
  • Primary Metal Manufacturing
  • Petrochemical Manufacturing
  • Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
  • Non-metallic Mineral Product Manufacturing (includes clay, glass, cement, concrete, lime, gypsum, and other non-metallic mineral product manufacturing)
Industry Processing Sectors
Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Nickel oxide (NiO): ACTIVE
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Nickel oxide (Ni2O3): ACTIVE
CANADA IS THE LARGEST SINGLE PRODUCING COUNTRY. IN 1972, PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE OF CANADIAN EXPORTS OF NICKEL OXIDE WERE 33 MILLION KG.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V11 84 (1976)
TWO PARTIALLY REDUCED NICKEL OXIDE PRODUCTS, KNOWN AS 'NICKEL OXIDE SINTERS' ARE PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY ON A LARGE SCALE; ONE CONTAINS 75% NICKEL & THE OTHER, 90% AVAIL DATA ON NICKEL OXIDE PRODUCTS FREQUENTLY COMBINE INFORMATION ON NICKEL OXIDE POWDER & NICKEL OXIDE SINTERS.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V11 84 (1976)
Theoretical content of nickel oxide is 78.6% nickel and 21.4% oxygen.
NTP; Chemical Selection Working Group Profile: Nickel Oxide p.1 (1979)

9 Identification

9.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

NIOSH Method 7300. Determination of Elements by Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 4th ed. Methods A-Z & Supplements. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Aug 1994.

10 Safety and Hazards

10.1 Hazards Identification

10.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 13
View All
Pictogram(s)
Irritant
Health Hazard
Signal
Danger
GHS Hazard Statements

H317 (100%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H350 (35.1%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H350i (64.9%): May cause cancer by inhalation [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H372 (94.8%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H413 (100%): May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P203, P260, P261, P264, P270, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P318, P319, P321, P333+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 134 reports by companies from 5 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

10.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Skin Sens. 1 (100%)

Carc. 1A (35.1%)

Carc. 1A (64.9%)

STOT RE 1 (94.8%)

Aquatic Chronic 4 (100%)

Skin Sens. 1 (100%)

Acute Tox. 4 (13.1%)

Resp. Sens. 1 (17%)

Carc. 1A (68.7%)

Carc. 1A (31.3%)

Repr. 1B (16.3%)

STOT RE 1 (99.7%)

Aquatic Chronic 2 (19.5%)

Aquatic Chronic 4 (80.5%)

10.1.3 Health Hazards

SYMPTOMS: Exposure to this compound can result in "nickel itch", which includes skin sensitization and itching dermatitis. It may cause intestinal disorders. It may also cause irritation to the eyes, skin and upper respiratory tract. It may cause conjunctivitis. Other symptoms include asthma, epiphora and pulmonary fibrosis. Chronic exposure to this compound may result in lung and nasal cancer. It may also cause sinus and laryngeal cancer.

ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: This chemical is an irritant of the skin, eyes and upper respiratory tract. When heated to decomposition it may emit toxic fumes and metal oxides. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

10.1.4 Fire Hazards

Flash point data for this chemical are not available. It is probably combustible. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Not combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

10.1.5 Hazards Summary

May cause skin sensitization and asthma after prolonged contact; [ICSC] Danger of skin and airway sensitization; [MAK] Chronic inhalation exposures to nickel sulfides and nickel oxides were carcinogenic in the nickel refining industry. [IARC] See Nickel oxide. See Nickel and linked occupational diseases.
May cause skin sensitization; [ESIS] Danger of skin and airway sensitization; [MAK] See Nickel and linked occupational diseases.
Chronic inhalation exposures to nickel sulfides and nickel oxides were carcinogenic in the nickel refining industry; [IARC] An eye irritant; [BDH Laboratory Supplies MSDS] See Nickel and linked occupational diseases. See Nickel(II) oxide.

10.2 Safety and Hazard Properties

10.2.1 OSHA Standards

Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 0.1 mg/cu m is still enforced in some states. /Nickel soluble compounds, as Ni/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 368
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 1 mg/cu m. /Nickel, metal and insoluble cmpd, as Ni/
29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/99)

10.2.2 NIOSH Recommendations

NIOSH considers nickel metal and other compounds (as Ni) to be a potential occupational carcinogen. /Nickel metal and other compounds (as Ni)/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 224
NIOSH usually recommends that occupational exposures to carcinogens be limited to the lowest feasible concentration. /Nickel metal and other compounds (as Ni)/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 224
Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr TWA 0.015 mg/cu m. /Nickel metal and other compounds (as Ni)/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 224

10.3 First Aid Measures

Inhalation First Aid
Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.
Skin First Aid
Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.
Eye First Aid
First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.
Ingestion First Aid
Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

10.3.1 First Aid

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: Some heavy metals are VERY TOXIC POISONS, especially if their salts are very soluble in water (e.g., lead, chromium, mercury, bismuth, osmium, and arsenic). IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. Also locate Ipecac syrup or a glass of salt water in case the medical advisor recommends inducing vomiting. Usually, this is NOT RECOMMENDED outside of a physician's care. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

10.4 Fire Fighting

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. A water spray may also be used. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

10.5 Accidental Release Measures

10.5.1 Isolation and Evacuation

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

10.5.2 Spillage Disposal

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

10.5.3 Cleanup Methods

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 15

10.5.4 Disposal Methods

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 14
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 15
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arrestor) filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator. ... LIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal should be carried out by incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their metabolites. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 15
For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for NICKEL OXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.5.5 Preventive Measures

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... operations connected with synth & purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological safety cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ... provided that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at the face opening of the cabinet, & contaminated air plenums that are under positive pressure are leak-tight. Horizontal laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area towards the operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or fume cupboard to be used ... should be tested before work is begun (eg, with fume bomb) & label fixed to it, giving date of test & avg air-flow measured. This test should be repeated periodically & after any structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 9
For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for NICKEL OXIDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.6 Handling and Storage

10.6.1 Nonfire Spill Response

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, dampen the solid spill material with 5% ammonium hydroxide, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 5% ammonium hydroxide to pick up any remaining material. Your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with 5% ammonium hydroxide followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should protect this material from exposure to light, and store it under ambient temperatures. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

10.6.2 Safe Storage

Store only in original packaging. Separated from food and feedstuffs, halogens and strong oxidants. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

10.6.3 Storage Conditions

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13

10.7 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

10.7.1 Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)

1.0 [mg/m3], as Ni

10.7.2 Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)

10 mg Ni/m3 ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)
10.0 [mg/m3], as Ni
NIOSH considers nickel metal and other compounds (as Ni) to be a potential occupational carcinogen. /Nickel metal and other compounds (as Ni)/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 224

10.7.3 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)

0.2 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction, as Ni
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 0.2 mg/cu m, inhalable fraction. /Nickel, Insoluble inorganic compounds (NOS), as Ni/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 43
Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Nickel, Insoluble inorganic compounds (NOS), as Ni/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 5
A1: Confirmed human carcinogen. /Nickel, Insoluble inorganic compounds (NOS), as Ni/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 43
(as Ni, inhalable fraction): 0.2 mg/m

10.7.4 Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL)

MAK (Maximale Arbeitsplatz Konzentration)
(inhalable fraction): sensitization of respiratory tract and skin (SAH); carcinogen category: 1

10.7.5 Other Standards Regulations and Guidelines

Max allowable concn (MAC) USSR 0.5 mg/cu m /Nickel, nickel oxide and nickel sulfides as dust/
International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 1438
Max allowable concn (MAX) USSR 0.005 mg/cu m as Ni /Nickel salts and aerosols/
International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 1438

10.7.6 Inhalation Risk

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly when dispersed.

10.7.7 Effects of Short Term Exposure

The substance may be irritating to the eyes, respiratory tract and skin.

10.7.8 Effects of Long Term Exposure

Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. Repeated or prolonged inhalation may cause asthma. The substance may have effects on the lungs and nasal mucous membrane. This substance is carcinogenic to humans if inhaled.

10.7.9 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to your gloves.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... dispensers of liq detergent /should be available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8

10.7.10 Preventions

Exposure Prevention
AVOID ALL CONTACT!
Inhalation Prevention
Use closed system or ventilation (not if powder).
Skin Prevention
Protective gloves. Protective clothing.
Eye Prevention
Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.
Ingestion Prevention
Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

10.8 Stability and Reactivity

10.8.1 Air and Water Reactions

Flammable and toxic as dust or fume. Insoluble in water.

10.8.2 Reactive Group

Salts, Basic

10.8.3 Reactivity Profile

NICKEL OXIDE may be light-sensitive. It should be thermally stable at temperatures up to 644 °F. This compound reacts violently with iodine, hydrogen sulfide and (BaO + air). It is incompatible with anilinium perchlorate and hydrogen peroxide. It incandesces in cold fluorine. (NTP, 1992).
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

10.8.4 Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities

REACTS VIOLENTLY WITH IODINE, HYDROGEN SULFIDE, (BARIUM OXIDE + AIR).
Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984., p. 1994
Nickel monoxide becomes incandescent in fluorine gas.
Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997., p. 491-87
The effect of metal oxides in sensitizing the thermal decomp and explosion of ... /anilinium perchlorate/ is in the order: manganese dioxide> copper oxide> nickel oxide.
Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990, p. 630
Mixtures of barium oxide with ... nickel oxide ... react vigorously with hydrogen sulfide in air and vivid incandescence or explosion may result.
Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997., p. 491-99
In the presence of air, contact with mixtures of calcium oxide ... with ... nickel oxide may cause vivid incandescence or explosion.
Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 3rd ed. Boston, MA: Butterworths, 1985., p. 1172

10.9 Transport Information

10.9.1 Shipment Methods and Regulations

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13

10.9.2 DOT Label

Poison

10.9.3 Packaging and Labelling

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

10.9.4 EC Classification

Symbol: T; R: 49-43-53; S: 53-45-61

10.10 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: Nickel oxide (Ni2O3)
The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: Nickel oxide, (NiO)
The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: Nickel oxide
California Safe Cosmetics Program (CSCP) Reportable Ingredient

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity

Authoritative List - EC Annex VI CMRs - Cat. 1A

Report - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredient

California Safe Cosmetics Program (CSCP) Reportable Ingredient

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity; Respiratory Toxicity

Authoritative List - EC Annex VI CMRs - Cat. 1A; OEHHA RELs; Prop 65

Report - regardless of intended function of ingredient in the product

REACH Registered Substance
REACH Restricted Substance

Restricted substance: Nickel monoxide

EC: 215-215-7

Restriction condition document: PDF link

REACH Restricted Substance

Restricted substance: Dinickel trioxide

EC: 215-217-8

Restriction condition document: PDF link

REACH Registered Substance
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Nickel (II) oxide: HSNO Approval: HSR004590 Approved with controls

10.10.1 Atmospheric Standards

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Nickel oxide is included on this list.
Clean Air Act as amended in 1990, Sect. 112 (b) (1) Public Law 101-549 Nov. 15, 1990

10.10.2 Federal Drinking Water Guidelines

EPA 100 ug/L /Nickel/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present

10.10.3 State Drinking Water Standards

(CA) CALIFORNIA 100 ug/L /Nickel/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(CT) CONNECTICUT 100 ug/L /Nickel/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(DE) DELAWARE 100 ug/L /Nickel/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(FL) FLORIDA 100 ug/L /Nickel/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(WI) WISCONSIN 100 ug/L /Nickel/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present

10.10.4 State Drinking Water Guidelines

(AZ) ARIZONA 150 ug/L /Nickel/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(MA) MASSACHUSETTS 100 ug/L /Nickel/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(ME) MAINE 140 ug/L /Nickel/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(MN) MINNESOTA 100 ug/L /Nickel/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present

10.10.5 Clean Water Act Requirements

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Nickel and compounds/
40 CFR 401.15 (7/1/99)

10.11 Other Safety Information

Chemical Assessment

IMAP assessments - Nickel oxide (Ni2O3): Human health tier I assessment

IMAP assessments - Nickel oxide (Ni2O3): Environment tier I assessment

Chemical Assessment
IMAP assessments - Nickel oxide: Human health tier II assessment

10.11.1 Toxic Combustion Products

Toxic gases and vapors (such as nickel carbonyl) may be released in a fire involving nickel ... /Nickel & sol nickel cmpd/
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3

10.11.2 Special Reports

NTP; Chemical Selection Working Group Profile: Nickel Oxide (1979)

11 Toxicity

11.1 Toxicological Information

11.1.1 Toxicity Summary

...Nickel oxide is insoluble in water. ... In polluted air one of the predominant nickel cmpd ... is nickel oxide(s). ... Nickel carbonyl is unstable in air & decomposes to form nickel oxide. ... Respiratory absorption with secondary GI absorption (insoluble & soluble cmpd) is a major route of entry during occupational exposure. A significant quantity of inhaled material is swallowed following mucocillary clearance from the respiratory tract. Poor personal hygiene *& work practices can contribute to GI exposure. Percutaneous absorption is negligible, quantitatively, but is important in the pathogenesis of contact hypersensitivity. Absorption is related to the solubility of the cmpd, following the general relationships nickel carbonyl> soluble nickel cmpd> insoluble nickel cmpd. ... Studies on hamsters & rats with insoluble nickel oxide showed poor absorption, with retention of much of the material in the lung after several weeks. ... Long term inhalation exposure to ... nickel oxide caused mucosal damage & inflammatory reaction in the respiratory tract of rats, mice & guinea pigs. Epithelial hyperplasia was observed in rats after inhalation exposure to aerosols of ... nickel oxide. High level long term exposure to nickel oxide led to gradually progressive pneumoconiosis in rats. ... Inhalation exposure to black nickel oxide did not induce lung tumors in Syrian golden hamsters (a species resistant to lung carcinogenesis). ... Unidentified /nickel/ oxide preparations ... induced local mesenchymal tumors in a variety of experimental animals after im, sc, ip, intrapleural, intraocular, intraosseous, intrarenal, intra-articular, intratesticular, or intra-adipose admin. No local carcinogenic response was seen in single dose studies ... with two specimens of nickel oxide, especially prepared for carcinogenicity testing ... . ... In studies using repeated intratracheal instillation, ... nickel oxide caused pulmonary tumors. ... Nickel oxide was present in almost all circumstances in which cancer risks were elevated, together with one or more other forms of nickel (nickel subsulfide, soluble nickel, metallic nickel).
WHO; Environ Health Criteria 108: Nickel p.17-22 (1991)
Nickel is known to substitute for other essential elements in certain enzmes, such as calcineurin. It is genotoxic, and some nickel compounds have been shown to promote cell proliferation. Nickel has a high affinity for chromatin proteins, particularly histones and protamines. The complexing of nickel ions with heterochromatin results in a number of alterations including condensation, DNA hypermethylation, gene silencing, and inhibition of histone acetylation, which have been shown to disturb gene expression. Nickel has also been shown to alter several transcription factors, including hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, activating transcription factor, and NF-KB transcription factor. There is also evidence that nickel ions inhibit DNA repair, either by directly inhibiting DNA repair enzymes or competing with zinc ions for binding to zinc-finger DNA binding proteins, resulting in structural changes in DNA that prevent repair enzymes from binding. Nickel ions can also complex with a number of cellular ligands including amino acids, peptides, and proteins resulting in the generation of oxygen radicals, which induce base damage, DNA strand breaks, and DNA protein crosslinks. (L41, A40)
A40: King MM, Huang CY: Activation of calcineurin by nickel ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Aug 12;114(3):955-61. PMID:6311199
L41: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp15.html
A40: King MM, Huang CY: Activation of calcineurin by nickel ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Aug 12;114(3):955-61. PMID:6311199
L41: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp15.html

11.1.2 RAIS Toxicity Values

Inhalation Unit Risk (IUR) (ug/m^3)^-1
0.00026
Inhalation Unit Risk Reference
CALEPA
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
0.0002
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration Reference
CALEPA
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
2e-05
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration Reference
CALEPA
Oral Chronic Reference Dose (RfDoc) (mg/kg-day)
0.011
Oral Chronic Reference Dose Reference
CALEPA

11.1.3 Evidence for Carcinogenicity

CLASSIFICATION: A; human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Human data in which exposure to nickel refinery dust caused lung and nasal tumors in sulfide nickel matte refinery workers in several epidemiologic studies in different countries and on animal data in which carcinomas were produced in rats by inhalation and injection. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient. /Nickel refinery dust/
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) on Nickel refinery dust (NO CAS RN) from the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET System, March 1, 1995
A1: Confirmed human carcinogen. /Nickel, Insoluble inorganic compounds (NOS), as Ni/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 43
Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of nickel sulfate, and of the combinations of nickel sulfides and oxides encountered in the nickel refining industry. There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of metallic nickel and nickel alloys. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of metallic nickel, nickel monoxides, nickel hydroxides and crystalline nickel sulfides. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of nickel alloys, nickelocene, nickel carbonyl, nickel salts, nickel arsenides, nickel antimonide, nickel selenides and nickel telluride. There is inadequate evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of nickel trioxide, amorphous nickel sulfide and nickel titanate. The Working Group made the overall evaluation on nickel compounds as a group on the basis of the combined results of epidemiological studies, carcinogenicity studies in experimental animals, and several types of other relevant data, supported by the underlying concept that nickel compounds can generate nickel ions at critical sites in their target cells. Overall evaluation: Nickel compounds are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). Metallic nickel is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). /Nickel compounds/
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V49 410 (1990)

11.1.4 Carcinogen Classification

1 of 3
NTP Technical Report
TR-451: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Nickel Oxide (CASRN 1313-99-1) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies) (1996 )
Peer Review Date
Conclusion for Male Rat
Some Evidence Some Evidence
Conclusion for Female Rat
Some Evidence Some Evidence
Conclusion for Male Mice
No Evidence No Evidence
Conclusion for Female Mice
Equivocal Evidence Equivocal Evidence
Summary

Under the conditions of these 2-year inhalation studies, there was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of nickel oxide in male F344/N rats based on increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma (combined) and increased incidences of benign or malignant pheochromocytoma (combined) of the adrenal medulla. There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of nickel oxide in female F344/N rats based on increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma (combined) and increased incidences of benign pheochromocytoma of the adrenal medulla. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of nickel oxide in male B6C3F1 mice exposed to 1.25, 2.5, or 5 mg/m3. There was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of nickel oxide in female B6C3F1 mice based on marginally increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma in 2.5 mg/m3 females and of alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma (combined) in 1.25 mg/m3 females.

Exposure of rats to nickel oxide by inhalation for 2 years resulted in inflammation and pigmentation in the lung, lymphoid hyperplasia and pigmentation in the bronchial lymph nodes, and hyperplasia of the adrenal medulla (females). Exposure of mice to nickel oxide by inhalation for 2 years resulted in bronchialization, proteinosis, inflammation, and pigmentation in the lung and lymphoid hyperplasia and pigmentation in the bronchial lymph nodes.

2 of 3
Carcinogen Classification
1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)
3 of 3
Carcinogen Classification
1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

11.1.5 Health Effects

The most common harmful health effect of nickel in humans is an allergic reaction. This usually manifests as a skin rash, although some people experience asthma attacks. Long term inhahation of nickel causes chronic bronchitis and reduced lung function, as well as damage to the naval cavity. Ingestion of excess nickel results in damage to the stomach, blood, liver, kidneys, and immune system, as well as having adverse effects on reproduction and development. (L41)
L41: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp15.html
L41: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp15.html

11.1.6 Exposure Routes

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.
Inhalation (L41) ; oral (L41) ; dermal (L41)
L41: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp15.html
Oral (L41) ; inhalation (L41) ; dermal (L41)
L41: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp15.html

11.1.7 Symptoms

Inhalation Exposure
Cough.
Skin Exposure
Redness. Pain.
Eye Exposure
Redness.
Symptoms of nickel poisoning include headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, irritability, and difficulty sleeping, followed by chest pains, sweating, rapid heart beat, and a dry cough. (L42)
L42: Redmond JC (2008). Nickel Poisoning. LoveToKnow. http://safety.lovetoknow.com/Nickel_Poisoning
L42: Redmond JC (2008). Nickel Poisoning. LoveToKnow. http://safety.lovetoknow.com/Nickel_Poisoning

11.1.8 Adverse Effects

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

Asthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 1: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as established human carcinogens.

NTP Carcinogen - Known to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Human.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

Asthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 1: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as established human carcinogens.

NTP Carcinogen - Known to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

11.1.9 Acute Effects

11.1.10 Toxicity Data

LD50: 50 mg/kg (Subcutaneous, Mouse)

11.1.11 Minimum Risk Level

Intermediate Inhalation: 0.0002 mg/m3 (L134) Chronic Inhalation: 0.00009 mg/m3 (L134)
L134: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2001). Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for Hazardous Substances. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls/
L134: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2001). Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for Hazardous Substances. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls/

11.1.12 Treatment

Excess exposure to nickel is usually handled by preventing further exposure and symptomatic treatment. Nickel poisoning may also be treated using chelation therapy with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. (L42)
L42: Redmond JC (2008). Nickel Poisoning. LoveToKnow. http://safety.lovetoknow.com/Nickel_Poisoning
L42: Redmond JC (2008). Nickel Poisoning. LoveToKnow. http://safety.lovetoknow.com/Nickel_Poisoning

11.1.13 Interactions

The effects of carcinogenic nickel compounds on natural killer cell function were studied in rats. The protective effects of manganese were also investigated. Male WAG-rats were injected intramuscularly with 20 mg metallic nickel powder, 5 mg nickel subsulfide, 20 mg nickel oxide, and 0 or 20 mg mananese with or without rat fibroblast interferon. Rats given nickel subsulfide had a tumor incidence of 2 percent, whereas 46.7 percent of the rats given nickel powder developed tumors. All tumors developed at the injection site. More than 70 percent of the tumor bearing rats died with lung or lymph node metastases within 3 months after the primary tumors were detected. Interferon had little effect on tumor incidence or time to tumor development. Nickel oxide did not induce any tumors. Manganese protected against tumor induction. Only 20 percent of rats given nickel powder plus manganese developed tumors. Rats that developed tumors showed persistent decreases in natural killer cell activity. The lower the natural killer cell activity, the earlier the tumors developed. Manganese almost completely prevented the decrease in PBMC natural killer cell activity when given along with powdered nickel.
Judde JG et al; J Nat Cancer Inst 78 (6): 1185-90 (1987)

11.1.14 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilation if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 t0 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . /Nickel and related compounds/
Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 371-2
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors for hypotension with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Nickel and related compounds/
Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 372

11.1.15 Medical Surveillance

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... in relation specifically to cancer hazards, there are at present no health monitoring methods that may ensure the early detection of preneoplastic lesions or lesions which may preclude them. Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning additional tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 23
Biological monitoring and hygienic monitoring complement each other in assessing occupational exposure to nickel. Biological monitoring is mainly directed to following the exposure of individual workers. In order to estimate exposure from data on biological monitoring, the exposing agent, ie, the chemical species of nickel involved must be known. Comparisons between exposures are most reliable when made under similar exposure conditions. In particular, when urine is monitored, contamination of the sample from the dust in the air, workers' clothes, and hands, is a major porblem. The sampling time must be standardized. At present, no clear cut preference can be given to plasma rather than urine or vice versa. With the exception of nickel carbonyl poisoning, no health risk estimation can be performed based on the results of biological monitoring.
Aitio A; IARC Sci Publ 53: 497-505 (1984)

11.1.16 Human Toxicity Excerpts

... SERIOUS HEALTH PROBLEMS OF SINUS & LUNG CANCER WERE FOUND TO BE ASSOC WITH EXPOSURE TO HIGH LEVELS OF DUST & FUMES GENERATED DURING HIGH TEMP CALCINATION OR SINTERING OF IMPURE NICKEL SULFIDE TO NICKEL OXIDE.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986., p. 425
Chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges were analyzed in the peripheral lymphocytes of nine retired nickel refinery workers 4-15 years after retirement and were compared with 11 matched non-nickel exposed controls. None of the controls had previous occupations with known relation to the induction of chromosomal aberrations or sister chromatid exchanges. The groups were equal as to socioeconomic status and environmental factors other than the occupational ones. The nickel workers' previous occupational employment involved exposure to inhalation of furnace dust of ... nickel oxide. ... The concentration of nickel in the working atmospheres has been higher than 1.0 mg/cu m air and the exposure time more than 25 years. The retired nickel workers showed an increased incidence of breaks (p< 0.001) and gaps (p< 0.05) but no difference in the incidence of sister chromatid exchanges when compared with the controls.
Waksvik H et al; Carcinogenesis 5 (11): 1525-7 (1984)
INTOXICATION FOLLOWING INHALATION OF NICKEL CMPD VARIES ACCORDING TO THE NATURE OF THE CMPD; NICKEL CARBONYL IS THE MOST TOXIC, WHILE DUSTS OF NICKEL OXIDE, CHLORIDE, & SULFATE ARE LESS TOXIC.
Venugopal, B. and T.D. Luckey. Metal Toxicity in Mammals, 2. New York: Plenum Press, 1978., p. 295
Carcinogenic hazards in nickel refineries have been associated primarily with exposures to nickel cmpd with low aq solubilities, such as nickel subsulfide and nickel oxide.
Seiler, H.G., H. Sigel and A. Sigel (eds.). Handbook on the Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1988., p. 454
For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for NICKEL OXIDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.1.17 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

/25 MALE & FEMALE HAMSTERS GIVEN 30 WEEKLY INTRATRACHEAL INJECTIONS OF 0.2 ML OF SUSPENSION OF 2 G OF NIO/. ... A CONTROL GROUP ... /SUBSTITUTED/ CARBON DUST FOR NICKEL OXIDE. ONLY 1 TUMOR OF RESP TRACT DEVELOPED IN NICKEL OXIDE TREATED HAMSTERS, COMPARED WITH 4 ... IN CHARCOAL TREATED HAMSTERS; ONLY 3 ... IN EACH GROUP SURVIVED 12 OR MORE MO ... (FARRELL & DAVIS, 1974).
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V11 89 (1976)
/SINGLE 5 MG DOSES INJECTED INTO THIGH MUSCLES OF SWISS OR C3H MICE/. % OF SITES WITH SARCOMAS ... 35% IN SWISS ... & 23% IN C3H MICE. /NONE/ ... INDUCED IN SWISS MICE SIMILARLY TREATED WITH COBALT OXIDE; NO UNTREATED CONTROLS USED.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V11 91 (1976)
/20 MG NIO INJECTED IM INTO ONE OR BOTH THIGHS OF WISTAR RATS RESULTED IN/ ... 26 LOCAL TUMORS; THE MEAN LATENT /PERIOD/ OF TUMOR INDUCTION ... 302 DAYS ... /THIS IS PROBABLY RESULT OF SOLID STATE CARCINOGENESIS & NOT SPECIFIC EFFECT OF NICKEL OXIDE/.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V11 91 (1976)
... 5 RHABDOMYOSARCOMAS & 16 FIBROSARCOMAS WERE SEEN IN 50 SWISS MICE ... /GIVEN A SINGLE IM IMPLANT OF 5 MG NICKEL OXIDE/. NO CONTROLS WERE USED. /THIS IS PROBABLY RESULT OF SOLID-STATE CARCINOGENESIS & NOT SPECIFIC EFFECT OF NICKEL OXIDE/
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V11 98 (1976)
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for NICKEL OXIDE (28 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.1.18 Ongoing Test Status

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=1313-99-1]

11.1.19 National Toxicology Program Studies

... Male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice were exposed to nickel oxide (high temperature, green nickel oxide, mass median diameter 2.2 +/- 2.6 um; at least 99% pure) by inhalation for ... 2 yr. ... 2 YEAR STUDY IN RATS: ... Groups of 65 male and 65 female F344/N rats were exposed to 0, 0.62, 1.25, or 2.5 mg nickel oxide/cu m (equivalent to 0, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg nickel/cu m) by inhalation for 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk for 104 wk. ... 2 YEAR STUDY IN MICE: ... Groups of 74 to 79 B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 0, 1.25, 2.5, or 5 mg nickel oxide/cu m by inhalation for 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk for 104 wk. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of these 2 year inhalation studies, there was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of nickel oxide in male F344/N rats based on increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma (combined) and increased incidences of benign or malignant pheochromocytoma (combined) of the adrenal medulla. There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of nickel oxide in female F344/N rats based on increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma (combined) and increased incidences of benign pheochromocytoma of the adrenal medulla. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of nickel oxide in male B6C3Fl mice exposed to 1.25, 2.5, or 5 mg/cu m. There was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of nickel oxide in female B6C3Fl mice based on marginally increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma in 2.5 mg/cu m females and of alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma (combined) in 1.25 mg/cu m females.
Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies of Nickel Oxide in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies). Technical Report Series No. 451 (1996) NIH Publication No. 96-3367 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

11.1.20 TSCA Test Submissions

Nickel oxide (CAS # 1313-99-1) was evaluated for cross-over dermal sensitization (nickel sulfate induction) in the Guinea Pig Maximization Test. Ten female Hartley-derived albino guinea pigs were inducted with propylene glycol (vehicle control) or 0.1 mL intradermal injections of 1.0% (w/v) nickel sulfate in distilled water and 1.0% (w/v) nickel sulfate in Freund's Complete Adjuvant, followed 7 days later with 48-hour topical applications of 0.3 mL of 5.0% (w/v) aqueous nickel sulfate. Challenge 2 weeks later, consisting of 0.2 mL dermal applications of 1.0% aqueous nickel oxide (the maximal non-irritating dose in range-finding study) at virgin sites under occluded binder for 24 hours, induced no erythema in the nickel sulfate-induced pigs. Relative to vehicle control (mean erythema score of 0.1 at 24 hours only) and based on an extension of a Mantel-Haenszel Procedure of analysis, the authors concluded that nickel sulfate did not cause dermal sensitization to nickel oxide challenge in the Guinea Pig Maximization Test.
Amer Cyanamid Co; Dermal Contact Sensitization Study of Nickel Sulfate, Nickel Oxide, CT-243-85C and CT-243-85F - Guinea Pig Maximization Test (GPMT); 04/07/86; EPA Document No. FYI-OTS-1086-0516; Fiche No. OTS0000516-0
Nickel oxide (CAS # 1313-99-1) was evaluated in the BALB/3T3 cell transformation assay in the absence of exogenous metabolic activation using an exposure intended to produce a 50% minimum toxicity (diminished cloning efficiency). In preliminary tests for cytotoxicity, cell cultures exposed for 24 hours to concentrations of 1, 10, 100, and 1000 ug/mL culture medium, respectively, demonstrated cloning efficiencies of 0, 9, 86, and 93% relative to solvent control. Based on these preliminary cytotoxicity tests, doses of 60 ug/mL in triplicate cultures of 250 cells yielded 40% survival and a significant (p
Amer Cyanamid Co; Morphological Transformation of BALB/3T3 Mouse Embryo Cells in the Absence of Exogenous Metabolic Activation; 00/000/00; EPA Document No. FYI-OTS-1086-0516; Fiche No. OTS0000516-0
Nickel oxide (CAS # 1313-99-1) was evaluated for repeated-dose toxicity in F344/N rats (5/sex/group) administered daily whole-body exposures to target aerosol (MMAD 3.9 um) concentrations of 0, 1.2, 2.5, 5.0, 10, and 30 mg/cu m in air, 6 hours/day for a total of 12 exposures in 2 weeks. The 2-week study established exposure limits to be used in 90-day and chronic exposure studies. Treatment produced no clinical signs of toxicity and no increased mortality throughout the course of study. Relative and absolute lung weights were significantly increased in both 10 and 30 mg/cu m exposure groups. Upon terminal necropsy, gross lesions were limited to enlargement of bronchial lymph nodes in 4/10 high-dose rats; however, histological investigation revealed lesions of the lungs (all exposure levels), bronchial lymph nodes (10, 30 mg/cu m), mediastinal lymph nodes (30 mg/cu m), thymus (10, 30 mg/cu m), and nasal epithelium (30 mg/cu m). In the lung, lesions were widespread in high-dose rats and characterized by hyperplasia, vacuolation, or vesiculation of alveolar macrophages, pigmented particles in alveoli and alveolar macrophages, focal purulent inflammation of alveoli and alveolar septa, hyperplasia and focal interstitial cellular infiltrates of peribronchial lymphoid tissue. Macrophage numbers were increased in many areas of the lungs. Lymphocytic hypertrophy was identified in mediastinal lymph nodes and, in the paracortical regions of the bronchial lymph nodes, accounted for gross enlargement noted on necropsy. Rats of a high exposures also exhibited degenerative changes of the cortical thymus (10, 30 mg/cu m) and atrophy of the olfactory epithelium (30 mg/cu m). Changes in the lungs, bronchial lymph nodes, and thymus were similar, but of lesser intensity and seen in fewer animals of lower level nickel oxide aerosol exposures.
Shell Oil Co; Two-Week Repeated Dose Inhalation Study in F344/N Rats with Nickel Oxide (Final Report); 04/01/86; EPA Document No. 88-920002001; Fiche No. OTS0536195
Nickel oxide (CAS # 1313-99-1) was evaluated for repeated-dose toxicity in B6C3F1 mice (5/sex/group) administered daily whole-body exposures to target aerosol (MMAD 3.9 um) concentrations of 0, 1.2, 2.5, 5.0, 10, and 30, mg/cu m in air, 6 hours/day for a total of 12 days in 2 weeks. The 2-week study established exposure limits to be used in 90-day and chronic exposure studies. One male (5 mg/cu m) of the main study and 2/12 females (5 mg/cu m), from satellite study of effects on natural killer cell activity, died. No significant treatment-related clinical signs of toxicity or bodyweight changes were noted. Upon terminal necropsy, the gross lesions were limited to enlarged bronchial lymph nodes in 4/10 high-exposure mice and atrophied and grayed right intermediate lobes on the lung of a solitary male mouse of a 30 mg/cu m exposure. Histological investigation of the bronchial nodes revealed hyperplasia of lymphocytes in the paracortical regions of the highest exposure group only. Lungs of this group exhibited focal mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate in the interstitium near the vessels, bronchial epithelial hyperplasia (non-ciliated cells), and diffuse alveolar macrophage hyperplasia. These changes were severe only in the 30 mg/cu m male mouse exhibiting gross lesions of the right intermediate lobe. The alveoli of this bronchial lobe contained many particles and macrophages, often vacuolated or necrotic with multiple neutrophils, and showed degenerative changes of the epithelium. Alveolar macrophages were often enlarged and their numbers were moderately increased. Bronchial lesions were also noted in mice of exposures below 30 mg/cu m; however, they were characterized primarily by alveolar macrophage hyperplasia (10 - 30 mg/cu m) and pigmented particles within the alveolar macrophages (2.5 - 30 mg/cu m); these exposure-related changes were of lesser intensity than that seen in association with the high-level exposure to nickel oxide aerosol.
Shell Oil Co; Two-Week Repeated Dose Inhalation Study in B6C3F1 Mice with Nickel Oxide (Final Report); 04/01/86; EPA Document No. 88-920002615; Fiche No. OTS0536515
For more TSCA Test Submissions (Complete) data for NICKEL OXIDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.2 Ecological Information

11.2.1 US EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants

Resident Soil (mg/kg)
8.40e+02
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
1.20e+04
Resident Air (ug/m3)
1.10e-02
Industrial Air (ug/m3)
4.70e-02
Tapwater (ug/L)
2.00e+02
MCL (ug/L)
4.0E+03(G)
Inhalation Unit Risk (ug/m3)-1
2.60e-04
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
1.10e-02
Chronic Inhalation Reference Concentration (mg/m3)
2e-05
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
0.04

11.2.2 US EPA Regional Removal Management Levels for Chemical Contaminants

Resident Soil (mg/kg)
2.50e+03
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
3.50e+04
Resident Air (ug/m3)
6.30e-02
Industrial Air (ug/m3)
2.60e-01
Tapwater (ug/L)
6.00e+02
MCL (ug/L)
4.0E+03 (G)
Inhalation Unit Risk (ug/m3)-1
2.60e-04
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
1.10e-02
Chronic Inhalation Reference Concentration (mg/m3)
2e-05
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
0.04

11.2.3 ICSC Environmental Data

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment.

11.2.4 Natural Pollution Sources

Occurs as the mineral bunsenite.
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1117
THE PRINCIPAL NATURAL FORM OF NICKEL OXIDE OCCURS IN ADMIXTURE WITH NICKEL SULFIDES IN VARYING PROPORTIONS IN WEATHERED ORE. IT IS FORMED BY THE DECOMP OF NICKEL CARBONYL IN DRY AIR.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V11 86 (1976)

11.2.5 Artificial Pollution Sources

Nickel oxide has been identified in residual fuel oil and in atmospheric emissions from nickel refineries.
NTP; Chemical Selection Working Group Profile: Nickel Oxide p.2 (1979)

11.2.6 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

NICKEL POISONING CAN OCCUR INDUSTRIALLY FOLLOWING INHALATION OF ... NICKEL OXIDE DUSTS.
Venugopal, B. and T.D. Luckey. Metal Toxicity in Mammals, 2. New York: Plenum Press, 1978., p. 290
THE INDUSTRIAL MOND PROCESS WAS DEVELOPED IN WALES FOR PRODUCTION OF PURE NICKEL & REQUIRED MIXTURE OF NICKEL OXIDE & CARBON MONOXIDE TO MAKE NICKEL CARBONYL. IT IS THIS PROCESS WHICH HAS BEEN THE GREATEST CAUSE OF INDUSTRIAL ILLNESS ASSOCIATED WITH NICKEL EXPOSURE.
Hamilton, A., and H. L. Hardy. Industrial Toxicology. 3rd ed. Acton, Mass.: Publishing Sciences Group, Inc., 1974., p. 151
The National Occupational Hazards Survey estimates that some 1.4 million workers are exposed to nickel in an oxide phase. Such exposures can range up to 1000 ug/cu m.
NTP; Chemical Selection Working Group Profile: Nickel Oxide p.2 (1979)

12 Associated Disorders and Diseases

Associated Occupational Diseases with Exposure to the Compound

Contact dermatitis, allergic [Category: Skin Disease]

Asthma, occupational [Category: Airway Disease]

13 Literature

13.1 Consolidated References

13.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

13.3 Springer Nature References

13.4 Thieme References

13.5 Wiley References

13.6 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

13.7 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

13.8 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

14 Patents

14.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

14.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

14.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

14.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

14.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

15 Interactions and Pathways

15.1 Chemical-Target Interactions

16 Biological Test Results

16.1 BioAssay Results

17 Classification

17.1 MeSH Tree

17.2 NCI Thesaurus Tree

17.3 ChemIDplus

17.4 CAMEO Chemicals

17.5 UN GHS Classification

17.6 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

17.7 EPA DSSTox Classification

17.8 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

17.9 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

17.10 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

18 Information Sources

  1. Athena Minerals
    LICENSE
    Copyright (c) ATHENA - Pierre Perroud. All Rights Reserved
  2. Handbook of Mineralogy
  3. RRUFF Project
  4. Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS)
  5. CAMEO Chemicals
    LICENSE
    CAMEO Chemicals and all other CAMEO products are available at no charge to those organizations and individuals (recipients) responsible for the safe handling of chemicals. However, some of the chemical data itself is subject to the copyright restrictions of the companies or organizations that provided the data.
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/help/reference/terms_and_conditions.htm?d_f=false
    CAMEO Chemical Reactivity Classification
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
  6. CAS Common Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
  7. ChemIDplus
    ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
  8. EPA Chemical Data Reporting (CDR)
    LICENSE
    The U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce these documents, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. These documents may be freely distributed and used for non-commercial, scientific and educational purposes.
    https://www.epa.gov/web-policies-and-procedures/epa-disclaimers#copyright
  9. EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
    EPA TSCA Classification
    https://www.epa.gov/tsca-inventory
  10. EPA DSSTox
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
  11. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
    LICENSE
    Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: "Source: European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/". Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice page.
    https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/legal-notice
  12. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  13. ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
  14. New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
    LICENSE
    This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International licence.
    https://www.epa.govt.nz/about-this-site/general-copyright-statement/
  15. NJDOH RTK Hazardous Substance List
  16. Risk Assessment Information System (RAIS)
    LICENSE
    This work has been sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Environmental Management, Oak Ridge Operations (ORO) Office through a joint collaboration between United Cleanup Oak Ridge LLC (UCOR), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), and The University of Tennessee, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The Institute for Environmental Modeling (TIEM). All rights reserved.
    https://rais.ornl.gov/
  17. California Safe Cosmetics Program (CSCP) Product Database
  18. California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA)
  19. NCI Thesaurus (NCIt)
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise indicated, all text within NCI products is free of copyright and may be reused without our permission. Credit the National Cancer Institute as the source.
    https://www.cancer.gov/policies/copyright-reuse
  20. Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
    LICENSE
    T3DB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (T3DB) and the original publication.
    http://www.t3db.ca/downloads
  21. Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
    LICENSE
    Copyright (c) 2022 Haz-Map(R). All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials from Haz-Map are copyrighted by Haz-Map(R). No part of these materials, either text or image may be used for any purpose other than for personal use. Therefore, reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly prohibited without prior written permission.
    https://haz-map.com/About
  22. Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD)
    LICENSE
    It is to be used only for research and educational purposes. Any reproduction or use for commercial purpose is prohibited without the prior express written permission of NC State University.
    http://ctdbase.org/about/legal.jsp
  23. EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants at Superfund Sites
  24. Hazardous Chemical Information System (HCIS), Safe Work Australia
  25. NITE-CMC
    Nickel (III) oxide - FY2009 (New/original classication)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/09-mhlw-0244e.html
    Nickel (II) oxide - FY2009 (Revised classification)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/09-mhlw-2115e.html
    Nickel(II) oxide - FY2008 (Revised classification)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/08-mhlw-2031e.html
    Nickel monoxide - FY2006 (New/original classication)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/06-imcg-0445e.html
  26. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council
    LICENSE
    The copyright for the editorial content of this source, the summaries of EU legislation and the consolidated texts, which is owned by the EU, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence.
    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/legal-notice/legal-notice.html
  27. NTP Technical Reports
  28. Springer Nature
  29. SpringerMaterials
  30. Thieme Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The Thieme Chemistry contribution within PubChem is provided under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
  31. Wikidata
  32. Wikipedia
  33. Wiley
  34. PubChem
  35. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
    LICENSE
    Works produced by the U.S. government are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any such works found on National Library of Medicine (NLM) Web sites may be freely used or reproduced without permission in the U.S.
    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
  36. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  37. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
    LICENSE
    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  38. EPA Substance Registry Services
  39. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  40. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
CONTENTS