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Cycloheptane

PubChem CID
9265
Structure
Cycloheptane_small.png
Cycloheptane_3D_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • CYCLOHEPTANE
  • 291-64-5
  • Heptamethylene
  • Suberane
  • UNII-VTZ53P34JA
Molecular Weight
98.19 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-03-26
  • Modify:
    2025-01-18
Description
Cycloheptane appears as a colorless oily liquid. Insoluble in water and less dense than water. Flash point 60 °F. Vapors heavier than air. Inhalation of high concentrations may have a narcotic effect. Used to make other chemicals.
Cycloheptane has been reported in Perilla frutescens with data available.

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Cycloheptane.png

1.2 3D Conformer

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

cycloheptane
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C7H14/c1-2-4-6-7-5-3-1/h1-7H2
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

C1CCCCCC1
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

C7H14
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

291-64-5

2.3.2 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.3 UNII

2.3.4 UN Number

2.3.5 ChEMBL ID

2.3.6 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.7 Nikkaji Number

2.3.8 NSC Number

2.3.9 Wikidata

2.3.10 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
98.19 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
XLogP3
Property Value
4
Reference
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
98.109550447 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
98.109550447 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
0 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
7
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
19.7
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Cycloheptane appears as a colorless oily liquid. Insoluble in water and less dense than water. Flash point 60 °F. Vapors heavier than air. Inhalation of high concentrations may have a narcotic effect. Used to make other chemicals.
Colorless liquid; [HSDB]

3.2.2 Color / Form

Colorless liquid
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 358

3.2.3 Boiling Point

245.3 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
118.48 °C at 760 mm Hg
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 94th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2013-2014, p. 3-132

3.2.4 Melting Point

10.4 °F (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
-8.0 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 94th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2013-2014, p. 3-132

3.2.5 Flash Point

43 °F (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
6 °C (43 °F) (Closed cup)
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Cycloheptane. Product Number: C98403, Version 3.5 (Revision Date 06/26/2014). Available from, as of October 7, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
<70 °F (<21 °C) (Closed cup)
National Fire Protection Association; Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 14TH Edition, Quincy, MA 2010, p. 325-34

3.2.6 Solubility

In water, 30 mg/L at 25 °C
Yalkowsky, S.H., He, Yan, Jain, P. Handbook of Aqueous Solubility Data Second Edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 2010, p. 424
Very soluble in ethanol and ether; soluble in benzene, and chloroform
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 94th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2013-2014, p. 3-132

3.2.7 Density

0.811 (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
0.8098 g/cu cm at 20 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 94th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2013-2014, p. 3-132

3.2.8 Vapor Density

3.3 (Air = 1)
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. V2: 1032

3.2.9 Vapor Pressure

44 mmHg (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
21.6 [mmHg]
21.6 mm Hg at 25 °C
Daubert, T.E., R.P. Danner. Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, D.C.: Taylor and Francis, 1989.

3.2.10 LogP

log Kow = 4.0
Hansch, C., Leo, A., D. Hoekman. Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society., 1995., p. 35

3.2.11 Stability / Shelf Life

Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Cycloheptane. Product Number: C98403, Version 3.5 (Revision Date 06/26/2014). Available from, as of October 7, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

3.2.12 Refractive Index

Index of refraction: 1.4436 at 20 °C/D
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 94th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2013-2014, p. 3-132

3.2.13 Kovats Retention Index

Standard non-polar
786 , 787 , 796 , 796 , 794 , 806.9 , 800 , 819 , 788 , 789 , 789 , 784 , 790 , 846 , 803 , 796 , 797 , 807
Semi-standard non-polar
837.5 , 836 , 837 , 794.2 , 800 , 815 , 811.6 , 838.8 , 791 , 804 , 811 , 829 , 803 , 807 , 819 , 812 , 786 , 795 , 800 , 806 , 804 , 816 , 824 , 846 , 800 , 795.8 , 800 , 800
Standard polar
878 , 899 , 892 , 883

3.2.14 Other Experimental Properties

Aniline equivalent: -6
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 358
Can react with oxidizing materials.
Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. Vol 1-3 7th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1989., p. 995
Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 1.24X10-11 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C
Atkinson R, Arey J; Chem Rev 103: 4605-38 (2003)

3.3 SpringerMaterials Properties

3.4 Chemical Classes

3.4.1 Solvents

Solvents -> Aliphatics, Saturated (<C12)

4 Spectral Information

4.1 1D NMR Spectra

1 of 2
1D NMR Spectra
1H NMR: 19494 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection)
2 of 2
1D NMR Spectra

4.1.1 1H NMR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
BRUKER AC-300
Source of Sample
Tokyo Kasei Kogyo Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
Copyright
Copyright © 1991-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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2 of 2
Instrument Name
Varian A-60D
Copyright
Copyright © 2009-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.1.2 13C NMR Spectra

1 of 3
View All
13C NMR Spectra
13C NMR: 60 (Stothers, Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy, Academic, New York)
2 of 3
View All
Source of Sample
Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.2 Mass Spectrometry

4.2.1 GC-MS

1 of 8
View All
MoNA ID
MS Category
Experimental
MS Type
GC-MS
MS Level
MS1
Instrument
HITACHI RMU-7M
Instrument Type
EI-B
Ionization Mode
positive
Top 5 Peaks

56 99.99

55 90.12

70 80.09

41 73.87

42 70.14

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License
CC BY-NC-SA
2 of 8
View All
MoNA ID
MS Category
Experimental
MS Type
GC-MS
MS Level
MS1
Instrument
FINNIGAN-MAT 4500
Instrument Type
CI-B
Ionization Mode
positive
Top 5 Peaks

97 99.99

57 19.10

98 10.02

99 1.10

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License
CC BY-NC-SA

4.2.2 Other MS

1 of 3
View All
Other MS
MASS: 60739 (NIST/EPA/MSDC Mass Spectral Database, 1990 version); 1189 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York)
2 of 3
View All
Authors
TAJIMA S, GUNMA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
Instrument
HITACHI RMU-7M
Instrument Type
EI-B
MS Level
MS
Ionization Mode
POSITIVE
Ionization
ENERGY 70 eV
Top 5 Peaks

56 999

55 901

70 801

41 739

42 701

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License
CC BY-NC-SA

4.3 IR Spectra

IR Spectra
IR: 12046 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Prism Collection)

4.3.1 FTIR Spectra

1 of 2
Technique
NEAT
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
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2 of 2
Technique
NEAT
Source of Sample
Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
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4.3.2 ATR-IR Spectra

Technique
ATR-Cylindrical Internal Reflectance (CIR)
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.3.3 Near IR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
INSTRUMENT PARAMETERS=INST=BRUKER,RSN=8293,REO=2,CNM=HEI,ZFF=2
Technique
NIR Spectrometer= BRUKER IFS 88
Source of Spectrum
Prof. Buback, University of Goettingen, Germany
Copyright
Copyright © 1989, 1990-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
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2 of 2
Instrument Name
INSTRUMENT PARAMETERS=INST=BRUKER,RSN=8293,REO=2,CNM=HEI,ZFF=2
Technique
NIR Spectrometer= BRUKER IFS 88
Source of Spectrum
Prof. Buback, University of Goettingen, Germany
Copyright
Copyright © 1989, 1990-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
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4.3.4 Vapor Phase IR Spectra

1 of 2
Technique
Vapor Phase
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
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2 of 2
Instrument Name
DIGILAB FTS-14
Technique
Vapor Phase
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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6 Chemical Vendors

7 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

7.1 Metabolism / Metabolites

The effect of cyclopentane, cyclohexane, and cycloheptane and the corresponding cycloalkenes and epoxides) on the concentration of glutathione in rat liver was investigated. Rats were fed concentrations of these compounds ranging from 1.5 to 3.0 micromoles per kilogram. Total glutathione was assessed 30 minutes to 4 hours after exposure. Exposure to the bromocycloalkanes gave rise to mercapturic acids with the amounts formed decreasing with increasing ring size. The amount of cycloalkylmercapturic-acid formed was very small. The sulfur containing metabolites consisted chiefly of hydroxymercapturic acids of which the 3-hydroxy isomer was the major metabolite. A similar pattern for the excretion of sulfur containing metabolites after the administration of the cycloalkenes was observed. Cycloalkene epoxides were converted to 2-hydroxymercapturic acids with both cis and trans isomers being excreted in the case of cyclopentene and cycloheptene. After dosing with cyclohexene-epoxide only traces of the trans-2-hydroxycyclohexyl-mercapturic-acid were detected. All the compounds caused a fall in the concentration of total glutathione in the liver; however, the effect was less marked with the bromocycloalkanes. The /results/ suggest that the metabolic hydroxylations are carried out by a system involving cytochrome-P-450.
James SP et al; Biochemical Pharmacology, 20: 897-907 (1971)

8 Use and Manufacturing

8.1 Uses

Sources/Uses
Used as a laboratory reagent and a chemical intermediate; [HSDB]
LABORATORY CHEMICAL FOR ORGANIC CHEM RESEARCH
SRI
Organic synthesis
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 358

8.1.1 Use Classification

Hazard Classes and Categories -> Flammable - 3rd degree

8.2 Formulations / Preparations

Grades: Technical.
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 358

9 Safety and Hazards

9.1 Hazards Identification

9.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 3
View All
Pictogram(s)
Flammable
Health Hazard
Signal
Danger
GHS Hazard Statements

H225 (83%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H304 (81.9%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H412 (13.8%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

H413 (17%): May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P273, P280, P301+P316, P303+P361+P353, P331, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 94 reports by companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

9.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Flam. Liq. 2 (83%)

Asp. Tox. 1 (81.9%)

Aquatic Chronic 3 (13.8%)

Aquatic Chronic 4 (17%)

Flammable liquids - Category 2

Specific target organ toxicity - Single exposure - Category 3 (Narcotic effects)

9.1.3 NFPA Hazard Classification

NFPA 704 Diamond
0-3-0
NFPA Health Rating
0 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible materials.
NFPA Fire Rating
3 - Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Materials produce hazardous atmospheres with air under almost all ambient temperatures or, though unaffected by ambient temperatures, are readily ignited under almost all conditions.
NFPA Instability Rating
0 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions.

9.1.4 Health Hazards

May be harmful by inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption. May cause eye and skin irritation. (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
ERG 2024, Guide 128 (Cycloheptane)

CAUTION: Petroleum crude oil (UN1267) may contain TOXIC hydrogen sulphide gas.

· Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.

· Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.

· Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation, especially when in closed or confined areas.

· Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause environmental contamination.

9.1.5 Fire Hazards

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Vapor may travel considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back. Container explosion may occur under fire conditions. Forms explosive mixures in air. (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
ERG 2024, Guide 128 (Cycloheptane)

· HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.

· Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.

· Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.

· Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.

· Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.

· Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.

· Containers may explode when heated.

· Many liquids will float on water.

· Substance may be transported hot.

· For hybrid vehicles, GUIDE 147 (lithium ion or sodium ion batteries) or GUIDE 138 (sodium batteries) should also be consulted.

· If molten aluminum is involved, refer to GUIDE 169.

9.1.6 Hazards Summary

If left on clothes, can cause reddening of skin; [CHRIS] Inhalation of high concentrations can cause loss of consciousness; [NJ-HSFS]

9.1.7 Fire Potential

Flammable, dangerous fire risk.
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 358

9.2 Safety and Hazard Properties

9.2.1 Flammable Limits

Lower flammable limit: 1.1% by volume; Upper flammable limit: 6.7% by volume
National Fire Protection Association; Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 14TH Edition, Quincy, MA 2010, p. 325-34

9.2.2 Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)

1.1 % (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

9.2.3 Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)

6.7 % (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

9.3 First Aid Measures

9.3.1 First Aid

INHALATION: Call for medical aid. Remove the victim to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen.

EYES: Flush with copious amounts of water for at least 15 minutes.

SKIN: Flush with water. (USCG, 1999)

U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
ERG 2024, Guide 128 (Cycloheptane)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingestedor inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuouscompressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

9.4 Fire Fighting

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

9.4.1 Fire Fighting Procedures

To fight fire use foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 1032
Suitable extinguishing media: For small (incipient) fires, use media such as "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. For large fires, apply water from as far as possible. Use very large quantities (flooding) of water applied as a mist or spray; solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Cycloheptane. Product Number: C98403, Version 3.5 (Revision Date 06/26/2014). Available from, as of October 7, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Advice for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Cycloheptane. Product Number: C98403, Version 3.5 (Revision Date 06/26/2014). Available from, as of October 7, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Use water spray to cool unopened containers.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Cycloheptane. Product Number: C98403, Version 3.5 (Revision Date 06/26/2014). Available from, as of October 7, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 268

9.4.2 Firefighting Hazards

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture: Carbon oxides
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Cycloheptane. Product Number: C98403, Version 3.5 (Revision Date 06/26/2014). Available from, as of October 7, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

9.5 Accidental Release Measures

Public Safety: ERG 2024, Guide 128 (Cycloheptane)

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

Spill or Leak: ERG 2024, Guide 128 (Cycloheptane)

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

9.5.1 Isolation and Evacuation

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Evacuation: ERG 2024, Guide 128 (Cycloheptane)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

Large Spill

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

Fire

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

9.5.2 Cleanup Methods

Accidental Release Measures. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapours accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapours can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Cycloheptane. Product Number: C98403, Version 3.5 (Revision Date 06/26/2014). Available from, as of October 7, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 268
Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Remove trapped material with suction hoses.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 268
Environmentl considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 268

9.5.3 Disposal Methods

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.
Waste treatment methods. Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Cycloheptane. Product Number: C98403, Version 3.5 (Revision Date 06/26/2014). Available from, as of October 7, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

9.5.4 Preventive Measures

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist. Use explosion-proof equipment.Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking.Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Cycloheptane. Product Number: C98403, Version 3.5 (Revision Date 06/26/2014). Available from, as of October 7, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Cycloheptane. Product Number: C98403, Version 3.5 (Revision Date 06/26/2014). Available from, as of October 7, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Cycloheptane. Product Number: C98403, Version 3.5 (Revision Date 06/26/2014). Available from, as of October 7, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 268
Personnel Protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. If contact with the material anticipated, wear appropriate chemical protective clothing.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 268

9.6 Handling and Storage

9.6.1 Nonfire Spill Response

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

9.6.2 Storage Conditions

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities: Store in cool place. Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Cycloheptane. Product Number: C98403, Version 3.5 (Revision Date 06/26/2014). Available from, as of October 7, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

9.7 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

Protective Clothing: ERG 2024, Guide 128 (Cycloheptane)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

9.7.1 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines

Emergency Response: ERG 2024, Guide 128 (Cycloheptane)

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

9.7.2 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Self-contained breathing apparatus, rubber boots and heavy rubber gloves. (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Cycloheptane. Product Number: C98403, Version 3.5 (Revision Date 06/26/2014). Available from, as of October 7, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Skin protection: Handle with gloves.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Cycloheptane. Product Number: C98403, Version 3.5 (Revision Date 06/26/2014). Available from, as of October 7, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals, Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Cycloheptane. Product Number: C98403, Version 3.5 (Revision Date 06/26/2014). Available from, as of October 7, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Cycloheptane. Product Number: C98403, Version 3.5 (Revision Date 06/26/2014). Available from, as of October 7, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Personnel Protection: ... Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus. Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots, and goggles. ...
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 268

9.8 Stability and Reactivity

9.8.1 Air and Water Reactions

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

9.8.2 Reactive Group

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Saturated

9.8.3 Reactivity Alerts

Highly Flammable

9.8.4 Reactivity Profile

Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as CYCLOHEPTANE, may be incompatible with strong oxidizing agents like nitric acid. Charring of the hydrocarbon may occur followed by ignition of unreacted hydrocarbon and other nearby combustibles. In other settings, aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons are mostly unreactive. They are not affected by aqueous solutions of acids, alkalis, most oxidizing agents, and most reducing agents.

9.8.5 Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Cycloheptane. Product Number: C98403, Version 3.5 (Revision Date 06/26/2014). Available from, as of October 7, 2014: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

9.9 Transport Information

9.9.1 DOT Emergency Guidelines

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Substances may be transported hot.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for CYCLOHEPTANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

9.9.2 Shipping Name / Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO

UN 2241; Cycloheptane
IMO 3; Cycloheptane

9.9.3 Shipment Methods and Regulations

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
49 CFR 171.2 (USDOT); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of October 21, 2014: https://www.ecfr.gov
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.
International Air Transport Association. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 55th Edition. Montreal, Quebec Canada. 2014., p. 222
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.
International Maritime Organization. IMDG Code. International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code Volume 2 2012, p. 109

9.9.4 DOT Label

Flammable Liquid

9.10 Regulatory Information

New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Cycloheptane: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

10 Toxicity

10.1 Toxicological Information

10.1.1 Toxicity Summary

IDENTIFICATION: Cycloheptane is a colorless liquid that is primarily used in organic synthesis. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: In humans exposure to cycloheptane produced CNS depression when vapors were inhaled. ANIMAL STUDIES: When cycloheptane was applied to guinea pig skin, morphological changes (epidermal thickening) and altered epidermal soluble arginase activity occurred.

10.1.2 Adverse Effects

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

10.1.3 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3rd revised edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2007, p. 241
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat as necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... . /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3rd revised edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2007, p. 241-2
Advanced treatment: Consider orortracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. lWatch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3rd revised edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2007, p. 242

10.1.4 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... /CNS depressant/ by inhalation.
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 358

10.1.5 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The effects of saturated and unsaturated alicyclic hydrocarbons on guinea-pig skin arginase activity were investigated. The flank skin of each animal was treated with cyclopentane, cyclohexane , cycloheptane, cyclooctane , cyclododecane , cycloocta-1,5-diene , cyclohepta-1,3,5-triene, or cyclododeca-1,5,9-triene. Methods of arginase activity determination were not specified. Arginase activity in untreated skin was 15.91 micromoles of urea per 100 milligrams. Arginase activity after exposure to cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclooctane, cyclododecane, cycloocta-1,5-diene, cyclohepta-1,3,5-triene, and cyclododeca-1,5,9-triene was 15.2, 7.9, 41.3, 97.0, 23.9, 70.8, 32.1, and 33.8 micromoles of urea per 100 milligrams, respectively. Epidermal thickening caused by C5 to C8 cycloalkanes was related to the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. Increases in arginase activity were also related to molecular weight. Changes in epidermal morphology were more pronounced than changes in arginase activity. The /report notes/ that these results are the reverse of those previously reported for linear hydrocarbons, which cause greater changes in arginase activity than in epidermal morphology.
Brown VKH Box VL; British Journal of Dermatology, 85 (5): 432-436 (1971)
/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ When applied to guinea pig skin, undiluted alicyclic hydrocarbons cause morphological changes (epidermal thickening) and alter epidermal soluble arginase activity. For both changes, the changes were in the sequence: cyclooctane > cycloheptane > cyclohexane and cyclopentane. For the three undiluted alicyclic alkanes after 3 applications on alternate days, skin irritancy assessed by gross observation of the skin of guinea pigs was slight, with erythema and dry appearance.
Brown VK H, Box VL; Brit J Dermatol 85 (5): 432-6 (1971)

10.1.6 Non-Human Toxicity Values

LD50 Rabbit dermal > 86.7 g/kg
Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 1272

10.2 Ecological Information

10.2.1 Ecotoxicity Values

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age < or =24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20-22 °C, pH 7.6-7.7; Concentration: >50000 ug/L for 24 hr /formulation/
Bringmann G, Kuhn R; Z Wasser-Abwasser-Forsch 10 (5): 161-166 (1977) as cited in the ECOTOX database.

10.2.2 Environmental Fate / Exposure Summary

Cycloheptane's production and use as a research chemical in organic synthesis may result in its limited release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 21.6 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates cycloheptane will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase cycloheptane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 31 hours. Cycloheptane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, cycloheptane is expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 270. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.093 atm-cu m/mole. Cycloheptane may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Warburg respirometry test, <25% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 24 hours indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil or water. If released into water, cycloheptane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1.0 hours and 3.9 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 200 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to cycloheptane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where cycloheptane is produced or used. Limited data suggest that the general population may be exposed to cycloheptane via inhalation of cigarette smoke. (SRC)

10.2.3 Artificial Pollution Sources

Cycloheptane's production and use as a laboratory chemical for organic synthesis(1) may result in its limited release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).
(1) Lewis RJ Sr; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary.15th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 358 (2007)

10.2.4 Environmental Fate

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 270(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that cycloheptane is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of cycloheptane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.0093 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 21.6 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 30 mg/L(4). Cycloheptane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). Utilizing the Warburg respirometry test, <25% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 24 hours(8), indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Sept 20, 2014: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm
(3) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis (1989)
(4) Yalkowsky SH et al; Handbook of Aqueous Solubility Data. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press p. 424 (2010)
(5) Wotzka J et al; Acta Hydrochim Hydrobiol 13: 583-90 (1985)
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 270(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that cycloheptane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.0093 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 21.6 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 30 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1.0 hours and 3.9 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 200(SRC), from its log Kow of 4.00(7) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). Utilizing the Warburg respirometry test, <25% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 24 hours(8), indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Sept 20, 2014: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(4) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis (1989)
(5) Yalkowsky SH et al; Handbook of Aqueous Solubility Data. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press p. 424 (2010)
(6) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
(7) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 35 (1995)
(8) Wotzka J et al; Acta Hydrochim Hydrobiol 13: 583-90 (1985)
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), cycloheptane, which has a vapor pressure of 21.6 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase cycloheptane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 31 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.24X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Cycloheptane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to/may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988)
(2) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis (1989)
(3) Atkinson R, Arey J; Chem Rev 103: 4605-38 (2003)
(4) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 8-12 (1990)

10.2.5 Environmental Biodegradation

AEROBIC: Cycloheptane, present at 100 mg/L, reached <25% of its theoretical BOD in 24 hours using an activated sludge inoculum in the Warburg respirometry test(1).
(1) Wotzka J et al; Acta Hydrochim Hydrobiol 13: 58390 (1985)
PURE CULTURE: Pure culture studies showed various species of bacteria isolated from soil were unable to utilize cycloheptane as a single carbon source(1).
(1) Beam HW, Perry JJ; J Gen Microb 82: 1639 (1974)

10.2.6 Environmental Abiotic Degradation

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of cycloheptane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 1.24X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 31 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(SRC). Cycloheptane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Cycloheptane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(2) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
(1) Atkinson R, Arey J; Chem Rev 103: 4605-38 (2003)
(2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5, 8-12 (1990)

10.2.7 Environmental Bioconcentration

An estimated BCF of 200 was calculated in fish for cycloheptane(SRC), using a log Kow of 4.00(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC).
(1) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 35 (1995)
(2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Sept 24, 2014: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm/
(3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)

10.2.8 Soil Adsorption / Mobility

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of cycloheptane can be estimated to be 270(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that cycloheptane is expected to have moderate mobility in soil.
(1) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Sept 20, 2014: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm
(2) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)

10.2.9 Volatilization from Water / Soil

The Henry's Law constant for cycloheptane is estimated as 0.093 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 21.6 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 30 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that cycloheptane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 1.0 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 3.9 days(SRC). Cycloheptane's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of cycloheptane from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).
(1) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis (1989)
(2) Yalkowsky SH et al; Handbook of Aqueous Solubility Data. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press p. 424 (2010)
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)

10.2.10 Environmental Water Concentrations

SURFACE WATER: Cycloheptane was detected at a concentration of 0.027 ug/L in 1 of 8 Rhine River water samples from The Netherlands delta, collected in 1989(1).
(1) Hendriks AJ et al; Wat Res 28: 581-98 (1994)

10.2.11 Effluent Concentrations

Cycloheptane was found to be an emission from commercial natural gas, but not from gasoline or vehicle exhausts. Data was acquired during the Southern California Air Quality Study conducted in the summer and fall of 1987(1).
(1) Fujita EM et al; Environ Sci Technol 28: 1633-49 (1994)

10.2.12 Atmospheric Concentrations

URBAN/SUBURBAN: According to the National Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds Database, the median urban and suburban atmospheric concns of cycloheptane are 0.054 and 0.067 ppbV, respectively(1).
(1) Shah JJ, Heyerdahl EK; National Ambient VOC Database Update USEPA 600/3-88/010 (1988)

10.2.13 Other Environmental Concentrations

Cycloheptane is present in cigarette smoke(1).
(1) Rodgman A, Perfetti TA; The Chemical Components of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke, 2ed, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (2013)

10.2.14 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

Occupational exposure to cycloheptane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where cycloheptane is produced or used. Limited data suggest that the general population may be exposed to cycloheptane via inhalation of cigarette smoke. (SRC)

11 Associated Disorders and Diseases

Associated Occupational Diseases with Exposure to the Compound
Solvents, acute toxic effect [Category: Acute Poisoning]

12 Literature

12.1 Consolidated References

12.2 Springer Nature References

12.3 Thieme References

12.4 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

12.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

12.6 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

13 Patents

13.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

13.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

13.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

13.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

13.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

14 Biological Test Results

14.1 BioAssay Results

15 Taxonomy

The LOTUS Initiative for Open Natural Products Research: frozen dataset union wikidata (with metadata) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.5794106

16 Classification

16.1 ChemIDplus

16.2 CAMEO Chemicals

16.3 UN GHS Classification

16.4 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

16.5 EPA DSSTox Classification

16.6 LOTUS Tree

16.7 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

16.8 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

17 Information Sources

  1. CAMEO Chemicals
    LICENSE
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    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/help/reference/terms_and_conditions.htm?d_f=false
    CAMEO Chemical Reactivity Classification
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
  2. CAS Common Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
  3. ChemIDplus
    ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
  4. DTP/NCI
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise indicated, all text within NCI products is free of copyright and may be reused without our permission. Credit the National Cancer Institute as the source.
    https://www.cancer.gov/policies/copyright-reuse
  5. EPA DSSTox
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
  6. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
    LICENSE
    Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: "Source: European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/". Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice page.
    https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/legal-notice
  7. FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS)
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  8. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  9. New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
    LICENSE
    This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International licence.
    https://www.epa.govt.nz/about-this-site/general-copyright-statement/
  10. NJDOH RTK Hazardous Substance List
  11. Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)
  12. Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
    LICENSE
    Copyright (c) 2022 Haz-Map(R). All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials from Haz-Map are copyrighted by Haz-Map(R). No part of these materials, either text or image may be used for any purpose other than for personal use. Therefore, reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly prohibited without prior written permission.
    https://haz-map.com/About
  13. LOTUS - the natural products occurrence database
    LICENSE
    The code for LOTUS is released under the GNU General Public License v3.0.
    https://lotus.nprod.net/
  14. ChEMBL
    LICENSE
    Access to the web interface of ChEMBL is made under the EBI's Terms of Use (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html). The ChEMBL data is made available on a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/).
    http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html
  15. NITE-CMC
    Cycloheptane - FY2009 (New/original classication)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/09-mhlw-0095e.html
  16. NMRShiftDB
  17. SpectraBase
  18. MassBank Europe
  19. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
  20. KNApSAcK Species-Metabolite Database
  21. MassBank of North America (MoNA)
    LICENSE
    The content of the MoNA database is licensed under CC BY 4.0.
    https://mona.fiehnlab.ucdavis.edu/documentation/license
  22. NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
    LICENSE
    Data covered by the Standard Reference Data Act of 1968 as amended.
    https://www.nist.gov/srd/public-law
  23. Springer Nature
  24. SpringerMaterials
  25. Thieme Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The Thieme Chemistry contribution within PubChem is provided under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
  26. Wikidata
  27. Wikipedia
  28. PubChem
  29. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  30. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
    LICENSE
    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  31. EPA Substance Registry Services
  32. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  33. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
CONTENTS