An official website of the United States government

Dehydroacetic acid (sodium salt)

PubChem CID
23681141
Structure
Dehydroacetic acid (sodium salt)_small.png
Dehydroacetic acid (sodium salt)_3D_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • SODIUM DEHYDROACETATE
  • Dehydroacetic acid sodium salt
  • Dehydroacetic acid (sodium salt)
  • 2-Acetyl-5-hydroxy-3-oxo-4-hexenoic acid delta-lactone sodium salt
  • SCHEMBL41960
Molecular Weight
190.13 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2008-02-05
  • Modify:
    2025-01-11
Description
Sodium dehydroacetate is a white powder. Used as a fungicide, plasticizer, toothpaste, preservative in food.
See also: Sodium Dehydroacetate (annotation moved to).

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Dehydroacetic acid (sodium salt).png

1.2 3D Conformer

3D Conformer of Parent

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

sodium;3-acetyl-6-methyl-2-oxopyran-4-olate
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C8H8O4.Na/c1-4-3-6(10)7(5(2)9)8(11)12-4;/h3,10H,1-2H3;/q;+1/p-1
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

ZPNRBQVNNIDJHX-UHFFFAOYSA-M
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

CC1=CC(=C(C(=O)O1)C(=O)C)[O-].[Na+]
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

C8H7NaO4
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

4418-26-2

2.3.2 UNII

2.3.3 ChEMBL ID

2.3.4 KEGG ID

2.3.5 Nikkaji Number

2.3.6 RXCUI

2.3.7 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

  • dehydroacetic acid
  • dehydroacetic acid ion (1-)
  • dehydroacetic acid, potassium ion (1-)
  • dehydroacetic acid, sodium ion (1-)
  • dehydroacetic acid, sodium monohydrate ion (1-)
  • dehydroacetic acid, zinc ion (1-)
  • DHA-S
  • DHAS
  • dihydroxyacetone sulfate
  • sodium dehydroacetate

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
190.13 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
4
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
190.02420298 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
190.02420298 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
66.4 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
13
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
314
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
2
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Sodium dehydroacetate is a white powder. Used as a fungicide, plasticizer, toothpaste, preservative in food.
Hydrate: White solid; [Hawley] White powder; [MSDSonline]

3.2.2 Solubility

Soluble (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
INSOL IN MOST ORGANIC SOLVENTS /HYDRATE/
Hawley, G.G. The Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 10th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1981., p. 938

3.2.3 Other Experimental Properties

TASTELESS WHITE POWDER; SOL (WT/WT @ 25 °C): ETHER LESS THAN 0.1%, CCL4 LESS THAN 0.1%, BENZENE LESS THAN 0.1%, ACETONE 0.2%, IN WATER 33%, PROPYLENE GLYCOL 48%, OLIVE OIL LESS THAN 0.1%, METHANOL 14%, USP ETHANOL 1%, N-HEPTANE LESS THAN 0.1%, GLYCEROL 15% /HYDRATE/
The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 413

3.3 Chemical Classes

Other Uses -> Biocides/Disinfectants

3.3.1 Cosmetics

Cosmetic ingredients (Sodium Dehydroacetate) -> CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review)

3.3.2 Food Additives

COLOR OR COLORING ADJUNCT -> FDA Substance added to food

4 Spectral Information

4.1 1D NMR Spectra

4.1.1 13C NMR Spectra

Source of Sample
Tokyo Kasei Kogyo Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.2 IR Spectra

4.2.1 FTIR Spectra

Technique
KBr WAFER
Source of Sample
The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

6 Chemical Vendors

7 Drug and Medication Information

7.1 Reported Fatal Dose

SEE DEHYDROACETIC ACID. 3. 3= MODERATELY TOXIC: PROBABLE ORAL LETHAL DOSE (HUMAN) 0.5-5.0 G/KG, BETWEEN 1 OZ & 1 PINT (OR 1 LB) FOR 70 KG PERSON (150 LB). /DEHYDROACETIC ACID/
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-66

8 Food Additives and Ingredients

8.1 FDA Substances Added to Food

Used for (Technical Effect)
COLOR OR COLORING ADJUNCT
Document Number (21 eCFR)

9 Use and Manufacturing

9.1 Uses

Cosmetic Ingredient Review Link
CIR ingredient: Sodium Dehydroacetate
Sources/Uses
Used in organic synthesis and as a plasticizer, fungicide, pesticide, and bactericide; Also used in anti-enzyme toothpastes, pharmaceuticals, food preservatives, food packaging adhesives, and cosmetics; [HSDB]
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure
Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]
IN ORGANIC SYNTH; AS PLASTICIZER; AS FUNGICIDE & BACTERICIDE; IN ANTIENZYME TOOTHPASTES /SODIUM DEHYDROACETIC HYDRATE/
The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 413
IN PHARMACEUTICALS; PRESERVATIVE IN FOOD; MOLD INHIBITOR FOR STRAWBERRIES & SIMILAR FRUITS /HYDRATE/
Hawley, G.G. The Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 10th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1981., p. 938
PRESERVATIVE IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS; FUNGICIDE FOR POSTHARVEST MOLDS ON STRAWBERRIES & SQUASH; PRESERVATIVE IN FOOD-PACKAGING ADHESIVES
SRI
SODIUM DEHYDROACETATE IS A PESTICIDE CONTROLLING SLUGS, ANTS, & MITES ON MANDARIN ORANGE TREES
HASEGAWA M, SHIOZU S; SODIUM DEHYDROACETATE PESTICIDE; JPN KOKAI TOKKYO KOHO PATENT NO 78148525 12/25/78
In the control of centipedes
Sodium dehydroacetate for centipede control; Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho Patent No 83 24503 02/14/83 (Shiozu, Shizuya)

9.1.1 Household Products

Household & Commercial/Institutional Products

Information on 78 consumer products that contain Sodium dehydroacetate in the following categories is provided:

• Personal Care

9.2 Methods of Manufacturing

SRI

9.3 Formulations / Preparations

GRADE: FCC. /HYDRATE/
Hawley, G.G. The Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 10th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1981., p. 938
A powder prepn for treatment of Trichophyton infection in feet contained sodium dehydroacetate 30, tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride 3 and talc 67 parts.
Therapeutic agents for skin Trichophyton infection; Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho Patent No 82 58625 04/08/82 (Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry Co, Ltd)

9.4 U.S. Production

(1977) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 4.54X10+6 GRAMS
SRI
(1979) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 4.54X10+6 GRAMS
SRI

9.5 U.S. Imports

(1977) No Data
SRI
(1979) No Data
SRI

9.6 U.S. Exports

(1977) No Data
SRI
(1979) No Data
SRI

9.7 General Manufacturing Information

...AS PLASTICIZER, COMPATIBLE WITH NITROCELLULOSE, POLYSTYRENE, METHACRYLATE, VINYLITE RESINS... /SODIUM DEHYDROACETATE HYDRATE/
The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 413
Microbicides, effective in greenhouses, contained sorbic and dehydroacetic acids, plus their salts.
Microbicides for greenhouse; Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho Patent Number 82212104 12/27/82 (Hokko Chemical Industry Co, Ltd)
A hygienic prepn for the prevention of growth of bacteria in footwear and clothing contained sodium dehydroacetate (0.5%) and tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (0.05%).
Preparations for prevention of growth of bacteria on clothing and shoes; Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho Patent Number 82 58624 04/08/82 (Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry Co, Ltd
A composition containing one or more of dehydroacetic acid, sorbic acid, and their salts and one or more of trimethyl-type and benzyl-type surfactants is used as a microbicide and industrial preservative.
Industrial preservative composition; Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho Patent No 81123906 09/29/81 (Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry Co, Ltd)
A composition containing one or more of dehydroacetic acid or its salts and (or) one or more of sorbic acid or its salts, and one or more of C8-18 alkylamines or their salts is used as an industrial preservative and fungicide.
Industrial preservatives and fungicides; Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho Patent No 81113704 09/07/81 (Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry Co, Ltd)

10 Safety and Hazards

10.1 Hazards Identification

10.1.1 GHS Classification

Pictogram(s)
Irritant
Signal
Warning
GHS Hazard Statements
H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]
Precautionary Statement Codes

P264, P270, P301+P317, P330, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

10.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Acute toxicity (Oral) - Category 4

10.1.3 Hazards Summary

Humans ingested dehydroacetic acid at 0.01 g/kg/day for 150 days with no apparent ill effects; Toxic by ingestion in high doses--monkeys had vomiting, weakness, stupor, and convulsions; In high-dose feeding studies of rats lasting 12 months: fatty degeneration of the liver; [HSDB] Oral LD50 (rat) = 500 mg/kg; [RTECS] An irritant; [MSDSonline]

10.2 First Aid Measures

10.2.1 First Aid

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

10.3 Handling and Storage

10.3.1 Nonfire Spill Response

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material in a refrigerator. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

10.4 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

10.4.1 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

10.5 Stability and Reactivity

10.5.1 Air and Water Reactions

Water soluble.

10.5.2 Reactive Group

Esters, Sulfate Esters, Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters, and Borate Esters

Phenolic Salts

10.5.3 Reactivity Profile

SODIUM DEHYDROACETATE reacts with acids. May react viogrously with strong oxidizing acids.

10.6 Regulatory Information

New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Sodium dehydroacetate: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

10.6.1 FDA Requirements

121.1089. Limitations: Preservative for cut or peeled squash; 65 ppm max (expressed as dehydroacetic acid) remaining in or on prepared squash; product specifications applied.
Furia, T.E. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Food Additives. 2nd ed. Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1972., p. 941

11 Toxicity

11.1 Toxicological Information

11.1.1 Adverse Effects

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

11.1.2 Interactions

Toxicological potentiation of 2 food additives was investigated in male and female Wistar rats given sodium dehydroacetate (DHA-Na) and dibutyl hydroxy toluene (BHT) in the diet for 6 months. No marked potentiation of toxicity was observed with the combination of DHA-Na and BHT regardless of the dosage.
Taniguchi S et al; Synergistic toxicity of food additives: 2: Absence of synergistic toxicity of 2 food additives, sodium dehydroacetate and dibutylhydroxy toluene, in rats treated orally for 6 months; J Food Hyg Soc Jpn 22 (5): 366-80 (1981)

11.1.3 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

SEE DEHYDROACETIC ACID. THE CONTROL OF CONVULSIONS BY BARBITURATES WAS LIFE-SAVING IN EXPERIMENTAL POISONINGS. /DEHYDROACETIC ACID/
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-66

11.1.4 Human Toxicity Excerpts

SEE DEHYDROACETIC ACID. NO PRIMARY OR ALLERGIC SKIN REACTIONS. HUMANS INGESTED 0.01 G/KG DAILY FOR 150 DAYS WITHOUT OBSERVABLE ILL EFFECTS. /DEHYDROACETIC ACID/
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-66
CAUSES IMPAIRED KIDNEY FUNCTION. LARGE DOSES CAN CAUSE VOMITING, ATAXIA, CONVULSIONS. /SODIUM DEHYDROACETATE HYDRATE/
The Merck Index. 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc., 1976., p. 375

11.1.5 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

MUTAGENICITY: MUTATION RESEARCH 87: 17 (1981). SISTER CHROMATID EXCHANGE - IN VITRO CHROMOSOMAL EFFECT STUDIES, NON-HUMAN: NEGATIVE.
GENE-TOX Program: Current Status of Bioassay in Genetic Toxicology. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Toxic Substances and Pesticides. (For program information, contact Environmental Mutagen Information Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Post Office Box Y, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830. Telephone (615) 574-7871)
SEE DEHYDROACETIC ACID. SODIUM SALT HAS SIMILAR TOXICITY /AS DEHYDROACETIC ACID/. ... AT HIGH DOSAGE LEVELS MONKEYS SHOWED ANOREXIA, VOMITING, WEAKNESS, STUPOR, ATAXIA, & CONVULSIONS /AFTER INGESTION/. /DEHYDROACETIC ACID/
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-66
SODIUM DEHYDROACETATE EXTENDED THE SHELF-LIFE OF STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS, PARTICULARLY THOSE WITH POOR HOLDING CAPACITY BY DECREASING RESPIRATION DUE EITHER TO FUNGICIDAL PROPERTY OF COMPD OR TO DIRECT INHIBITORY EFFECT ON RESPIRATORY ENZYMES. A 0.5% SOLN RETARDED RIPENING.
WATADA AE; POSTHARVEST PHYSIOLOGY OF STRAWBERRY FRUITS TREATED WITH SODIUM DEHYDROACETATE; J AMER SOC HORT SCI 96 (2): 177-9 (1971)
1 MG/ML SODIUM DEHYDROACETATE INHIBITED GROWTH OF ASPERGILLUS, PENICILLIUM, MUCOR, BOTRYTIS CINEREA, RHIZOPUS, PAECILOMYCES VARIOTI, AND FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM IN VITRO. IT INHIBITED RESP OF ASPERGILLUS NIGER AND PREVENTED GERMINATION, SWELLING AND INCORPORATION OF PROTEIN AND NUCLEIC ACID PRECURSORS BY ITS SPORES. IT COMPLETELY SUPPRESSED BOTH GROWTH AND RESP OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE.
SUBIK J, BEHUN M; INHIBITION OF THE METABOLISM OF MOLDS AND YEASTS BY SODIUM DEHYDROACETATE AND PREVENTOL; POL NOHOSPODARSTVO 22 (2): 181-7 (1976)
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for SODIUM DEHYDROACETATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12 Literature

12.1 Consolidated References

12.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

12.3 Springer Nature References

12.4 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

12.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

12.6 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

13 Patents

13.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

13.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

13.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

14 Classification

14.1 MeSH Tree

14.2 CAMEO Chemicals

14.3 UN GHS Classification

14.4 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

14.5 Consumer Product Information Database Classification

14.6 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

15 Information Sources

  1. CAMEO Chemicals
    LICENSE
    CAMEO Chemicals and all other CAMEO products are available at no charge to those organizations and individuals (recipients) responsible for the safe handling of chemicals. However, some of the chemical data itself is subject to the copyright restrictions of the companies or organizations that provided the data.
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/help/reference/terms_and_conditions.htm?d_f=false
    CAMEO Chemical Reactivity Classification
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
  2. FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS)
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  3. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  4. New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
    LICENSE
    This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International licence.
    https://www.epa.govt.nz/about-this-site/general-copyright-statement/
  5. Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
    LICENSE
    Copyright (c) 2022 Haz-Map(R). All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials from Haz-Map are copyrighted by Haz-Map(R). No part of these materials, either text or image may be used for any purpose other than for personal use. Therefore, reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly prohibited without prior written permission.
    https://haz-map.com/About
    Sodium dehydroacetate
    https://haz-map.com/Agents/7096
  6. ChEMBL
    LICENSE
    Access to the web interface of ChEMBL is made under the EBI's Terms of Use (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html). The ChEMBL data is made available on a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/).
    http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html
  7. Consumer Product Information Database (CPID)
    LICENSE
    Copyright (c) 2024 DeLima Associates. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials from CPID are copyrighted by DeLima Associates. No part of these materials, either text or image may be used for any purpose other than for personal use. Therefore, reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly prohibited without prior written permission.
    https://www.whatsinproducts.com/contents/view/1/6
    Consumer Products Category Classification
    https://www.whatsinproducts.com/
  8. Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR)
  9. FDA Substances Added to Food
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  10. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
  11. KEGG
    LICENSE
    Academic users may freely use the KEGG website. Non-academic use of KEGG generally requires a commercial license
    https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/legal.html
  12. NITE-CMC
    Sodium dehydroacetate - FY2012 (New/original classication)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/12-mhlw-0019e.html
  13. NLM RxNorm Terminology
    LICENSE
    The RxNorm Terminology is created by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and is in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from NLM. Credit to the U.S. National Library of Medicine as the source is appreciated but not required. The full RxNorm dataset requires a free license.
    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/rxnorm/docs/termsofservice.html
  14. SpectraBase
    3-ACETYL-4-HYDROXY-6-METHYL-2H-PYRAN-2-ONE, SODIUM SALT
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/BXZNCmUyBhY
  15. Springer Nature
  16. Wikipedia
  17. PubChem
  18. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
    LICENSE
    Works produced by the U.S. government are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any such works found on National Library of Medicine (NLM) Web sites may be freely used or reproduced without permission in the U.S.
    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
  19. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  20. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
    LICENSE
    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  21. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  22. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
CONTENTS