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Cadmium

PubChem CID
23973
Structure
Cadmium_small.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • CADMIUM
  • 7440-43-9
  • CD
  • Cadmium, elemental
  • Colloidal cadmium
Molecular Weight
112.41 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Element Name
Dates
  • Create:
    2004-09-16
  • Modify:
    2025-01-18
Description
Cadmium is a natural element in the earth's crust. It is usually found as a mineral combined with other elements such as oxygen (cadmium oxide), chlorine (cadmium chloride), or sulfur (cadmium sulfate, cadmium sulfide). All soils and rocks, including coal and mineral fertilizers, contain some cadmium. Most cadmium used in the United States is extracted during the production of other metals like zinc, lead, and copper. Cadmium does not corrode easily and has many uses, including batteries, pigments, metal coatings, and plastics.
Cadmium can cause developmental toxicity and male reproductive toxicity according to an independent committee of scientific and health experts.
Cadmium is a silver-white blue tinged lustrous metallic solid. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
See also: Tobacco Leaf (part of) ... View More ...

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Cadmium.png

1.2 Crystal Structures

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

cadmium
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/Cd
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

[Cd]
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

Cd
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

7440-43-9
81271-94-5
7440-43-9 (elemental)

2.3.2 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.3 UNII

2.3.4 UN Number

2.3.5 ChEBI ID

2.3.6 DrugBank ID

2.3.7 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.8 ICSC Number

2.3.9 KEGG ID

2.3.10 NCI Thesaurus Code

2.3.11 Nikkaji Number

2.3.12 Wikidata

2.3.13 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

Cadmium

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
112.41 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
113.903365 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
113.903365 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
0 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Cadmium is a silver-white blue tinged lustrous metallic solid. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Pellets or Large Crystals; Other Solid
Metal: Silver-white, blue-tinged lustrous, odorless solid; [NIOSH]
SOFT BLUE-WHITE METAL LUMPS OR GREY POWDER. MALLEABLE. TURNS BRITTLE ON EXPOSURE TO 80 °C. TARNISHES ON EXPOSURE TO MOIST AIR.
Silver-white, blue-tinged lustrous, odorless solid.
Metal: Silver-white, blue-tinged lustrous, odorless solid.

3.2.2 Color / Form

Silvery-white metal
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 4-53
Soft, bluish-white metal
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 4-7
Silver-white, blue-tinged, lustrous metal; distorted hexagonal close-packed structure; easily cut with a knife; available in the form of bars, sheets or wire or a gray, granular powder
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 263
Hexagonal, ductile crystals or soft, silver-white, lustrous metal
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. V2: 654

3.2.3 Odor

Odorless
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1

3.2.4 Boiling Point

1409 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
1409 °F
767 °C
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 4-54
765 °C

3.2.5 Melting Point

609.6 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
610 °F
32.0691 °C
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 4-53
321 °C

3.2.6 Solubility

Insoluble (NIOSH, 2024)
Insoluble in water
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 263
Solubility in water: none
Insoluble

3.2.7 Density

8.642 (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
8.69 g/cu cm at 25 °C
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 4-53
8.6 g/cm³
8.65 (metal)

3.2.8 Vapor Pressure

1 mmHg at 741 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
VP: 1 Pa at 257 °C (sublimes); 10 Pa at 310 °C (sublimes); 100 Pa at 381 °C; 1 kPa at 472 °C; 10 kPa at 594 °C; 100 kPa at 767 °C
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 6-62
VP: 2.8X10-4 Pa at 400 K; 18.3 Pa at 600 K
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 4-138
0 mmHg (approx)

3.2.9 Stability / Shelf Life

Slowly oxidized by moist air to form cadmium oxide.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 263

3.2.10 Autoignition Temperature

250 °C, (482 F) layer /Cadmium metal dust/
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3
250 °C (cadmium metal dust)

3.2.11 Corrosivity

Corrosion resistance poor in industrial atmosphere
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 208

3.2.12 Heat of Vaporization

99.87 kJ/mole at 767 °C (boiling point)
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 6-102

3.2.13 Refractive Index

Index of Refraction: 1.8 at 578 nm and 20 °C/D
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V11: 41 (1976)

3.2.14 Other Experimental Properties

Malleable
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 208
Specific heat at constant pressure (25 °C): 6.22 cal/mole-deg at 25 °C
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 263
Mohs hardness 2.0 ... Tarnishes in moist air. Cadmium becomes brittle at 80 °C. High neutron absorber.
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 208
The electrical conductivity of cadmium is less than that of silver or copper, but greater than that of iron.
Chizhikov DM; Cadmium (1966) as cited in NIOSH; Criteria Document: Cadmium p.7 (1976) DHEW Pub. NIOSH 76-192
For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for CADMIUM, ELEMENTAL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

3.3 SpringerMaterials Properties

3.4 Chemical Classes

Metals -> Cadmium Compounds, Inorganic
Trace element

3.4.1 Cosmetics

Cosmetics ingredient -> Other (Specify)

3.4.2 Endocrine Disruptors

Potential endocrine disrupting compound
S109 | PARCEDC | List of 7074 potential endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) by PARC T4.2 | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.10944198

4 Spectral Information

4.1 Mass Spectrometry

4.1.1 GC-MS

Source of Spectrum
NW-887-0-0
Copyright
Copyright © 2020-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

6 Chemical Vendors

7 Drug and Medication Information

7.1 FDA National Drug Code Directory

7.2 Drug Labels

Active ingredient and drug
Homeopathic product and label

7.3 Reported Fatal Dose

Average concentrations responsible for fatal cases have been estimated at 50 mg/cu m and 40 mg/cu m, both for exposures of 1 hr; and 9 mg/cu m for 5 hr.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the TLV's and BEI's with Other World Wide Occupational Exposure Values. CD-ROM Cincinnati, OH 45240-4148 2010.

8 Food Additives and Ingredients

8.1 Food Additive Classes

JECFA Functional Classes
Food Contaminant -> METALS;

8.2 Associated Foods

8.3 Evaluations of the Joint FAO / WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives - JECFA

Chemical Name
CADMIUM
Evaluation Year
2021
Comments
The PTMI was not reviewed at the current meeting. At the request of the thirteenth session of CCCF for more comprehensive occurrence data for cadmium in food, the JECFA Secretariat issued a call for data on cadmium in chocolates and cocoa-derived products in 2019. The submitted data included a wider geographical range of occurrence data for cadmium in cocoa products than considered at the seventy-seventh meeting of the Committee. The occurrence data also showed a higher mean concentration for cadmium in cocoa products than previously noted by the Committee. As a result, the JECFA Secretariat considered it appropriate to revise the dietary exposure assessment of cadmium to include not only chocolate and cocoa products but the contribution from all food sources.
Tox Monograph

9 Minerals

1 of 4
Formula
Cd
System
Hexagonal
2 of 4
Name
cadmium
Link
3 of 4
IMA Number
IMA1980-086a
Formula
Cd
IMA Symbol
Cd
PDF Link
4 of 4
Mineral Description

Cadmium, a soft, malleable, ductile, bluish-white metal, was discovered in Germany in 1817, and Germany remained the only important producer for 100 years. Currently, a large percentage of global cadmium metal production takes place in Asia.

Cadmium is generally recovered as a byproduct from zinc concentrates. Zinc-to-cadmium ratios in typical zinc ores range from 200:1 to 400:1. Sphalerite (ZnS), the most economically significant zinc mineral, commonly contains minor amounts of other elements; cadmium, which shares certain similar chemical properties with zinc, will often substitute for zinc in the sphalerite crystal lattice. The cadmium mineral, greenockite (CdS), is frequently associated with weathered sphalerites and wurtzites [(Zn, Fe)S], but usually at microscopic levels. A significant amount of cadmium is also recovered from spent nickel cadmium batteries.

Cadmium is primarily consumed for the production of rechargeable nickel cadmium batteries; other end uses include pigments, coatings, and plating. Solar cell manufacturing has also become another significant market for cadmium. Cadmium telluride thin-film photovoltaics are an alternative to the traditional silicon-based solar cells and are a preferred photovoltaic technology for commercial rooftop applications and for large-scale, ground-mounted utility systems.

USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries (PDF links)
USGS Mineral Yearbook (PDF links)
2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019

10 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

10.1 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

The relationship between tissue levels of metallothionein and metal concentrations was assessed for zinc, copper, and cadmium in ten different organs from human autopsies and rats. Human autopsy specimens were obtained from ten males between the ages of 20 and 50 years within 2 days of sudden death. Tissues assayed included pancreas, liver, kidney, brain, small intestine, stomach, muscle, heart, lung, and spleen. Human metallothionein levels were higher than rat levels for all tissues assayed except brain and small intestine. The highest metallothionein levels were found in human liver and kidney cortex and rat kidney and brain. Zinc levels were highest for human liver, kidney, and muscle; and copper levels were highest for human liver, brain, and heart and rat liver, kidney, and heart. Elevated cadmium levels were found in human liver and kidney. All cadmium levels were below detectable limits in rats. Significant correlations were established between metallothionein levels and zinc and copper in human liver and between metallothionein and cadmium in human kidney cortex.
Heilmauer HE et al; Toxicol Lett 38 (3): 205-11 (1987)

10.2 Biological Half-Life

Blood: 1-3 months; whole body: 10-100 years; [TDR, p. 233] Whole body half-life exceeds 15 years; [Zenz, p. 482] The half-life of cadmium is long (10-30 years) due to accumulation of Cd in kidneys. [ACGIH]
TDR - Ryan RP, Terry CE, Leffingwell SS (eds). Toxicology Desk Reference: The Toxic Exposure and Medical Monitoring Index, 5th Ed. Washington DC: Taylor & Francis, 1999., p. 233
Zenz - Zenz C, Dickerson BO, Horvath EP (eds). Occupational Medicine, 3rd Ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1994., p. 482
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.

11 Use and Manufacturing

11.1 Uses

Most cadmium used in the United States today is obtained as a byproduct from the smelting of zinc, lead, or copper ores.
EPA CPDat Chemical and Product Categories
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
Sources/Uses
Sources of cadmium exposure include: emissions from fossil fuel burning (>40 ng/m3 in polluted urban areas); cigarettes (1-3 ug/pack); drinking water (usually <1 ppb); and food (2-40 ppb); [ATSDR ToxProfiles] MINING, SMELTING, OR METALLURGY: Smelt & refine zinc, lead or copper ores; alloy production; reclaim scrap metal; MANUFACTURING: Nickel-cadmium batteries; pigments for plastics, glass, ceramics & paints; printing & dyeing textiles; fungicides; USING OR DISPOSING: Weld, cut, or burn; braze using cadmium-based solder; spray paint; electroplate; remove coatings;
Restricted Notes
OSHA standard 1910.1027 defines exposure monitoring, respiratory protection and medical surveillance for workers exposed above the action level of 2.5 ug/m3.
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure

Abrasive Blasting [Category: Clean]

Metal Preparation and Pouring [Category: Foundry]

Welding [Category: Weld]

Brazing [Category: Heat or Machine]

Electroplating [Category: Plate]

Metal Thermal Spraying [Category: Plate]

Soldering [Category: Heat or Machine]

Semiconductor Manufacturing [Category: Industry]

Battery Manufacturing [Category: Industry]

Smelting Copper or Lead [Category: Industry]

Painting (Pigments, Binders, and Biocides) [Category: Paint]

Gas Welding and Cutting [Category: Weld]

Textiles (Printing, Dyeing, or Finishing) [Category: Industry]

Welding Over Coatings [Category: Weld]

Silk-Screen Printing [Category: Other]

Glass Manufacturing [Category: Industry]

Metal Extraction and Refining [Category: Industry]

Activities with risk of exposure

Ceramics making [Category: Hobbies]

Enameling [Category: Hobbies]

Painting [Category: Hobbies]

Glassblowing [Category: Hobbies]

Jewelry making [Category: Hobbies]

Eating fish that lived in contaminated water [Category: Food & Drugs]

Smoking cigarettes [Category: Food & Drugs]

Living near a smelter [Category: Environments]

Ingesting herbal remedies [Category: Food & Drugs]

Used in bearing alloys with low coefficients of friction and great resistance to fatigue; it is used extensively in electroplating ... many types of solder, for standard E.M.F. /electromotive force/ cells, for Ni-Cd batteries and as a barrier to control atomic fission.
Haynes, W.M. (ed.) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 92nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 2011-2012, p. 4-7
Cadmium chloride is produced by reaction of molten cadmium and chlorine gas at 600 °C or by dissolving cadmium metal or the oxide in hydrochloric acid, subsequently vaporizing the solution.
Schulte-Schrepping KH, Piscator M; Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2011). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds. Online Posting Date: June 15, 2000
In electroplating of automotive, aircraft and electronic parts; marine equipment and industrial machinery; in preparation of cadmium sulfides, cadmium selenides and mixtures containing these salts for use as pigments (including phosphors)
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V11: 44 (1976)
... Fire protection systems ... machinery enamels, baking enamels, Weston standard-cell control of atomic fission in nuclear reactors; fungicide, photography and lithography.
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 209
For more Uses (Complete) data for CADMIUM, ELEMENTAL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Substance listed with specific concentration in tattoo ink and/or permanent make up according to EU Commission Regulation 2020/2081. The concentration limit (by weight) is 0.00005%.
S86 | TATTOOINK | Regulated Tattoo Ink Ingredients as per EU regulation 2020/2081 | A list of regulated ingredients for tattoo ink and permanent make up (https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/news/how-safe-are-our-tattoos-and-permanent-makeup), Appendix 13 added to Commission Regulation (EU) 2020/2081, 14 December 2020 amending Annex XVII of REACH (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2020/2081/oj). Dataset DOI:10.5281/zenodo.5710243

11.1.1 Use Classification

Chemical Classes -> Inorganic substances
Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)
Food Contaminant -> METALS; -> JECFA Functional Classes
Hazard Classes and Categories -> Carcinogens, Teratogens, Flammable - 3rd degree

11.1.2 Industry Uses

  • Plating agents and surface treating agents
  • Photosensitive chemicals
  • Other (specify)

11.1.3 Consumer Uses

  • Semiconductor and photovoltaic agent
  • Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
  • Alloys
  • Intermediates
  • Other (specify)

11.1.4 Household Products

California Safe Cosmetics Program (CSCP)

Cosmetics product ingredient: Cadmium (7440-43-9) and cadmium compounds

Source: Cadmium is a heavy metal, found in zinc ores in the earth's crust. When it is in its elemental form, it is a soft, bluish-gray metal. Cadmium pigments, ranging from yellow to red to nearly black, are made from cadmium sulfide (CdS) and cadmium selenide (CdSe). Cadmium may be present in cosmetics as a contaminant. It may also be added as a pigment.

Potential health impacts: The major route of exposure to cadmium in cosmetics is by ingestion, but some forms may be absorbed through the skin. Studies of mice and rats exposed to cadmium through various routes of exposure have found increased rates of cancer. Studies of humans have shown that certain workers who are exposed to cadmium on the job are at increased risk of getting lung cancer, and possibly prostate cancer. Both National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classify cadmium and cadmium compounds as human carcinogens.

Product count: 2

Household & Commercial/Institutional Products

Information on 8 consumer products that contain Cadmium in the following categories is provided:

• Auto Products

• Hobby/Craft

• Home Maintenance

11.2 Methods of Manufacturing

Obtained in vapor form when roasting zinc ores, as sludge from zinc sulfate purification.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 263
The zinc concentrate, obtained after beneficiation of the ores, is first roasted to convert the zinc sulfide to the oxide and a small amount of sulfate. Roasting is normally carried out with an excess of oxygen below 1000 °C so that little cadmium is eliminated from the calcined material. Since the advent of the Imperial Smelting Zinc Furnace, the preliminary roasting processes for zinc and zinc-lead concentrates result in cadmium recovery as precipitates from solution or as cadmium-lead fume, respectively.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V4 749
1) Dust or fume from roasting zinc ores is collected, mixed with coal or coke and sodium or zinc chloride, and sintered. The cadmium fume is collected in an electrostatic precipitator, leached, fractionally precipitated, and distilled. (2) By direct distillation from cadmium-bearing zinc. (3) By recovery from electrolytic zinc process (approximately 40%).
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 209
ln one type of pyrometallurgical process, complex lead-zinc ores are refined by the Imperial smelting process. When the concentrate is roasted at 700-1200 °C in sintering furnaces, cadmium-containing flue dust and fume are produced. This is leached in a sulfuric acid solution, and the cadmium is subsequently precipitated as cadmium carbonate, which is dried and refined by distillation to cadmium metal. The cadmium in secondary raw materials, after enrichment in a special furnace, can be added to the concentrate and processed at the same time.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V58 128 (1993)
In electrolytic processes, the zinc concentrate is also roasted under oxidizing conditions to remove the sulfur, usually in fluidized bed roasters which produce a fine calcine suitable for acid leaching. The calcine is dissolved in sulfuric acid in a leaching plant, then neutralized to precipitate any iron. The bulk of the cadmium is precipitated from the sulfate solution during the second zinc dust stage and the remainder in the third stage. The cadmium precipitate is filtered and forms a cake containing about 25% cadmium, 50% zinc and small amounts of copper and lead; the cake is redissolved in sulfuric acid. A reasonably pure cadmium sponge is produced after two additional acid solution/zinc dust precipitation stages. The sponge is again dissolved in sulfuric acid, and the solution is passed into electrolytic cells where the cadmium is deposited on cathodes. The cathodes are then removed and stripped, and the cadmium is melted and cast into required shapes; it is typically 99.99% pure.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V58 128 (1993)

11.3 Impurities

Typical impurities (%, max.) include: Zn, 0.02-0.1; Cu, 0.0001-0.015; Pb, 0.0001-0.025; Fe, 0.0001-0.001; Bi, 0.0005; Sn, 0.01; Ag, 0.01; Sb, 0.001; and As, 0.003.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V58 122 (1993)
PURE FORM OF CADMIUM FOR ELECTRONIC USES CONTAINS 0.001% OR LESS OF IMPURITIES.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V11 42 (1976)
Cadmium Metal Spec for ASTM Spec 3440-66T with 99.90% min Cd contains the following impurities: zinc, 0.035% min; copper, 0.015% max; lead, 0.025% max; tin, 0.01% max; silver, 0.01% max; antimony, 0.001% max; arsenic, 0.003% max; tellurium, 0.003% max
CONSIDINE. CHEMICAL AND PROCESS TECHNOL ENCYC 1974 p.190

11.4 Formulations / Preparations

Grades: technical; powder; pure sticks; ingots; slabs; high purity crystals (10 ppm impurities).
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 209
CADMIUM SPONGE ... HAS MOISTURE CONTENT OF ABOUT 25% WHEN PACKAGED IN BAGS & 35% WHEN PACKAGED IN DRUMS ... TYPICAL CADMIUM CONTENTS ON DRY BASIS ARE 86% IN BAGS & 92% IN DRUMS.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V11 42 (1976)
... Produced in a wide range of forms and purities for various uses. Purities range from 99.0% (reagent grade) to 99.9999% (zone-refined), and forms include powder, foils, wires, ingots and others.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V58 122 (1993)

11.5 Consumption Patterns

PLATING & COATING, 51%; BATTERIES, 22%; CHEM INT FOR PIGMENTS, 13%; FOR STABILIZERS, 11%; OTHER USES, 3% (1979)
SRI
49% IN METAL PLATING, 18% IN PLASTICS STABILIZERS, 14% IN PIGMENTS & 19% IN MISC USES (NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERIES, ALLOYS) (BUREAU OF NATIONAL AFFAIRS, INC, 1975)
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V11 44 (1976)
Coating and plating, 35%; batteries, 25%; pigments, 20%; plastics and synthetic products, 15%; and alloys and other uses, 5% (1986)
BUREAU OF MINES. MINERAL COMMODITY SUMMARIES 1987 p.28
Estimated for 1999: Batteries, 69%; pigments, 13%; coatings and plating, 8%; stabilizer for plastics, 7%; nonferrous alloys, 2%; and other, including electrooptics, 1%.
U.S. Geological Survey - Mineral Commodity Summary - 1999, https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/cadmium/index.html
For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for CADMIUM, ELEMENTAL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.6 U.S. Production

Aggregated Product Volume

2019: 100,000 - <500,000 lb

2018: 100,000 - <500,000 lb

2017: 1,000,000 lb - <20,000,000 lb

2016: 1,000,000 lb - <20,000,000 lb

(1977) 2.00X10+9 G
SRI
(1982) 1.01X10+9 G
SRI
WORLD PRODN ... WAS APPROX 16.5 MILLION KG IN 1970 & ... INCR TO 17 MILLION KG BY 1973 ... USA PRODN IN 1973 WAS 3.36 MILLION KG ...
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V11 44 (1976)
(1977): 1.6 to 16 million pounds.
USEPA; Subst Risk Notice, 8(e)HQ-0280-0332 (1983) EPA-560/2-83-001
For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for CADMIUM, ELEMENTAL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.7 U.S. Imports

(1977) 2.33X10+9 G
SRI
(1982) 2.30X10+9 G
SRI
(1977): 1.6 to 16 million pounds.
USEPA; Subst Risk Notice, 8(e)HQ-0280-0332 (1983) EPA-560/2-83-001
(1986) 3.00x10+9 g /Metal/
BUREAU OF MINES. MINERAL COMMODITY SUMMARIES 1987 p.28
For more U.S. Imports (Complete) data for CADMIUM, ELEMENTAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.8 U.S. Exports

(1978) 3.26X10+8 G
SRI
(1983) 1.70X10+8 G
SRI
(1986) 5.00x10+8 g
BUREAU OF MINES. MINERAL COMMODITY SUMMARIES 1987 p.28
Exports of metal, alloys, and scrap in metric tons of cadmium: 1994: 1450; 1995: 1050; 1996: 201; 1997: 554; 1998: 300.
U.S. Geological Survey - Mineral Commodity Summary - 1999, https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/cadmium/index.html

Cadmium: Salient Export Statistics for the United States:

Table: Cadmium (Data in metric tons of cadmium content)

Exports: metal only
2006
18
2007
270
2008
295
2009
276
2010 (estimated)
40
Exports: metal, alloys, scrap
2006
483
2007
424
2008
421
2009
661
2010 (estimated)
230

USGS; Mineral Commodity Summaries 2011. Cadmium. Available from, as of July 21, 2011: https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2011/mcs2011.pdf

11.9 General Manufacturing Information

Industry Processing Sectors
  • All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing
  • Electrical Equipment, Appliance, and Component Manufacturing
  • Miscellaneous Manufacturing
  • Primary Metal Manufacturing
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Cadmium: ACTIVE
Almost all cadmium is obtained as a by-product in the treatement of zinc, copper, and lead ores.
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 4-7
...company in Tennessee recovered primary cadmium as a byproduct of zinc leaching from roasted sulfide concentrates. ... two companies in Ohio and Pennsylvania thermally recovered secondary cadmium metal from spent nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries and other cadmium-bearing scrap
U.S. Geological Survey; Minerals Commodities Summary. Cadmium. 2011. Available from, as of May 5, 2011: https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/
Cadmium may be alloyed with copper, nickel, gold, silver, bismuth, and aluminum to form easily fusible compounds.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic And Hazardous Chemicals. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1981., p. 119
... /Obtained from/ CdS, greenockite; CdCO3, otavite.
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 265
For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for CADMIUM, ELEMENTAL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12 Identification

12.1 NIOSH Analytical Methods

13 Safety and Hazards

13.1 Hazards Identification

13.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 8
View All
Pictogram(s)
Flammable
Acute Toxic
Irritant
Health Hazard
Environmental Hazard
Signal
Danger
GHS Hazard Statements

H250 (22.8%): Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air [Danger Pyrophoric liquids]

H302 (10.4%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H330 (92%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (12.4%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H341 (92%): Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350 (92%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H361 (81.5%): Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H361fd (12.6%): Suspected of damaging fertility; Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H372 (92%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (98.2%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P203, P210, P222, P231, P233, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P335+P334, P304+P340, P316, P318, P319, P320, P330, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 838 reports by companies from 40 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

13.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Pyr. Sol. 1 (22.8%)

Acute Tox. 4 (10.4%)

Acute Tox. 2 (92%)

STOT SE 3 (12.4%)

Muta. 2 (92%)

Carc. 1B (92%)

Repr. 2 (81.5%)

Repr. 2 (12.6%)

STOT RE 1 (92%)

Aquatic Acute 1 (98.2%)

Aquatic Chronic 1 (100%)

Carcinogenicity - category 1B

Germ cell mutagenicity - category 2

Reproductive toxicity - category 2

Acute toxicity - category 2

Hazardous to the aquatic environment (acute) - category 1

Hazardous to the aquatic environment (chronic) - category 1

Specific target organ toxicity (repeated exposure) - category 1

13.1.3 Health Hazards

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Cadmium dust (as Cd):

Exposure Routes: Inhalation, ingestion

Symptoms: Pulmonary edema, dyspnea (breathing difficulty), cough, chest tightness, substernal (occurring beneath the sternum) pain; headache; chills, muscle aches; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; anosmia (loss of the sense of smell), emphysema, proteinuria, mild anemia; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Target Organs: Respiratory system, kidneys, prostate, blood

Cancer Site: Prostatic & lung cancer (NIOSH, 2024)

13.1.4 Fire Hazards

Flammable in powder form. Combustible. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
May ignite spontaneously on contact with air. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures in air.

13.1.5 Hazards Summary

Cadmium is a natural element in the earth's crust. It is usually found as a mineral combined with other elements such as oxygen (cadmium oxide), chlorine (cadmium chloride), or sulfur (cadmium sulfate, cadmium sulfide). All soils and rocks, including coal and mineral fertilizers, contain some cadmium. Most cadmium used in the United States is extracted during the production of other metals like zinc, lead, and copper. Cadmium does not corrode easily and has many uses, including batteries, pigments, metal coatings, and plastics.
The main sources of cadmium in the air are the burning of fossil fuels such as coal or oil and the incineration of municipal waste. The acute (short-term) effects of cadmium in humans through inhalation exposure consist mainly of effects on the lung, such as pulmonary irritation. Chronic (long-term) inhalation or oral exposure to cadmium leads to a build-up of cadmium in the kidneys that can cause kidney disease. Cadmium has been shown to be a developmental toxicant in animals, resulting in fetal malformations and other effects, but no conclusive evidence exists in humans. An association between cadmium exposure and an increased risk of lung cancer has been reported from human studies, but these studies are inconclusive due to confounding factors. Animal studies have demonstrated an increase in lung cancer from long-term inhalation exposure to cadmium. EPA has classified cadmium as a Group B1, probable human carcinogen.
Inhaling high concentrations of cadmium fume can cause acute pneumonitis. At levels common in factories in the past, cadmium accumulated in the kidneys of workers and caused chronic renal injury with elevated urine cadmium and protein levels. Cadmium levels in adult nonsmokers, not occupationally exposed are <0.5 ug/100 ml whole blood and <2 ug/g creatinine in urine. [Zenz, p. 482] In animal studies, high doses increase fetal loss and birth defects. [ATSDR Case Studies #29] Cadmium fume is associated with airway obstruction and emphysema. [Hendrick, p. 82] The proximal tubule is the primary target of cadmium-induced kidney injury, but at higher exposures, the glomeruli can also be affected. . . . Measurement of cadmium in urine is the most widely used biological measure of chronic exposure to cadmium. However, it may provide no information on integrated exposure during the first year of exposure. [ACGIH] See Cadmium oxide.
Zenz - Zenz C, Dickerson BO, Horvath EP (eds). Occupational Medicine, 3rd Ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1994., p. 482
Hendrick - Hendrick DJ, Burge PS, Beckett WS, Churg A (eds). Occupational Disorders of the Lung. Edinburgh: Saunders, 2002., p. 82
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.
The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of cadmium stem from its toxicologic properties. Toxic primarily by inhalation and ingestion, exposure to cadmium (salts, dust, or fumes) may occur from the smelting and refining of ore, and from its use in metal plating and coating, production of batteries, synthesis and use of cadmium-containing pigments, soldering, and in plastics, ceramic glazes, alloys, and amalgams. Effects from exposure may include headache, nausea, shortness of breath, chest pain, weakness, fever, kidney damage, liver damage, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and pulmonary edema (possibly resulting in death). NIOSH has recommended that cadmium (dust and fumes) be treated as a potential human carcinogen. The OSHA PEL for cadmium fume is 0.1 mg/cu m, and for cadmium dust is 0.2 mg Cd/cu m. Neither odor, nor irritation potential serves as an adequate warning of over-exposure. Processes and operations which may release cadmium fumes or dust should be enclosed and fitted with exhaust ventilation if practicable. Workers should wear a high efficiency particulate filter respirator or self-contained breathing apparatus in activities where over-exposure is possible. Protective clothing and gloves also should be worn, and these should be removed before leaving work. If contact should occur, immediately wash contaminated skin with large amounts of water. Do not eat, smoke, or drink in work areas. Cadmium dust or powder is a moderate firehazard when exposed to heat (autoignition temperature: 250 °C) or flame, or by chemical reaction with oxidizing agents, metals, hydrogen azide, zinc, selenium, or tellurium. Wear a self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting such fires. Cadmium should be stored in closed containers, away from sources of physical damage. Consult the regulatory requirements of the U.S. Department of Transportation before shipping cadmium, and with environmental regulatory agencies before implementing land disposal of cadmium wastes.

13.1.6 Fire Potential

Powdered cadmium is flammable.
ITII. Toxic and Hazarous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual. Tokyo, Japan: The International Technical Information Institute, 1982., p. 95
The dust ignites spontaneously in air and is flammable and explosive when exposed to heat, flame, or by chemical reaction with oxidizing agents, metals, ammonia, zinc, selenium, and tellurium.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 655

13.1.7 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

It is irritating to the nose and throat ... /From table/
Sullivan, J.B. Jr., G.R. Krieger (eds.). Hazardous Materials Toxicology-Clinical Principles of Environmental Health. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1992., p. 691

13.1.8 EPA Hazardous Waste Number

D006; A waste containing cadmium may or may not be characterized as a hazardous waste following testing by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure as prescribed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations. /Cadmium/

13.2 Safety and Hazard Properties

13.2.1 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs)

13.2.1.1 AEGLs Table
AEGLs
AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: mg/m3)
10 min
0.13 mg/m3
30 min
0.13 mg/m3
60 min
0.10 mg/m3
4 hr
0.063 mg/m3
8 hr
0.041 mg/m3
AEGLs
AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: mg/m3)
10 min
1.4 mg/m3
30 min
0.96 mg/m3
60 min
0.76 mg/m3
4 hr
0.40 mg/m3
8 hr
0.20 mg/m3
AEGLs
AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: mg/m3)
10 min
8.5 mg/m3
30 min
5.9 mg/m3
60 min
4.7 mg/m3
4 hr
1.9 mg/m3
8 hr
0.93 mg/m3
13.2.1.2 AEGLs Notes

NOTE THAT VALUES ARE IN mg/m3, NOT ppm.

AEGLs Status: Interim

13.2.2 Flammable Limits

Flammability
Metal: Noncombustible Solid in bulk form, but will burn in powder form.

13.2.3 Physical Dangers

Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air.

13.2.4 Explosive Limits and Potential

The dust ignites spontaneously in air and is flammable and explosive when exposed to heat ... .
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 655

13.3 First Aid Measures

Inhalation First Aid
Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.
Skin First Aid
Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.
Eye First Aid
First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.
Ingestion First Aid
Rest. Refer for medical attention .

13.3.1 First Aid

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: Some heavy metals are VERY TOXIC POISONS, especially if their salts are very soluble in water (e.g., lead, chromium, mercury, bismuth, osmium, and arsenic). IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. Also locate Ipecac syrup or a glass of salt water in case the medical advisor recommends inducing vomiting. Usually, this is NOT RECOMMENDED outside of a physician's care. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

(See general first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash - If this chemical contacts the skin, wash the contaminated skin with soap and water.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

13.4 Fire Fighting

To extinguish a fire involving this chemical you may use a dry chemical, carbon dioxide, foam or halon extinguisher; a water spray may also be used. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Use dry sand. Use special powder. NO other agents.

13.4.1 Fire Fighting Procedures

Fire fighting: /Wear/ self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand, or other positive mode. /Cadmium dust (as cadmium)/
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 6

13.4.2 Firefighting Hazards

Reacts readily with dilute nitric acid; reacts slowly with hot hydrochloric acid; does not react with alkalies
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 263
When nitryl fluoride is passed ... over ... cadmium ... /with mild warming/, glowing white incandescence occurs.
Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990, p. 1094

13.5 Accidental Release Measures

13.5.1 Isolation and Evacuation

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

13.5.2 Spillage Disposal

Evacuate danger area! Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Remove all ignition sources. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

13.5.3 Cleanup Methods

1) REMOVE ALL IGNITION SOURCES. 2) VENTILATE AREA OF RELEASE. 3) COLLECT RELEASED MATERIAL IN THE MOST CONVENIENT AND SAFE MANNER FOR RECLAMATION OR FOR DISPOSAL. ... /CADMIUM DUST/
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1

13.5.4 Disposal Methods

Recycling: Sort, classify and put in a box properly labeled. Salvage profitably for reuse by local shop or sell as a scrap metal. Recommendable method: /SRP: Hazardous Waste/ Landfill. Not recommendable method: Thermal destruction.
United Nations. Treatment and Disposal Methods for Waste Chemicals (IRPTC File). Data Profile Series No. 5. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Environmental Programme, Dec. 1985., p. 118
Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D006, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Cadmium/
40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of August 2, 2011: https://www.ecfr.gov
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 14
For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for CADMIUM, ELEMENTAL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.5.5 Preventive Measures

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers.
An eye wash fountain should be provided within the immediate work area where cadmium chloride is being used. /Cadmium metal dust/
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 4
The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc. /Cadmium dust (as Cd)/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-151 (2005)
Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. /Cadmium dust (as Cd)/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-151 (2005)
For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for CADMIUM, ELEMENTAL (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.6 Handling and Storage

13.6.1 Nonfire Spill Response

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should keep this material in a tightly-closed container under an inert atmosphere, and store it in a freezer. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

13.6.2 Safe Storage

Fireproof. Dry. Keep under inert gas. Separated from ignition sources, oxidants, acids and food and feedstuffs.

13.6.3 Storage Conditions

Keep containers closed and protect against physical damage.
ITII. Toxic and Hazarous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual. Tokyo, Japan: The International Technical Information Institute, 1982., p. 96
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13
STORAGE: MATERIALS WHICH ARE TOXIC AS STORED OR ... DECOMP INTO TOXIC COMPONENTS DUE TO CONTACT WITH HEAT, MOISTURE, ACIDS, OR ACID FUMES, SHOULD BE STORED IN COOL, WELL-VENTILATED PLACE, OUT OF ... RAYS OF SUN, AWAY FROM AREAS OF ... FIRE HAZARD ... /CADMIUM CMPD/
Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 4th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1975., p. 505

13.7 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

Exposure Summary

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Cd in urine = 5 ug/g creatinine; Cd in blood = 5 ug/L; sampling time not critical; Blood monitoring should be preferred during the initial year of exposure and whenever changes in the degree of exposure are suspected. [ACGIH]

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.

13.7.2 Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)

0.005 [mg/m3], as Cd, see 29 CFR 1910.1027
PEL-TWA (8-Hour Time Weighted Average)
5 µg/m³ [2.5 µg/m³ Action Level]
[1910.1027] TWA 0.005 mg/m3 [*Note: The PEL applies to all Cadmium compounds (as Cd).]

13.7.3 Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)

9 mg Cd/m3 ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

9.0 [mg/m3], as Cd

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: It has been reported that exposure to 9 mg/m3 of cadmium fume for 5 hours is a lethal dose [Beton et al. 1966]. Fatalities have resulted from exposures to concentrations estimated to be 40 to 50 mg/m3 for 1 hour [Barrett and Card 1947; Bulmer et al. 1938; Reinl 1961]. The lethal dose of thermally generated cadmium oxide fume of not more than 2,900 mg­min/m3 has been reported [Barrett and Card 1947], which is equivalent to about 85 mg Cd/m3 for 30 minutes. It has been reported that 39 mg Cd/m3 was a fatal exposure after 20 minutes [Zavon and Meadows 1970].

9 mg/m³

Ca [9 mg/m3 (as Cd)]

See: 7440439

13.7.4 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)

0.01 [mg/m3], as Cd ( 0.002 mg/m3, as Cd, respirable fraction)
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.01 mg/cu m /Cadmium and compounds, as Cd/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; 2011 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices . Cincinnati, OH 2011, p. 16
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.002 mg/cu m (respirable fraction) /Cadmium and compounds, as Cd/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; 2011 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices . Cincinnati, OH 2011, p. 16
A2; Suspected human carcinogen. /Cadmium and compounds, as Cd/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; 2011 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices . Cincinnati, OH 2011, p. 16
Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: Cadmium in urine; Sampling Time: not critical; BEI: 5 ug/g creatinine. The determinant may be present in biological specimens collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed, at a concentration which could affect interpretation of the result. Such background concentrations are incorporated in the BEI value. /Cadmium and inorganic compounds/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; 2011 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices . Cincinnati, OH 2011, p. 101
For more Threshold Limit Values (TLV) (Complete) data for CADMIUM, ELEMENTAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
0.01 mg/m
TLV-TWA (Time Weighted Average)
0.01 mg/m³, 0.002 mg/m³ (respirable particulate matter) [1990]

13.7.5 Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL)

EU-OEL
(inhalable fraction): 0.001 mg/m
MAK (Maximale Arbeitsplatz Konzentration)
(including its inorganic compounds, inhalable fraction): skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 1; germ cell mutagen group: 3A.

13.7.6 Inhalation Risk

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed, especially if powdered.

13.7.7 Effects of Short Term Exposure

The fume is irritating to the respiratory tract. Inhalation of fumes may cause lung oedema. Inhalation of fumes may cause metal fume fever. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

13.7.8 Effects of Long Term Exposure

Repeated or prolonged inhalation of dust particles may cause effects on the lungs. The substance may have effects on the kidneys. This may result in kidney impairment. This substance is carcinogenic to humans.

13.7.9 Radiation Limits and Potential

Cadmium Decay Pathways

Table: Natural Isotopes

Isotope
Cadmium-106
Relative % Abundance
1.25
Half-life
Stable
Isotope
Cadmium-108
Relative % Abundance
0.89
Half-life
Stable
Isotope
Cadmium-110
Relative % Abundance
12.49
Half-life
Stable
Isotope
Cadmium-111
Relative % Abundance
12.80
Half-life
Stable
Isotope
Cadmium-112
Relative % Abundance
24.31
Half-life
Stable
Isotope
Cadmium-113
Relative % Abundance
12.22
Half-life
7.7X10+15 years
Mode of Decay
beta to In-113
Decay energy
0.316 MeV
Isotope
Cadmium-114
Relative % Abundance
28.73
Half-life
Stable
Isotope
Cadmium-116
Relative % Abundance
7.49
Half-life
Stable

Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. Nuclear Data Evaluation Lab. 2000. Nuclide Table. Available from, as of Apr 19, 2011: https://atom.kaeri.re.kr/ton/

Cadmium Decay Pathways

Table: Artificial Isotopes

Isotope
Cadmium-96
Isotope
Cadmium-97
Half-life
3 seconds
Mode of Decay
electron capture to Ag-97; electron capture + proton to Pd-96
Isotope
Cadmium-98
Half-life
9.2 seconds
Mode of Decay
electron capture to Ag-98; electron capture + proton to Pd-97
Decay Energy (MeV)
5.420; 3.100
Isotope
Cadmium-99
Half-life
16 seconds
Mode of Decay
electron capture to Ag-99; electron capture + proton to Pd-98; electron capture + alpha to Rh-95
Decay Energy (MeV)
6.900; 4.150; 6.100
Isotope
Cadmium-100
Half-life
49.1 seconds
Mode of Decay
electron capture to Ag-100
Decay Energy (MeV)
3.880
Isotope
Cadmium-101
Half-life
1.36 minutes
Mode of Decay
electron capture to Ag-101
Decay Energy (MeV)
5.480
Isotope
Cadmium-102
Half-life
5.5 minutes
Mode of Decay
electron capture to Ag-102
Decay Energy (MeV)
2.587
Isotope
Cadmium-103
Half-life
7.3 minutes
Mode of Decay
electron capture to Ag-103
Decay Energy (MeV)
4.142
Isotope
Cadmium-104
Half-life
57.7 minutes
Mode of Decay
electron capture to Ag-104
Decay Energy (MeV)
1.136
Isotope
Cadmium-105
Half-life
55.5 minutes
Mode of Decay
electron capture to Ag-105
Decay Energy (MeV)
2.739
Isotope
Cadmium-107
Half-life
6.50 hours
Mode of Decay
electron capture to Ag-107
Decay Energy (MeV)
1.417
Isotope
Cadmium-109
Half-life
462.2 days
Mode of Decay
electron capture to Ag-109
Decay Energy (MeV)
0.214
Isotope
Cadmium-115
Half-life
53.46 hours
Mode of Decay
beta to In-1151
Decay Energy (MeV)
1.446
Isotope
Cadmium-117
Half-life
2.49 hours
Mode of Decay
beta to In-117
Decay Energy (MeV)
2.517
Isotope
Cadmium-118
Half-life
50.3 minutes
Mode of Decay
beta to In-118
Decay Energy (MeV)
0.520
Isotope
Cadmium-119
Half-life
2.69 minutes
Mode of Decay
beta to In-119
Decay Energy (MeV)
3.800
Isotope
Cadmium-120
Half-life
50.80 seconds
Mode of Decay
beta to In-120
Decay Energy (MeV)
1.760
Isotope
Cadmium-121
Half-life
13.5 seconds
Mode of Decay
beta to In-121
Decay Energy (MeV)
4.890
Isotope
Cadmium-122
Half-life
5.24 seconds
Mode of Decay
beta to In-122
Decay Energy (MeV)
3.000
Isotope
Cadmium-123
Half-life
2.10 seconds
Mode of Decay
beta to In-123
Decay Energy (MeV)
6.120
Isotope
Cadmium-124
Half-life
1.25 seconds
Mode of Decay
beta to In-124
Decay Energy (MeV)
4.170
Isotope
Cadmium-125
Half-life
0.65 seconds
Mode of Decay
beta to In-125
Decay Energy (MeV)
7.160
Isotope
Cadmium-126
Half-life
0.506 seconds
Mode of Decay
beta to In-126
Decay Energy (MeV)
5.490
Isotope
Cadmium-127
Half-life
0.37 seconds
Mode of Decay
beta to In-127
Decay Energy (MeV)
8.470
Isotope
Cadmium-128
Half-life
0.34 seconds
Mode of Decay
beta to In-128
Decay Energy (MeV)
7.100
Isotope
Cadmium-129
Half-life
0.27 seconds
Mode of Decay
beta to In-129
Isotope
Cadmium-130
Half-life
0.20 seconds
Mode of Decay
beta to In-130; beta + neuton to In-129

Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. Nuclear Data Evaluation Lab. 2000. Nuclide Table. Available from, as of Apr 19, 2011: https://atom.kaeri.re.kr/ton/

13.7.10 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Cadmium dust (as Cd):

Skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for personal protective equipment for the body.

Eyes: No recommendation is made specifying the need for eye protection.

Wash skin: DAILY - The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc.

Remove: No recommendation is made specifying the need for removing clothing that becomes wet or contaminated.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. (NIOSH, 2024)

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... dispensers of liq detergent /should be available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... Gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8
Contaminated exhaust air should be filtered, and persons in charge of dust collectors and filters should wear respirators while working on the equipment. /Cadmium/
International Labour Office. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. 4th edition, Volumes 1-4 1998. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1998., p. 63.11
In areas with hazards of flying particles, chemical splashes, radiant heat and so on (e.g., near electroplating tanks and furnaces), workers should wear appropriate safety equipment, such as eye, face, hand and arm protection and impermeable clothing. /Cadmium/
International Labour Office. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. 4th edition, Volumes 1-4 1998. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1998., p. 63.11
Work processes and operations which may release cadmium fumes or dust into the atmosphere should be designed to keep concentration levels to a minimum and, if practicable, be enclosed and fitted with exhaust ventilation. When adequate ventilation is impossible to maintain (e.g., during welding and cutting), respirators should be carried and air should be sampled to determine the cadmium concentration. /Cadmium fumes or dust/
International Labour Office. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. 4th edition, Volumes 1-4 1998. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1998., p. 63.11
For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for CADMIUM, ELEMENTAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(See personal protection and sanitation codes)

Skin: No recommendation

Eyes: No recommendation

Wash skin: Daily - The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc.

Remove: No recommendation

Change: Daily - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

13.7.11 Respirator Recommendations

(See OSHA respirator requirements for selected chemicals)

NIOSH

At concentrations above the NIOSH REL, or where there is no REL, at any detectable concentration:

(APF = 10,000) Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode

(APF = 10,000) Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained positive-pressure breathing apparatus

Escape:

(APF = 50) Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator with an N100, R100, or P100 filter.

Click here for information on selection of N, R, or P filters.

Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus

Important additional information about respirator selection

13.7.12 Preventions

Fire Prevention
NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. NO contact with heat or acids. Closed system, dust explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent deposition of dust.
Exposure Prevention
PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! AVOID ALL CONTACT! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!
Inhalation Prevention
Use local exhaust or breathing protection.
Skin Prevention
Protective gloves.
Eye Prevention
Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.
Ingestion Prevention
Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

13.8 Stability and Reactivity

13.8.1 Air and Water Reactions

The finely divided metal is pyrophoric. Slowly oxidized by moist air to form cadmium oxide. Insoluble in water.

13.8.2 Reactive Group

Metals, Elemental and Powder, Active

13.8.3 Reactivity Alerts

Pyrophoric

13.8.4 Reactivity Profile

A violent explosion occurred 30 minutes after placement of a CADMIUM rod into hydrazoic acid [Mellor 8 Supp. 2:50 1967]. Fused ammonium nitrate with powdered metal often produces a violent explosive reaction. Reactivity similar to zinc. May be incompatible with oxidants.

13.8.5 Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities

The dust ignites spontaneously in air and is flammable and explosive when exposed to heat, flame, or by chemical reaction with oxidizing agents, metals, ammonia, zinc, selenium, and tellurium.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 655
A violent explosion followed immersion of a cadmium rod in hydrazoic acid after about 30 mins.
National Fire Protection Association; Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 14TH Edition, Quincy, MA 2010, p. 491-39

13.9 Transport Information

13.9.1 DOT ID and Guide

13.9.2 Shipment Methods and Regulations

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
49 CFR 171.2 (USDOT); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of August 2, 2011: https://www.ecfr.gov
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. /Cadmium compounds/
International Air Transport Association. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 48th Edition. Montreal, Quebec Canada. 2007., p. 155
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. /Cadmium compounds/
International Maritime Organization. IMDG Code. International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code Volume 2 2006, p. 121
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13

13.9.3 DOT Label

Poison

13.9.4 Packaging and Labelling

Airtight. Unbreakable packaging. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

13.9.5 EC Classification

Symbol: T+, N; R: 45-26-48/23/25-62-63-68-50/53; S: 53-45-60-61; Note: E

13.9.6 UN Classification

UN Hazard Class: 6.1

13.10 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: Cadmium
REACH Registered Substance
REACH Restricted Substance

Restricted substance: Cadmium

EC: 231-152-8

Restriction condition document: PDF link

REACH Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC)

Substance: Cadmium

EC: 231-152-8

Date of inclusion: >20-Jun-2013

Reason for inclusion: Carcinogenic (Article 57a); Specific target organ toxicity after repeated exposure (Article 57(f) - human health)

New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Cadmium: HSNO Approval: HSR001530 Approved with controls

13.10.1 Atmospheric Standards

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Cadmium is included on this list.
Clean Air Act as amended in 1990, Sect. 112 (b) (1) Public Law 101-549 Nov. 15, 1990

13.10.2 Federal Drinking Water Standards

Maximum contaminant levels for inorganic contaminants: 0.005 mg/L /Cadmium/
40 CFR 141.62 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of July 26, 2011: https://www.ecfr.gov

13.10.3 Federal Drinking Water Guidelines

Maximum contaminant level goals for inorganic contaminants: 0.005 mg/L /Cadmium/
40 CFR 141.51 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of July 26, 2011: https://www.ecfr.gov

13.10.4 State Drinking Water Standards

(AZ) ARIZONA 10 ug/L /Cadmium/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present

13.10.5 State Drinking Water Guidelines

(AZ) ARIZONA 5 ug/L /Cadmium/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(ME) MAINE 3.5 ug/L /Cadmium/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(MN) MINNESOTA 4 ug/L /Cadmium/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present

13.10.6 Clean Water Act Requirements

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Cadmium and compounds/
40 CFR 401.15 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of July 26, 2011: https://www.ecfr.gov

13.10.7 CERCLA Reportable Quantities

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). No reporting of releases of this hazardous substance is required if the diameter of the pieces of the solid metal released is larger than 100 micrometers (0.004 inches).
40 CFR 302.4 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of July 26, 2011: https://www.ecfr.gov

13.10.8 RCRA Requirements

D006; A solid waste containing cadmium may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Cadmium/
40 CFR 261.24 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of August 3, 2011: https://www.ecfr.gov

13.11 Other Safety Information

Chemical Assessment

IMAP assessments - Cadmium: Human health tier II assessment

IMAP assessments - Cadmium metal and cadmium oxide: Environment tier II assessment

13.11.1 Toxic Combustion Products

When heated to a high temperature it emits toxic fumes of cadmium.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 655

13.11.2 Special Reports

WHO/IARC; IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 58. Beryllium, Cadmium, Mercury, and Exposures in the Glass Manufacturing Industry (1997). IARC Monographs provide critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for agents to which humans are known to be exposed and on specific exposure situations.[Available from, as of August 3, 2011: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol58/index.php]
National Toxicology Program. Eleventh Report on Carcinogens (2005). The Report on Carcinogens is an informational scientific and public health document that identifies and discusses substances (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may pose a carcinogenic hazard to human health. Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds are listed as known to be human carcinogens. /Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds/[Available from, as of July 31, 2009: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s028cadm.pdf]

14 Toxicity

14.1 Toxicological Information

14.1.1 EPA IRIS Information

Substance
Toxicity Summary
EPA IRIS Summary PDF (Update: Oct-01-1989 )
Cancer Sites
Respiratory
Critical Effect Systems
Urinary
Reference Dose (RfD), chronic
5 x 10 ^-4 mg/kg-day

14.1.2 RAIS Toxicity Values

1 of 2
Inhalation Unit Risk (IUR) (ug/m^3)^-1
0.0018
Inhalation Unit Risk Reference
IRIS Current
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
3e-05
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration Reference
ATSDR Final
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
1e-05
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration Reference
ATSDR Final
Inhalation Subchronic Reference Concentration (RfCs) (mg/m^3)
0.0009
Inhalation Subchronic Reference Concentration Reference
PPRTV Archive
Oral Chronic Reference Dose (RfDoc) (mg/kg-day)
0.0001
Oral Chronic Reference Dose Reference
ATSDR Final
Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose (RfDos) (mg/kg-day)
0.0005
Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose Reference
ATSDR Final
Short-term Oral Reference Dose (RfDot) (mg/kg-day)
0.0005
Short-term Oral Reference Dose Reference
ATSDR Final
2 of 2
Inhalation Unit Risk (IUR) (ug/m^3)^-1
0.0018
Inhalation Unit Risk Reference
IRIS Current
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
3e-05
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration Reference
ATSDR Final
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
1e-05
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration Reference
ATSDR Final
Oral Chronic Reference Dose (RfDoc) (mg/kg-day)
0.0001
Oral Chronic Reference Dose Reference
ATSDR Final
Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose (RfDos) (mg/kg-day)
0.0005
Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose Reference
ATSDR Final
Short-term Oral Reference Dose (RfDot) (mg/kg-day)
0.0005
Short-term Oral Reference Dose Reference
ATSDR Final

14.1.3 USGS Health-Based Screening Levels for Evaluating Water-Quality

Chemical
Cadmium
USGS Parameter Code
01025
Chemical Classes
Trace element
MCL (Maximum Contaminant Levels)[μg/L]
5
Reference
Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

14.1.4 Evidence for Carcinogenicity

Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of cadmium and cadmium compounds. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of cadmium compounds. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of cadmium metal. In making the overall evaluation, the Working Group took into consideration the evidence that ionic cadmium causes genotoxic effects in a variety of types of eukaryotic cells, including human cells. Overall evaluation: Cadmium and cadmium compounds are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). /Cadmium and cadmium compounds/
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. 58 210 (1993)
Cancer Classification: Group B1 Probable Human Carcinogen
USEPA Office of Pesticide Programs, Health Effects Division, Science Information Management Branch: "Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential" (April 2006)
CLASSIFICATION: B1; probable human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Limited evidence from occupational epidemiologic studies of cadmium is consistent across investigators and study populations. There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in rats and mice by inhalation and intramuscular and subcutaneous injection. Seven studies in rats and mice wherein cadmium salts (acetate, sulfate, chloride) were administered orally have shown no evidence of carcinogenic response. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Limited.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) on Cadmium (7440-43-9) from the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET System, March 6, 1995
Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds: known to be human carcinogens.
DHHS/National Toxicology Program; Eleventh Report on Carcinogens: Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds (January 2005). Available from, as of July 31, 2009: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s028cadm.pdf
For more Evidence for Carcinogenicity (Complete) data for CADMIUM, ELEMENTAL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

14.1.5 Carcinogen Classification

IARC Carcinogenic Agent
Cadmium and cadmium compounds
IARC Carcinogenic Classes
Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans
IARC Monographs

Volume 58: (1993) Beryllium, Cadmium, Mercury, and Exposures in the Glass Manufacturing Industry

Volume 100C: (2012) Arsenic, Metals, Fibres, and Dusts

14.1.6 Exposure Routes

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.
inhalation, ingestion

14.1.7 Symptoms

Inhalation Exposure
Cough. Sore throat.
Eye Exposure
Redness. Pain.
Ingestion Exposure
Abdominal pain. Diarrhoea. Headache. Nausea. Vomiting.
pulmonary edema, dyspnea (breathing difficulty), cough, chest tightness, substernal (occurring beneath the sternum) pain; headache; chills, muscle aches; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; anosmia (loss of the sense of smell), emphysema, proteinuria, mild anemia; [potential occupational carcinogen]

14.1.8 Target Organs

Cancer, Gastrointestinal (Digestive), Musculoskeletal (Muscles and Skeleton), Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)
Urinary
respiratory system, kidneys, prostate, blood

14.1.9 Cancer Sites

Respiratory
[prostatic &amp; lung cancer]

14.1.10 Adverse Effects

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 1: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as established human carcinogens.

NTP Carcinogen - Known to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Suspected Human.

14.1.11 Acute Effects

14.1.12 Toxicity Data

LC50 (rat) = 25 mg/m3/30 min

14.1.13 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Cadmium and Related Compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 382
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Cadmium and Related Compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 382-3
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... .... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Cadmium and Related Compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 383

14.1.14 Medical Surveillance

Initial medical examination: a complete history and physical examination detect pre-existing conditions that might place the exposed employee at increased risk, and to establish a baseline for future health monitoring. Examination of the respiratory system, liver, kidneys, prostate, and blood should be stressed. Since kidney damage has been observed in humans exposed to cadmium, a urinalysis should be obtained to include, at minimum: specific gravity, albumin, glucose, and a microscopic /examination of the/ centrifuged sediment. In addition, the urine should be examined for low molecular weight proteins by use of 3% sulfosalicylic acid or other acceptable techniques. A 14 x 17 in roentgenogram should be obtained as cadmium causes human lung damage. Surveillance of the lungs is recommended. A profile of liver function should be obtained by utilizing a medically acceptable array of biochemical tests.Since cadmium may cause liver damage. FVC and FEV (1 sec): cadmium is reported to cause decreased pulmonary function. Therefore periodic surveillance is recommended. Medical examinations should be repeated annually, except that X-ray is considered necessary only when indicated by pulmonary function tests or by symptoms of respiratory disease. Urine protein measurements should be available every four months. /Cadmium dust (as cadmium)/
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2
Environmental monitoring records shall be maintained for at least 20 years. These records shall include methods of sampling and analysis used, types of respiratory protection used, and TWA and ceiling concentrations found. Each employee shall have made available to them information on their own environmental exposures. Environmental records shall be available to designated representatives of the Secretary of Labor, and the Secretary of /Health and Human Services/. Pertinent medical records shall be retained for 20 years after the last occupational exposure to cadmium. Records of environmental exposures applicable to the employee should be included in that employee's medical records. These medical records shall be made available to the designated medical representatives of the Secretary of Labor & of /Health and Human Services/, of the employer, and of the employee or former employee. /Cadmium cmpd/
NIOSH; Criteria Document: Cadmium p.5 (1976) DHEW Pub. NIOSH 76-192
The assessment of cadmium exposure can be accomplished through measurement of cadmium. Studies assessing correlation of blood levels with occupational exposure found that blood levels correlate with recent exposures, and not well with chronic exposure or assessment of total body burden. Whole Blood Reference ranges: Normal - non-occupational exposure levels range from 0.4 to 1.0 ug/L for nonsmokers and up to 4.5 ug/L for smokers; Exposed - BEI (sampling time is not critical): 5 ug/L; Toxic - levels greater than 10 ug/L have been associated with worker toxicity such as renal dysfunction. Serum or Plasma Reference Ranges: Normal - 0.5 to 2 ug/L; Exposed - not established; Toxic - not established. Urine Reference ranges: Normal - non-occupational exposure levels range from 0.02 to 4.5 ug/L; Exposed - BEI (sampling time is not critical): 5 ug/g creatinine; Toxic - Several studies have indicated that urinary levels greater than 10 ug/g creatinine or 10 ug/L in workers have been associated with an increased incidence of renal dysfunction. /Cadmium/
Ryan, R.P., C.E. Terry (eds.). Toxicology Desk Reference 4th ed. Volumes 1-3. Taylor & Francis, Washington, D.C. 1997., p. 525
Respiratory Symptom Questionnaires: Questionnaires have been published by the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the British Medical Research Council. These questionnaires have been found to be useful in identification of people with chronic bronchitis. However certain pulmonary function tests such as FEV1 (see pulmonary function test section) have been found to be better predictors of chronic airflow obstruction. /Cadmium/
Ryan, R.P., C.E. Terry (eds.). Toxicology Desk Reference 4th ed. Volumes 1-3. Taylor & Francis, Washington, D.C. 1997., p. 529
For more Medical Surveillance (Complete) data for CADMIUM, ELEMENTAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

14.1.15 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ Renal tubular dysfunction was assessed in 102 individuals (36% women, 64% men) with greater than 5 years employment in cadmium battery production in an alkaline battery factory. A control group consisted of 53 individuals not involved in cadmium battery production, and another 32 individuals working in a cotton factory. Blood cadmium (Cd-B), urine cadmium (Cd-U), retinol binding protein (RBP), B2-microglobulin (B2-M), and aminoaciduria were determined before the work shift. Wilcoxin's rank sum test was used to assess differences between the control and study groups. Cd-B and Cd-U were higher for subjects working in Cd battery production (Cd-B= 7.5 to 49 ug/l; Cd-U= 5.5 to 36 ug/l) than for those employed at the cotton factory or in work not related to Cd battery production at the alkaline battery factory (Cd-B= 4.8 ug/L; Cd-U= 1.0 ug/L). Urinary excretion of B2-M and RBP was significantly elevated depending on specific work location in the factory) in 20% of workers involved with Cd battery production. A high correlation coefficient (r= 0.85) was obtained for Cd-B and Cd-U values, possibly because Cd-U becomes an indicator of current Cd exposure when Cd exposure is great. Correlation between Cd-U and excretion of B2-M and RBP (r= 0.52 and 0.55, respectively) was also greater than previous reports and possibly indicative of high Cd exposure levels.
Jakubowski M et al; Int Arch Occup Environ Health 59 (6): 567-77 (1987)
/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ In a retrospective study, 311 male workers in an alkaline battery factory were evaluated for cadmium exposure. Workers were exposed to > 50 ug/cu m for 1 - 35 years. Hypertension (defined by average blood pressure > 160/95 over a 5 year period) was noted in 23% of workers over 40. The duration of employment correlated with the degree of hypertension among age-matched groups of workers when compared to normotensives. In this study laborers were exposed to levels that exceed 50 ug cadmium/cu m, while today's workers are exposed to air levels averaging 10 ug cadmium/cu m.
Engvall J, Perk J; Arch Env Health 40 (3): 185-90 (1985)
/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ Two hundred forty male and female workers in a battery factory along with 87 unexposed male controls were studied to determine the excretion of beta(2)-microglobulin. The exposed workers were employed in the department where materials for battery electrodes were made (material plant) or where the electrodes and batteries were assembled (assembly plant). ... Diagnosis of proteinuria was made in those whose microglobulin excretion was greater than the upper 95% confidence limit of the normal concentration in the urine; ... this was not considered necessarily to be a clinically significant proteinuria. There was an increased incidence of microglobulinuria in the exposed group. In the unexposed controls, 3.4% had microglobulinuria. In the assembly plant, women had a 2.3% incidence of this type of proteinuria and men had a 25% incidence. The men who worked in the material plant had a 52% incidence of microglobulinuria. These incidences in male workers were significantly different from control incidences at (p< 0.001); differences in incidences between female workers and controls were not significant. The 2.3% incidence among working women represents one case of microglobulinuria among 41 women. Yet 15 of the women had been exposed for more than 5 years. The lower rate of microglobulinuria among women might in part reflect a lower smoking rate; of the 13 women whose smoking habits were known, 5 were smokers. Nonsmoking cadmium exposed workers had a lower prevalence of the defined proteinuria than smoking cadmium exposed workers. Nine of the workers were separately treated in the study because they were from Yugoslavia, where tubular proteinuria is endemic (Balkan nephropathy); two of them were found to excrete increased amounts of microglobulin. In the 185 employees that worked continuously with cadmium, the prevalence of microglobulinuria increased with exposure time.
NIOSH; Criteria Document: Cadmium p.23 (1976) DHEW Pub. NIOSH 76-192
/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Food and Environmental Agents: Effect on Breast-Feeding: Reported Sign or Symptom in Infant or Effect on Lactation: Cadmium: None Reported. /from Table 7/
Report of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs in Pediatrics 93 (1): 142 (1994)

14.1.16 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ A number of studies from experimental animals, as well as tissue culture models, confirm the protective role of metallothionein. ... Toxic cell injury is thought to be caused by unbound cadmium or free cadmium ion. Administration of metallothionein prepared with different ratios of cadmium and zinc to rats has demonstrated that renal tubular necrosis is related to the cadmium content, not the amount of metallothionein.
Doull, J., C.D.Klassen, and M.D. Amdur (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 3rd ed., New York: Macmillan Co., Inc., 1986., p. 595
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Cadmium metal implanted experimentally in rabbit eyes has proved very toxic, causing severe purulent intraocular inflammation and cataract.
Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 165
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/... MALIGNANT LOCAL TUMORS /OCCURRED/ IN 9/10 & 6/8 FEMALE HOODED RATS GIVEN IM INJECTIONS OF 14 OR 28 MG CADMIUM POWDER, RESPECTIVELY, INTO THIGH MUSCLE ... HIGH PROPORTION OF TUMORS WERE RHABDOMYOSARCOMAS ... SOME WERE FIBROSARCOMAS; IN GENERAL, THEY WERE FAIRLY WELL DIFFERENTIATED, BUT MANY METASTASIZED.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V11 55 (1976)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Groups of 10 female hooded rats, two to three months old, received a single intramuscular injection of 14 or 28 mg cadmium metal powder ... suspended in 0.4 mL fowl serum into the thigh muscle. The total duration of the study was 84 weeks. ... Two of the rats receiving 28 mg cadmium powder were killed within two weeks of injection in order to study acute local reactions. Malignant tumors developed at the site of injection in 9/10 rats given 14 mg and in 6/8 rats given 28 mg cadmium powder. Most of the tumors were rhabdomyosarcomas; some fibrosarcomas were seen which metastasized to lymph nodes.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V58 169 (1993)
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CADMIUM, ELEMENTAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

14.1.17 Non-Human Toxicity Values

LD50 Rat oral 225 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 655
LC50 Rat inhalation 25 mg/cu m/30 minutes
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 655
LD50 Mouse oral 890 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 655
LD50 Mouse ip 5700 ug/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 655

14.1.18 TSCA Test Submissions

The acute inhalation toxicity of cadmium (CAS # 7440-43-9) was evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats (25/sex/group) administered single 125-minute exposures to cadmium metal fumes at target concentrations of 0 or 100 mg/cu m (mean analytical concentration based on GCA and 88% cadmium/sample, 112 mg/cu m cadmium; as measured from filter paper-recovered sample, 72.4 mg/cu m). Two additional rats were treated for retention through Day 30 as potential surrogates for any unanticipated experimental losses. In addition, groups of 5 each male and female rats were necropsied immediately after the exposures, and at 24 and 72 hours, and 7 days post-exposure to provide select tissues to be analyzed for cadmium content in pharmacokinetic study. Cadmium acetate, dihydrate (10% aqueous solution), vaporized by Laskin nebulizer to an aerosol, was dehumidified and heated to a fume, and then supplied to and diluted in the air of a 760 L glass and stainless steel environmental chamber. All rats were hypoactive but survived the exposures. Subsequently, treated rats showed labored and rapid breathing, excessive dry rales, continuous weight loss, and poor general condition. Of the rats remaining after 24-hour post-exposure necropsy, 25/32 died from Day 2 to Day 6 during observation. Lung and liver discoloration and congestion appeared at Day 2 or later in sequential gross pathology examinations of both the interim sacrifices and decedents, and all rats were gone to either interim sacrifice or spontaneous death by Day 8 of intended 30-day study. The authors reported an acute inhalation LC50 less than 72.4 mg/cu m in rats.
Shell Oil Co; A Single Exposure Inhalation Study of Cadmium Containing Materials in the Rat; 07/11/80; EPA Document No. 88-920001938; Fiche No. OTS0539392
The acute inhalation toxicity and pharmacokinetics of cadmium (CAS # 7440-43-9) was evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats (25/sex/group) administered single 125-minute exposures to cadmium metal fumes at target concentrations of 0 or 100 mg/cu m (mean analytical concentration based on GCA and 88% cadmium/sample, 112 mg/cu m cadmium; as measured from filter paper-recovered sample, 72.4 mg/cu m). Two additional rats were treated for retention through Day 30 as potential surrogates for any unanticipated experimental losses. Cadmium acetate, dihydrate (10% aqueous solution), vaporized by Laskin nebulizer to an aerosol, was dehumidified and heated to a fume, and then supplied to and diluted in air of the 760 L glass and stainless steel environmental chamber. Immediately following the exposure and at 24, 48 and 72 hours, and 7 days post-exposure, 5 each male and female treated rats were isolated for collection of urine and feces samples. Another group of 5 each male and female rats, necropsied immediately after the exposures, and at 24 and 72 hours, and 7 days post-exposure, provided select tissues (lung, liver, kidneys, testes, prostate, G.I. wash, heparinized whole blood) to be analyzed for cadmium content. Of the rats remaining after 24-hour post-exposure necropsy, 25/32 died from Day 2 to Day 6 during observation. Lung and liver discoloration and congestion appeared at Day 2 or later in sequential gross pathology examinations of both the interim sacrifices and decedents, and all rats were gone to either interim sacrifice or spontaneous death by Day 8 of intended 30-day study. Cadmium was found to be largely eliminated in the feces, the greatest average levels (658 and 68 ug for male and female rats, respectively) recovered between 24 and 72 hours post-exposure. Very small amounts (1.97 and 1.17 ug for male and female rats, respectively) appeared in the urine of treated rats during the same time intervals. A specific tissue affinity was also suggested by the greater relative concentrations and periods of residence in lungs, liver, and kidneys of the tissues tested. By the final determinations, the average levels (ug Cd/g tissue for both male and female rats) of cadmium in the lungs (7 ug/g) and liver (2.28 ug/g) were static and those in the kidneys (2.87 ug/g) still increasing at levels significantly higher than those in the control group (0.06 ug/g, 0.0145 ug/g, 0.08 ug/g for lungs, liver, and kidneys, respectively). On comparison, the rate of elimination of cadmium in these tissues was much slower than that associated with exposure to either Cadmium Red Pigment or Cadmium Yellow Pigment.
Shell Oil Co; A Single Exposure Inhalation Study of Cadmium Containing Materials in the Rat; 07/11/80; EPA Document No. 88-920001938; Fiche No. OTS0539392

14.2 Ecological Information

14.2.1 US EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants

1 of 2
Resident Soil (mg/kg)
7.10e+00
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
1.00e+02
Resident Air (ug/m3)
1.60e-03
Industrial Air (ug/m3)
6.80e-03
MCL (ug/L)
8.0E+01(G)
Inhalation Unit Risk (ug/m3)-1
1.80e-03
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
1.00e-04
Chronic Inhalation Reference Concentration (mg/m3)
1e-05
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
0.025
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed Dermally from Soil
0.001
2 of 2
Resident Air (ug/m3)
1.60e-03
Industrial Air (ug/m3)
6.80e-03
Tapwater (ug/L)
1.80e+00
MCL (ug/L)
5.00e+00
Risk-based SSL (mg/kg)
1.40e-01
MCL-based SSL (mg/kg)
3.80e-01
Inhalation Unit Risk (ug/m3)-1
1.80e-03
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
1.00e-04
Chronic Inhalation Reference Concentration (mg/m3)
1e-05
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
0.05
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed Dermally from Soil
0.001

14.2.2 US EPA Regional Removal Management Levels for Chemical Contaminants

1 of 2
Resident Soil (mg/kg)
2.10e+01
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
3.00e+02
Resident Air (ug/m3)
3.10e-02
Industrial Air (ug/m3)
1.30e-01
MCL (ug/L)
8.0E+01 (G)
Inhalation Unit Risk (ug/m3)-1
1.80e-03
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
1.00e-04
Chronic Inhalation Reference Concentration (mg/m3)
1e-05
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
0.025
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed Dermally from Soil
0.001
2 of 2
Resident Air (ug/m3)
3.10e-02
Industrial Air (ug/m3)
1.30e-01
Tapwater (ug/L)
5.50e+00
MCL (ug/L)
5.00e+00
Inhalation Unit Risk (ug/m3)-1
1.80e-03
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
1.00e-04
Chronic Inhalation Reference Concentration (mg/m3)
1e-05
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
0.05
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed Dermally from Soil
0.001

14.2.3 Natural Pollution Sources

Cadmium is a widely but sparsely distributed element found in the earth's crust at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 ppm, primarily as sulfide minerals in association with zinc ores, zinc-bearing lead ores, and complex copper-lead-zinc ores(1,2). Greenocktite (CdS) is found associated with zinc ore, sphalerite (ZnS); zinc carbonate contains otavite (CdCO3) in small amounts. Cadmium abundance in seawater is estimated as 0.11 ug/L(2).
(1) ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Cadmium. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health Service (2008). Available from, as of Sept 27, 2011: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp
(2) Patnaik P, ed; Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill p. 141 (2003)

14.2.4 Artificial Pollution Sources

Liberation during smelting and refining of ores where it is a by-product of zinc, lead and copper bearing ores. Liberation during recovery of metal by processing scrap; during melting and pouring of cadmium metal; during casting of alloys for cadmium-copper, cadmium-lead, cadmium-bismuth, cadmium-silver, cadmium-nickel, cadmium-lead-silver, cadmium-lead-silver-nickel, cadmium-lead-bismuth-tin, and cadmium-gold products used for coating telephone cables, trolley wires, welding, electrodes, automatic sprinkling systems, steam boilers, fire alarms, high pressure/temperature bearings, starting switches, aircraft relays, light duty circuit breakers, low temperature solder, and jewelry. Liberation during fabrication of metal, alloys, or plated steel. Liberation during casting and use of solders; during melting of cadmium ingots for paint and pigment manufacture used for coloring of plastics and ceramic glazes, electroplating, and in chemical synthesis. Liberation during coating of metals by hot dipping or spraying. Liberation during manufacture of nickel-cadmium batteries for use in radio portable telephones, convenience appliances, and vented cells used in airplanes, helicopters, and stand-by power and lighting(1).
(1) Mackison FW et al, eds; Occupational Health Guideline for Cadmium Dust (as Cadmium). Washington, DC: NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123. Jan. 1981. Available from, as of Sept 27, 2011: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/81-123/
Of the two basic methods of zinc production, thermal smelting and electrolytic refining, only the former releases significant emissions of cadmium(1). Cadmium emissions at a lead smelter is expected to be elemental cadmium and the oxide(2).
(1) World Health Organization; Environmental Health Criteria 134. Cadmium. Geneva, Switzerland (1992)
(2) Struck BD et al; Sci Tot Environ 182: 85-91 (1996)

14.2.5 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of cadmium is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).
(1) US EPA; Inventory Update Reporting (IUR). Non-confidential 2006 IUR Records by Chemical, including Manufacturing, Processing and Use Information. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available from, as of Apr 27, 2011: https://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/index.cfm
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 335 workers (22 of these were female) were potentially exposed to pure cadmium in the US(1).
(1) NIOSH; NOES. National Occupational Exposure Survey conducted from 1981-1983. Estimated numbers of employees potentially exposed to specific agents by 2-digit standard industrial classification (SIC). Available from, as of Apr 27, 2011: https://www.cdc.gov/noes/

15 Associated Disorders and Diseases

Associated Occupational Diseases with Exposure to the Compound

Lung cancer [Category: Cancer, Occupational]

Osteomalacia [Category: Chronic Poisoning]

Cadmium, chronic toxic effect [Category: Metal Poisoning, Occupational]

Chronic renal failure [Category: Chronic Poisoning]

16 Literature

16.1 Consolidated References

16.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

16.3 Thieme References

16.4 Wiley References

16.5 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

16.6 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

16.7 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

17 Patents

17.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

17.2 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

17.3 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

17.4 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

18 Interactions and Pathways

18.1 Chemical-Target Interactions

19 Biological Test Results

19.1 BioAssay Results

20 Taxonomy

The LOTUS Initiative for Open Natural Products Research: frozen dataset union wikidata (with metadata) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.5794106

21 Classification

21.1 MeSH Tree

21.2 NCI Thesaurus Tree

21.3 ChEBI Ontology

21.4 ChemIDplus

21.5 CAMEO Chemicals

21.6 UN GHS Classification

21.7 EPA CPDat Classification

21.8 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

21.9 EPA DSSTox Classification

21.10 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Classification

21.11 Consumer Product Information Database Classification

21.12 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

21.13 LOTUS Tree

21.14 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

21.15 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

22 Information Sources

  1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
    LICENSE
    The information provided using CDC Web site is only intended to be general summary information to the public. It is not intended to take the place of either the written law or regulations.
    https://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html
  2. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
  3. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
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CONTENTS