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Bromoacetic acid

PubChem CID
6227
Structure
Bromoacetic acid_small.png
Bromoacetic acid_3D_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • BROMOACETIC ACID
  • 2-Bromoacetic acid
  • 79-08-3
  • Acetic acid, bromo-
  • Monobromoacetic acid
Molecular Weight
138.95 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-03-26
  • Modify:
    2025-01-18
Description
Bromoacetic acid appears as colorless crystals. Melting point 51 °C. Density 1.93 g / cm3. Corrosive to metals and tissue. Poisonous by ingestion. Used to cause drop of citrus fruit in harvesting.
Aqueous solution.
Bromoacetic acid is an organobromide compound. It is an alkylating agent used primarily as a chemical intermediate in various organic syntheses. Bromoacetic acid and its esters are widely used building blocks in organic synthesis, for example in the pharmaceutical chemistry. Bromoacetic acid is also produced as a by-product through drinking water disinfection.

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Bromoacetic acid.png

1.2 3D Conformer

1.3 Crystal Structures

COD records with this CID as component

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

2-bromoacetic acid
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C2H3BrO2/c3-1-2(4)5/h1H2,(H,4,5)
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

KDPAWGWELVVRCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

C(C(=O)O)Br
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

C2H3BrO2
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

79-08-3

2.3.2 Deprecated CAS

418768-49-7, 418768-50-0

2.3.3 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.4 UNII

2.3.5 UN Number

2.3.6 ChEMBL ID

2.3.7 DrugBank ID

2.3.8 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.9 Lipid Maps ID (LM_ID)

2.3.10 Metabolomics Workbench ID

2.3.11 Nikkaji Number

2.3.12 NSC Number

2.3.13 Wikidata

2.3.14 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

  • bromoacetate
  • bromoacetic acid
  • monobromoacetate

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
138.95 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
XLogP3
Property Value
0.4
Reference
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
2
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
137.93164 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
137.93164 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
37.3 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
5
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
42.9
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Bromoacetic acid appears as colorless crystals. Melting point 51 °C. Density 1.93 g / cm3. Corrosive to metals and tissue. Poisonous by ingestion. Used to cause drop of citrus fruit in harvesting.
Aqueous solution.
Hygroscopic solid; [Merck Index] Colorless deliquescent solid; [CAMEO] Colorless hygroscopic crystals; [Sigma-Aldrich MSDS]

3.2.2 Color / Form

Hexagonal or rhomboidal hygroscopic crystals
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 3-60
Colorless, deliquescent crystals
Larranaga, M.D., Lewis, R.J. Sr., Lewis, R.A.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016., p. 204

3.2.3 Boiling Point

208 °C
PhysProp
208 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 3-60

3.2.4 Melting Point

50 °C
PhysProp
50 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 3-60

3.2.5 Flash Point

113 °C (235 °F) - closed cup
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Bromoacetic acid, Product Number: 17000, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 09/27/2017). Available from, as of October 30, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

3.2.6 Solubility

1750000 mg/L (at 25 °C)
BOWDEN,DJ ET AL. (1998A)
In water, 6.36X10+5 mg/L at 25 °C
Bowden DJ et al; J Atmos Chem 29: 85-107 (1998)
Miscible with water
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 3-60
Miscible with ethanol, ether; soluble in acetone, benzene; slightly soluble in chloroform
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 3-60
Soluble in methanol
Morris ED, Bost JC; Acetic Acid, Halogenated Derivatives. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (1999-2018). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 19 July 2002.

3.2.7 Density

Density: 1.9335 at 50 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 3-60

3.2.8 Vapor Pressure

0.11 [mmHg]
0.119 mm Hg at 25 °C
Perry RH, Green D; Perry's Chemical Handbook. 6th ed. New York: McGraw Hill p. 3-50 (1984)

3.2.9 LogP

0.41
HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
log Kow = 0.41
Hansch, C., Leo, A., D. Hoekman. Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society., 1995., p. 4

3.2.10 Henry's Law Constant

Henry's Law constant = 6.52X10-9 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C
Bowden DJ et al; J Atmos Chem 29: 85-107 (1998)

3.2.11 Stability / Shelf Life

Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Bromoacetic acid, Product Number: 17000, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 09/27/2017). Available from, as of October 30, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

3.2.12 Decomposition

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /bromide/.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 548

3.2.13 Corrosivity

Strong irritant to skin and tissues
Larranaga, M.D., Lewis, R.J. Sr., Lewis, R.A.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016., p. 204

3.2.14 Refractive Index

Index of refraction: 1.4804 at 50 °C/D
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 3-60

3.2.15 Dissociation Constants

pKa
2.89 (at 20 °C)
KORTUM,G ET AL (1961)
pKa = 2.89 at 20 °C
Kortum G et al; Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. London: Butterworth (1961)

3.2.16 Other Experimental Properties

Hygroscopic
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 247
When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 12th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2012., p. V2: 678

3.3 SpringerMaterials Properties

3.4 Chemical Classes

Other Classes -> Organic Acids

3.4.1 Drugs

Pharmaceuticals -> Listed in ZINC15
S55 | ZINC15PHARMA | Pharmaceuticals from ZINC15 | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3247749

3.4.2 Lipids

Fatty Acyls [FA] -> Fatty Acids and Conjugates [FA01] -> Halogenated fatty acids [FA0109]

4 Spectral Information

4.1 1D NMR Spectra

1 of 2
1D NMR Spectra
1H NMR: 8765 (Sadtler Research Laboratories spectral collection)
2 of 2
1D NMR Spectra

4.1.1 1H NMR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
BRUKER AC-300
Source of Sample
Tokyo Kasei Kogyo Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
Copyright
Copyright © 1991-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Instrument Name
Varian A-60
Copyright
Copyright © 2009-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.1.2 13C NMR Spectra

1 of 2
Source of Sample
MCB Manufacturing Chemists, Norwood, Ohio
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Instrument Name
Varian XL-100
Copyright
Copyright © 2002-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.2 Mass Spectrometry

4.2.1 GC-MS

1 of 6
View All
NIST Number
228702
Library
Main library
Total Peaks
53
m/z Top Peak
94
m/z 2nd Highest
96
m/z 3rd Highest
138
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 6
View All
NIST Number
288889
Library
Replicate library
Total Peaks
34
m/z Top Peak
94
m/z 2nd Highest
96
m/z 3rd Highest
45
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.2.2 Other MS

Other MS
MASS: 3608 (NIST/EPA/MSDC Mass Spectral Database, 1990 Version); 1347 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York)

4.3 IR Spectra

IR Spectra
IR: 1151 (Coblentz Society spectral collection)

4.3.1 FTIR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Bruker IFS 85
Technique
Film
Source of Sample
Merck-Schuchardt Hohenbrunn
Copyright
Copyright © 1989, 1990-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Technique
Melt between KBr at 50 C
Source of Sample
Fluka
Copyright
Copyright © 1989, 1990-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.3.2 ATR-IR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Bruker Tensor 27 FT-IR
Technique
ATR-Neat (DuraSamplIR II)
Source of Spectrum
Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.
Source of Sample
Spectrochem Pvt. Ltd.
Catalog Number
10295
Copyright
Copyright © 2014-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Source of Sample
Aldrich
Catalog Number
259357
Copyright
Copyright © 2018-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2018-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.3.3 Vapor Phase IR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
DIGILAB FTS-14
Technique
Vapor Phase
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Instrument Name
Bruker IFS 85
Technique
Gas-GC
Copyright
Copyright © 1989, 1990-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

6 Chemical Vendors

7 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

7.1 Metabolism / Metabolites

... The metabolism of bromoacetaldehyde and bromoacetic acid has been investigated; N-acetyl-S-(carboxymethyl)cysteine had been shown to be a common urinary metabolite. An oxidative metabolic pathway is proposed for 2-bromoethanol, via bromoacetaldehyde and bromoacetic acid, to N-acetyl-S-(carboxymethyl)cysteine.
Jones AR, Wells G; Xenobiotica 11 (11): 763-70 (1981)

8 Use and Manufacturing

8.1 Uses

Sources/Uses
Used to induce fruit for citrus fruit harvesting; [CAMEO] Used in organic syntheses; [HSDB] Used to make fine chemicals and as a biocide (cleaning products, disinfectants, and pest control products); [ECHA REACH Registrations]
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure
For bromoacetic acid (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 008702) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the USA, but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./
National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's Database on Bromoacetic Acid (79-08-3). Available from, as of October 30, 2018: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
Organic synthesis, abscission of citrus fruit in harvesting.
Larranaga, M.D., Lewis, R.J. Sr., Lewis, R.A.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016., p. 204
Esters of bromoacetic acid are the reagents of choice in the Reformatsky reaction, which is used to prepare beta-hydroxy acids or alpha,beta-unsaturated acids.
Morris ED, Bost JC; Acetic Acid, Halogenated Derivatives. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (1999-2018). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Online Posting Date: July 19, 2002
... Used in many chemical processes as starting materials or as reaction intermediates.
Yoffe D et al; Bromine Compounds. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2018). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: October 9, 2013
Bromoacetici acid is an industrial and laboratory chemical. It is produced as a drinking water disinfection by-product and small amounts may be found in treated drinking water.

8.1.1 Use Classification

Hazard Classes and Categories -> Corrosives

8.2 Methods of Manufacturing

Bromoacetic acid can be prepared by the bromination of acetic acid in the presence of acetic anhydride and a trace of pyridine, by the Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky bromination catalyzed by phosphorus, and by direct bromination of acetic acid at high temperatures or with hydrogen chloride as catalyst. Other methods of preparation include treatment of chloroacetic acid with hydrobromic acid at elevated temperatures, oxidation of ethylene bromide with fuming nitric acid, hydrolysis of dibromovinyl ether, and air oxidation of bromoacetylene in ethanol.
Morris ED, Bost JC; Acetic Acid, Halogenated Derivatives. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (1999-2018). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Online Posting Date: July 19, 2002
By heating acetic acid and bromine.
Larranaga, M.D., Lewis, R.J. Sr., Lewis, R.A.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016., p. 204
Bromoacetic acid /is/ ... usually prepared by the well-known Hell-Volhard-Zelinski reaction in which the alpha-hydrogens of the carboxylic acid are replaced by bromine. A catalyst, such as a phosphorus trihalide, is necessary to convert the acid to the acid halide, the actual reaction intermediate. If the acid chloride or bromide is available as a starting material, no catalyst is needed and only one equivalent of bromine is required versus the two equivalents necessary when the carboxylic acid is the starting material. The resulting bromoacetyl halide can either be hydrolyzed or esterified to produce bromoacetic acid or its esters.
Yoffe D et al; Bromine Compounds. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2018). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: October 9, 2013

8.3 U.S. Production

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule.
Year
1986
Production Range (pounds)
No Reports
Year
1990
Production Range (pounds)
No Reports
Year
1994
Production Range (pounds)
10 thousand - 500 thousand
Year
1998
Production Range (pounds)
No Reports
Year
2002
Production Range (pounds)
No Reports
US EPA; Non-confidential Production Volume Information Submitted by Companies for Chemicals Under the 1986-2002 Inventory Update Rule (IUR). Acetic acid, bromo- (79-08-3). Available from, as of July 14, 2008: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/iur/tools/data/2002-vol.html

8.4 General Manufacturing Information

EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Acetic acid, 2-bromo-: ACTIVE
Haloacetic acids (five) (HAA5) mean the sum of the concentrations in milligrams per liter of the haloacetic acid compounds (monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid), rounded to two significant figures after addition. /Haloacetic Acids (five) (HAA5)/
40 CFR 141.2 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of December 17, 2008: https://www.ecfr.gov
Haloacetic acids ... are chemical byproducts of chlorination and chloramination of drinking water. /Haloacetates/
Cowman GA, Singer PC; Environ Sci Technol 30: 16-24 (1996)

9 Identification

9.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

Method: EPA-NERL 552.1; Procedure: ion-exchange liquid-solid extraction and gas chromatography with an electron capture detector; Analyte: bromoacetic acid; Matrix: drinking water, ground water, raw source water, and water at any intermediate treatment stage; Detection Limit: 0.24 ug/L.
National Environmental Methods Index; Analytical, Test and Sampling Methods. Bromoacetic Acid (79-08-3). Available from, as of October 31, 2018: https://www.nemi.gov
Method: EPA-OGWDW/TSC 552.2; Procedure: liquid-liquid extraction, derivitization and gas chromatography with electron capture detection; Analyte: bromoacetic acid; Matrix: drinking water, ground water, raw source water, and water at any intermediate treatment stage; Detection Limit: 0.204 ug/L.
National Environmental Methods Index; Analytical, Test and Sampling Methods. Bromoacetic Acid (79-08-3). Available from, as of October 31, 2018: https://www.nemi.gov
Method: EPA-OGWDW/TSC 552.3rev1.0; Procedure: liquid-liquid microextraction, derivitization, and gas chromatography with electron capture detection; Analyte: bromoacetic acid; Matrix: drinking water; Detection Limit: 0.13 ug/L.
National Environmental Methods Index; Analytical, Test and Sampling Methods. Bromoacetic Acid (79-08-3). Available from, as of October 31, 2018: https://www.nemi.gov
Method: Standard Methods 6251B; Procedure: micro liquid-liquid extraction gas chromatography with electron capture detector; Analyte: bromoacetic acid; Matrix: water; Detection Limit: 0.08 ug/L.
National Environmental Methods Index; Analytical, Test and Sampling Methods. Bromoacetic Acid (79-08-3). Available from, as of October 31, 2018: https://www.nemi.gov

10 Safety and Hazards

10.1 Hazards Identification

10.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 6
View All
Pictogram(s)
Corrosive
Acute Toxic
Irritant
Environmental Hazard
Signal
Danger
GHS Hazard Statements

H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (61.2%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314 (100%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (95.5%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H331 (100%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P321, P330, P333+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 134 reports by companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

10.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Acute Tox. 3 (100%)

Acute Tox. 3 (61.2%)

Skin Corr. 1A (100%)

Skin Sens. 1 (95.5%)

Acute Tox. 3 (100%)

Aquatic Acute 1 (100%)

Acute toxicity - category 3

Acute toxicity - category 3

Acute toxicity - category 3

Skin corrosion - category 1A

Hazardous to the aquatic environment (acute) - category 1

Skin sensitisation - category 1

10.1.3 Health Hazards

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Reaction with water or moist air may release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause environmental contamination. (ERG, 2024)

ERG 2024, Guide 156 (Bromoacetic acid, solid; Bromoacetic acid, solution)

· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death.

· Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.

· Reaction with water or moist air may release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases.

· Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air.

· Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.

· Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause environmental contamination.

10.1.4 Fire Hazards

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Substance will react with water (some violently) releasing flammable, toxic or corrosive gases and runoff. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.). Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Corrosives in contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water. (ERG, 2024)

ERG 2024, Guide 156 (Bromoacetic acid, solid; Bromoacetic acid, solution)

· Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.

· Substance will react with water (some violently) releasing flammable, toxic or corrosive gases and runoff.

· When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards.

· Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.

· Corrosives in contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.

· Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.

10.1.5 Hazards Summary

Causes somnolence, rigidity, and respiratory depression in oral lethal-dose studies of rats; [RTECS] Corrosive; [Merck Index] Causes irritation and burns to skin and mucous membranes; [HSDB] Causes burns; May cause skin sensitization; Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption; [ECHA REACH Registrations] Causes burns and lachrymation; Inhalation may cause corrosive injuries to upper respiratory tract; May cause respiratory sensitization; Toxic by inhalation; Highly toxic by ingestion and skin absorption; Targets the kidney and liver; [Sigma-Aldrich MSDS] See Chloroacetic acid.
Merck Index - O'Neil MJ, Heckelman PE, Dobbelaar PH, Roman KJ (eds). The Merck Index, An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, 15th Ed. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013.

10.1.6 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

Strong irritant to skin and tissue.
Larranaga, M.D., Lewis, R.J. Sr., Lewis, R.A.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016., p. 204

10.2 First Aid Measures

10.2.1 First Aid

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required. Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance. (ERG, 2024)

ERG 2024, Guide 156 (Bromoacetic acid, solid; Bromoacetic acid, solution)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingestedor inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuouscompressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

10.3 Fire Fighting

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

Note: Most foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases. CAUTION: For Acetyl bromide (UN1716), use CO2 or dry chemical only.

SMALL FIRE: CO2, dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use alcohol-resistant foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

10.3.1 Fire Fighting Procedures

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Bromoacetic acid, Product Number: 17000, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 09/27/2017). Available from, as of October 30, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Bromoacetic acid, Product Number: 17000, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 09/27/2017). Available from, as of October 30, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Bromoacetic acid, solid/
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 135
If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.). Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Bromoacetic acid, solution or bromoacetic acid/
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 136

10.4 Accidental Release Measures

Public Safety: ERG 2024, Guide 156 (Bromoacetic acid, solid; Bromoacetic acid, solution)

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

Spill or Leak: ERG 2024, Guide 156 (Bromoacetic acid, solid; Bromoacetic acid, solution)

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· FOR CHLOROSILANES, use alcohol-resistant foam to reduce vapors.

· DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Small Spill

· Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.

10.4.1 Isolation and Evacuation

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Evacuation: ERG 2024, Guide 156 (Bromoacetic acid, solid; Bromoacetic acid, solution)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

Spill

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

Fire

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

10.4.2 Cleanup Methods

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Bromoacetic acid, Product Number: 17000, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 09/27/2017). Available from, as of October 30, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ /Bromoacetic acid, solid; Bromoacetic acid, solution or bromoacetic acid/
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 135
Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. /Bromoacetic acid, solid; Bromoacetic acid, solution or bromoacetic acid/
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 135
Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. /Bromoacetic acid, solid; Bromoacetic acid, solution or bromoacetic acid/
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 135

10.4.3 Disposal Methods

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.
Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Bromoacetic acid, Product Number: 17000, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 09/27/2017). Available from, as of October 30, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

10.4.4 Preventive Measures

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Bromoacetic acid, Product Number: 17000, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 09/27/2017). Available from, as of October 30, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Bromoacetic acid, Product Number: 17000, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 09/27/2017). Available from, as of October 30, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Bromoacetic acid, Product Number: 17000, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 09/27/2017). Available from, as of October 30, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Bromoacetic acid, Product Number: 17000, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 09/27/2017). Available from, as of October 30, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Bromoacetic acid (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.5 Handling and Storage

10.5.1 Nonfire Spill Response

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. FOR CHLOROSILANES, use alcohol-resistant foam to reduce vapors. DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

SMALL SPILL: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. (ERG, 2024)

10.5.2 Storage Conditions

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Hygroscopic. Air sensitive. Light sensitive. Handle and store under inert gas.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Bromoacetic acid, Product Number: 17000, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 09/27/2017). Available from, as of October 30, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

10.6 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

Protective Clothing: ERG 2024, Guide 156 (Bromoacetic acid, solid; Bromoacetic acid, solution)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

10.6.1 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines

Emergency Response: ERG 2024, Guide 156 (Bromoacetic acid, solid; Bromoacetic acid, solution)

· Note: Most foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases.

CAUTION: For Acetyl bromide (UN1716), use CO2 or dry chemical only.

Small Fire

· CO2, dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use alcohol-resistant foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

10.6.2 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166 (EU).
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Bromoacetic acid, Product Number: 17000, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 09/27/2017). Available from, as of October 30, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Handle with gloves.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Bromoacetic acid, Product Number: 17000, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 09/27/2017). Available from, as of October 30, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Bromoacetic acid, Product Number: 17000, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 09/27/2017). Available from, as of October 30, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Bromoacetic acid, Product Number: 17000, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 09/27/2017). Available from, as of October 30, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Personnel protection: ... Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles. ... Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. /Bromoacetic acid, solid; Bromoacetic acid, solution or bromoacetic acid/
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 135

10.7 Stability and Reactivity

10.7.1 Air and Water Reactions

Deliquescent [Hawley]. Water soluble.
Water soluble.

10.7.2 Reactive Group

Acids, Carboxylic

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Acids, Carboxylic

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Water and Aqueous Solutions

10.7.3 Reactivity Profile

Carboxylic acids, such as BROMOACETIC ACID, donate hydrogen ions if a base is present to accept them. They react in this way with all bases, both organic (for example, the amines) and inorganic. Their reactions with bases, called "neutralizations", are accompanied by the evolution of substantial amounts of heat. Neutralization between an acid and a base produces water plus a salt. Carboxylic acids with six or fewer carbon atoms are freely or moderately soluble in water; those with more than six carbons are slightly soluble in water. Soluble carboxylic acid dissociate to an extent in water to yield hydrogen ions. The pH of solutions of carboxylic acids is therefore less than 7.0. Many insoluble carboxylic acids react rapidly with aqueous solutions containing a chemical base and dissolve as the neutralization generates a soluble salt. Carboxylic acids in aqueous solution and liquid or molten carboxylic acids can react with active metals to form gaseous hydrogen and a metal salt. Such reactions occur in principle for solid carboxylic acids as well, but are slow if the solid acid remains dry. Even "insoluble" carboxylic acids may absorb enough water from the air and dissolve sufficiently in it to corrode or dissolve iron, steel, and aluminum parts and containers. Carboxylic acids, like other acids, react with cyanide salts to generate gaseous hydrogen cyanide. The reaction is slower for dry, solid carboxylic acids. Insoluble carboxylic acids react with solutions of cyanides to cause the release of gaseous hydrogen cyanide. Flammable and/or toxic gases and heat are generated by the reaction of carboxylic acids with diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, and sulfides. Carboxylic acids, especially in aqueous solution, also react with sulfites, nitrites, thiosulfates (to give H2S and SO3), dithionites (SO2), to generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat. Their reaction with carbonates and bicarbonates generates a harmless gas (carbon dioxide) but still heat. Like other organic compounds, carboxylic acids can be oxidized by strong oxidizing agents and reduced by strong reducing agents. These reactions generate heat. A wide variety of products is possible. Like other acids, carboxylic acids may initiate polymerization reactions; like other acids, they often catalyze (increase the rate of) chemical reactions.

10.7.4 Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents, strong bases.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Bromoacetic acid, Product Number: 17000, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 09/27/2017). Available from, as of October 30, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

10.8 Transport Information

10.8.1 DOT Emergency Guidelines

/GUIDE 156 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Substance will react with water (some violently) releasing flammable, toxic or corrosive gases and runoff. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water. /Bromoacetic acid; Bromoacetic acid, solution; Bromoacetic acid, solid/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2016 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2016
/GUIDE 156 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Reaction with water or moist air will release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Bromoacetic acid; Bromoacetic acid, solution; Bromoacetic acid, solid/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2016 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2016
/GUIDE 156 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Bromoacetic acid; Bromoacetic acid, solution; Bromoacetic acid, solid/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2016 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2016
/GUIDE 156 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Bromoacetic acid; Bromoacetic acid, solution; Bromoacetic acid, solid/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2016 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2016
For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Bromoacetic acid (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.8.2 Shipping Name / Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO

UN 1938; Bromoacetic acid; Bromoacetic acid, solution.
UN 3425; Bromoacetic acid, solid
IMO 8; Bromoacetic acid, solution; Bromoacetic acid, solid

10.8.3 Shipment Methods and Regulations

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
49 CFR 171.2 (USDOT); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of October 29, 2018: https://www.ecfr.gov
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Bromoacetic acid, solution and bromoacetic acid, solid are included on the dangerous goods list. /Bromoacetic acid, solution; Bromoacetic acid, solid/
International Air Transport Association. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 59th Edition. Montreal, Quebec Canada. 2018., p. 235
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Bromoacetic acid, solution and bromoacetic acid, solid are included on the dangerous goods list. /Bromoacetic acid, solution; Bromoacetic acid, solid/
International Maritime Organization. IMDG Code. International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code Volume 2 2016, p. 94, 184

10.8.4 DOT Label

Corrosive

10.9 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: Acetic acid, bromo-
REACH Registered Substance
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Bromoacetic acid: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

10.9.1 Federal Drinking Water Standards

The maximum contaminant level for haloacetic acids (five) (HAA5) is 0.060 mg/L. /Haloacetic acids (five) (HAA5) mean the sum of the concentrations in milligrams per liter of the haloacetic acid compounds (monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid), rounded to two significant figures after addition./
40 CFR 141.64 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of October 29, 2018: https://www.ecfr.gov

10.10 Other Safety Information

10.10.1 Other Hazardous Reactions

Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions: Carbon oxides, hydrogen bromide gas.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Bromoacetic acid, Product Number: 17000, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 09/27/2017). Available from, as of October 30, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

10.10.2 Special Reports

DHHS/NTP; Report on Carcinogens Monograph on Haloacetic Acids Found as Water Disinfection By-Products. 200 pp (March 2018). ---- This RoC monograph on HAAs Found as Water Disinfection By-Products evaluates the available, relevant scientific information and assesses its quality, for each individual HAA or for potential evaluation of the HAAs as a chemical class or subclass, applies the RoC listing criteria to the scientific information, and recommends an RoC listing status (see Figure 1). The monograph also contains draft profiles containing the NTP's preliminary listing recommendation, a summary of the scientific evidence considered key to reaching that recommendation, and data on properties, use, production, exposure, and Federal regulations and guidelines to reduce exposure to haloacetic acids in the public water supply and from other potential exposures.[Available from, as of November 30, 2018: http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/]

11 Toxicity

11.1 Toxicological Information

11.1.1 Toxicity Summary

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Bromoacetic acid is a solid. It is used in organic synthesis, abscission of citrus fruit in harvesting. HUMAN STUDIES: All monohaloacetic acids were genotoxic in primary human lymphocytes. Bromoacetic acid exposure of human cells in vitro altered transcript profiles of genes involved in DNA repair, especially the repair of double strand DNA breaks, and in cell cycle regulation. ANIMAL STUDIES: It exhibited high acute oral toxicity in rodents and rabbits, and high acute dermal toxicity in rats. Eye damage occurred when sodium bromoacetate was given intravenously to rabbits. Single exposures to the acid or its sodium salt induced nervous system toxicity in dogs treated orally or by injection. Damage to the liver, heart, kidney, lung and skeletal muscle was found in pigs which died following repeated oral doses of the acid and movement disorders occurred in those that survived. Repeated oral administration of bromoacetic acid to pregnant rats caused fetal malformations and decreased fetal growth at maternally toxic doses. Limited oral studies in pigs did not reveal any convincing effect of the acid on fertility, but sterility has been reported in rats treated by repeated subcutaneous injection. DNA damage was induced in mouse cells treated with bromoacetic acid. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Bromoacetic acid is formed when effluent containing chlorine residuals react with humics in natural waters containing bromide. Bromoacetic acid additions caused an alteration of phytoplankton community structure with implications for higher trophic levels.
Organobromide compounds, especially alkylbromides are strong alkylating agents. Consequently they can randomly modify the surfaces of proteins and lipids, leading to the disruption of enzyme, transporter or membrane functions. One of the most probable protein targets is the TRPA1 ion channel that is expressed in sensory nerves (trigeminal nerve) of the eyes, nose, mouth and lungs. Alkylation of DNA by organobromides may also lead to mutations.

11.1.2 RAIS Toxicity Values

Oral Chronic Reference Dose (RfDoc) (mg/kg-day)
0.0017
Oral Chronic Reference Dose Reference
CALEPA

11.1.3 Carcinogen Classification

Carcinogen Classification
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

11.1.4 Health Effects

Bromoacetic acid is a strong lachrymator. Animal studies have also indicated that bromoacetic acid is a teratogen (a developmental toxin) leading to soft tissue malformations in fetuses at doses of 100 mg/kg/day. Bromoacetic acid is also a mutagen and a cytotoxic agent.

11.1.5 Exposure Routes

Oral (L626) ; inhalation (L626) ; dermal (L626)
L626: International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) INCHEM (1992). Poison Information Monograph for Bromine. http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/pim080.htm

11.1.6 Symptoms

Contact can lead to severe skin and eye burns, it can also irritate the nose throat and lungs if inhaled. Inhalation may result in spasm, inflammation and edema of the larynx and bronchi, chemical pneumonitis, and pulmonary edema. Symptoms of exposure may include burning sensation, coughing, wheezing, laryngitis, shortness of breath, headache, nausea, and vomiting. Material is extremely destructive to tissue of the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract, eyes, and skin.

11.1.7 Adverse Effects

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

11.1.8 Acute Effects

11.1.9 Toxicity Data

LCLo (rat) = 114,000 mg/m3/30min
LD50: 177 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (A548)
A548: Quadro L, Hamberger L, Gottesman ME, Wang F, Colantuoni V, Blaner WS, Mendelsohn CL: Pathways of vitamin A delivery to the embryo: insights from a new tunable model of embryonic vitamin A deficiency. Endocrinology. 2005 Oct;146(10):4479-90. Epub 2005 Jun 30. PMID:15994349

11.1.10 Treatment

EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

11.1.11 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Bromine, methyl bromide, and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3rd revised edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2007, p. 449
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Bromine, methyl bromide, and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3rd revised edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2007, p. 450
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Bromine, methyl bromide, and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3rd revised edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2007, p. 450

11.1.12 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ /Researchers/ investigated the risk of kidney cancers from ingested nitrate and other disinfection by-products in the Iowa Women's Health Study (IWHS), a cohort of 41,836 post-menopausal women followed for up to 24 years, from 1986 to 2010. This study categorized women's drinking water exposure by source: public water, private well, and other sources. Exposure then to water disinfection products was split into time at that source (>/= 10 years or > 10 years), and the cancer analysis was done on women exposed to public water sources for greater than 10 years (N = 15,577). Exposure to haloacetic acids, including a mixture of five regulated haloacetic acids (monochloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, dibromoacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid) and individual haloacetic acids (dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, and bromochloroacetic acid, which is unregulated) and trihalomethanes (total as well as individual) were estimated via an expert assessment that used available measures (data from plants, water source, quality, treatment, and disinfection type). A total of 266 incident kidney cancers were observed among all women in the study, with 125 occurring among women with greater than 10 years exposure to a public water source. No associations were seen between kidney cancer risk and either individual or combined haloacetic acid or trihalomethane measures.
DHHS/NTP; Report on Carcinogens Monograph on Haloacetic Acids Found as Water Disinfection By-Products. p.57 (2018). Available from, as of November 30, 2018: https://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/
/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ Chlorination of drinking water generates disinfection by-products (DBPs) , which have been shown to disrupt spermatogenesis in rodents at high doses, suggesting that DBPs could pose a reproductive risk to men. ...This study ...assessed DBP exposure and testicular toxicity, as evidenced by altered semen quality. ... A cohort study /was conducted/ to evaluate semen quality in men with well-characterized exposures to DBPs. Participants were 228 presumed fertile men with different DBP profiles. They completed a telephone interview about demographics, health history, water consumption, and other exposures and provided a semen sample. Semen outcomes included sperm concentration and morphology, as well as DNA integrity and chromatin maturity. Exposures to DBPs were evaluated by incorporating data on water consumption and bathing and showering with concentrations measured in tap water. ... Multivariable linear regression /was used/ to assess the relationship between exposure to DBPs and adverse sperm outcomes. ... The mean (median) sperm concentration and sperm count were 114.2 (90.5) million/mL and 362 (265) million, respectively. The mean (median) of the four trihalomethane species (THM4) exposure was 45.7 (65.3) ug/L, and the mean (median) of the nine haloacetic acid species (HAA9) exposure was 30.7 (44.2) ug/L. These sperm parameters were not associated with exposure to these classes of DBPs. For other sperm outcomes, we found no consistent pattern of increased abnormal semen quality with elevated exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) or haloacetic acids (HAAs) . The use of alternate methods for assessing exposure to DBPs and site-specific analyses did not change these results. ... Overall, the results of the present study do not support an association between exposure to DBPs at levels approaching regulatory limits and adverse sperm outcomes, although /there was/ an association between total organohalides and sperm concentration that was in line with /the/ hypothesis.... The lone association of total organohalide exposure with sperm concentration may lend support to findings that have suggested that total organohalide is a stronger risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes than any of the regulated DBP groups or species and that the toxicity of total organohalides is greater than that of the individual or subclasses of DBPs. ... Previous studies have suggested that exposures to THMs via bathing and showering may be more strongly associated with adverse reproductive outcomes than other exposure indicators. Our results did not support these findings.
Luben TJ et al; Env Health Persp 115 (8): 2007
/GENOTOXICITY/ The haloacetic acids (HAAs) are the second-most prevalent class of drinking water disinfection by-products formed by chemical disinfectants. Previous studies have determined DNA damage and repair of HAA-induced lesions in mammalian and human cell lines; however, little is known of the genomic DNA and chromosome damage induced by these compounds in primary human cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic and clastogenic effects of the monoHAA disinfection by-products in primary human lymphocytes. All monoHAAs were genotoxic in primary human lymphocytes, the rank order of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity was IAA > BAA >> CAA. After 6 hr of repair time, only 50% of the DNA damage (maximum decrease in DNA damage) was repaired compared to the control. This demonstrates that primary human lymphocytes are less efficient in repairing the induced damage by monoHAAs than previous studies with mammalian cell lines. In addition, the monoHAAs induced an increase in the chromosome aberration frequency as a measurement of the clastogenic effect of these compounds. These results coupled with genomic technologies in primary human cells and other mammalian non-cancerous cell lines may lead to the identification of biomarkers that may be employed in feedback loops to aid water chemists and engineers in the overall goal of producing safer drinking water.
Escobar-Hoyos LF et al; Water Res 47 (10): 3282-90 (2013)
/GENOTOXICITY/ Chemical disinfection of water generates ... chemical compounds, known as disinfection by-products (DBPs). One class of DBPs is constituted by haloacetic acids (HAAs), the second major group in prevalence (after trihalomethanes) detected in finished drinking water. In this article, we report the results obtained in the evaluation of the chromosome damage induced by three monohaloacetic acids, namely iodoacetic acid (IAA), bromoacetic acid (BAA) and chloroacetic acid (CAA). To evaluate the induction of chromosome damage, we used the cytokinesis-block micronucleus test that measures the ability of genotoxic agents to induce both clastogenic and/or aneugenic effects. ... We tested five doses of each HAA, in addition to the negative and positive controls. The highest dose tested for each HAA was that immediately lower than the dose producing total cytotoxicity. Our results show that none of the three HAAs tested was able to increase significantly the frequency of micronucleus in binucleated TK6 cells, the rank order in decreasing cytotoxicity was IAA > BAA >> CAA.
Liviac D et al; Mutagenesis 25 (5): 505-9 (2010)
For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Bromoacetic acid (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.1.13 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ It exhibited high acute oral toxicity /SRP: low LD50/ in rodents and rabbits, and high acute dermal toxicity in rats.
BIBRA Working Group; Bromoacetic acid. 5 p. (1992)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Single exposures to the acid or its sodium salt induced nervous system toxicity in dogs treated orally or by injection.
BIBRA Working Group; Bromoacetic acid. 5 p. (1992)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Eye damage occurred when sodium bromoacetate was given intravenously to rabbits. /Sodium bromoacetate/
BIBRA Working Group; Bromoacetic acid. 5 p. (1992)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... In adult male rats the acute oral toxicity of monobromoacetic acid (MBAA) was 10-fold that of dibromoacetic acid (DBAA) (LD50 177 vs 1737 mg/kg). No reproductive-related endpoints were affected in rats given a single dose of 100 mg MBAA/kg or 14 daily doses of 25 mg MBAA/kg/day.
Linder RE et al; Fundam Appl Toxicol 22 (3): 422-30 (1994)
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Bromoacetic acid (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.1.14 Non-Human Toxicity Values

LD50 Mouse oral 100 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 548
LD50 Mouse ip 66 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 548
LD50 Rat ip 50 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 548
LD50 Rat oral 177 mg/kg
WHO/International Programme on Chemical Safety; Environmental Health Criteria 216: Disinfectants and Disinfectant By-Products (1999). Available from, as of November 30, 2018: https://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc216.htm

11.1.15 Ongoing Test Status

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Status of Agents Search page, which tabulates the results and current status of tests such as "Short-Term Toxicity Studies", "Long-term Carcinogenicity Studies", "Developmental Studies", "Genetic Toxicology Studies", etc., performed with this chemical. Testing status for bromoacetic acid is available.[Available from, as of February 1, 2019: https://ntpsearch.niehs.nih.gov/?e=True&ContentType=Testing+Status]
EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of February 4, 2019: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

11.2 Ecological Information

11.2.1 Ecotoxicity Values

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green algae) log growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 340 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: decreased population biomass /formulated product/
Kuhn R, Pattard M; Water Res 24 (1): 31-38 (1990) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available from, as of November 11, 2018
EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green algae) log growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 200 ug/L for 72 hr; Effect: decreased population biomass /formulated product/
Kuhn R, Pattard M; Water Res 24 (1): 31-38 (1990) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available from, as of November 11, 2018
EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green algae) log growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 220 ug/L for 96 hr; Effect: decreased population biomass /formulated product/
Kuhn R, Pattard M; Water Res 24 (1): 31-38 (1990) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available from, as of November 11, 2018
EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green algae) log growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 2300 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: decreased population, general population changes /formulated product/
Kuhn R, Pattard M; Water Res 24 (1): 31-38 (1990) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available from, as of November 11, 2018
For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Bromoacetic acid (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.2.2 Ecotoxicity Excerpts

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Using seawater for toilet flushing may introduce high levels of bromide and iodide into a city's sewage treatment works, and result in the formation of brominated and iodinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorination to disinfect sewage effluents. In a previous study, the authors' group has detected the presence of many brominated DBPs and identified five new aromatic brominated DBPs in chlorinated saline sewage effluents. The presence of brominated DBPs in chlorinated saline effluents may pose adverse implications for marine ecology. In this study, besides the detection and identification of another seven new aromatic halogenated DBPs in a chlorinated saline sewage effluent, their developmental toxicity was evaluated using the marine polychaete Platynereis dumerilii. For comparison, the developmental toxicity of some commonly known halogenated DBPs was also examined. The rank order of the developmental toxicity of 20 halogenated DBPs was 2,5-dibromohydroquinone > 2,6-diiodo-4-nitrophenol >/= 2,4,6-triiodophenol > 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol >/= 4-bromophenol > 2,4-dibromophenol >/= 2,6-dibromo-4-nitrophenol > 2-bromo-4-chlorophenol > 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol > 2,4-dichlorophenol > 2,4,6-tribromophenol > 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde > bromoform >/= 2,4,6-trichlorophenol > 2,6-dibromophenol > 2,6-dichlorophenol > iodoacetic acid >/= tribromoacetic acid > bromoacetic acid > chloroacetic acid. On the basis of developmental toxicity data, a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) was established. The QSAR involved two physical-chemical property descriptors (log P and pKa) and two electronic descriptors (the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy and the highest occupied molecular orbital energy) to indicate the transport, biouptake, and biointeraction of these DBPs. It can well predict the developmental toxicity of most of the DBPs tested.
Yang M, Zhang X; Environ Sci Technol 47 (19): 10868-76 (2013)
/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Bromoacetic acid is formed when effluent containing chlorine residuals react with humics in natural waters containing bromide. The objective of this research was to quantify the effects of bromoacetic acid on estuarine phytoplankton as a proxy for ecosystem productivity. Bioassays were used to measure the EC50 for growth in cultured species and natural marine communities. Growth inhibition was estimated by changes in chlorophyll a concentrations measured by fluorometry and HPLC. The EC50s for cultured Thalassiosira pseudonana were 194 mg/L, 240 mg/L for Dunaliella tertiolecta and 209 mg/L for Rhodomonas salina. Natural phytoplankton communities were more sensitive to contamination with an EC50 of 80 mg/L. Discriminant analysis suggested that bromoacetic acid additions cause an alteration of phytoplankton community structure with implications for higher trophic levels. A two-fold EC50 decrease in mixed natural phytoplankton populations affirms the importance of field confirmation for establishing water quality criteria.
Gordon AR et al; Environ Pollut 206: 369-75 (2015)

11.2.3 US EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants

Resident Soil (mg/kg)
1.10e+02
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
1.40e+03
Tapwater (ug/L)
3.40e+01
MCL (ug/L)
6.0E+01(G)
Risk-based SSL (mg/kg)
6.90e-03
MCL-based SSL (mg/kg)
1.20e-02
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
1.70e-03
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed Dermally from Soil
0.1

11.2.4 US EPA Regional Removal Management Levels for Chemical Contaminants

Resident Soil (mg/kg)
3.20e+02
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
4.20e+03
Tapwater (ug/L)
1.00e+02
MCL (ug/L)
6.0E+01 (G)
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
1.70e-03
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed Dermally from Soil
0.1

11.2.5 Environmental Fate / Exposure Summary

Bromoacetic acid's formation as a chemical by-product of bromination of drinking water and use in chemical synthesis may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its former use in abscission of citrus fruit in harvesting resulted in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.119 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates bromoacetic acid will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase bromoacetic acid will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 22 days. Bromoacetic acid does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, bromoacetic acid is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 2.4. The pKa of bromoacetic acid is 2.89, indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the compound exists as an anion and anions do not volatilize. Using the OECD Closed Bottle Test and unacclimated activated sludge, bromoacetic acid was not biodegraded. However, bromoacetic acid reached 82% of its theoretical BOD using a preacclimatized inoculum derived from a Zahn-Wellens test and the OECD Closed Bottle Test. These results suggest that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil or water unless under specific conditions. If released into water, bromoacetic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. A pKa of 2.89 indicates bromoacetic acid will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Bromoacetic acid exposed to moisture is readily hydrolyzed to glycolic acid. Occupational exposure to bromoacetic acid may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where bromoacetic acid is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to bromoacetic acid via ingestion of chlorinated or chloraminated drinking water, particularly when source waters contain high concentrations of bromide. (SRC)

11.2.6 Artificial Pollution Sources

Bromoacetic acid's formation as a chemical by-product of bromination of drinking water(1,2) and in chemical synthesis(3,4) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its former use in abscission of citrus fruit in harvesting(4) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).
(1) US EPA; The Occurrence of Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) of Health Concern in Drinking Water: results of a Nationwide DBP Occurrence Study. Athens, GA: Ecos Res Div. EPA/600-R02/068. September 2002. Available from, as of Nov 5, 2018: https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=525040
(2) Cowman GA, Singer PC; Environ Sci Technol 30: 16-24 (1996)
(3) Yoffe D et al; Bromine Compounds. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. (1999-2018). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 9 Oct 2013
(4) Larranaga MD et al, eds; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 16th ed., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 204 (2016)

11.2.7 Environmental Fate

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2.4(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.41(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that bromoacetic acid is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of bromoacetic acid is 2.89(4), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the compound exists as an anion and anions do not volatilize. Bromoacetic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.119 mm Hg at 25 °C(6). Using the OECD Closed Bottle Test and unacclimated activated sludge, bromoacetic acid was not biodegraded(7). However, bromoacetic acid, present at 2 mg/L, reached 82% of its theoretical BOD using a preacclimatized inoculum derived from a Zahn-Wellens test and the OECD Closed Bottle Test(7), suggesting that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil unless under specific conditions(SRC).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 4 (1995)
(3) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Nov 2, 2018: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools
(4) Kortum G et al; Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. London: Butterworth (1961)
(5) Doucette WJ; pp. 141-188 in Handbook of Property Estimation Methods for Chemicals. Boethling RS, Mackay D, eds. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publ (2000)
(6) Perry RH, Green D; Perry's Chemical Handbook. 6th ed. New York: McGraw Hill p. 3-50 (1984)
(7) Gerike P, Gode P; Chemosphere 21: 799-812 (1990)
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2.4(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.41(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that bromoacetic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). A pKa of 2.89(4) indicates bromoacetic acid will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Bromoacetic acid exposed to moisture is readily hydrolyzed to glycolic acid(6). Using the OECD Closed Bottle Test and unacclimated activated sludge, bromoacetic acid was not biodegraded(7). However, bromoacetic acid, present at 2 mg/L, reached 82% of its theoretical BOD using a preacclimatized inoculum derived from a Zahn-Wellens test and the OECD Closed Bottle Test(7), suggesting that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water unless under specific conditions(SRC).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Stearic Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 4 (1995)
(3) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Nov 2, 2018: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools
(4) Kortum G et al; Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. London: Butterworth (1961)
(5) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
(6) Morris ED, Bost JC; Acetic Acid, Halogenated Derivatives. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (1999-2018). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 19 July 2002.
(7) Gerike P, Gode P; Chemosphere 21: 799-812 (1990)
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), bromoacetic acid, which has a vapor pressure of 0.119 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase bromoacetic acid is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 22 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 7.2X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Bromoacetic acid does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988)
(2) Perry RH, Green D; Perry's Chemical Handbook. 6th ed. New York: McGraw Hill p. 3-50 (1984)
(3) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Nov 2, 2018: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools
(4) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 8-12 (1990)

11.2.8 Environmental Biodegradation

AEROBIC: Results of an OECD Closed Bottle Test performed using an unacclimatized inoculum classified the compound as not readily biodegradable. However, bromoacetic acid, present at 2 mg/L, reached 82% of its theoretical BOD using a preacclimatized inoculum derived from a Zahn-Wellens test and the OECD Closed Bottle Test(1). Bromoacetic acid, present at 100 mg/L, exhibited 11.6, 67.3 and 135.9% degradation as CO2 Evolution, in 6, 8 and 28 days, respectively, using an activation sludge at 15 mg/L in the OECD 301B test (Ready Biodegradability: CO2 Evolution Test); bromoacetic acid was considered biodegradable following a 6-day acclimation within the confines of the test(2). The production of bromoacetic acid as a disinfection by-product was reduced when using riverbank filtration treatment for the purification of water to drinking water standards(3).
(1) Gerike P, Gode P; Chemosphere 21: 799-812 (1990)
(2) ECHA; Search for Chemicals. Bromoacetic acid (79-08-3) Registered Substances Dossier. European Chemical Agency. Available from, as of Nov 2, 2018: https://echa.europa.eu/
(3) Weiss WJ et al; J Am Water Works Assoc 95: 68-81 (2003)
PURE CULTURE: Bromoacetic acid was utilized as a carbon source by several Pseudomonas strains; growth was visible within one week(1).
(1) Van der Waarde JJ, Kok R, Janssen DB; Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 42: 158-166 (1994)

11.2.9 Environmental Abiotic Degradation

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of bromoacetic acid with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 7.2X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 22 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Bromoacetic acid exposed to moisture is readily hydrolyzed to glycolic acid(2). Bromoacetic acid does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
(1) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Nov 2, 2018: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools
(2) Morris ED, Bost JC; Acetic Acid, Halogenated Derivatives. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (1999-2018). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 19 July 2002.
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 8-12 (1990)

11.2.10 Environmental Bioconcentration

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for bromoacetic acid(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.41(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).
(1) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Stearic Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 4 (1995)
(2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Nov 2, 2018: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools
(3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)

11.2.11 Soil Adsorption / Mobility

The Koc of bromoacetic acid is estimated as 2.4(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.41(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that bromoacetic acid is expected to have very high mobility in soil. The pKa of bromoacetic acid is 2.89(4), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5).
(1) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Stearic Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 4 (1995)
(2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Nov 2, 2018: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools
(3) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(4) Kortum G et al; Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. London: Butterworth (1961)
(5) Doucette WJ; pp. 141-188 in Handbook of Property Estimation Methods for Chemicals. Boethling RS, Mackay D, eds. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publ (2000)

11.2.12 Volatilization from Water / Soil

A pKa of 2.89(1) indicates bromoacetic acid will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water or moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Bromoacetic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.119 mm Hg(2).
(1) Kortum G et al; Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. London: Butterworth (1961)
(2) Perry RH and Green D; Perry's Chemical Handbook. 6th ed. New York: McGraw Hill p. 3-50 (1984)

11.2.13 Environmental Water Concentrations

DRINKING WATER: Bromoacetic acid was qualitatively detected in water from two Israeli drinking water treatment plants using the Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinereth) as a source(1). The compound was observed when either chlorine or a combination of chlorine dioxide and monochloramine was used to disinfect the water, and was still identifiable after 12 hours(1). Water collected from fifty-three Canadian drinking water treatment facilities in winter of 1993 contained bromoacetic acid(2). When bromide concentrations were very low (<0.01 mg/L) or low (0.06 mg/L), the water contained 0.1 ug/L bromoacetic acid; when bromide was moderate (0.5 mg/L), the water contained <0.01 ug/L bromoacetic acid(2). The production of bromoacetic acid as a disinfection by-product was reduced when using riverbank filtration treatment for the purification of water to drinking water standards. Induced infiltration at 11 well fields on the Ohio River was studied; total estimated travel time was 3-60 days. The average bromoacetic acid concentration at a plant located in Jeffersonville, IN was <8 ug/L(3).
(1) Richardson SD et al; Environ Sci Technol 37: 3782-3793 (2003)
(2) Williams DT et al; Chemosphere 34: 299-316 (1997)
(3) Weiss WJ et al; J Am Water Works Assoc 95: 68-81 (2003)
DRINKING WATER: A mean concentration of 0.06 ug/L bromoacetic acid was measured in post-treatment drinking water from disinfection utilities in Belgium, France, Germany, Spain, The Netherlands, and Italy(1). Bromoacetic acid was measured in water samples taken from Barcelona's water treatment plant between November 1997 and March 1998; the compound was detected in prechlorinated water (mean = 1.3 ug/L), sand-filtered water (mean = 0.3 ug/L), and ozonated water (mean = 1.0 ug/L), while neither granulated activated carbon-filtered nor postchlorinated water contained bromoacetic acid(2). In a simulated drinking water treatment process, the compound was detected in each sample following chlorination at 1 min, 1 hour, 3 hours, 9 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 3 days and 4 days(3).
(1) Palacios M et al; Wat Res 34: 1002-1016 (2000)
(2) Cancho B et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 63: 610-617 (1999)
(3) Zhai H, Zhang X; Environ Sci Technol 45(6): 2194-2201 (2011)
DRINKING WATER: At an American drinking water utility with high bromide levels, clearwell effluent contained bromoacetic acid concentrations of 1.2 ug/L in summer and fall of 1988 and 1.4 ug/L in winter of 1989; at a utility with seasonally-varying bromide levels, bromoacetic acid was measured to be 1.0 ug/L in summer of 1988, 1.6 ug/L in fall of 1988, and 1.3 ug/L in winter of 1989(1). Bromoacetic acid was detected at 3 of 35 Finnish waterworks between January and October 1994 with concentrations between 0.42 and 1.1 ug/L; levels at all other facilities were below quantitation limits(2). Bromoacetic acid has also been detected in drinking water from The Netherlands (<0.01-0.5 ug/L)(3) and Canada (140-487 ng/L)(4).
(1) Krasner SW et al; J Amer Wat Works Assoc 81: 41-53 (1989)
(2) Nissinen et al; Chemosphere 48: 9-20 (2002)
(3) Peters RJB et al; Wat Res 25: 473-477 (1991)
(4) Scott BF et al; Environ Sci Technol 34: 4266-4272 (2000)
DRINKING WATER: Bromoacetic acid occurrence in 2 US drinking water production plants located within the Pacific Southwest region; method detection limit = 1 ug/L(1).
Plant
1
Sample date
Oct 30, 2000
Treatment tank (ug/L)
not tested
Clearwell effl (ug/L)
not detected
Finished water (ug/L)
not detected
Plant
1
Sample date
Jan 23, 2001
Treatment tank (ug/L)
not tested
Clearwell effl (ug/L)
1.1
Finished water (ug/L)
1.4
Plant
1
Sample date
Jul 7, 2001
Treatment tank (ug/L)
not tested
Clearwell effl (ug/L)
not detected
Finished water (ug/L)
not detected
Plant
1
Sample date
Mar 19, 2002
Treatment tank (ug/L)
not tested
Clearwell effl (ug/L)
not detected
Finished water (ug/L)
not detected
Plant
2
Sample date
Oct 23, 2000
Treatment tank (ug/L)
not detected
Clearwell effl (ug/L)
not tested
Finished water (ug/L)
not detected
Plant
2
Sample date
Jan 23, 2001
Treatment tank (ug/L)
1.2
Clearwell effl (ug/L)
not tested
Finished water (ug/L)
1.2
Plant
2
Sample date
Jul 7, 2001
Treatment tank (ug/L)
not detected
Clearwell effl (ug/L)
not tested
Finished water (ug/L)
not detected
Plant
2
Sample date
Mar 19, 2002
Treatment tank (ug/L)
not detected
Clearwell effl (ug/L)
not tested
Finished water (ug/L)
not detected
(1) US EPA; The Occurrence of Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) of Health Concern in Drinking Water: results of a Nationwide DBP Occurrence Study. Athens, GA: Ecos Res Div. EPA/600-R02/068. September 2002. Available from, as of Nov 5, 2018: https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=525040
For more Environmental Water Concentrations (Complete) data for Bromoacetic acid (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.2.14 Effluent Concentrations

Bromoacetic acid was detected in the Tres Rios Wetlands, which receive tertiary-treated sewage effluent from the 91st Ave Wastewater Treatment Plant southwest of Phoenix, AZ, at concentrations of not detected to 12.0 ug/L(1).
(1) Rostad CE et al; Environ Sci Technol 34: 2703-2710 (2000)

11.2.15 Atmospheric Concentrations

SOURCE DOMINATED: Bromoacetic acid was qualitatively identified as a component of smokestack emissions from a municipal incinerator in Boras, Sweden(1).
(1) Mowrer J, Nordin, J; Chemosphere 16: 1181-92 (1987)

11.2.16 Other Environmental Concentrations

Bromoacetic acid mean concentrations in northern and southern hemisphere environments(1).
Hemisphere
Northern
Location
Canada
Precipitation (ng/L)
<9; <9; 9 (3 sites)
Soil (ng/g dry wt)
<1.2-1.5
Hemisphere
Northern
Location
UK
Precipitation (ng/L)
not reported
Soil (ng/g dry wt)
<3.0-3.3
Hemisphere
Southern
Location
Malawi
Precipitation (ng/L)
56
Soil (ng/g dry wt)
1.9-2.8
Hemisphere
Southern
Location
Chile
Precipitation (ng/L)
<9; <9 (urban; rural)
Soil (ng/g dry wt)
<1.2-3.6
(1) Scott BF et al; Environ Sci Technol 39: 8664-8670 (2005)

11.2.17 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 4,874 workers (249 of these were female) were potentially exposed to bromoacetic acid in the US(1). Occupational exposure to bromoacetic acid may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where it is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to bromoacetic acid via ingestion or inhalation of chlorinated or chloraminated drinking water, particularly when source waters contain high concentrations of bromide(SRC).
(1) NIOSH; NOES. National Occupational Exposure Survey conducted from 1981-1983. Estimated numbers of employees potentially exposed to specific agents by 2-digit standard industrial classification (SIC). Available at https://www.cdc.gov/noes/ as of June 27, 2008.

12 Associated Disorders and Diseases

Associated Occupational Diseases with Exposure to the Compound
Contact dermatitis, allergic [Category: Skin Disease]

13 Literature

13.1 Consolidated References

13.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

13.3 Springer Nature References

13.4 Thieme References

13.5 Wiley References

13.6 Nature Journal References

13.7 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

13.8 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

13.9 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

14 Patents

14.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

14.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

14.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

14.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

14.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

15 Interactions and Pathways

15.1 Protein Bound 3D Structures

15.1.1 Ligands from Protein Bound 3D Structures

PDBe Ligand Code
PDBe Structure Code
PDBe Conformer

15.2 Chemical-Target Interactions

16 Biological Test Results

16.1 BioAssay Results

17 Classification

17.1 MeSH Tree

17.2 LIPID MAPS Classification

17.3 ChemIDplus

17.4 CAMEO Chemicals

17.5 ChEMBL Target Tree

17.6 UN GHS Classification

17.7 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

17.8 EPA DSSTox Classification

17.9 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

17.10 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

17.11 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

18 Information Sources

  1. Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS)
  2. CAMEO Chemicals
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    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/help/reference/terms_and_conditions.htm?d_f=false
    CAMEO Chemical Reactivity Classification
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
  3. CAS Common Chemistry
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    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
  4. ChemIDplus
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  7. EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
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    https://www.epa.gov/tsca-inventory
  8. EPA DSSTox
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
  9. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
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  11. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  12. New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
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    https://www.epa.govt.nz/about-this-site/general-copyright-statement/
  13. NJDOH RTK Hazardous Substance List
  14. Risk Assessment Information System (RAIS)
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    https://rais.ornl.gov/
  15. Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)
  16. Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
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  18. ChEMBL
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    http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html
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    https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
  20. IUPAC Digitized pKa Dataset
  21. Therapeutic Target Database (TTD)
  22. EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants at Superfund Sites
  23. Hazardous Chemical Information System (HCIS), Safe Work Australia
  24. NITE-CMC
    Bromoacetic acid - FY2009 (New/original classication)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/09-mhlw-0027e.html
    Bromoacetic acid - FY2021 (Revised classification)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/21-mhlw-2054e.html
  25. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council
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    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/legal-notice/legal-notice.html
  26. NMRShiftDB
  27. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
  28. LIPID MAPS
    Lipid Classification
    https://www.lipidmaps.org/
  29. Metabolomics Workbench
  30. Nature Synthesis
  31. NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
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    https://www.nist.gov/srd/public-law
  32. SpectraBase
  33. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
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    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    Bromoacetic Acid
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  34. Protein Data Bank in Europe (PDBe)
  35. RCSB Protein Data Bank (RCSB PDB)
    LICENSE
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  36. Springer Nature
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  44. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  45. EPA Substance Registry Services
  46. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  47. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
CONTENTS