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Hexachlorocyclohexane

PubChem CID
727
Structure
Hexachlorocyclohexane_small.png
Hexachlorocyclohexane_3D_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • lindane
  • beta-HCH
  • 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane
  • alpha-HCH
  • 58-89-9
Molecular Weight
290.8 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2004-09-16
  • Modify:
    2025-01-04
Description
Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) is a manufactured chemical that exists in eight chemical forms called isomers. One of these forms, gamma-HCH (or γ-HCH, commonly called lindane) is produced and used as an insecticide on fruit, vegetables, and forest crops. It is a white solid that may evaporate into the air as a colorless vapor with a slightly musty odor. It is also available as a prescription (lotion, cream, or shampoo) to treat head and body lice, and scabies. Lindane has not been produced in the United States since 1976, but is imported for insecticide use. Technical-grade HCH was used as an insecticide in the United States and typically contained 10-15% gamma-HCH as well as the alpha (α), beta (β), delta (δ), and epsilon (ε) forms of HCH. Virtually all the insecticidal properties resided in gamma-HCH. Technical-grade HCH has not been produced or used in the United States in over 20 years.
Hexachlorocyclohexane (all isomers including lindane) can cause cancer according to an independent committee of scientific and health experts.
Hexachlorocyclohexane (all isomers) appears as white to yellow powder or flakes. Musty odor. The gamma isomer is known as lindane, a systemic insecticide. Toxic by ingestion or inhalation.
See also: Lindane (has subclass); delta-Hexachlorocyclohexane (has subclass); Beta-Hexachlorocyclohexane (has subclass) ... View More ...

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Hexachlorocyclohexane.png

1.2 3D Conformer

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C6H6Cl6/c7-1-2(8)4(10)6(12)5(11)3(1)9/h1-6H
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

JLYXXMFPNIAWKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

C1(C(C(C(C(C1Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

C6H6Cl6
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

C6H6Cl6

ClCH(CHCl)4CHCl

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

319-85-7
608-73-1
319-84-6
58-89-9
319-86-8
6108-10-7
6108-11-8
6108-12-9
6108-13-0
119911-69-2

2.3.2 Deprecated CAS

25897-48-7, 53529-37-6, 55963-79-6, 8007-42-9, 8073-23-2
20437-97-2, 60291-32-9
89609-19-8
39284-22-5
25897-48-7, 53529-37-6, 55963-79-6, 8073-23-2

2.3.3 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.4 UNII

2.3.5 UN Number

2.3.6 ChEBI ID

2.3.7 ChEMBL ID

2.3.8 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.9 HMDB ID

2.3.10 ICSC Number

2.3.11 KEGG ID

2.3.12 Metabolomics Workbench ID

2.3.13 NCI Thesaurus Code

2.3.14 Nikkaji Number

2.3.15 NSC Number

2.3.16 PharmGKB ID

2.3.17 RTECS Number

2.3.18 Wikidata

2.3.19 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
290.8 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
XLogP3
Property Value
3.8
Reference
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
289.857116 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
287.860066 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
0 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
12
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
104
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Hexachlorocyclohexane (all isomers) appears as white to yellow powder or flakes. Musty odor. The gamma isomer is known as lindane, a systemic insecticide. Toxic by ingestion or inhalation.
WHITE TO BROWNISH FLAKES OR WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER, WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

3.2.2 Color / Form

White or yellowish powder or flakes
Larranaga, M.D., Lewis, R.J. Sr., Lewis, R.A.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016., p. 709
White crystalline powder
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 12th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2012., p. 454
White-colored powder
Farm Chemicals Handbook 1998. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1998., p. C-52
Colorless, sand-like powder
State of New Jersey. Dept of Health. Right To Know Hazardous Substance list. Hexachlorocyclohexane. Oct 2008. Available from, as of May 30, 2017: https://web.doh.state.nj.us/rtkhsfs/rtkhsl.aspx
Grayish or brownish amorphous solid /crude product/
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V14: 544

3.2.3 Odor

Musty
State of New Jersey. Dept of Health. Right To Know Hazardous Substance list. Hexachlorocyclohexane. Oct 2008. Available from, as of May 30, 2017: https://web.doh.state.nj.us/rtkhsfs/rtkhsl.aspx
Characteristic musty odor /crude product/
Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA14: 280 (1989)

3.2.4 Melting Point

Varies with isomeric composition
Larranaga, M.D., Lewis, R.J. Sr., Lewis, R.A.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016., p. 709
MP: 113 °C
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 12th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2012., p. 454
The different isomers differ widely in their melting points.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V14: 544

3.2.5 Solubility

Insoluble in water
Larranaga, M.D., Lewis, R.J. Sr., Lewis, R.A.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016., p. 709
Soluble in 100% alcohol, chloroform, ether
Larranaga, M.D., Lewis, R.J. Sr., Lewis, R.A.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016., p. 709
International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 1635
Practically insoluble in water.
Farm Chemicals Handbook 1998. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1998., p. C-52
Soluble in benzene and chloroform.
Farm Chemicals Handbook 1998. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1998., p. C-52
Solubility in water: very poor

3.2.6 Density

1.675
Larranaga, M.D., Lewis, R.J. Sr., Lewis, R.A.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016., p. 709
1.9 g/cm³

3.2.7 Vapor Pressure

VP: 0.0317 mm Hg at 20 °C
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 12th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2012., p. 454
VP: Approx 0.5 mm Hg at 60 °C
Larranaga, M.D., Lewis, R.J. Sr., Lewis, R.A.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016., p. 709

3.2.8 Stability / Shelf Life

Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for HCH. Product Number: 36756, Version 5.6 (Revision Date 08/09/2016). Available from, as of December 12, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Stable toward moderate heat but decomposed by alkaline substances.
Larranaga, M.D., Lewis, R.J. Sr., Lewis, R.A.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016., p. 709
Stable to light, heat, air, carbon dioxide and strong acids.
Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection. 7th ed. Publication 1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada: Information Canada, 1982., p. 42

3.2.9 Decomposition

Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions - Carbon oxides, hydrogen chloride gas.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for HCH. Product Number: 36756, Version 5.6 (Revision Date 08/09/2016). Available from, as of December 12, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
When heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes of phosgene, HCl.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 364

3.2.10 Kovats Retention Index

1 of 4
Standard non-polar
1655 , 1655 , 1656 , 1657 , 1657 , 1657 , 1659 , 1659 , 1690 , 1681 , 1650.8 , 1670.9 , 1739 , 1678.8 , 1694.4 , 1687.5 , 1693 , 1655.8 , 1646.4 , 1716.5 , 1640 , 1645 , 1645 , 1667.8 , 1690
Semi-standard non-polar
1714 , 1691.9 , 1675.9 , 1691.5 , 1691.3 , 1692.8 , 1709.1 , 1727.3 , 1680.4 , 1687 , 1724 , 1688 , 1694.9 , 1698.9 , 1688.6 , 1701.7 , 1694.8 , 1690.5 , 1694.2 , 1684.7 , 1702.1 , 1688.3 , 1692.5 , 289
Standard polar
2452 , 2452
2 of 4
Standard non-polar
1710 , 1694 , 1703.9 , 1714.9 , 1722.9 , 1714.9 , 1732.4 , 1749.7 , 1749 , 1710.2 , 1710 , 1723.9
Semi-standard non-polar
1761 , 1739 , 1744.1 , 1729.2 , 1740.3 , 1744.1 , 1732.7 , 1748.2 , 1732.4 , 1737.4 , 1750.5 , 1737.9 , 1752 , 1744.7 , 1730.4 , 1741.2 , 1740.5 , 1748.3 , 1778 , 1792 , 1757.6 , 1759.3 , 1741 , 1800.6
Standard polar
2856 , 2856 , 2452 , 2452
3 of 4
Standard non-polar
1755 , 1753.9 , 1762.3 , 1777.9 , 1817.8 , 1755 , 1817 , 1755
Semi-standard non-polar
1833 , 1790.4 , 1799.7 , 1800.5 , 1800.4 , 1794.4 , 1802.4 , 1801.3 , 1802.7 , 1804.1 , 1809 , 1786.6 , 1813.7 , 1799.4
4 of 4
Standard non-polar
1709 , 1709 , 1711 , 1711 , 1711 , 1711 , 1713 , 1713 , 1722.59 , 1724.2 , 1728.47 , 1733.9 , 1735.15 , 1735.83 , 1737.79 , 1703 , 1751 , 1756 , 1728 , 1757 , 1735 , 1732 , 1744 , 1710.6 , 1713.6 , 1730.2 , 1758.7 , 1735.6 , 1743.1 , 1741.8 , 1742.2 , 1713.8 , 1726.1 , 1715.1 , 1704 , 1745 , 1757 , 1704 , 1718.5 , 1720 , 1775 , 1745 , 1715
Semi-standard non-polar
1775 , 1779 , 1779 , 1748.1 , 1732.4 , 1775.2 , 1768.6 , 1744.9 , 1740.9 , 1752.7 , 1760.7 , 1772.1 , 1752.2 , 1755 , 1783.9 , 1768.2 , 1742.7 , 1755.5 , 1788 , 1745.8 , 1745.8 , 1757.7 , 1748.5 , 1767.3 , 1754 , 1759.3 , 1753.3 , 1756.9 , 1740.1 , 1747.4 , 1751.1 , 1751.3 , 1750.3 , 1758.7 , 1748.7 , 1749.7 , 298

3.2.11 Other Experimental Properties

Technical grade contains 68.7$ alpha-BHC, 6.5% beta-BHC, 13.5 gamma-BHC
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 12th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2012., p. 754
Decomposed by alkaline substances
Larranaga, M.D., Lewis, R.J. Sr., Lewis, R.A.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016., p. 709
The various isomers differ greatly in their solubilities.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V14: 544

3.3 SpringerMaterials Properties

3.4 Chemical Classes

3.4.1 Drugs

Pharmaceuticals -> Listed in ZINC15
S55 | ZINC15PHARMA | Pharmaceuticals from ZINC15 | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3247749
3.4.1.1 Human Drugs
Breast Feeding; Lactation; Milk, Human; Anti-Infective Agents; Antiparasitic Agents; Insecticides
Human drug -> Discontinued

3.4.2 Cosmetics

Skin conditioning; Hair conditioning
S13 | EUCOSMETICS | Combined Inventory of Ingredients Employed in Cosmetic Products (2000) and Revised Inventory (2006) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2624118

3.4.3 Pesticides

Agrochemicals -> Pesticide active substances
Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved
Organochlorine pesticide
S120 | DUSTCT2024 | Substances from Second NORMAN Collaborative Dust Trial | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.13835254

4 Spectral Information

4.1 1D NMR Spectra

1 of 2
1D NMR Spectra
2 of 2
1D NMR Spectra

4.1.1 1H NMR Spectra

1 of 2
Spectra ID
Instrument Type
JEOL
Frequency
400 MHz
Solvent
DMSO-d6
Shifts [ppm]:Intensity
5.03:53.00, 4.46:127.00, 4.43:544.00, 5.21:30.00, 4.44:567.00, 5.15:31.00, 4.41:33.00, 4.99:299.00, 4.98:259.00, 4.40:103.00, 4.46:39.00, 5.21:32.00, 4.97:60.00, 5.20:36.00, 5.01:258.00, 5.17:1000.00, 5.02:69.00, 5.20:39.00, 5.00:436.00, 5.01:309.00, 5.19:172.00, 5.00:258.00, 4.43:65.00, 5.17:166.00, 4.97:57.00, 4.98:285.00, 5.20:37.00, 4.42:698.00, 4.96:52.00, 4.45:779.00, 4.99:462.00, 5.18:999.00, 5.20:41.00, 5.02:59.00
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2 of 2
Instrument Name
Varian CFT-20
Copyright
Copyright © 2009-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.1.2 13C NMR Spectra

Spectra ID
Frequency
50.18 MHz
Solvent
DMSO-d6
Shifts [ppm]:Intensity
59.21:1000.00, 64.07:900.00, 62.15:959.00
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4.2 Mass Spectrometry

4.2.1 GC-MS

1 of 33
View All
Authors
Shimadzu Corporation., Kyoto, Japan
Instrument
GCMS-QP2010 Plus, Shimadzu
Instrument Type
GC-EI-Q
MS Level
MS
Ionization Mode
POSITIVE
Ionization
EI
Column Name
Ptx-5MS(RESTEK), 0.32 mm I.D. x 30 m, df=0.25 microm
Retention Time
7.58 min
Precursor m/z
287.86
Top 5 Peaks

181 999

183 985

219 901

217 708

111 693

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License
CC BY
Reference
Shimadzu Collection of Pesticide GCMS Data
2 of 33
View All
Authors
Shimadzu Corporation., Kyoto, Japan
Instrument
GCMS-QP2010 Plus, Shimadzu
Instrument Type
GC-EI-Q
MS Level
MS
Ionization Mode
POSITIVE
Ionization
EI
Column Name
Ptx-5MS(RESTEK), 0.32 mm I.D. x 30 m, df=0.25 microm
Retention Time
8.06 min
Precursor m/z
287.86
Top 5 Peaks

109 999

111 950

181 926

183 895

219 834

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License
CC BY
Reference
Shimadzu Collection of Pesticide GCMS Data

4.2.2 Other MS

1 of 2
Authors
MASS SPECTROSCOPY SOC. OF JAPAN (MSSJ)
Instrument
HITACHI RMU-6E
Instrument Type
EI-B
MS Level
MS
Ionization Mode
POSITIVE
Ionization
ENERGY 70 eV
Top 5 Peaks

219 999

181 970

183 910

217 800

109 750

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License
CC BY-NC-SA
2 of 2
Authors
KOGA M, UNIV. OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
Instrument
JEOL JMS-01-SG-2
Instrument Type
EI-B
MS Level
MS
Ionization Mode
POSITIVE
Ionization
ENERGY 75 eV
Top 5 Peaks

181 999

109 991

183 979

219 973

217 766

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License
CC BY-NC-SA

4.3 IR Spectra

4.3.1 FTIR Spectra

1 of 2
Technique
KBr WAFER
Source of Sample
Diamond Shamrock Corporation
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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2 of 2
Instrument Name
Bruker IFS 85
Technique
KBr-Pellet
Source of Sample
Merck-Schuchardt Hohenbrunn
Copyright
Copyright © 1989, 1990-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
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6 Chemical Vendors

7 Drug and Medication Information

7.1 Drug Indication

7.2 Drug Classes

Breast Feeding; Lactation; Milk, Human; Anti-Infective Agents; Antiparasitic Agents; Insecticides

7.3 Clinical Trials

7.3.1 ClinicalTrials.gov

7.4 Therapeutic Uses

/CLINICAL TRIALS/ ClinicalTrials.gov is a registry and results database of publicly and privately supported clinical studies of human participants conducted around the world. The Web site is maintained by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Each ClinicalTrials.gov record presents summary information about a study protocol and includes the following: Disease or condition; Intervention (for example, the medical product, behavior, or procedure being studied); Title, description, and design of the study; Requirements for participation (eligibility criteria); Locations where the study is being conducted; Contact information for the study locations; and Links to relevant information on other health Web sites, such as NLM's MedlinePlus for patient health information and PubMed for citations and abstracts for scholarly articles in the field of medicine. Hexachlorohexanes are included in the database.
NIH/NLM; ClinicalTrials.Gov. Available from, as of February 1, 2017: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANES&Search=Search

7.5 Reported Fatal Dose

28 g for an adult human. (L138)
L138: HSDB: Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine (2001). http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB

8 Agrochemical Information

8.1 Agrochemical Category

Insecticide
Pesticide active substances

8.2 EU Pesticides Data

Active Substance
hexachlorocyclohexane (hch)
Status
Not approved [Reg. (EC) No 1107/2009]

9 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

9.1 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Chronically, lindane is the least likely to bioaccumulate ... The alpha, beta, and delta isomers have a low degree of acute toxicity, but are retained in body tissues for a longer period than lindane.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V5 667
BHC is absorbed through all portals including the intact skin. ... In rats given BHC by mouth ... 80% /was/ absorbed when given as a solution in olive oil but only 6% absorbed when given as aqueous suspension. Highest concn were found in adipose tissue and lowest in blood and muscle. Peak values were reached in 2-5 days. By 2 wk after ip admin, 34% of dose was recovered in feces mostly unchanged and only 5% in urine.
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-240
Trace amt of HCH have been detected in human milk and blood, and transplacental passage of HCH has been established.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V20 220 (1979)
/MILK/ Concentrations of < / = 4 ppm of BHC have been found in the milk of ewes after they were dipped with Entomoxan (0.5% BHC).
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V5 668
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for Hexachlorocyclohexanes (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

9.2 Metabolism / Metabolites

Mammalian biotransformation of BHC isomers involves formation of chlorophenols (trichlorophenol, tetrachlorophenol and pentachlorophenol), which are excreted free and as conjugates of sulfuric and glucuronic acids.
National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977., p. 585
The primary urinary metabolites are chlorophenols and 1,1,4-trichlorocyclohexane-4,5-epoxide. The conversion occurs mainly by the action of hepatic enzymes.
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-Hexachlorocyclohexane p. 115 PB2006-100003 (August 2005). Available from, as of December 8, 2016: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp.asp?id=754&tid=138
...The urine of occupationally exposed workers (apparently to technical-grade HCH in manufacturing processes), /was analyzed and found to contain/, apart from alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-HCH, traces of hexa- and pentachlorobenzene, gamma- and delta-pentachlorocyclohexane, pentachlorophenol, 2,3,4,5-, 2,3,4,6-, and 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol, and several trichlorophenols, as well as the glucuronides of several of these metabolites. The pentachlorocyclohexenes, tetrachlorophenol, hexachlorobenzene, and pentachlorophenol were also identified in the blood.
WHO; Environ Health Criteria 123: alpha and beta-Hexachlorocyclohexanes (1991). Available from, as of March 28, 2017: https://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc123.htm
Hexachlorocyclohexane is absorbed through the skin, lungs, and intestines, then distributed mainly to the adipose tissue but also to the brain, kidney, muscle, and blood. Metabolism occurs via dechlorination, dehydrogenation, dehydrochlorination, and hydroxylation by hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzymes. The main metabolites are polychlorophenols and 1,2,4-trichlorocyclohexane-4,5-epoxide, which are excreted in the urine. (L108). Other metabolites include 2-chlorophenol, 0-chlorophenol, chlorocyclohexane, chlorocyclohexanol. Half Life: 18 hours
L108: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for hexachlorocyclohexane. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp43.html
Hexachlorocyclohexane is absorbed through the skin, lungs, and intestines, then distributed mainly to the adipose tissue but also to the brain, kidney, muscle, and blood. Metabolism occurs via dechlorination, dehydrogenation, dehydrochlorination, and hydroxylation by hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzymes. The main metabolites are polychlorophenols and 1,2,4-trichlorocyclohexane-4,5-epoxide, which are excreted in the urine. (L108)
L108: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for hexachlorocyclohexane. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp43.html
L108: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for hexachlorocyclohexane. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp43.html
L108: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for hexachlorocyclohexane. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp43.html
L108: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for hexachlorocyclohexane. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp43.html

9.3 Biochemical Reactions

9.4 Transformations

10 Use and Manufacturing

10.1 Uses

EPA CPDat Chemical and Product Categories
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
For hexachlorocyclohexane (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 008901) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./
National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's Database on Hexachlorocyclohexane (608-73-1). Available from, as of February 15, 2017: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
Agrocide 6 g, lindoc 6 g control of leafhoppers, stem borers, etc, in lowland rice. Kotol liq seed treatment for reduction of wireworm damage in winter and spring sown cereals. Lindocol for control of pests of cereals, sugar beets and oilseed rape. /Former use/
Farm Chemicals Handbook 1992. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1992., p. C-48
The crude benzene hexachloride has been used extensively as a soil poison, as a toxicant for grasshopper control and against cotton insects. /Former use/
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V13: 433
Special shampoos, lotions, and powders for the treatment of hair lice ... .
Clausen T et al; Hair Preparations. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2017). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: July 15, 2006
For more Uses (Complete) data for Hexachlorocyclohexanes (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Hexachlorocyclohexane is used as an insecticide on fruit, vegetables, and forest crops and is also available as a prescription (lotion, cream, or shampoo) to treat head and body lice, and scabies. (L108) Hexachlorocyclohexane is also used or the treatment of patients infested with Sarcoptes scabiei or pediculosis capitis who have either failed to respond to adequate doses, or are intolerant of other approved therapies.
L108: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for hexachlorocyclohexane. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp43.html
Hexachlorocyclohexane is used as an insecticide on fruit, vegetables, and forest crops and is also available as a prescription (lotion, cream, or shampoo) to treat head and body lice, and scabies. (L108)
L108: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for hexachlorocyclohexane. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp43.html
L108: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for hexachlorocyclohexane. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp43.html
L108: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for hexachlorocyclohexane. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp43.html
L108: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for hexachlorocyclohexane. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp43.html

10.1.1 Use Classification

Hazard Classes and Categories -> Carcinogens
Cosmetics -> Skin conditioning; Hair conditioning
S13 | EUCOSMETICS | Combined Inventory of Ingredients Employed in Cosmetic Products (2000) and Revised Inventory (2006) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2624118
INSECTICIDES

10.2 Methods of Manufacturing

Chlorination of benzene in actinic light.
Larranaga, M.D., Lewis, R.J. Sr., Lewis, R.A.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016., p. 709
Prepared by the chlorination of benzene in the presence of sunlight.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V14: 544
Lindane can be prepared from benzene and chlorine by photochlorination. The resulting benzene hexachloride consists of isomers of which only the gamma-isomer (lindane) is desired, and is obtained by treatment of the reaction mixture with methanol or acetic acid, in which only the alpha and beta isomers dissolve readily.
Muller F et al; Acaricides. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2017). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: July 15, 2009
Technical benzene hexachloride is produced by either batch or continuous methods at 15-25 °C in glass reactors.
Fruscella W; Benzene. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (1999-2017). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Online Posting Date: June 10, 2002

10.3 Impurities

The crude product contains up to 4% of heptachlorocyclohexane & traces of octachlorocyclohexane.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V14: 544

10.4 Formulations / Preparations

Technical grade HCH was banned for production and use in the United States in 1976, but may still be used in other countries.
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-Hexachlorocyclohexane PB2006-100003 (August 2005). Available from, as of December 8, 2016: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp.asp?id=754&tid=138
As produced initially by photochlorination of benzene, HCH /contained/ only 14-77% of gamma-isomer. Technical grade HCH available commercially in USA is 'fortified' HCH (FHCH) containing varying mixture of at least 5 isomers, with a minimum of 40% gamma-isomer. Typical isomer distribution /was/ ... (% by wt): gamma 40-45%; delta 20-22; alpha 18-22; beta 4; epsilon and inerts 1; and heptachlorocyclohexane 10. HCH ... /was/ avail in USA as dusts, wettable powders, oil solutions and emulsifiable concentrates.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V20: 199 (1979)
BHC occurs as eight isomers; four of these are found in sufficient quantity to be considered of insecticidal importance. A crude pesticidal mixture of six isomers is available under the common name benzene hexachloride (BHC). The most effective isomer is the gamma, and this, purified to 99%, is available under the common name lindane.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 5:666
Grades: Technical (mixture of isomers), 25% gamma isomer, and 99% gamma isomer (lindane).
Larranaga, M.D., Lewis, R.J. Sr., Lewis, R.A.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016., p. 709
/Crude product/ ... consists of 10-18% of the active gamma-isomer ... with at least four other nearly inactive stereoisomers: alpha isomer ... 55-70%; beta isomer 5-14%; delta isomer ... 6-8%; epsilon isomer ... 3-4%; and a trace of eta isomer.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V14: 544

10.5 Consumption Patterns

World consumption of BHC (in metric tons) was: 42,000 in 1970; 28,000 in 1971; 25,000 in 1972; 30,000 in 1973; 25,000 in 1974.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V5: 815 (1979)

10.6 U.S. Production

(1974) 4.5x10+5 grams (est. of consumption)
SRI

10.7 General Manufacturing Information

EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-, (1.alpha.,2.alpha.,3.beta.,4.alpha.,5.beta.,6.beta.)-: ACTIVE
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-, (1.alpha.,2.beta.,3.alpha.,4.beta.,5.alpha.,6.beta.)-: ACTIVE
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-, (1.alpha.,2.alpha.,3.alpha.,4.beta.,5.beta.,6.beta.)-: INACTIVE
BHC no longer produced or sold for domestic /USA/ use per EPA regulations.
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. C-48
Method of purification: Fractional crystallization. The technical grade may run 10-15% gamma isomer but can be brought up to 99% (lindane).
Larranaga, M.D., Lewis, R.J. Sr., Lewis, R.A.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016., p. 709
Registration Notes: USA: No longer produced or sold for domestic use.
Crop Protection Handbook Volume 100, Meister Media Worldwide, Willoughby, OH 2014, p. 133
The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies HCH (technical grade) as Class II: moderately hazardous; Main Use: insecticide. /According to the Rotterdam Convention, export of a chemical can only take place with the prior informed consent of the importing Party. The Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedure is a means for formally obtaining and disseminating the decisions of importing countries as to whether they wish to receive future shipments of a certain chemical and for ensuring compliance to these decisions by exporting countries. The aim is to promote a shared responsibility between exporting and importing countries in protecting human health and the environment from the harmful effects of such chemicals. ... The Rotterdam Convention (which entered into force on 24 February 2004) built on the voluntary PIC procedure which was initiated by UNEP and FAO in 1989.... The use and production of ... HCH is prohibited or severely restricted by the Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants, which entered into force on 17 May, 2004./
WHO International Programme on Chemical Safety; The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2009 p.28, 51 (2010)
For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for Hexachlorocyclohexanes (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11 Identification

11.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

Method: Modern Water 76300; Procedure: immunoassay; Analyte: hexachlorocyclohexane; Matrix: soils/sediment; Detection Limit: 0.4 ug/g.
National Environmental Methods Index; Analytical, Test and Sampling Methods. Hexachlorocyclohexane (608-73-1). Available from, as of February 20, 2017: https://www.nemi.gov
Infrared spectrophotometric method applicable to products formulated with technical BHC.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. and Supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Analytical Chemists, 1990, p. 15/179
Isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane were estimated by GC/MS/selected ion monitoring with authentic deuterated isomers as internal standards. From recovery experiments, satisfactory results were obtained, and total hexachlorocyclohexane levels in 19 field soil samples ranged from non-detected to 0.169 ppm.
Suzuki M; Koenshu Iyo Masu Kenkyukai 8: 197-200 (1983)
Hexachlorocyclohexane was detected in air by dechlorination and application of the microdiffusion and spectrophotometric method.
Dangwal SK; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 43 (12): 912-4 (1982)
For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for Hexachlorocyclohexanes (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.2 Clinical Laboratory Methods

... /BHC was/ analyzed (by gas-liquid chromatography) /in/ the body fat of stillborns and fetuses ...
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 5:672

11.3 NIOSH Analytical Methods

12 Safety and Hazards

12.1 Hazards Identification

12.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 4
View All
Note
Pictograms displayed are for 90% (9 of 10) of reports that indicate hazard statements. This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 10% (1 of 10) of reports.
Pictogram(s)
Acute Toxic
Irritant
Health Hazard
Environmental Hazard
Signal
Danger
GHS Hazard Statements

H301 (90%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (70%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H351 (70%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H400 (70%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (70%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P203, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P317, P318, P321, P330, P362+P364, P391, P405, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 10 reports by companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 10 reports by companies. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

There are 3 notifications provided by 9 of 10 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

12.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Acute Tox. 3 (90%)

Acute Tox. 4 (70%)

Carc. 2 (70%)

Aquatic Acute 1 (70%)

Aquatic Chronic 1 (70%)

Acute Tox. 3 (90.9%)

Acute Tox. 3 (18.2%)

Acute Tox. 4 (72.7%)

Acute Tox. 2 (18.2%)

Carc. 2 (72.7%)

Aquatic Acute 1 (72.7%)

Aquatic Chronic 1 (72.7%)

12.1.3 Health Hazards

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Avoid any skin contact. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause environmental contamination. (ERG, 2024)

12.1.4 Fire Hazards

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. (ERG, 2024)

Not combustible. Liquid formulations containing organic solvents may be flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Risk of fire and explosion if formulations contain flammable/explosive solvents.

12.1.5 Hazards Summary

Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) is a manufactured chemical that exists in eight chemical forms called isomers. One of these forms, gamma-HCH (or γ-HCH, commonly called lindane) is produced and used as an insecticide on fruit, vegetables, and forest crops. It is a white solid that may evaporate into the air as a colorless vapor with a slightly musty odor. It is also available as a prescription (lotion, cream, or shampoo) to treat head and body lice, and scabies. Lindane has not been produced in the United States since 1976, but is imported for insecticide use. Technical-grade HCH was used as an insecticide in the United States and typically contained 10-15% gamma-HCH as well as the alpha (α), beta (β), delta (δ), and epsilon (ε) forms of HCH. Virtually all the insecticidal properties resided in gamma-HCH. Technical-grade HCH has not been produced or used in the United States in over 20 years.

12.1.6 Fire Potential

Not flammable.
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

12.2 First Aid Measures

Inhalation First Aid
Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.
Skin First Aid
Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .
Eye First Aid
First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.
Ingestion First Aid
Rinse mouth. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink, but NOT if convulsions occur. Refer immediately for medical attention.

12.2.1 First Aid

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. (ERG, 2024)

12.3 Fire Fighting

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

12.3.1 Fire Fighting Procedures

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for HCH. Product Number: 36756, Version 5.6 (Revision Date 08/09/2016). Available from, as of December 12, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for HCH. Product Number: 36756, Version 5.6 (Revision Date 08/09/2016). Available from, as of December 12, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

12.4 Accidental Release Measures

12.4.1 Isolation and Evacuation

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

12.4.2 Spillage Disposal

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and particulates adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance, chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus and protective gloves. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into sealable non-metallic containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT wash away into sewer.

12.4.3 Cleanup Methods

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for HCH. Product Number: 36756, Version 5.6 (Revision Date 08/09/2016). Available from, as of December 12, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 15

12.4.4 Disposal Methods

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.
SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.
Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for HCH. Product Number: 36756, Version 5.6 (Revision Date 08/09/2016). Available from, as of December 12, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 14
For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Hexachlorocyclohexanes (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.4.5 Preventive Measures

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for HCH. Product Number: 36756, Version 5.6 (Revision Date 08/09/2016). Available from, as of December 12, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for HCH. Product Number: 36756, Version 5.6 (Revision Date 08/09/2016). Available from, as of December 12, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for HCH. Product Number: 36756, Version 5.6 (Revision Date 08/09/2016). Available from, as of December 12, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for HCH. Product Number: 36756, Version 5.6 (Revision Date 08/09/2016). Available from, as of December 12, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Hexachlorocyclohexanes (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.5 Handling and Storage

12.5.1 Nonfire Spill Response

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. For solids, prevent dust cloud and avoid inhalation of dust. (ERG, 2024)

12.5.2 Safe Storage

Well closed. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from bases, metals and food and feedstuffs.

12.5.3 Storage Conditions

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for HCH. Product Number: 36756, Version 5.6 (Revision Date 08/09/2016). Available from, as of December 12, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13

12.6 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

12.6.1 Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL)

MAK (Maximale Arbeitsplatz Konzentration)
(inhalable fraction): 0.1 mg/m

12.6.2 Inhalation Risk

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

12.6.3 Effects of Short Term Exposure

The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. The effects may be delayed.

12.6.4 Effects of Long Term Exposure

Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dermatitis. The substance may have effects on the nervous system, bone marrow, kidneys and liver. This substance is possibly carcinogenic to humans. Animal tests show that this substance possibly causes toxic effects upon human reproduction.

12.6.5 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for HCH. Product Number: 36756, Version 5.6 (Revision Date 08/09/2016). Available from, as of December 12, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Skin protection: Handle with gloves.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for HCH. Product Number: 36756, Version 5.6 (Revision Date 08/09/2016). Available from, as of December 12, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for HCH. Product Number: 36756, Version 5.6 (Revision Date 08/09/2016). Available from, as of December 12, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for HCH. Product Number: 36756, Version 5.6 (Revision Date 08/09/2016). Available from, as of December 12, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Dispensers of liq detergent /should be available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... Gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8

12.6.6 Preventions

Exposure Prevention
AVOID ALL CONTACT! AVOID EXPOSURE OF BREASTFEEDING WOMEN!
Inhalation Prevention
Avoid inhalation of dust.
Skin Prevention
Protective gloves. Protective clothing.
Eye Prevention
Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection if powder.
Ingestion Prevention
Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

12.7 Stability and Reactivity

12.7.1 Air and Water Reactions

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

12.7.2 Reactive Group

Halogenated Organic Compounds

12.7.3 Reactivity Profile

Halogenated aliphatic compounds, such as HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE, are moderately or very reactive. Halogenated organics generally become less reactive as more of their hydrogen atoms are replaced with halogen atoms. Materials in this group may be incompatible with strong oxidizing and reducing agents. Also, they may be incompatible with many amines, nitrides, azo/diazo compounds, alkali metals, and epoxides.

12.7.4 Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for HCH. Product Number: 36756, Version 5.6 (Revision Date 08/09/2016). Available from, as of December 12, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Potentially violent reaction with dimethylformamide + iron.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 364
/N,N-dimethylacetamide/ acts as a dehydrohalogenating agent, and reaction with ... hexachlorocyclohexane is very exothermic and may become violent, particularly if iron is present. /N,N-dimethylacetamide: halogenated compounds/
Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990, p. 477
There is a potentially dangerous reaction of hexachlorocyclohexane with DMF /N,N-Dimethylformamide/ in presence of iron. A similar potentially dangerous reaction occurs with carbon tetrachloride.
Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 2nd ed. Boston MA: Butterworths, 1979., p. 581

12.8 Transport Information

12.8.1 DOT Emergency Guidelines

/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2016 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2016
/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2016 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2016
/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2016 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2016
/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2016 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2016
For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Hexachlorocyclohexanes (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.8.2 Shipping Name / Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO

UN 2761; Organochlorine pesticides, solid, toxic.
UN 2762; Organochlorine pesticides liquid, flammable, toxic, flash point less than 23 degrees C
UN 2995; Organochlorine pesticides, liquid, toxic, flammable, flash point not less than 23 degrees C
UN 2996; Organochlorine pesticides, liquid, toxic
For more Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO (Complete) data for Hexachlorocyclohexanes (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.8.3 Shipment Methods and Regulations

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
49 CFR 171.2 (USDOT); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 20, 2017: https://www.ecfr.gov
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Organochlorine pesticide, solid, toxic; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic, flash point less than 23 °C; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable, flash point 23 °C or more; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, toxic are included on the dangerous goods list. /Organochlorine pesticide, solid, toxic; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic, flash point less than 23 °C; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable, flash point 23 °C or more; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, toxic/
International Air Transport Association. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 57th Edition. Montreal, Quebec Canada. 2016., p. 291
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Organochlorine pesticide, solid, toxic; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic, flash point less than 23 °C; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable, flash point not less than 23 °C; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, toxic are included on the dangerous goods list. /Organochlorine pesticide, solid, toxic; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic, flash point less than 23 °C; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable, flash point not less than 23 °C; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, toxic/ Organochlorine pesticide, solid, toxic; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic, flash point less than 23 °C; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable, flash point not less than 23 °C; Organochlorine pesticide, liquid, toxic
International Maritime Organization. IMDG Code. International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code Volume 2 2014, p. 133, 146
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13

12.8.4 DOT Label

Poison

12.8.5 Packaging and Labelling

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

12.8.6 EC Classification

Symbol: T, N; R: 21-25-40-50/53; S: (1/2)-22-36/37-45-60-61; Note: C

12.8.7 UN Classification

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III

12.9 Regulatory Information

California Safe Cosmetics Program (CSCP) Reportable Ingredient

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity; Environmental Persistence; Hematotoxicity; Hepatotoxicity and Digestive System Toxicity; Nephrotoxicity and Other Toxicity to the Urinary System; Neurotoxicity

Authoritative List - ATSDR Neurotoxicants; CA TACs; CWA 303(c); CWA 303(d); IRIS Carcinogens - B2; OSPAR Priority Action Part A; Prop 65

Report - regardless of intended function of ingredient in the product

California Safe Cosmetics Program (CSCP) Reportable Ingredient

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity

Authoritative List - IARC Carcinogens - 2B; IRIS Carcinogens - B2; Prop 65

Report - regardless of intended function of ingredient in the product

REACH List of substances subject to POPs Regulation (POPs)

Substance: (1α,2α,3β,4α,5β,6β)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane

EC: 206-270-8

Date of inclusion in the POPs Regulation: 29-Apr-2004

POPs Regulation Annex: Annex I, part A; Annex IV

REACH List of substances subject to POPs Regulation (POPs)

Substance: BHC or HCH

EC: 210-168-9

Date of inclusion in the POPs Regulation: 29-Apr-2004

POPs Regulation Annex: Annex I, part A; Annex IV

REACH List of substances subject to POPs Regulation (POPs)

Substance: (1α,2β,3α,4β,5α,6β)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane

EC: 206-271-3

Date of inclusion in the POPs Regulation: 29-Apr-2004

POPs Regulation Annex: Annex I, part A; Annex IV

New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

12.9.1 Atmospheric Standards

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Lindane (all isomers) is included on this list.
Clean Air Act as amended in 1990, Sect. 112 (b) (1) Public Law 101-549 Nov. 15, 1990

12.9.2 State Drinking Water Guidelines

(NH) NEW HAMPSHIRE 0.02 ug/L
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present

12.9.3 Clean Water Act Requirements

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Hexachlorocyclohexane/
40 CFR 401.15 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 13, 2017: https://www.ecfr.gov
Revised Human Health Water Quality Criteria. Pollutant: Hexachlorocyclohexane-technical. Human health water quality criteria for the consumption of: water + organism 0.0066 ug/L; organism only 0.010 ug/L.
80 FR 36986 (6/29/2015)

12.9.4 FIFRA Requirements

Criteria of concern: Oncogenicity. Action/Use affected: Voluntary cancellation, all products. Reference: 43 FR 31432 (7/1/78).
Environmental Protection Agency/OPTS. Suspended, Cancelled, and Restricted Pesticides. 5th Ed. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency, February 1990.

12.10 Other Safety Information

Chemical Assessment

IMAP assessments - Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-, (1.alpha.,2.beta.,3.alpha.,4.beta.,5.alpha.,6.beta.)-: Human health tier I assessment

IMAP assessments - Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-, (1.alpha.,2.beta.,3.alpha.,4.beta.,5.alpha.,6.beta.)-: Environment tier I assessment

Chemical Assessment

IMAP assessments - Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-: Environment tier I assessment

IMAP assessments - Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-: Human health tier I assessment

Chemical Assessment

IMAP assessments - Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-, (1.alpha.,2.alpha.,3.beta.,4.alpha.,5.beta.,6.beta.)-: Environment tier I assessment

IMAP assessments - Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-, (1.alpha.,2.alpha.,3.beta.,4.alpha.,5.beta.,6.beta.)-: Human health tier I assessment

12.10.1 Special Reports

National Toxicology Program. DHHS/National Toxicology Program; Report on Carcinogens, Fourteenth Edition: Lindane, Hexachlorocyclohexane (Technical Grade), and Other Hexachlorocyclohexane Isomers (November 2016). The Report on Carcinogens is an informational scientific and public health document that identifies and discusses substances (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may pose a carcinogenic hazard to human health. /Lindane (58-89-9) and Other Hexachlorocyclohexane Isomers/[Available from, as of March 28, 2017: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/pubhealth/roc/index-1.html]
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-Hexachlorocyclohexane p. 34 PB2006-100003 (August 2005).[Available from, as of March 28, 2017: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp.asp?id=754&tid=138]

13 Toxicity

13.1 Toxicological Information

13.1.1 Toxicity Summary

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Technical-grade hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) is produced as a mixture of isomers (primarily the alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon isomers). It is white or yellowish powder or flakes. HCH is used as a systemic insecticide. It is also found in special shampoos, lotions, and powders for the treatment of hair lice. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: After HCH ingestion there is a latent period varying from about 0.5 hr to several hours. Signs of hyperirritability and CNS excitation: vomiting, faintness, tremor, restlessness, muscle spasms, ataxia, and clonic and tonic convulsions. Infants and children may experience hyperpyrexia. There have been reports of postictal coma of variable duration, leading within 24 hr to respiratory failure and death. A second bout of convulsions may occur after consciousness is regained. Retrograde amnesia has been described. Pulmonary edema (with cyanosis and dyspnea) was observed in 2 fatally poisoned children. Dermatitis and urticaria has been found occasionally. Three cases of leukemia (paramyeloblastic and myelomonocytic) were reported in men exposed to lindane with or without co-exposure to other chemicals. Many cases of aplastic anemia have also been associated with exposure to hexachlorocyclohexane or lindane, and death from lung cancer was increased among agricultural workers who had used hexachlorocyclohexane and a variety of other pesticides and herbicides. All HCH isomers induced dose-dependent cytotoxic effects, lindane being the most toxic. This isomer was also able to induce significant increase in micronucleus frequency. The genotoxic test of beta-HCH showed a positive induction of micronucleus at 100 ug/L and a significant cytotoxicity at 50 ug/L. alpha-HCH was unable to induce any significant increase in micronucleus frequency confirming that alpha-HCH is a non-genotoxic agent. ANIMAL STUDIES: HCH is neurotoxic at acute doses and causes degenerative effects on chronic exposure. Marked induction and inhibition of the antioxidant enzymes, especially in the cortex and to varying degrees in other brain regions, was seen in HCH treated rats. Oral exposure to technical-grade HCH or individual isomers caused tumors in rodents at two different tissue sites. Dietary administration of technical-grade HCH (66.5% alpha isomer, 11.4% beta isomer, 15.2% lindane, 6.4% delta isomer, and 0.5% other isomers), lindane, alpha- or beta-hexachlorocyclohexane, or mixtures of various isomers caused liver tumors in both sexes of several strains of mice. In addition, dietary exposure to technical-grade HCH caused tumors of the lymphoreticular system in mice of both sexes. In animals, ingestion of technical-grade HCH was reported to induce dominant-lethal mutations in mice. It did not induce chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells of Syrian hamsters. Dietary feeding of technical HCH at 125 and 250 ppm to rats have not shown any adverse effects on reproductive function and were comparable to control animals in a three-generation study. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Signs of intoxication in mallards or pheasants at LD50 level include polydipsia, regurgitation, hyperexcitability, ataxia, ptosis, fluffed feathers, hyporeactivity, imbalance, slowness, stumbling, phonation, tenseness, shakiness, jitteriness, sitting, ataraxia, withdrawal, tremors, masseter tenseness, spasms, aggressiveness, fear-threat displays, backing, circuling, asthenia, tongue protruding sideways from bill (mallards), and immobility.
Hexachlorocyclohexane is a neurotoxin that interferes with GABA neurotransmitter function by interacting with the GABA-A receptor-chloride channel complex at the picrotoxin binding site, causing over stimulation of the central nervous system. It is also believed to inhibit sodium/potassium-transporting ATPases and be an endocrine disruptor. In the liver, hexachlorocyclohexane is thought to cause oxidative stress by interfering with hepatic oxidative capacity and glutathione metabolism, increasing lipid metabolism, and inhibiting magnesium ATPase activity. Hexachlorocyclohexane may also inhibit gap junction and intercellular communication, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor promotion. (L108, L109, A60)
A60: Li J, Li N, Ma M, Giesy JP, Wang Z: In vitro profiling of the endocrine disrupting potency of organochlorine pesticides. Toxicol Lett. 2008 Dec 15;183(1-3):65-71. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.10.002. Epub 2008 Oct 17. PMID:18992306
L108: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for hexachlorocyclohexane. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp43.html
L109: Wikipedia. Lindane. Last Updated 3 April 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindane
A60: Li J, Li N, Ma M, Giesy JP, Wang Z: In vitro profiling of the endocrine disrupting potency of organochlorine pesticides. Toxicol Lett. 2008 Dec 15;183(1-3):65-71. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.10.002. Epub 2008 Oct 17. PMID:18992306
L108: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for hexachlorocyclohexane. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp43.html
L109: Wikipedia. Lindane. Last Updated 3 April 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindane
A60: Li J, Li N, Ma M, Giesy JP, Wang Z: In vitro profiling of the endocrine disrupting potency of organochlorine pesticides. Toxicol Lett. 2008 Dec 15;183(1-3):65-71. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.10.002. Epub 2008 Oct 17. PMID:18992306
L108: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for hexachlorocyclohexane. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp43.html
L109: Wikipedia. Lindane. Last Updated 3 April 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindane
Hexachlorocyclohexane is a neurotoxin that interferes with GABA neurotransmitter function by interacting with the GABA-A receptor-chloride channel complex at the picrotoxin binding site, causing over stimulation of the central nervous system. It is also believed to inhibit sodium/potassium-transporting ATPases and to be an endocrine disruptor. In the liver, hexachlorocyclohexane is thought to cause oxidative stress by interfering with hepatic oxidative capacity and glutathione metabolism, increasing lipid metabolism, and inhibiting magnesium ATPase activity. Hexachlorocyclohexane may also inhibit gap junction and intercellular communication, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor promotion. (L108, L109, A60)
A60: Li J, Li N, Ma M, Giesy JP, Wang Z: In vitro profiling of the endocrine disrupting potency of organochlorine pesticides. Toxicol Lett. 2008 Dec 15;183(1-3):65-71. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.10.002. Epub 2008 Oct 17. PMID:18992306
L108: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for hexachlorocyclohexane. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp43.html
L109: Wikipedia. Lindane. Last Updated 3 April 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindane
A60: Li J, Li N, Ma M, Giesy JP, Wang Z: In vitro profiling of the endocrine disrupting potency of organochlorine pesticides. Toxicol Lett. 2008 Dec 15;183(1-3):65-71. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.10.002. Epub 2008 Oct 17. PMID:18992306
L108: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for hexachlorocyclohexane. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp43.html
L109: Wikipedia. Lindane. Last Updated 3 April 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindane

13.1.2 EPA IRIS Information

Toxicity Summary
EPA IRIS Summary PDF (Update: Mar-31-1987 )
Cancer Sites
Hepatic

13.1.3 RAIS Toxicity Values

1 of 4
Inhalation Unit Risk (IUR) (ug/m^3)^-1
0.0018
Inhalation Unit Risk Reference
IRIS Current
Oral Chronic Reference Dose (RfDoc) (mg/kg-day)
0.0009
Oral Chronic Reference Dose Reference
ATSDR Final
Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose (RfDos) (mg/kg-day)
0.002
Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose Reference
ATSDR Final
Short-term Oral Reference Dose (RfDot) (mg/kg-day)
0.002
Short-term Oral Reference Dose Reference
ATSDR Final
Oral Slope Factor (CSFo)(mg/kg-day)^-1
6.3
Oral Slope Factor Reference
IRIS Current
2 of 4
Inhalation Unit Risk (IUR) (ug/m^3)^-1
0.00053
Inhalation Unit Risk Reference
IRIS Current
Oral Acute Reference Dose (RfDoa)(mg/kg-day)
0.08
Oral Acute Reference Dose Reference
ATSDR Final
Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose (RfDos) (mg/kg-day)
0.0006
Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose Reference
ATSDR Final
Short-term Oral Reference Dose (RfDot) (mg/kg-day)
0.0006
Short-term Oral Reference Dose Reference
ATSDR Final
Oral Slope Factor (CSFo)(mg/kg-day)^-1
1.8
Oral Slope Factor Reference
IRIS Current
3 of 4
Inhalation Unit Risk (IUR) (ug/m^3)^-1
0.00031
Inhalation Unit Risk Reference
CALEPA
Oral Acute Reference Dose (RfDoa)(mg/kg-day)
0.003
Oral Acute Reference Dose Reference
ATSDR Final
Oral Chronic Reference Dose (RfDoc) (mg/kg-day)
0.0003
Oral Chronic Reference Dose Reference
IRIS Current
Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose (RfDos) (mg/kg-day)
8e-07
Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose Reference
ATSDR Final
Short-term Oral Reference Dose (RfDot) (mg/kg-day)
8e-07
Short-term Oral Reference Dose Reference
ATSDR Final
Oral Slope Factor (CSFo)(mg/kg-day)^-1
1.1000000000000001
Oral Slope Factor Reference
CALEPA
4 of 4
Inhalation Unit Risk (IUR) (ug/m^3)^-1
0.00051
Inhalation Unit Risk Reference
IRIS Current
Oral Slope Factor (CSFo)(mg/kg-day)^-1
1.8
Oral Slope Factor Reference
IRIS Current

13.1.4 NIOSH Toxicity Data

13.1.5 Evidence for Carcinogenicity

Classification of carcinogenicity: 1) evidence in humans: inadequate; Overall summary evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans is Group 2B: The agent is possibly carcinogenic to humans. /From table/ /Hexachlorocyclohexanes/
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. S7 64 (1987)
Cancer Classification: Group B2 Probable Human Carcinogen
USEPA Office of Pesticide Programs, Health Effects Division, Science Information Management Branch: "Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential" (April 2006)
CLASSIFICATION: B2; probable human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Assays in four strains of mice have yielded positive carcinogenicity results for t-HCH administered in diet. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate. One case report of a Japanese sanitation employee with acute leukemia was associated with occupational exposure to HCH and DDT.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Summary on technical Hexachlorocyclohexane (t-HCH) (608-73-1). Available from, as of December 12, 2016: https://www.epa.gov/iris/
Lindane (as gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane), hexachlorocyclohexane (technical grade), and other hexachlorocyclohexane isomers are reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals. /Lindane and Other Hexachlorocyclohexane Isomers/
DHHS/National Toxicology Program; Report on Carcinogens, Fourteenth Edition: Lindane, Hexachlorocyclohexane (Technical Grade), and Other Hexachlorocyclohexane Isomers (November 2016). Available from, as of December 7, 2016: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/pubhealth/roc/index-1.html

13.1.6 Carcinogen Classification

1 of 6
IARC Carcinogenic Agent
Hexachlorocyclohexanes
IARC Carcinogenic Classes
Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans
IARC Monographs

Volume 20: (1979) Some Halogenated Hydrocarbons

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

2 of 6
Carcinogen Classification
2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (L135)
3 of 6
Carcinogen Classification
2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (L135)
4 of 6
Carcinogen Classification
Not directly listed by IARC, but related hexachlorocyclohexanes are assigned to Group 2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans (L2152, L2153).
5 of 6
Carcinogen Classification
2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (L135)
6 of 6
Carcinogen Classification
2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

13.1.7 Health Effects

Exposure to large amounts of hexachlorocyclohexane can harm the nervous system, producing a range of symptoms from headache and dizziness to seizures, convulsions and more rarely death. Hexachlorocyclohexane is known to damage the liver, kidneys, and immune system, as well as cause blood disorders and reproductive and developmental defects. Hexachlorocyclohexane is also potentially carcinogenic. (L108, L109)
L108: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for hexachlorocyclohexane. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp43.html
L109: Wikipedia. Lindane. Last Updated 3 April 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindane
L108: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for hexachlorocyclohexane. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp43.html
L109: Wikipedia. Lindane. Last Updated 3 April 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindane
L108: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for hexachlorocyclohexane. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp43.html
L109: Wikipedia. Lindane. Last Updated 3 April 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindane
L108: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for hexachlorocyclohexane. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp43.html
L109: Wikipedia. Lindane. Last Updated 3 April 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindane
L108: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for hexachlorocyclohexane. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp43.html
L109: Wikipedia. Lindane. Last Updated 3 April 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindane

13.1.8 Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation

◉ Summary of Use during Lactation

Topical application of lindane can increase lindane milk levels for at least several days. Because it is potentially toxic in infants, is a persistent environmental contaminant, and possibly has estrogenic effects that could decrease lactation as well as affect the nursing infant, another agent should be used rather than lindane.

◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants

In a telephone follow-up study, 9 mothers used lindane topically for head lice during breastfeeding. One reported irritability in her breastfed infant.

◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk

Hexachlorocyclohexane appears to have some estrogenic activity which theoretically could suppress lactation.

13.1.9 Exposure Routes

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion.
Oral (L108) ; inhalation (L108) ; dermal (L108) Lindane is absorbed significantly through the skin. A mean peak blood concentration of 28 nanograms per mL occurred in infants and children 6 hours after total body application of lindane lotion for scabies.
L108: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for hexachlorocyclohexane. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp43.html
Oral (L108) ; inhalation (L108) ; dermal (L108)
L108: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for hexachlorocyclohexane. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp43.html
L108: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for hexachlorocyclohexane. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp43.html
Oral (L108) ; inhalation (L108) ; dermal (L108)
L108: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for hexachlorocyclohexane. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp43.html
Oral(L108) ; inhalation (L108) ; dermal (L108).
L108: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for hexachlorocyclohexane. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp43.html

13.1.10 Symptoms

Inhalation Exposure
Cough. Sore throat. Further see Ingestion.
Skin Exposure
MAY BE ABSORBED!
Eye Exposure
Redness.
Ingestion Exposure
Headache. Nausea. Vomiting. Diarrhoea. Dizziness. Tremor. Convulsions.
Exposure to large amounts of hexachlorocyclohexane can harm the nervous system, producing a range of symptoms from headache and dizziness to seizures, convulsions and more rarely death. (L109)
L109: Wikipedia. Lindane. Last Updated 3 April 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindane
L109: Wikipedia. Lindane. Last Updated 3 April 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindane
L109: Wikipedia. Lindane. Last Updated 3 April 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindane
L109: Wikipedia. Lindane. Last Updated 3 April 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindane
L109: Wikipedia. Lindane. Last Updated 3 April 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindane

13.1.11 Target Organs

Cancer, Developmental (effects while organs are developing), Hepatic (Liver), Immunological (Immune System), Lymphoreticular (Lymphoid), Neurological (Nervous System), Reproductive (Producing Children)

13.1.12 Cancer Sites

Hepatic

13.1.14 Acute Effects

13.1.15 Toxicity Data

Lindane is a moderately toxic compound via oral exposure, with a reported oral LD50 of 88 to 190 mg/kg in rats. It is moderately toxic via the dermal route as well, with reported dermal LD50 values of 500 to 1000 mg/kg in rats, 300 mg/kg in mice, 400 mg/kg in guinea pigs, and 300 mg/kg in rabbits. LD50: 76 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T14) LD50: 50 mg/kg (Dermal, Rabbit) (T14) LD50: 125 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (T14)
T14: Lewis RJ (1996). Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
LD50: 6 g/kg (Oral, Rat) (T13)
T13: Lewis RJ Sr. (ed) (2004). Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc.
LD50: 1000 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T13)
T13: Lewis RJ Sr. (ed) (2004). Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc.
LD50: 177 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T13)
T13: Lewis RJ Sr. (ed) (2004). Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc.
LD50: 100 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T13) LD50: 75 mg/kg (Subcutaneous, Rabbit) (T13)
T13: Lewis RJ Sr. (ed) (2004). Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc.

13.1.16 Minimum Risk Level

Acute Oral: 0.003 mg/kg/day (L134) Intermediate Oral: 0.00001 mg/kg/day (L134)
L134: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2001). Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for Hazardous Substances. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls/
Acute Oral: 0.05 mg/kg/day (L134) Intermediate Oral: 0.0006 mg/kg/day (L134)
L134: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2001). Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for Hazardous Substances. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls/
Chronic Oral: 0.008 mg/kg/day (L134)
L134: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2001). Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for Hazardous Substances. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls/

13.1.17 Treatment

Hexachlorocyclohexane poisoning is treated symptomatically. Gastric lavage, followed by the administration of activated charcoal, may be performed upon ingestion. (L148)
L148: International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) INCHEM (2001). Poison Information Monograph for Lindane. http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/pim859.htm
L148: International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) INCHEM (2001). Poison Information Monograph for Lindane. http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/pim859.htm
L148: International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) INCHEM (2001). Poison Information Monograph for Lindane. http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/pim859.htm
L148: International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) INCHEM (2001). Poison Information Monograph for Lindane. http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/pim859.htm
L148: International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) INCHEM (2001). Poison Information Monograph for Lindane. http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/pim859.htm

13.1.18 Interactions

Pentylenetetrazol-antagonistic action was a property of 4 isomers tested orally for their ability to reduce the sensitivity of rats to the convulsant action of pentylenetetrazol. Minimally effective concn of HCH in rat brain was on order of beta-HCH greater than gamma-HCH greater than delta-HCH which was greater than alpha-HCH.
VOHLAND HW ET AL; TOXICOL APPL PHARMACOL 57 (3): 425-38 (1981)
... Xylene, used as solvent in commercial sheep-dip concentrate, enhances the toxicity of HCH.
Clarke, M. L., D. G. Harvey and D. J. Humphreys. Veterinary Toxicology. 2nd ed. London: Bailliere Tindall, 1981., p. 140
The action of hexachlorocyclohexane and chlorpropham alone and in combination was observed in male albino rats. The animals were given daily oral doses of hexachlorocyclohexane at 60 mg/kg/day, chlorpropham at 50 mg/kg/day, or hexachlorocyclohexane at 60 mg/kg/day plus chlorpropham at 50 mg/kg/day for 30 days. No significant clinical symptoms of toxicity or death were noted in animals exposed to either of the chemicals alone or together for the 30 day period at these dose levels. The liver showed a significant weight increase after the combined treatment and after treatment with hexachlorocyclohexane. Treatment with chlorpropham alone caused a decrease in liver weight. HCH alone caused a decrease in aspartate-aminotransferase activity of the liver, but no such changes were noted with other treatments. The activity of liver alanine-aminotransferase was lowered significantly after chlorpropham treatment, while the enzyme activity increased substantially after hexachlorocyclohexane plus chlorpropham treatments. The activity of alkaline-phosphatase in liver and serum revealed a consistently significant rise after all treatments. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase recorded a marked decrease after chlorpropham and hexachlorocyclohexane alone, but not with their combination. No significant morphological changes were noted in the vital organs following any of the treatments, nor was there any change in the level of hemoglobin or red and white blood cell counts in the different treatment groups.
Dikshith TSS et al; Toxicol Lett 45 (2/3): 281-8 (1989)
Repeated dermal application of hexachlorocyclohexane (100 mg/kg/day) or methyl parathion (2 mg/kg/day) individually or in combination for 7, 15 and 30 days produced pathomorphological changes in skin, liver, kidney and brain of female rats along with significant enzymatic alterations in the activity of transaminase, alkaline phosphatase lactic dehydrogenase and acetylcholinesterase. The two insecticides in combination though produced severe toxicity on day 30 than at other periods, the changes were not suggestive of any additive or potentiation effect at the test doses.
Dikshith TSS et al; Indian J Exp Biol 29 (2): 149-55 (1991)
For more Interactions (Complete) data for Hexachlorocyclohexanes (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.1.19 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

Emergency and Supportive Measures: Maintain an open airway and assist ventilation if necessary. Administer supplemental oxygen. As most liquid products are formulated in organic solvents, observe for evidence of pulmonary aspiration. Treat seizures, coma, and respiratory depression if they occur. Ventricular arrhythmias may respond to beta-adrenergic blockers such as propranolol and esmolol. Attach an electrocardiographic monitor, and observe the patient for at least 6-8 hours. /Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides/
OLSON, K.R. (Ed). Poisoning and Drug Overdose, Sixth Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY 2012, p. 172
Specific Druges and Antidotes: There is no specific antidote. /Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides/
OLSON, K.R. (Ed). Poisoning and Drug Overdose, Sixth Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY 2012, p. 172
Decontamination: Remove contaminated clothing and wash affected skin with copious soap and water, including hair and nails. Irrigate exposed eyes with copious tepid water or saline. Rescuers must take precautions to avoid personal exposure. Administer activated charcoal orally if conditions are appropriate. Gastric lavage is not necessary after small to moderate ingestions if activated charcoal can be given promptly. Repeat-dose activated charcoal or cholestyramine resin may be administered to enhance elimination by interrupting enterohepatic circulation. Exchange transfusion, peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion are not likely to be beneficial because of the large volume of distribution of these chemicals. /Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides/
OLSON, K.R. (Ed). Poisoning and Drug Overdose, Sixth Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY 2012, p. 172
Immediate First Aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently-flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Lindane and Related Compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3rd revised edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2007, p. 320
For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for Hexachlorocyclohexanes (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.1.20 Medical Surveillance

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 23
Determination of chlorophenols in urine should be part of a biological monitoring program in HCH-exposed workers.
Angerer J et al; International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 52 (1): 59-67 (1983)
Biological monitoring & health supervision of HCH-exposed workers should be performed, especially in workers with additional exposure to benzene.
Brassow HL et al; International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 48 (Feb, No 1): 81-7 (1981)

13.1.21 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... /Investigators/ found that patients tolerated highly purified lindane at rate of 40 mg/person/day for 14 days, although same dosage of technical HCH produced diarrhea, vertigo, and headache.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs with Other World Wide Occupational Exposure Values. 7th Ed. CD-ROM Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634 2013., p. 3
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptomatology (from technical BHC ...): 1) After ingestion a latent period varying from about 0.5 hour to several hours. 2) Hyperirritability and CNS excitation: notably vomiting, faintness, tremor, restlessness, muscle spasms, ataxia, and clonic and tonic convulsions. 3) Infants and children may experience hyperpyrexia presumably as a consequence of convulsions. 4) Postictal coma of variable duration, leading eventually (within 24 hr) to resp failure and death. 5) A second bout of convulsions may occur after consciousness is regained. Retrograde amnesia is described. 6) Pulmonary edema (with cyanosis and dyspnea) was observed in 2 fatally poisoned children. ... 8) Dermatitis and urticaria occasionally.
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-240
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Cardiovascular effects of HCH have been reported in humans exposed to HCH. ...ECG abnormalities /were reported/ in 15% of 45 factory workers involved in the production of technical-grade HCH; exposure concentrations were not reported and dermal /as well as inhalational/ exposure may have occurred.
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-Hexachlorocyclohexane p. 34 PB2006-100003 (August 2005). Available from, as of December 8, 2016: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp.asp?id=754&tid=138
/CASE REPORTS/ Eight incidents of nonfatal BHC poisoning (grand mal epilepsy) were reported ... The intoxications occurred in a family in a village in Uttar Pradesh, India. These people had ingested wheat bread containing 0.005% BHC. It was found that the wheat flour had been contaminated with BHC during storage.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V5 671
For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Hexachlorocyclohexanes (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.1.22 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Wistar rats /were treated/ with technical BHC (15% gamma isomer) by intubation of single dose as 5% soln in olive oil. Ten rats/group were treated with 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg/kg of body wt. ... /They/ were observed for 48 hr and then sacrificed. ... Results indicated significant increase in serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) at all treatment levels, which indicates liver damage. Prothrombin time and coagulation time had ... incr, even in animals that had received lowest dose.
National Research Council. Drinking Water and Health. Volume 3. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1980., p. 87
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Twenty-four hour exposure: ... A minimal-adverse-response level of 100 mg/kg for technical BHC (15% lindane) /was established/ in rats.
National Research Council. Drinking Water and Health. Volume 3. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1980., p. 88
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Information concerning the acute toxicity of technical hexachlorocyclohexane in mice, rats, rabbits, pigeons, and freshwater fish is presented. The role of modulating factors, such as chemical isomer composition of the technical hexachlorocyclohexane, the sex of the animals, route of exposure and nature of the vehicle or solvent, which have an effect on the overall characterization of hexachlorocyclohexane induced toxicity was considered. The study indicated that oral and dermal median lethal doses of technical hexachlorocyclohexane in the tested species show wide variations. Animals given high doses showed severe signs of insecticide poisoning such as tremors, dyspnea, salivation, convulsions, diarrhea, paralysis of limbs, sluggish movements and death. High doses painted on the skin of guinea-pigs produced mild to severe signs of toxicity. Technical hexachlorocyclohexane produced dermal toxicity in rabbits and induced locomotor activity and associated neurobehavioral effects in rats. Analysis of the technical hexachlorocyclohexane used in the study showed marked differences in the isomer content. The percent content of the most active ingredient, the gamma isomer, was only 10.6%, which is low compared to some samples. The percentages of the alpha and beta isomers respectively were 72.4 and 11.9. The hexachlorocyclohexane also contained about 6% other materials which remained unidentified.
Dikshith TSS et al; Vet Human Toxicol 31 (2): 113-6 (1989)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Induction of lipid peroxidation by hexachlorocyclohexane was studied in rats. Female Sprague Dawley rats were administered 2740 mg/kg carbon tetrachloride as a positive control and 50 mg/kg of hexachlorocyclohexane orally. They were killed at various times up to 9 days later, and livers were removed and assayed for lipid peroxidation and selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase. Hexachlorocyclohexane induced hepatic lipid peroxidation; maximum increases occurred 9 days after dosing. Hexachlorocyclohexane had no effect on selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase activity. It was concluded that hexachlorocyclohexane induces lipid peroxidation. When compared with previous studies, the data suggest that a relationship may exist between lipid peroxidation, depletion of body iron stores, porphyria, and ultimate toxicity of polyhalogenated compounds.
Goel MR et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 40 (2): 255-62 (1988)
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Hexachlorocyclohexanes (43 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.1.23 Human Toxicity Values

Mean lethal dose of technical BHC may be about 400 mg/kg when ingested by man.
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-239

13.1.24 Non-Human Toxicity Values

LD50 Rat oral 100 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 364
LD50 Rabbit sc 75 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 364
LD50 Mouse oral 59 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 364
LD50 Chicken oral 597 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 364
For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Hexachlorocyclohexanes (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.1.25 Ongoing Test Status

EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of December 8, 2016: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

13.2 Ecological Information

13.2.1 EPA Ecotoxicity

Pesticide Ecotoxicity Data from EPA

13.2.2 Ecotoxicity Values

LD50; Species: /Anas platyrhynchos/ (Mallard ducks) 3 month old female; oral about 1414 mg/kg /88 to 90% pure/
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Toxicity of Pesticides to Wildlife. Resource Publication 153. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984., p. 15
LD50; Species: (Pheasants) 3-4 months old female; oral 118 mg/kg (95% confidence limit: 93.6-148 mg/kg) /88 to 90% pure/
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Toxicity of Pesticides to Wildlife. Resource Publication 153. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984., p. 15
EC50; Species: Daphnia pulex, 1st instar; Conditions: static bioassay without aeration, 16 °C, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/L as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/L; Concentration: 680 ug/L for 48 hr /technical material, 41.5%/
U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Resource Publication No. 137. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980., p. 15
LC50; Species: Gammarus lacustris (Scud) mature; Conditions: static bioassay without aeration, 21 °C, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/L as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/L; Concentration: 78 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence limit: 54-113 ug/L) /technical material, 41.5%/
U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Resource Publication No. 137. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980., p. 15
For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Hexachlorocyclohexanes (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.2.3 Ecotoxicity Excerpts

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Signs of intoxication /to benzene hexachloride in mallards or pheasants at LD50 level include/ polydipsia, regurgitation, hyperexcitability, ataxia, ptosis, fluffed feathers, hyporeactivity, imbalance, slowness, stumbling, phonation, tenseness, shakiness, jitteriness, sitting, ataraxia, withdrawal, tremors, masseter tenseness, spasms, aggressiveness, fear-threat displays, backing, circuling, asthenia, tongue protruding sideways from bill (mallards), and immobility. Prolonged signs incl falling, sitting, using wings for pedestrian locomotion, ataraxia, and withdrawal. Signs appeared as soon as 30 min in mallards and 2 hr in pheasants, and mortalities usually occurred between 2 and 5 days in mallards and between 4 and 9 days after treatment in pheasants. Remission took up to 20 days. Emaciation, enlarged livers, and small spleens were observed on necropsy of mortalities and sacrificed survivors.
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Toxicity of Pesticides to Wildlife. Resource Publication 153. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984., p. 15
/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Histopathological changes in the immature ovary of Rasbora daniconius /fish/ exposed to a sublethal concentration (0.14 ppm) of benzene hexachloride for different time intervals, eg 96 hr, 7 days, 10 days and 15 days have been studied. Effects induced by benzene hexachloride are quite apparent soon after 96 hr exposure. The first symptoms reveal cytoplasmic and nuclear deformities in the oocytes. After 10 and 15 days exposure the toxic effect is severe and results in loss of most of the Stage I oocytes, degeneration of ovigerous lamellae and abnormal vacuolation in the Stage II oocytes. Vitellogenesis is arrested.
Singh S, Sahai S; Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B (Biol Sci) 56 (2): 108-10 (1986)
/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ BHC isomers (10-300 ppm) affected the growth and N-fixation enzyme activity of Spirillum lipoferum, Azotobacter vinelandii, Rhizobium astragali and R. japoncium grown on culture media. In S. lipoferum, effects on the enzyme activity were delta > alpha > gamma > beta and the effects on growth were delta > gamma > alpha > beta. In A. vinelandii, the enzyme activity was decreased by 27% and the microbial count decreased by 61% when treated with 150 ppm technical BHC. In R. astragali, a 40% decr in the microbial count was observed when treated with 250 ppm technical BHC. In R. japoncium, the enzyme activity was decreased by only 4% when treated with 300 ppm technical BHC. At 250 ppm, technical BHC slightly increased the growth /of the organism/.
Lu J et al; Huanjing Kexue 5 (3): 35-8 (1984)

13.2.4 US EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants

1 of 4
Resident Soil (mg/kg)
8.60e-02
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
3.60e-01
Resident Air (ug/m3)
1.60e-03
Industrial Air (ug/m3)
6.80e-03
Tapwater (ug/L)
7.20e-03
MCL (ug/L)
1.00e+00
Risk-based SSL (mg/kg)
4.2e-05
Oral Slope Factor (mg/kg-day)-1
6.30e+00
Inhalation Unit Risk (ug/m3)-1
1.80e-03
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
9.00e-04
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed Dermally from Soil
0.1
2 of 4
Resident Soil (mg/kg)
3.00e-01
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
1.30e+00
Resident Air (ug/m3)
5.30e-03
Industrial Air (ug/m3)
2.30e-02
Tapwater (ug/L)
2.50e-02
MCL (ug/L)
1.00e+00
Risk-based SSL (mg/kg)
1.50e-04
Oral Slope Factor (mg/kg-day)-1
1.80e+00
Inhalation Unit Risk (ug/m3)-1
5.30e-04
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed Dermally from Soil
0.1
3 of 4
Resident Soil (mg/kg)
5.70e-02
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
8.00e-01
Resident Air (ug/m3)
9.10e-03
Industrial Air (ug/m3)
4.00e-02
Tapwater (ug/L)
9.70e-03
MCL (ug/L)
2.00e-01
Risk-based SSL (mg/kg)
5.7e-05
MCL-based SSL (mg/kg)
1.20e-03
Oral Slope Factor (mg/kg-day)-1
1.10e+00
Inhalation Unit Risk (ug/m3)-1
3.10e-04
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
8e-07
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed Dermally from Soil
0.04
4 of 4
Resident Soil (mg/kg)
3.00e-01
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
1.30e+00
Resident Air (ug/m3)
5.50e-03
Industrial Air (ug/m3)
2.40e-02
Tapwater (ug/L)
2.50e-02
MCL (ug/L)
2.00e-01
Risk-based SSL (mg/kg)
1.50e-04
Oral Slope Factor (mg/kg-day)-1
1.80e+00
Inhalation Unit Risk (ug/m3)-1
5.10e-04
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed Dermally from Soil
0.1

13.2.5 US EPA Regional Removal Management Levels for Chemical Contaminants

1 of 3
Resident Soil (mg/kg)
8.60e+00
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
3.60e+01
Resident Air (ug/m3)
1.60e-01
Industrial Air (ug/m3)
6.80e-01
Tapwater (ug/L)
7.20e-01
MCL (ug/L)
1.00e+00
Oral Slope Factor (mg/kg-day)-1
6.30e+00
Inhalation Unit Risk (ug/m3)-1
1.80e-03
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
9.00e-04
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed Dermally from Soil
0.1
2 of 3
Resident Soil (mg/kg)
5.70e+01
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
2.50e+02
Resident Air (ug/m3)
9.10e-01
Industrial Air (ug/m3)
4.00e+00
Tapwater (ug/L)
4.20e+00
MCL (ug/L)
2.00e-01
Oral Slope Factor (mg/kg-day)-1
1.10e+00
Inhalation Unit Risk (ug/m3)-1
3.10e-04
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
3.00e-04
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed Dermally from Soil
0.04
3 of 3
Resident Soil (mg/kg)
3.00e+01
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
1.30e+02
Resident Air (ug/m3)
5.50e-01
Industrial Air (ug/m3)
2.40e+00
Tapwater (ug/L)
2.50e+00
MCL (ug/L)
2.00e-01
Oral Slope Factor (mg/kg-day)-1
1.80e+00
Inhalation Unit Risk (ug/m3)-1
5.10e-04
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed Dermally from Soil
0.1

13.2.6 ICSC Environmental Data

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur along the food chain, for example in fish and seafood. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal.

13.2.7 Environmental Fate / Exposure Summary

Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) is a synthetic chemical existing of eight isomers. Technical-grade HCH (BHC) consists of roughly 60-70% alpha-, 10-15% gamma-, 5-12% beta-, 6-10% delta- and 3-4% epsilon- isomers. BHC's former production and use as an insecticide resulted in its direct release to the environment. BHC was banned in the US in 1976 and in Canada in 1971; however, forms of HCH may still be used in some countries. If released to air, a vapor pressure range of 3.6X10-7 to an estimated 5.0X10-4 mm Hg indicates HCH will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase HCH will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 28-115 days. Particulate-phase HCH will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. If released to soil, HCH is expected to have moderate to slight mobility based upon Koc values of 400-3200. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected based upon Henry's Law constants of 4.3X10-7 to 4.8X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. HCH is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressures. The degradation half-life of HCH isomers was 33.9-184 days in cropped soils and 23.4-100 days in uncropped soils. If released into water, HCH is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc values. There is limited data on the biodegradation of HCH under aerobic conditions in water; in contaminated underground water (anaerobic conditions), isomers had biodegradation rates of 0.003-0.011/day. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. BCFs of 327-1043 in fish suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high to very high. HCHs are expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment, based on studies done with alpha- and gamma- isomers. Hydrolysis half-lives for alpha-HCH were reported as 1.2 years, 0.8 years and 30 days at pH values of 7, 8 and 9, respectively. In natural waters at pH 8 and 5 °C, the respective hydrolysis half-life of alpha- and gamma-HCH were 26 and 42 years. Hydrolysis half-lives for gamma-HCH have been reported as 936, 4331 and 92 hours at pH values of 5, 7 and 9, respectively. Since the insecticide BHC is no longer produced or used in the United States, occupational exposure to HCHs should be very low or non existent. Due to its long persistence time, extensive use of the insecticide BHC, and the propensity of HCH isomers to bioaccumulate, the general population may still be exposed to HCH from ingestion of food and to a lesser extent, ingestion of drinking water and inhalation of air. (SRC)

13.2.8 Artificial Pollution Sources

Hexachlorocyclohexane's (HCH) former production and use as the insecticide BHC (technical HCH, containing roughly 60-70% alpha-, 10-15% gamma-, 5-12% beta-, and 6-10% delta- and 3-4% epsilon-HCH)(1), led to its direct release to the environment(SRC). BHC was banned in the US in 1976 and in Canada in 1971; however, forms of HCH may still be used in some countries(1-2).
(1) ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-HCH. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Public Health Service. June, 2005.
(2) Barrie LA et al; Sci Total Environ 122: 1-74 (1992)

13.2.9 Environmental Fate

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 400-3200(2-5) indicate that hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH) are expected to have moderate to slight mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of HCH from moist soil surfaces is expected given estimated and measured Henry's Law constants of 4.3X10-7 to 4.8X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(6-8). HCH is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon vapor pressures of 3.6X10-7 to 5.0X10-4 mm Hg(6, 9-11). The degradation half-life of HCH isomers was 33.9-184 days in cropped soils and 23.4-100 days in uncropped soils(12).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) Bengtsson S et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 78:295-8 (2007)
(3) Schuurmann G et al; Environ Sci Technol 40:7005-11 (2006)
(4) Forst C et al; Chemosphere 26: 1355-64 (1994)
(5) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992)
(6) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of March 27, 2017: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools
(7) Altschuh J et al; Chemosphere 39: 1871-1887 (1999)
(8) Kucklick JR et al; Mar Chem 34: 197-209 (1991)
(9) Ballschmiter K, Wittlinger R; Environ Sci Technol 25: 1103-11 (1991)
(10) MacBean C, ed; e-Pesticide Manual. 15th ed., ver. 5.1, Alton, UK; British Crop Protection Council. Lindane (58-89-9) (2008-2010)
(11) Schwabe K, Legler C; Z Electrochem 64: 902-5 (1960)
(12) ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-Hexachlorocyclohexane. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Public Health Service. June, 2005.
TERRESTRIAL FATE: The degradation half-life of hexachlorocyclohexanes on cropped and uncropped soils were reported as follows(1):
isomer
alpha-
cropped (days)
54.4
uncropped (days)
56.1
isomer
beta-
cropped (days)
184
uncropped (days)
100
isomer
gamma-
cropped (days)
107
uncropped (days)
62.1
isomer
delta-
cropped (days)
33.9
uncropped (days)
23.4
(1) ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-Hexachlorocyclohexane. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Public Health Service. June, 2005.
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 400-3200(2-5) indicate that hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH) are expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(6) based upon estimated and reported Henry's Law constants of 4.3X10-7 to 4.8X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(7-9). HCHs are expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment, based on studies done with alpha- and gamma-isomers(SRC). Hydrolysis half-lives for alpha-HCH were reported as 1.2 years, 0.8 years and 30 days at pH values of 7, 8 and 9, respectively(10). In natural waters at pH 8 and 5 °C, the respective hydrolysis half-lives of alpha- and gamma-HCH were 26 and 42 years(10). Hydrolysis half-lives for gamma-HCH have been reported as 936, 4331 and 92 hours at pH values of 5, 7 and 9, respectively(11). According to a classification scheme(12), BCFs of 327-1043(13-14), suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high to very high. There are limited data on the biodegradation of HCH under aerobic conditions in water; in contaminated underground water (anaerobic conditions), isomers had biodegradation rates of 0.003-0.011/day(15).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) Bengtsson S et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 78: 295-8 (2007)
(3) Schuurmann G et al; Environ Sci Technol 40: 7005-11 (2006)
(4) Forst C et al; Chemosphere 26: 1355-64 (1994)
(5) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992)
(6) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(7) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Mar 27, 2017: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools
(8) Altschuh J et al; Chemosphere 39: 1871-1887 (1999)
(9) Kucklick JR et al; Mar Chem 34: 197-209 (1991)
(10) Ngabe B et al; Environ Sci Technol 27: 1930-3 (1993)
(11) Saleh FY et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 1: 289-97 (1982)
(12) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
(13) Yamato Y et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 31: 352-9 (1983)
(14) NITE; Chemical Risk Information Platform (CHRIP). Biodegradation and Bioconcentration. Tokyo, Japan: Natl Inst Tech Eval. Available from, as of Mar 27, 2017: https://www.safe.nite.go.jp/english/db.html
(15) Bashir S et al; Water Res 71: 187-96 (2015)
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH), which have vapor pressures of 3.6X10-7 mm Hg to an estimated 5.0X10-4 mm Hg(2-5), are expected to exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase HCH is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 28-115 days(SRC), calculated from rate constants of 5.7X10-11 to 1.9X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(5-6). Particulate-phase HCH may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).
(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988)
(2) Ballschmiter K, Wittlinger R; Environ Sci Technol 25: 1103-11 (1991)
(3) MacBean C, ed; e-Pesticide Manual. 15th ed., ver. 5.1, Alton, UK; British Crop Protection Council. Lindane (58-89-9) (2008-2010)
(4) Schwabe K, Legler C; Z Electrochem 64: 902-5 (1960)
(5) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Mar 27, 2017: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools
(6) Brubaker WW et al; Environ Sci Technol 32: 766-9 (1998)

13.2.10 Environmental Biodegradation

AEROBIC: Hexachlorocyclohexane, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1).
(1) NITE; Chemical Risk Information Platform (CHRIP). Biodegradation and Bioconcentration. Tokyo, Japan: Natl Inst Tech Eval. Available from, as of Mar 30, 2017: https://www.safe.nite.go.jp/english/db.html
ANAEROBIC: Degradation of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers in anaerobic conditions incubated for two weeks in submerged Casiguran sandy loam was as follows(1):
isomer
alpha-
initial concn (ppm)
16
final conc sterile (ppm)
15
final conc unsterile (ppm)
<1
isomer
beta-
initial concn (ppm)
16
final conc sterile (ppm)
14
final conc unsterile (ppm)
<1
isomer
gamma-
initial concn (ppm)
17
final conc sterile (ppm)
14
final conc unsterile (ppm)
<1
isomer
delta-
initial concn (ppm)
18
final conc sterile (ppm)
18
final conc unsterile (ppm)
<2
(1) Castro TF, Yoshida T; Soil Sci Plant Nutr 20: 363-70 (1974)
ANAEROBIC: First order biodegradation rates for hexachlorocyclohexanes were reported for contaminated underground aquifers in a study done 2008 to 2010(1). The gamma-isomer (lindane) was biodegraded, but concentrations were too low to calculate rates(1).
Isomer
alpha-
rate/day
0.003
0.010
Isomer
beta-
rate/day
0.011
0.037
Isomer
delta-
rate/day
0.006
0.019
(1) Bashir S et al; Water Res 71: 187-96 (2015)

13.2.11 Environmental Abiotic Degradation

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH) with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals are 5.7X10-11 to 1.9X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1-2). These correspond to an atmospheric half-life of about 28-115 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). HCHs are expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment, based on studies done with alpha- and gamma- isomers(SRC). Hydrolysis half-lives for alpha-HCH were reported as 1.2 years, 0.8 years and 30 days at pH values of 7, 8 and 9, respectively(3). In natural waters at pH 8 and 5 °C, the respective hydrolysis half-life of alpha- and gamma-HCH were 26 and 42 years(3). Hydrolysis half-lives for gamma-HCH have been reported as 936, 4331 and 92 hours at pH values of 5, 7 and 9, respectively(4).
(1) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Mar 27, 2017: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools
(2) Brubaker WW et al; Environ Sci Technol 32: 766-9 (1998)
(3) Ngabe B et al; Environ Sci Technol 27: 1930-3 (1993)
(4) Saleh FY et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 1: 289-97 (1982)

13.2.12 Environmental Bioconcentration

BCFs of 395-791 and 327-893 were found using carp (Cyprinus carpio), which were exposed for 10 weeks at respective concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexanes of 0.05 and 0.5 ppb(1). BCFs were 647-1043, measured in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) exposed to individual hexachlorocyclohexanes (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-) for 10 days(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF range suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high to very high(SRC), provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC).
(1) NITE; Chemical Risk Information Platform (CHRIP). Biodegradation and Bioconcentration. Tokyo, Japan: Natl Inst Tech Eval. Available from, as of Mar 27, 2017: https://www.safe.nite.go.jp/english/db.html
(2) Yamato Y et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 31: 352-9 (1983)
(3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)

13.2.13 Soil Adsorption / Mobility

Based on reported data, the most abundant hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers in the environment have Koc values of 400-3200(1-4). According to a classification scheme(5), this Koc range suggests that HCH is expected to have moderate to slight mobility in most soils(SRC).
(1) Bengtsson S et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 78: 295-8 (2007)
(2) Schuurmann G et al; Environ Sci Technol 40: 7005-11 (2006)
(3) Forst C et al; Chemosphere 26: 1355-64 (1994)
(4) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992)
(5) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)

13.2.14 Volatilization from Water / Soil

The Henry's Law constant for hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH) range from an estimated 4.3X10-7 to 4.8X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). Measured Henry's Law constant for the alpha-, beta- and gamma-isomers fall into this range with values of 4.4X10-7 to 6.68X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(2-3). This Henry's Law constant range indicates that HCH is expected to volatilize slowly from water surfaces and moist soil surfaces(4). HCH are not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon vapor pressures of 3.6X10-7 to 5.0X10-4 mm Hg(1, 5-7).
(1) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Mar 27, 2017: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools
(2) Altschuh J et al; Chemosphere 39: 1871-1887 (1999)
(3) Kucklick JR et al; Mar Chem 34: 197-209 (1991)
(4) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(5) Ballschmiter K, Wittlinger R; Environ Sci Technol 25: 1103-11 (1991)
(6) MacBean C, ed; e-Pesticide Manual. 15th ed., ver. 5.1, Alton, UK; British Crop Protection Council. Lindane (58-89-9) (2008-2010)
(7) Schwabe K, Legler C; Z Electrochem 64: 902-5 (1960)

13.2.15 Environmental Water Concentrations

GROUNDWATER: Total hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) was detected in groundwater in 1991-1992 from a rural area of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, India at not detected to 978 ng/L(1). Groundwater from Kafr El-Zayat, Egypt contained HCH at 0.053-0.269 ppb in 1994(2).
(1) Mohapatra SP et al; Environ Monit Assess 35: 155-64 (1995)
(2) Dogheim SW et al; J AOAC Int 79: 111-16 (1996)
DRINKING WATER: Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH) were detected in drinking water samples collected May-July 1987 in Ahmedabad City, India at 23.90-2488.7 ng/L with a mean of 256.99 ng/L(1). HCH was not detected in 12 drinking water samples collected 1992-1994 from three areas of Haryana, India(2). In tap water samples collected in 1994 from five locations of Nainital, India, HCH was found at mean concentrations of 1.183-3.782 ug/L(3). Drinking water wells in Bhopal, India contained HCH at 1.576-7.747 ppm (4.654 ppm average)(4). Tapwater from Kafr El-Zayat, Egypt contained HCH at 0.013 ppb in 1994(5). HCH was not detected in 19 source, 18 finish or 15 distribution water samples collected 2006 to 2007 from 19 US water utilities(6). HCHs were detected at 0.150-0.292 ng/mL in six different commercial brand bottled drinking water samples collected from supermarkets Nov 2007 to Mar 2008 in Mexico City(7).
(1) Jani JP et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 47: 381-5 (1991)
(2) Kumari B et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 57: 787-93 (1996)
(3) Dua VK et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 60: 209-15 (1998)
(4) Dikshith TSS et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 45: 389-93 (1990)
(5) Dogheim SW et al; J AOAC Int 79: 111-16 (1996)
(6) Benotti MJ et al; Environ Sci Technol 43: 597-603 (2009)
(7) Diaz G et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 82: 701-4 (2009)
SURFACE WATER: Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) was detected in surface water samples collected from 8 locations on the Nile Delta at 22.00-294.393 ng/L(1). Water samples collected May 30, 1989 from the Gallego River, Spain, downstream from a lindane factory contained HCHs at 0.109-0.544 ppb(2). In water samples collected in 1992 from Lake Baikal, Russia, HCH was detected at 56-960 pg/L(3). HCH was detected at 199 and 359 pg/L in surface water samples collected from the Russian rivers of Yenisei in 2003 and Ob in 2005, respectively(4). HCH was detected in ponds without fish and with fish at mean concentrations of 2.94 and 0.81 ug/L, respectively; samples were collected in 1992 in rural India(5). Pond water samples collected from rice growing areas in India between 1992 and 1994 contained HCH at average concentrations of 2.2-9.0 ug/L(6). HCHs were detected in water collected from five lakes in Neonatal, India in 1994 at mean concentrations of 1.340-8.656 ug/L(7). HCH was detected in lake and river samples collected Aug-Sept 2003 from Yunnan Plateau, China at 0.24-21.95 and 2.71-37.56 ug/L, respectively(8).
(1) El-Gendy KS et al; J Environ Sci Health B26: 15-36 (1991)
(2) Hernandez LM et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 46: 9-13 (1991)
(3) Iwata H et al; Environ Sci Technol 29: 792-801 (1995)
(4) Carroll J et al; Environ Sci Technol 42: 69-74 (2008)
(5) Dua VK et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 57: 568-74 (1996)
(6) Kumari B et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 57: 787-93 (1996)
(7) Dua VK et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 60: 209-15 (1998)
(8) Yang J et al; Chemosphere 66: 219-25 (2007)
SURFACE WATER: Surface water samples were collected from 8 locations in Lake Burullus (LB) and 4 locations outside the lake in the Mediterranean Sea (MS) in 2006; total hexachlorocyclohexane concentrations were as follows(1):
Season
winter
LB Concn (ng/L)
0.037-277.067
MS Concn (ng/L)
1.166-1.558
Season
spring
LB Concn (ng/L)
23.19-104.07
MS Concn (ng/L)
16.85-114.65
Season
summer
LB Concn (ng/L)
28.55-329.70
MS Concn (ng/L)
25.84-495.55
Season
autumn
LB Concn (ng/L)
1.09-157.36
MS Concn (ng/L)
69.33-298.31
(1) Said TO et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 81: 136-46 (2008)
For more Environmental Water Concentrations (Complete) data for Hexachlorocyclohexanes (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.2.16 Effluent Concentrations

Hexachlorocyclohexane was detected in 31 sewage sludge samples collected Feb-June 2005 from 26 cities in China at <0.11-167 ng/g dry weight(1).
(1) Wang Y et al; Chemosphere 68: 1683-91 (2007)

13.2.17 Sediment / Soil Concentrations

SEDIMENT: Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) was detected from May 14-June 1, 1992 in sediment samples from the Gulf of Alaska, the Bering Sea and the Chukchi Sea at 250, 43 and 75 pg/g dry weight, respectively(1). HCH was detected in sediment samples from 7 of 8 locations on the Nile Delta at concentrations of 0.424-980.252 ng/g(2). HCH was detected at 1.19-134.99 ng/g in 12 sediment samples collected from 12 locations in Lake Burullus, Egypt in 2006(3). HCH was detected in sediment samples collected in 1992 in rural India, from 13 ponds without fish and 9 ponds with fish at mean concentrations of 47.41 and 10.82 ug/kg, respectively(4). HCH was detected in surface sediments (2 cm) collected April 1989 from three sampling sites in Lake Garda, Italy at 3.19-5.02 ng/g dry weight(5). Sediment samples from the shore of the Gallego River, Spain, downstream from a lindane factory collected May 30, 1989 had HCH concentrations of 7.04-102.64 ppb(6).
(1) Iwata H et al; Mar Pollut Bull 28: 746-53 (1994)
(2) El-Gendy KS et al; J Environ Sci Health B26: 15-36 (1991)
(3) Said TO et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 81: 136-46 (2008)
(4) Dua VK et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 57: 568-74 (1996)
(5) Bossi R et al; Sci Total Environ 121: 77-93 (1992)
(6) Hernandez LM et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 46: 9-13 (1991)
SEDIMENT: Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) was detected in sediment samples collected from the Lake Baikal region, Russia in 1992 at 0.019-0.12 ng/g dry weight(1). Sediment samples collected from 138 locations of the Korean Island from 1997 to 2002 contained HCH at a mean concentration of 0.65 ng/g dry weight(2). HCH was detected in sediment samples collected May 1998 from 15 different locations of Manila Bay, Philippines at 0.005-0.11 ng/g dry weight(3). HCH was detected in sediment from the Victorian Harbor in Hong Kong at <0.1-9.4 ng/g in 1992 and 0.14-1.12 ng/g in 1993(4). HCH was detected in sediment from all 14 sites along the Mai Po marshes nature preserve in Hong Kong at 9.7-28.5 ng/g dry weight(5). Surface sediment samples collected Oct 2008 at 38 locations in the Yangtze River Estuary, China, contained HCH at 0.10-0.90 ng/g dry weight(6). Ten marine and 25 lake sediments collected along the marine and adjacent river/estuarine areas of the northern Bohai Sea, China in May 2008 contained HCH at <0.05-1964.97 ng/g dry weight in 97.14% of the samples(7). In sediment samples collected July and Dec 2005 from 11 locations of the Yangtze River, 16 tributary locations and 9 nearby lakes, HCH was found at respective concentrations of 0.10-11.72, 0.20-21.10 and 0.89-12.24 mg/g(8).
(1) Iwata H et al; Environ Sci Technol 29: 792-801 (1995)
(2) Hong SH et al; Chemosphere 64: 1479-88 (2006)
(3) Carvalho FP et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 57: 348-58 (2009)
(4) Hong H et al; Mar Pollut Bull 31: 229-36 (1995)
(5) Zheng GJ et al; Mar Pollut Bull 40: 1210-1214 (2000)
(6) Zhou S et al; Chemosphere 114: 26-34 (2014)
(7) Hu W et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 59: 71-9 (2010)
(8) Tang Z et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 53: 303-12 (2007)
SEDIMENT: Hexachlorocyclohane concentrations in a core sediment sample taken in Gwangyang Bay, South Korea were as follows(1):
Depth (cm)
0-5
Representative Years
2006-2001
Concn (pg/g dry weight)
15.1
Depth (cm)
5-10
Representative Years
2001-1993
Concn (pg/g dry weight)
11.8
Depth (cm)
10-15
Representative Years
1993-1987
Concn (pg/g dry weight)
12.0
Depth (cm)
15-20
Representative Years
1987-1981
Concn (pg/g dry weight)
15.8
Depth (cm)
20-25
Representative Years
1981-1974
Concn (pg/g dry weight)
16.9
Depth (cm)
25-30
Representative Years
1971-1967
Concn (pg/g dry weight)
16.4
Depth (cm)
30-35
Representative Years
1967-1961
Concn (pg/g dry weight)
20.1
Depth (cm)
35-40
Representative Years
1961-1954
Concn (pg/g dry weight)
15.7
(1) Kim Y et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 54: 386-94 (2008)
SOIL: Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) was detected in soil samples used to grow tomatoes in Argentina at levels of 0.4-2.8 ng/g(1). HCH was detected in 25 soil samples collected from Delhi, India during 1988 and 1989 at a concentration of 0.001-0.23 mg/kg(2). Soil samples collected from rice growing areas in India between 1992 and 1994 were found to contain HCH at average concentrations of 0.048-0.162 ug/g(3). HCH was detected in soil samples collected from the Lake Baikal region, Russia in 1992 at 0.043-16 ng/g dry weight(4). HCH was found in all 8 samples taken from Tibet, China in June 1996 with concentrations of 0.67-5.38 ng/g dry weight(5). HCH was detected at <0.05-99.0 ng/g dry weight in 22% of 544 topsoil samples collected in 2004 from Zhangjiagang County, China(6). In 32 agricultural soils collected May 2004 from Guangzhou, China, HCH was detected at 0.21-103.92 ng/g(7). In 302 soil samples collected in 2004 from the Haihe Plain, China, HCH was reported at 0.02-349 ng/g(8). HCH was detected in 12 urban soils of Yinchuan city, China at 0.306-74.2 ug/kg dry weight(9). HCH was detected at <0.020-595 ug/kg in 24 surface soil samples collected July 2008 from around pesticide factories in Jiangsu Province, China(10). The concentration of HCH in top soil from Ruoergai high plateau, China was 0.43-10.6 and 0.80-1.98 ng/g dry weight in July and Nov 2011, respectively(11). Sixty soil samples collected Feb 2006 (dry season) from agricultural and industrial areas of Hanoi, Vietnam, contained HCH at <0.05-20.57 ng/g(12). HCH was detected at <0.05-9.58 ng/g in 40 surface soil samples collected Feb 2006 from Bacninh, Vietnam(13).
(1) Gonzalez M et al; J Agric Food Chem 51: 1353-1359 (2003)
(2) Nair A, Pillai MKK; Sci Total Environ 121: 145-57 (1992)
(3) Kumari B et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 57: 787-93 (1996)
(4) Iwata H et al; Environ Sci Technol 29: 792-801 (1995)
(5) Fu S et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 66: 171-177 (2001)
(6) Hu W et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 87: 561-6 (2011)
(7) Gao F et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 54: 155-66 (2008)
(8) Tao S et al; Environ Sci Technol 42: 8395-400 (2008)
(9) Wang W et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 82: 505-9 (2009)
(10) Zhang L et al; Chemosphere 77: 628-33 (2009)
(11) Gai N et al; Sci Total Environ 478: 90-7 (2014)
(12) Toan VD et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 78: 195-200 (2007)
(13) Toan VD et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 82: 516-21 (2009)
For more Sediment/Soil Concentrations (Complete) data for Hexachlorocyclohexanes (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.2.18 Atmospheric Concentrations

URBAN/SUBURBAN: In air samples collected Feb 2, 1995-Aug 6, 1996 from Seabrook, TX, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) was found at 47.8-673.9 pg/cu m (vapor-phase) and not detected to 2.9 pg/cu m (particulate-phase)(1). HCH was detected in air samples collected from Brazzaville, Congo during Aug and Sept 1989 at 0.42 ng/cu m(2).
(1) Park J et al; Atmos Environ 35: 3315-3324 (2001)
(2) Ngabe B, Bidleman TF; Environ Pollut 76: 147-56 (1992)
REMOTE/RURAL: Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) was detected in 15 air samples collected 1986-1987 from the Canadian arctic at 324-767 pg/cu m(1). HCH was detected in air samples collected from the Lake Baikal region, Russia in 1992 at concentrations of 230-960 pg/cu m(2). In samples collected July 30-Sept 26, 2006 from six coastal rural and 3 coastal wetland areas of India, HCH was detected at 66-5404 pg/cu m(3).
(1) Patton GW et al; Tellus 41B: 243-35 (1989)
(2) Iwata H et al; Environ Sci Technol 29: 792-801 (1995)
(3) Zhang G et al; Environ Sci Technol 42: 8218-23 (2008)
Hexachlorocyclohexane concentrations in air over various oceans, 1989-1990(1).
Location
Chukchi Sea
Concentration, pg/cu m
300
Location
Bering Sea
Concentration, pg/cu m
340
Location
Gulf of Alaska
Concentration, pg/cu m
420
Location
Northern North Pacific
Concentration, pg/cu m
600
Location
North Pacific
Concentration, pg/cu m
210
Location
Caribbean Sea
Concentration, pg/cu m
120
Location
Gulf of Mexico
Concentration, pg/cu m
78
Location
North Atlantic
Concentration, pg/cu m
260
Location
Mediterranean
Concentration, pg/cu m
230
Location
Red Sea
Concentration, pg/cu m
86
Location
East China Sea
Concentration, pg/cu m
640
Location
Java Sea
Concentration, pg/cu m
75
Location
South China Sea
Concentration, pg/cu m
1300
Location
Strait of Malacca
Concentration, pg/cu m
not detected
Location
Celebes Sea
Concentration, pg/cu m
120
Location
Bay of Bengal
Concentration, pg/cu m
9600
Location
Arabian Sea
Concentration, pg/cu m
9600
Location
Eastern Indian Sea
Concentration, pg/cu m
50
Location
Southern Ocean
Concentration, pg/cu m
38
(1) Iwata H et al; Environ Sci Technol 27: 1080-98 (1993)

13.2.19 Food Survey Values

Levels of alpha-, beta-, and delta-hexachlorocyclohexane in food items(1).
Food Item
Cheese, domestic
No. of Samples
784
% Positive detections
38.5
Avg Concn (ppm)
0.015
Food Item
Cheese, imported
No. of Samples
5,471
% Positive detections
91.3
Avg Concn (ppm)
0.235
Food Item
Red meat
No. of Samples
15,200
% Positive detections
33.2
Avg Concn (ppm)
0.043
Food Item
Poultry
No. of Samples
11,340
% Positive detections
4.5
Avg Concn (ppm)
0.030
Food Item
Eggs, domestic
No. of Samples
2,303
% Positive detections
1
Avg Concn (ppm)
0.0004
Food Item
Eggs, imported
No. of Samples
69
% Positive detections
9.5
Avg Concn (ppm)
0.001
Food Item
Large fruit, dom
No. of Samples
3,281
% Positive detections
0.7
Avg Concn (ppm)
0.001
Food Item
Large fruit, imp
No. of Samples
1,048
% Positive detections
2.6
Avg Concn (ppm)
0.0004
Food Item
Small Fruit, dom
No. of Samples
1,445
% Positive detections
0.3
Avg Concn (ppm)
&amp;le; 0.0001
Food Item
Small fruit, imp
No. of Samples
2,119
% Positive detections
5.3
Avg Concn (ppm)
0.007
Food Item
Leaf/stem veg, dom
No. of Samples
5,319
% Positive detections
0.9
Avg Concn (ppm)
0.0005
Food Item
Leaf/stem veg, imp
No. of Samples
312
% Positive detections
1.1
Avg Concn (ppm)
0.0004
Food Item
Vine/ear, dom
No. of Samples
1,954
% Positive detections
0.2
Avg Concn (ppm)
&amp;le; 0.0001
Food Item
Vine/ear veg, imp
No. of Samples
4,117
% Positive detections
11.3
Avg Concn (ppm)
0.031
Food Item
Beans, domestic
No. of Samples
499
% Positive detections
1.4
Avg Concn (ppm)
0.0002
Food Item
Root veg, dom
No. of Samples
3,248
% Positive detections
1.1
Avg Concn (ppm)
0.0008
Food Item
Root veg, imp
No. of Samples
609
% Positive detections
6.2
Avg Concn (ppm)
0.003
Food Item
Whole grain, dom
No. of Samples
947
% Positive detections
1.9
Avg Concn (ppm)
0.0008
Food Item
Whole grain, imp
No. of Samples
85
% Positive detections
21.4
Avg Concn (ppm)
0.005
Food Item
Processed veg, dom
No. of Samples
631
% Positive detections
1.9
Avg Concn (ppm)
0.0008
Food Item
Processed veg, imp
No. of Samples
929
% Positive detections
23.3
Avg Concn (ppm)
0.092
Food Item
Processed fruit, imp
No. of Samples
634
% Positive detections
19.5
Avg Concn (ppm)
0.009
Food Item
Nuts, domestic
No. of Samples
174
% Positive detections
1.7
Avg Concn (ppm)
0.0006
Food Item
Nuts, imported
No. of Samples
42
% Positive detections
56.1
Avg Concn (ppm)
0.027
Food Item
Peanuts
No. of Samples
148
% Positive detections
3.4
Avg Concn (ppm)
0.02
Food Item
Soybeans
No. of Samples
104
% Positive detections
14.4
Avg Concn (ppm)
0.003
(1) Duggan RE et al; Pesticide Residue Levels in Foods in U.S. from July 1, 1969 to June 30, 1976 FDA and AOAC (1983)
Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH) were detected in composites of 4 market baskets for adult total diet analysis in the US for fiscal year 1978 at 0.001-0.002, trace, 0.002-0.007, 0.004-0.006, 0.006-0.026, not detected-0.001, trace-0.002, trace-0.002, trace, trace-0.004, not detected-0.005, not detected-0.001, trace-0.002, not detected-trace, not detected-0.002, 0.001-0.003 and not detected-0.001 ppm in ice cream, cottage cheese, processed cheese, natural cheese, butter, ice milk, roast beef, hamburger, pork chops, fish filet, fish (canned), lunchmeat, frankfurters, liver, round steak, veal and lamb, respectively(1). Total HCH was found in 17 of 612 rice samples imported into the US between 1993 and 1994 at a maximum concentration of 0.02 ppm(2). HCH was not detected in fish sausage, chicken or eggs; but was detected in sea bream (3.38 ug/kg), horse mackerel (0.51 ug/kg), salmon (1.56 ug/kg), young yellowtail (8.68 ug/kg), shrimp (0.44 ug/kg), salted salmon (0.14 ug/kg), short-necked clam (0.02 ug/kg), salted salmon (0.69 ug/kg), canned (1.36 ug/kg), seasoned (0.10 ug/kg) and fresh tuna (0.21 ug/kg), fish paste products (0.23 ug/kg), beef (1.37 ug/kg), pork (2.41 ug/kg), sausage (14.00 ug/kg), cows milk (0.60 ug/kg), processed cheese (0.59 ug/kg) and ice cream (14.00 ug/kg) in Fukuoka, Japan in 1992-1993(3). It was detected in 52 of 54 of potato samples collected Mar 1991-Jan 1992 from local Kafr El-Zayat markets in Egypt at 0.0007-1.13 ppm(4). HCH was detected at 0.094 and 0.093 mg/kg fat basis in 355 cow's milk and 448 natural butter samples purchased from supermarkets in Veracruz City, Mexico in 1996(5). Median concentrations of total HCH in food products collected June-Sept 2007 from supermarkets in Iasi, Romania were reported as 2.5, 0.5, 0.55, 1.2 and 2.2 ng/g wet weight in beef, chicken, pork, salami and pork sausage; in butter, cheese (sheep), cheese (cow), milk cream, vegetable oil and eggs median concentrations were 20.5, 10, 5.3, 13.5, 0.9 and 0.5 ng/g wet weight, respectively(6).
(1) Podrebarac DS; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 67: 176-85 (1984)
(2) Roy RR et al; J AOAC Intl 80: 883-94 (1997)
(3) Nakagawa R et al; J AOAC Int 78: 921-29 (1995)
(4) Dogheim SM et al; J AOAC Intl 79: 949-52 (1996)
(5) Waliszewski SM et al; Sci Total Environ 208: 127-32 (1997)
(6) Dirtu AC, Covaci A; Environ Sci Technol 44: 6297-304 (2010)
Three types of edible oil (mustard, groundnut, sunflower) were sampled from nine cities in India in April 2004; total hexachlorocyclohexane concentrations were reported as follows(1):
City
Lucknow
mustard (ng/g)
70
groundnut (ng/g)
54
sunflower (ng/g)
81
City
Kampur
mustard (ng/g)
8
groundnut (ng/g)
30
sunflower (ng/g)
211
City
Varanasi
mustard (ng/g)
89
groundnut (ng/g)
48
sunflower (ng/g)
83
City
Deoria
mustard (ng/g)
1500
groundnut (ng/g)
not reported
sunflower (ng/g)
not reported
City
Dehradoon
mustard (ng/g)
131
groundnut (ng/g)
61
sunflower (ng/g)
110
City
Gwalior
mustard (ng/g)
767
groundnut (ng/g)
1393
sunflower (ng/g)
not reported
City
Mumbai
mustard (ng/g)
50
groundnut (ng/g)
76
sunflower (ng/g)
41
City
Kolkata
mustard (ng/g)
258
groundnut (ng/g)
300
sunflower (ng/g)
107
City
Champaran
mustard (ng/g)
1173
groundnut (ng/g)
228
sunflower (ng/g)
191
(1) Bajpai A et al; Chemosphere 67: 1403-7 (2007)
Hexachlorocyclohexane was detected in food products collected Aug to Oct 2007 from 10 markets in 3 regions of Hong Kong, China at the following concentrations (ng/g wet weight)(1):
Product
coconut milk
Concn Range (ng/g wet weight)
not detected-6.83
Concn Avg (ng/g wet weight)
3.11
Product
evaporated milk
Concn Range (ng/g wet weight)
not detected-6.89
Concn Avg (ng/g wet weight)
3.02
Product
goose liver
Concn Range (ng/g wet weight)
7.85-17.4;
Concn Avg (ng/g wet weight)
13.0
Product
chicken skin
Concn Range (ng/g wet weight)
6.94-17.9
Concn Avg (ng/g wet weight)
11.2
Product
chicken breast
Concn Range (ng/g wet weight)
8.47-15.3
Concn Avg (ng/g wet weight)
10.0
Product
white wine
Concn Range (ng/g wet weight)
not detected-4.37
Concn Avg (ng/g wet weight)
2.58
Product
red wine
Concn Range (ng/g wet weight)
not detected-5.96
Concn Avg (ng/g wet weight)
3.05 corn oil
Product
corn oil
Concn Range (ng/g wet weight)
not detected-5.90
Concn Avg (ng/g wet weight)
3.73
Product
mustard seed oil
Concn Range (ng/g wet weight)
2.37-9.61
Concn Avg (ng/g wet weight)
5.64
Product
olive oil
Concn Range (ng/g wet weight)
2.02-8.53
Concn Avg (ng/g wet weight)
5.57
Product
peanut oil
Concn Range (ng/g wet weight)
2.39-7.62
Concn Avg (ng/g wet weight)
4.62
Product
fish oil
Concn Range (ng/g wet weight)
6.35-13.4
Concn Avg (ng/g wet weight)
8.72
Product
flaxseed oil
Concn Range (ng/g wet weight)
not detected-5.05
Concn Avg (ng/g wet weight)
3.42
Product
flaxseed oil capsule
Concn Range (ng/g wet weight)
not detected
Product
fish oil capsule
Concn Range (ng/g wet weight)
not detected
Product
pistachio nut
Concn Range (ng/g wet weight)
4.31-10.2
Concn Avg (ng/g wet weight)
7.03
Product
sunflower seed
Concn Range (ng/g wet weight)
5.22-11.6
Concn Avg (ng/g wet weight)
7.20
Product
pumpkin seed
Concn Range (ng/g wet weight)
3.24-7.86
Concn Avg (ng/g wet weight)
5.04
Product
Hawaii nutlet
Concn Range (ng/g wet weight)
6.39-14.7
Concn Avg (ng/g wet weight)
8.84
Product
almond
Concn Range (ng/g wet weight)
5.38-10.3
Concn Avg (ng/g wet weight)
7.80
Product
cashew
Concn Range (ng/g wet weight)
4.24-9.98
Concn Avg (ng/g wet weight)
7.64
Product
walnut
Concn Range (ng/g wet weight)
3.50-10.7
Concn Avg (ng/g wet weight)
6.10
Product
peanut
Concn Range (ng/g wet weight)
4.39-11.3
Concn Avg (ng/g wet weight)
7.04
(1) Qin YY et al; Chemosphere 82: 1329-36 (2011)
Composite results of 4 market basket samples, adult total diet, October 1977 - September 1978: ice cream - 0.001-0.002 ppm, cottage cheese - trace, processed cheese - 0.002-0.007 ppm, natural cheese - 0.004-0.006 ppm, butter - 0.006-0.026 ppm, ice milk - not detected-0.001 ppm, roast beef - trace-0.002 ppm, hamburger - trace-0.002 ppm, pork chops - trace, fish filet - trace-0.004 ppm, fish (canned) - not detected-0.005 ppm, lunchmeat - not detected-0.001 ppm, frankfurters - trace-0.002 ppm, liver - not detected-trace, round steak - not detected-0.002 ppm, veal - 0.001-0.003 ppm, lamb - not detected-0.001 ppm(1).
(1) Podrebarac DS; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 67: 176-85 (1984)

13.2.20 Plant Concentrations

Plant (Poa sp) samples from the shore of the Gallego River, Spain, downstream from a lindane factory collected May 30, 1989 had hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) concentrations of 7.85-34.29 ppb(1). In samples collected Sept 2002 from the vicinity of an old pesticide storage shed at Vikuge farm in Tanzania, HCH was not detected (detection limit 0.5 ng/g fresh weight) in leaves of plum (Prunus domestica) or cashew (Anacardium occidentale), but was detected in leaves of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp) at 15 ng/g fresh weight, and in the leaves and roots of cassava (Manihot esculenta) at 1-2 and 2-5 ng/g fresh weight, respectively(2). HCH was detected at 0.1005-0.5218 mg/kg in the rhizomes of ginger (Zingiber officinale) collected from 9 different ecological zones of India(3). The average HCH concentration in rice seed and stem samples collected Oct 2009 from agricultural land of Jilin City, Meihekou City and Changbai County, China was 14.4 and 28.9 ng/g, respectively(4). HCH was detected at mean concentrations of 4.478 and 10.475 ng/g dry weight in the leaf and roots, respectively, of mangrove (Avicenna marina) collected from three sites in Maumbai, India(5).
(1) Hernandez LM et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 46: 9-13 (1991)
(2) Marco JAM, Kishimba MA; Chemosphere 64: 542-8 (2006)
(3) Mishra K et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 79: 95-8 (2007)
(4) Wang X et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 89: 400-6 (2012)
(5) Shete A et al; Chemosphere 76: 1483-5 (2009)
Hexachlorocyclohexane was detected in components of plants growing at a lindane production facility located outside of Lucknow City, India at the following concentrations (mg/kg)(1):
Genus species
Lantana camara L.
Root (mg/kg)
13.43
Stem (mg/kg)
11.07
Leaf (mg/kg)
5.79
Fruit (mg/kg)
not reported
Genus species
Erianthus munja
Root (mg/kg)
5.39
Stem (mg/kg)
5.36
Leaf (mg/kg)
2.48
Fruit (mg/kg)
not reported
Genus species
Calotropis procera
Root (mg/kg)
13.70
Stem (mg/kg)
7.72
Leaf (mg/kg)
3.83
Fruit (mg/kg)
not reported
Genus species
Withania somnifera
Root (mg/kg)
7.20
Stem (mg/kg)
15.91
Leaf (mg/kg)
10.47
Fruit (mg/kg)
0.84
Genus species
Solanum toroum L.
Root (mg/kg)
13.53
Stem (mg/kg)
18.79
Leaf (mg/kg)
11.78
Fruit (mg/kg)
0.04
Genus species
Achyranthes aspera L.
Root (mg/kg)
12.51
Stem (mg/kg)
8.57
Leaf (mg/kg)
6.04
Fruit (mg/kg)
not reported
Genus species
Dalbergia sisso
Root (mg/kg)
16.38
Stem (mg/kg)
not reported
Leaf (mg/kg)
10.21
Fruit (mg/kg)
not reported
Genus species
Allium cepa L.
Root (mg/kg)
9.4
Stem (mg/kg)
not reported
Leaf (mg/kg)
4.25
Fruit (mg/kg)
not reported
(1) Abhilash PC et al; Chemosphere 72: 79-86 (2008)

13.2.21 Fish / Seafood Concentrations

Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) was detected in 8 of 73 liver and 20 of 72 muscle samples of grayling (Thymallus arcticus) at mean concentrations of 0.64 and 0.57 ng/g wet weight and in 15 of 44 liver and 10 of 44 muscle samples of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) at 2.26 and 0.56 ng/g wet weight, respectively, samples were collected late winter 1991-1993, from four Alaskan Arctic lakes(1). HCH was detected in eight deep-sea fish species caught in May 1992 off the West Greenland coast at mean concentrations of 9.3-22 ng/g lipid weight(2). HCH was detected in 100% of fish collected from rivers in Catalonia, Spain between May 1990 and Oct 1992 at a mean concentration of 0.021 mg/kg wet weight, 2.239 mg/kg lipid weight(3). Fish (Catla catla, Colisa fasciata, Mastocembelus armatus, Channa punctatus, Labeo rolita, Puntius sarana, Gambusia affinis) collected Nov 1992 from 22 ponds in rural India contained HCH at 0.114-32.161 mg/kg with a mean of 6.300 mg/kg(4). HCH was detected in rohu (Labeo rohita), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) catla (Catla catla) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) at 0.005, 0.007, 0.006, 0.005 and 0.006 mg/kg, respectively, fish were collected from nine sites in Punjab, India(5). HCHs were detected in krill (Euphausia superba) collected from Admiralty Bay, Antarctica in the austral summers of 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 at 0.14-0.35 ng/g wet weight(6). HCH was detected in muscle tissue of adult and juvenile farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) collected from four fish farms located in three different states in Brazil at average concentrations of 0.075 and 0.065 ug/kg wet weight, respectively(7). Fish collected from locations in Lake Burullus, Egypt in 2006 contained HCH at 0.42-4.2 and 2.82-16.68 ng/g in Oresochromus niloticus and Clarries sp, respectively(8). In fish samples collected March 2011 from the Napoleon Gulf, Uganda, HCH was detected at 22-73 ng/g lipid weight in Nile perch (Lates niloticus) and at a maximum of 24 ug/g lipid weight in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)(9).
(1) Allen-Gil SM et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 33: 378-87 (1997)
(2) Berg V et al; Mar Environ Res 44: 135-48 (1997)
(3) Lopez-Martin JM et al; Chemosphere 31: 3523-35 (1995)
(4) Dua VK et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 57: 568-74 (1996)
(5) Kaur M et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 80: 154-7 (2008)
(6) Cipro CVZ et al; Chemosphere 78: 767-71 (2010)
(7) Botaro D et al; Food Chem Toxicol 49: 2125-30 (2011)
(8) Said TO et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 81: 136-46 (2008)
(9) Ssebugere P et al; Sci Total Environ 481: 55-60 (2014)
The concentration of total hexachlorocyclohexane and hexachlorobenzene in the liver of fish collected 1996-2001 from the western Aleutian Islands and Glacier Bay, Alaska was as follows(1):
Fish
Pacific cod
Genus species
Gadus macrocephalus
No. Sampled
47
Mean (ng/g wet weight)
not detected-153
Fish
Pacific halibut
Genus species
Hippoglossus stenolepis
No. Sampled
62
Mean (ng/g wet weight)
not detected-406
Fish
rock greenling
Genus species
Hexagrammos lagocephalus
No. Sampled
35
Mean (ng/g wet weight)
not detected-15
(1) Miles AK et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 28: 164 (2009)
Hexachlorocyclohexane was detected in fish collected July 2008 from fifteen sites throughout Baiyangdian Lake, China as follows(1):
Fish
common carp
Genus species
Cyprinus carpio
No. sampled
23
Concn (ng/g wet weight)
0.50
Fish
Crucian carp
Genus species
Carassius auratus
No. sampled
25
Concn (ng/g wet weight)
0.57
Fish
Grass carp
Genus species
Ctenopharyngodon idella
No. sampled
27
Concn (ng/g wet weight)
0.28
Fish
Bighead carp
Genus species
Aristichthys nobilis
No. sampled
25
Concn (ng/g wet weight)
0.38
Fish
Northern snakehead
Genus species
Channa argus
No. sampled
21
Concn (ng/g wet weight)
1.56
(1) Dai G et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 87: 58-64 (2011)
Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) was detected in mussels (Perna viridis) collected Aug 1988-May 1989 from the Indian coast at 4.3-16 ng/g wet weight(1). HCH was found in 20 samples of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected Oct-Nov 1989 from the Danish sounds at 53-770 ug/kg lipid(2). HCH was detected in the soft tissue of oysters (Cassostrea gigas) collected May 1998 from 15 different locations of Manila Bay, Philippines at 0.19-0.45 ng/g dry weight(3). HCH was detected at 8-82 pg/g in six coral (Porites evermanni) samples collected from Bikini Atoll (Marshall Islands) May 8, 2001, and at 86-629 pg/g in five coral samples collected from Tern Island (Hawaii) March 28-31, 1998(4). Total HCHs were detected at 0.47-5.44 ng/g in mussels (Anodonta woodiana) from four locations around Taihu Lake, China in samples collected Aug to Oct 2004(5). The concentration range of HCHs in crabs (Scylla serrata, Ovalipes punctatus), shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis, Proambarus clarkii, Macrobrachium rosenbergi, Penaeus japonicus, Penaeus monodon, Squilla oraloria) and other shellfish (Haliotis diversicolor, Solen grandis, Scapharca subcrenata, Tegillarca granosa, Argopectens irradias, Patinopecten yessoensis, Pinna pectinata Linnaeus, Meretrix meretrix, Cyclina sinensis, Venerupis variegata, Perna uiridis, Sinonoyacula constricta, Crassostrea gigas) collected June and Oct 2005 from 11 coastal cities of southern China was reported as 0.04-6.82, 0.03-0.53 and 0.03-7.00 ng/g wet weight, respectively(6). HCH was detected in blue mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) collected at 15 breeding farms and one harvesting area located along the Croatian coast of Adriatic in Jan and July 2010 at 0.40-1.61 ng/g wet weight(7).
(1) Ramesh A et al; Marine Pollut Bull 21: 587-90 (1990)
(2) Gustavson K, Jonsson P; Mar Pollut Bull 38: 723-726 (1999)
(3) Carvalho FP et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 57: 348-58 (2009)
(4) Wang D et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 54: 211-8 (2008)
(5) Bian X et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 56: 67-76 (2009)
(6) Guo J et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 26: 1109-15 (2007)
(7) Herceg-Romanic S et al; Chemosphere 114: 69-75 (2014)
Hexachlorocyclohexane was detected in the muscle of tigerfish (Hydrocynus vittatus) collected from Lake Phongolapoort, South Africa at the following concentrations(1):
Collection Date
Feb 2009
No. samples
5
Mean concn (ng/g lipid)
7.73
Collection Date
July 2009
No. samples
5
Mean concn (ng/g lipid)
12.9
Collection Date
Sept 2009
No. samples
5
Mean concn (ng/g lipid)
15.75
(1) Wepener V et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 88: 277-82 (2012)

13.2.22 Animal Concentrations

Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) was detected in little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) that had signs of white nose syndrome, collected from caves in eastern New York State from Feb to March 2008 at 0.7-6.9 ng/g lipid weight(1). HCH was detected in adult frogs, juvenile frogs, tadpoles and eggs (Rana clamitans) collected June 5 to Aug 26, 1998 from seven locations in southwestern Michigan at average concentrations of 0.12, 0.04, 0.33 and 0.34 ng/g, respectively(2). HCHs were not detected (detection limit not reported) in the tissue of seven adult green frogs (Rana clamitans) sampled from Fraser River valley, British Columbia, Canada(3). Nile monitor lizards (Varanus niloticus) collected from Flabougou and Niono, Mali and Niamey and Diffa, Niger from 2008 to 2009 did not contain HCHs(4). Earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris L) taken from the shore of the Gallego River, Spain, downstream from a lindane factory had HCH concentrations of 177.55-6809.7 ppb(5). HCH was detected in zooplankton collected in the Rangsit agricultural area, Thailand, over a one-year-period (June 2006-May 2007) at an average concentration of 1.80 ng/g wet weight(6).
(1) Kannan K et al; Chemosphere 80: 613-18 (2010)
(2) Gillilland CD et al; Chemosphere 44: 327-339 (2001)
(3) Loveridge AR et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 79: 315-8 (2007)
(4) Ciliberti A et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 31: 387-94 (2012)
(5) Hernandez LM et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 46: 9-13 (1991)
(6) Siriwong W et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 81: 608-12 (2008)
Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) was detected in the blubber of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) residing in the St. Lawrence estuary, Quebec, Canada, from 1982 to 1990 at 0.28-0.51 and 0.12-0.32 ppm with mean concentrations of 0.37 and 0.24 ppm in 4 males and 5 females, respectively(1). Blubber samples from 34 male harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) caught in Scandinavian waters 1987-1991 contained HCH at a concentration range and mean of 0.25-2.50 and 0.72 ug/g lipid, respectively(2). Beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence River Estuary, collected 1993 to 1994, had HCH concentrations of 176-559 and 275-513 ng/g lipid weight for females and males, respectively(3). Blubber obtained from mammals in northern hemispheric oceans had HCH concentrations of 47-372 ng/g for whales (Delphinapterus leucas, Globicephala melaena, Balaena mysticetus), 140-402 ng/g for seals (Phoca vitulina, Callorhinus ursinus) and 130 ng/g for a common dolphin (Delphinus delphis)(4). HCH was detected in the blubber of elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) at mean concentrations of 2.20, 1.61, 1.24 and 0.81 ng/g lipid in adult subdominant males, adult females, juveniles and pups, respectively; samples were collected from seals on Elephant Island, Antarctic Peninsula during the austral summers of 1997-1998, 1998-1999 and 1999-2000(5). HCH was detected in 177 harbor seal pups (Phoca vitulina) collected along the central California coast at 2-780 ng/g lipid weight(6).
(1) Belan P et al; J Great Lakes Res 19: 766-75 (1993)
(2) Kleivane L et al; Environ Pollut 89: 137-46 (1995)
(3) Muir DCG et al; Environ Pollut 93: 235-45 (1996)
(4) Mossner S, Ballschmiter K; Chemosphere 34: 1285-96 (1997)
(5) Miranda-Filho KC et al; Environ Sci Technol 41: 3829-35 (2007)
(6) Greig DJ et al; Sci Total Environ 409: 3537-47 (2011)
Ringed seals (Phoca hispida) collected Sept-Oct 2001, Feb-Mar 2002, May 2002 and Nov 2005 from the White Sea (WS), Barents Sea (BS), Kara Sea (KS) and Chukotka Peninsula (CP) in the Russian Arctic, respectively, had hexachlorocyclohexane concentrations (ng/g lipid weight) in blubber as follows(1):
Location
Kalgalaksha Bay, WS
No. females
9
Concn (ng/g lipid wt)
11.1-32.8
No. males
15
Concn (ng/g lipid wt)
8.51-43.1
Location
Vaygach Island, BS
No. females
2
Concn (ng/g lipid wt)
31.1-24.8
No. males
6
Concn (ng/g lipid wt)
6.52-24.1
Location
Dikson Island, KS
No. females
3
Concn (ng/g lipid wt)
21.5-65.5
No. males
3
Concn (ng/g lipid wt)
26.0-39.9
Location
Vankarem, CP
No. females
2
Concn (ng/g lipid wt)
36.1-70.2
No. males
2
Concn (ng/g lipid wt)
81.7-115
(1) Savinov V et al; Sci Total Environ 409: 2734-45 (2011)
Whales, sampled in the summer of 1991 and 1992, from the Gulf of St Lawrence, Quebec, Canada, contained hexachlorocyclohexane in fat at the following concentrations(1):
Name
minke
Genus species
Balaenoptera acurostrata
No. sampled
21
Concn (ng/g lipid)
112-244
Name
fin
Genus species
Balaenoptera physalus
No. sampled
15
Concn (ng/g lipid)
85-376
Name
blue
Genus species
Balaenoptera musculus
No. sampled
6
Concn (ng/g lipid)
106-336
Name
humpback
Genus species
Megaptera novaeangliae
No. sampled
7
Concn (ng/g lipid)
75-476
(1) Gauthier JM et al; Mar Environ Res 44: 201-23 (1997)

Hexachlorocyclohexanes were detected in birds from three agricultural valleys in Mexico at the following geometric mean concentrations(1):

Bird
double-crested cormorant
Genus species
Phalacrocoras auritus
Concn (ng/g wet weight)
0.015-0.043
Bird
cattle egret
Genus species
Bubulcus isbis
Concn (ng/g wet weight)
0.007-0.018
Bird
great-tailed grackle
Genus species
Quisacalus mexicanus
Concn (ng/g wet weight)
0.007-0.011
Bird
mourning dove
Genus species
Zenaida macroura
Concn (ng/g wet weight)
0.007-0.025
Bird
white-winged dove
Genus species
Zenaida asiatica
Concn (ng/g wet weight)
0.009-0.013

[

(1) Albert LA; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. Ware GW, ed., New York, NY: Springer-Verlag 147: 1-44 (1996)

13.2.23 Milk Concentrations

Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers were detected in 68.6-91.8% of bovine milk samples collected 1972-1978 in Illinois at a concentration of 0.01-0.02 ppm; samples collected in 1980-1981 contained <0.001-0.01 ppm HCH with only 28.3-31% of the samples positive(1). HCH was detected in samples of buffalo milk collected 1988-1989 in Delhi, India at a mean concentration of 0.003 mg/kg(2). It was detected in 42 of 50 crude farm milk samples at 16.9-129.3 ng/g fat and in 82 of 100 packed milk samples at 9.4-60.5 ng/g fat, milk samples collected 1988 to 1990 from Tunis, Tunisia area(3). Levels of HCHs in 13 samples of whole dairy milk and 2 samples of buffalo milk collected from Delhi, India were 0.058-0.086 and 0.166 ug/g, respectively(4). HCH was detected in cows milk from Fukuoka, Japan in 1992-1993 at 0.60 ug/kg(5). HCH was detected in buffalo milk collected Jan-Feb 1994 from Kafr El-Zayat, Egypt directly from the animal at 11.00 ppb and collected from the dairy at 4.5 ppb(6). HCH isomers were identified in milk fat in Hong Kong at concentrations of 0.004-0.18, 0.004-0.6 and 0.004-0.74 mg/kg in samples collected 1993, 1994 and 1995, respectively(7). HCH was found in 95.9% of 97 pasturized milk samples collected throughout Spain with a range and mean concentration of 0.002-0.756 and 0.123 ppm, respectively(8). It was detected in 63.3% of 355 Mexican milk samples collected in 1996 at 0.018-0.104 mg/kg fat(9). HCH was found in all milk from cows in a study in Mexico in 1996 at 0.078-0.257 mg/kg fat(10). Bovine milk collected from the Bundelkhand region of India (Jhansi, Lalitpur, Banda, Gwalior, Jalaun, Rath Tikamgarh, Chhatapur, Sagar, Panna, Bhind) contained HCH at a trace to 0.9283 mg/kg whole milk in 123 of 325 samples measured(11). HCH was detected in evaporated milk collected Aug to Oct 2007 from 10 markets in 3 regions of Hong Kong, China at not detected-6.89 ng/g wet weight(12).
(1) Steffey KL et al; J Environ Sci Health B 19: 49-65 (1984)
(2) Nair A, Pillai MKK; Sci Total Environ 121: 145-57 (1992)
(3) Sabbah S, Bouguerra ML; Fresnius Environ Bull 6: 359-64 (1997)
(4) Mukherjee I, Gopal M; J AOAC Int 76: 283-6 (1993)
(5) Nakagawa R et al; J AOAC Int 78: 921-29 (1995)
(6) Dogheim SM et al; J AOAC Intl 79: 111-16 (1996)
(7) Wong SK, Lee WO; J AOAC Int 80: 1332-35 (1997)
(8) Martinez MP et al; Food Chem Toxicol 35: 621-624 (1997)
(9) Waliszewski SM et al; Sci Total Environ 208: 127-32 (1997)
(10) Waliszewski SM et al; Fresenius Environ Bull 7: 238-243 (1998)
(11) Nag SK, Raikwar MK; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 80: 5-9 (2008)
(12) Qin YY et al; Chemosphere 82: 1329-36 (2011)
Human milk samples from Porto Alegre, Brazil collected 1987 to 1988, had hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) concentrations of 0.07-5.84 ug/g fat(1). It was detected in human breast milk collected Nov 1994-Mar 1995 from Veracruz, Mexico at 0.141-1.661 mg/kg fat with a mean value of 0.579 mg/kg (urban samples, 0.387 mg/kg; suburban samples, 0.806 mg/kg)(2). HCH was detected in human breast milk samples collected Dec 2005 to Feb 2006 from 38 breast-feeding mothers from Yucatan, Mexico at a mean concentration of 753.67 ng/g lipid(3). The concentration range of HCH in 54 samples of mothers milk collected from 2001-2003 in England was 1.2-1500 ng/g lipid(4). HCH was detected in 16 of 31 human milk samples collected in Cairo, Egypt in May 1987 at a mean and range of 9.49 and 1.00-26.90 ppb, respectively(5). HCH was detected in 22 of 31 and 9 of 11 human milk from Kafr El-Zayat and Abo El Rish, Egypt at 2.60-1862 and <1-1013 ppb, respectively, samples were collected Jan-Feb 1994(6). The level of HCHs was measured in breast milk from 87 Tunisian mothers throughout their lactation period; it was detected at not detected to 1.375 mg/kg lipid(7). HCH was detected in 47 and 82 human milk samples collected from lactating women in Ludhiana and Faridkot, Punjab, India at respective mean concentrations of 0.108 and 0.220 ug/g whole milk basis(8). In 40 human breast milk samples collected April-June 1991 from Tebriz, Iran, HCH was detected at 0.093-3.430 mg/kg fat(9). Human milk samples collected 1995-1996 in two regions in Turkey had a mean HCH concentration of 0.457 mg/kg fat(10). In human breast milk samples collected Sept 2007 to April 2008 from 50 first time mothers and 50 mothers that had other children previously living in the Antalya, Turkey area for at least 5 years, HCH was reported at concentrations of not detected to 2460 and not detected to 2210 ng/g lipid basis, respectively(11). HCH was detected at a mean of 3.4 ng/g lipid in 36 human milk samples collected in 2000-2001 from women living in Taiwan(12). HCH was detected in human milk samples collected June 2005 to July 2007 from women in Shenyang and Beijing, China, at 28-2000 and 38-1100 ng/g fat, respectively(13).
(1) Beretta M, Dick T; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 53: 357-60 (1994)
(2) Waliszewski SM et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 57: 22-8 (1996)
(3) Rodas-Ortiz JP et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 80: 255-9 (2008)
(4) Kalantzi OI et al; Environ Health Perspect 112: 1085-1091 (2004)
(5) Dogheim SM et al; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 74: 89-91 (1991)
(6) Dogheim SW et al; J AOAC Int 79: 111-16 (1996)
(7) Ennaceur S et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 78: 325-9 (2007)
(8) Kalra RL et al; Environ Pollut 85: 147-51 (1994)
(9) Cok I et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 63: 444-450 (1999)
(10) Cok I et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 59: 577-82 (1997)
(11) Cok I et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 86: 423-7 (2011)
(12) Chao H et al; Chemosphere 62: 1774-85 (2006)
(13) Yu Y et al; Environ Sci Technol 43: 4830-5 (2009)
Human milk samples collected 2000 to 2003 from locations in South India contained hexachlorocyclohexane at the following concentrations(1):
Location
Chennai
No. Sampled
12
Concn Range (ng/g lipid wt)
1700-8700
Concn Mean (ng/g lipid wt)
4460
Location
Chennai-Perungudi
No. Sampled
20
Concn Range (ng/g lipid wt)
94-2100
Concn Mean (ng/g lipid wt)
660
Location
Parangipettai
No. Sampled
6
Concn Range (ng/g lipid wt)
420-780
Concn Mean (ng/g lipid wt)
560
Location
Chidambaram
No. Sampled
8
Concn Range (ng/g lipid wt)
36-1100
Concn Mean (ng/g lipid wt)
420
(1) Subramanian A et al; Chemosphere 68: 928-39 (2007)
Human breast milk samples collected from the districts of Dibrugarh and Nagaon, India contained hexachlorocyclohexane at the following concentrations(1):
Location
Dibrugarh (D1)
No. Samples
19
Concn Range (ng/g lipid)
800-5900
Mean Concn (ng/g lipid)
2260
Location
Dibrugarh (D2)
No. Samples
19
Concn Range (ng/g lipid)
1200-3930
Mean Concn (ng/g lipid)
2120
Location
Dibrugarh (D3)
No. Samples
21
Concn Range (ng/g lipid)
440-6290
Mean Concn (ng/g lipid)
2480
Location
Dibrugarh (D4)
No. Samples
20
Concn Range (ng/g lipid)
1270-4730
Mean Concn (ng/g lipid)
2320
Location
Dibrugarh (D5)
No. Samples
22
Concn Range (ng/g lipid)
1070-5890
Mean Concn (ng/g lipid)
2450
Location
Nagaon (N1)
No. Samples
21
Concn Range (ng/g lipid)
700-15,970
Mean Concn (ng/g lipid)
3130
Location
Nagaon (N2)
No. Samples
20
Concn Range (ng/g lipid)
190-5890
Mean Concn (ng/g lipid)
2280
Location
Nagaon (N3)
No. Samples
21
Concn Range (ng/g lipid)
1310-9130
Mean Concn (ng/g lipid)
3350
Location
Nagaon (N4)
No. Samples
20
Concn Range (ng/g lipid)
380-5020
Mean Concn (ng/g lipid)
2490
Location
Nagaon (N5)
No. Samples
22
Concn Range (ng/g lipid)
770-10540
Mean Concn (ng/g lipid)
2360
(1) Mishra K, Sharma RC; Sci Total Environ 409: 4939-49 (2011)

13.2.24 Other Environmental Concentrations

Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) was detected in 7 of 31 house dust samples collected throughout Singapore at less than detection limit to 240 ng/g dust(1). In dust samples collected June-Sept 2007 from homes in Iasi, Romania, median HCH concentrations were 160 ng/g dry weight(2).
(1) Tan J et al; Chemosphere 68: 1675-82 (2007)
(2) Dirtu AC, Covaci A; Environ Sci Technol 44: 6297-304 (2010)
Herbal formulations purchased from a local market in Lucknow, India contained hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH) at 0.3836-1.1180 mg/kg in a powder preparation: (Areca catechu, Asparagus racemosus, Phyllanthus emblica, Mesua ferrea, Cyperus rotundus, Santalum album, Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Piper longum, Buchanania lanzan, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Elettaria cardamomum, Cinnamomum tamala, Cuminum cyminum, Carum carvi, Trapa natans, Myristica Fragrans, Syzygium aromaticum, Coriandrum sativum, Piper cubeba, Aristolochia indica, Valeriana wallichii, Coleus vettiveroides, Eclipta alba, Vetiveria zizanioides, Withania somnifera); 0.5649-0.7926 mg/kg in a liquid preparation: (Saraca asoca, Woodfordia fruticosa, Cuminum cyminum, Cyperus rotundus, Zingiber officinale, Berberis aristata, Nymphaea stellata, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica, Phyllanthus emblica, Mangifera indica, Adhatoda zeylanica, Santalum album); and 0.0120-0.5592 mg/kg also in a liquid preparation: (Aloe barbadensis, Terminalia chebula, Woodfordia fruticosa, Myristica fragrans, Piper cubeba, Nardostachys jatamansi, Piper chaba, Ricinus communis, Pistacia integerrima, Terminalia bellerica, Inula racemosa)(1).
(1) Rai V et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 79: 269-72 (2007)

13.2.25 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

The National Occupational Exposure Survey (conducted from 1981 to 1983) estimated that 15,036 workers, including 5,153 women, potentially were exposed to lindane. No occupational exposure data were found for other hexachlorocyclohexane isomers.
DHHS/National Toxicology Program; Report on Carcinogens, Fourteenth Edition: Lindane, Hexachlorocyclohexane (Technical Grade), and Other Hexachlorocyclohexane Isomers (November 2016). Available from, as of December 7, 2016: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/pubhealth/roc/index-1.html
Since the insecticide BHC is no longer produced or used in the United States, occupational exposure to hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH) should be very low or non existent. Due to its long persistence time, extensive use of the insecticide BHC, and the propensity of HCH isomers to bioaccumulate, the general population may still be exposed to HCH from ingestion of food and at to a lesser extent, ingestion of drinking water and inhalation of air. (SRC)

13.2.26 Average Daily Intake

Based on USA market basket surveys, adult average daily hexachlorocyclohexane intakes were(1-5):
Fiscal Year
1977
Avg Adult Daily Intake (ug/kg body weigh/day)
0.015
Ref
1
Fiscal Year
1978
Avg Adult Daily Intake (ug/kg body weigh/day)
0.012
Ref
2
Fiscal Year
1979
Avg Adult Daily Intake (ug/kg body weigh/day)
0.015
Ref
3
Fiscal Year
1980
Avg Adult Daily Intake (ug/kg body weigh/day)
0.014
Ref
4
Fiscal Year
1981/1982
Avg Adult Daily Intake (ug/kg body weigh/day)
0.010
Ref
5
(1) Johnson RD et al; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 67: 154-66 (1984)
(2) Podrebarac DS; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 67: 176-85 (1984)
(3) Gartrell MJ et al; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 68: 862-75 (1985)
(4) Gartrell MJ et al; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 68: 1184-97 (1985)
(5) Gartrell MJ et al; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 69: 146-61 (1986)
Based on USA market basket surveys, infant and toddler average daily hexachlorocyclohexane intakes were(1-4):
Fiscal Year
1975
Avg Infant Daily Intake (ug/kg body weigh/day)
0.0228
Avg Toddler Daily Intake (ug/kg body weigh/day)
0.0211
Reference
1
Fiscal Year
1976
Avg Infant Daily Intake (ug/kg body weigh/day)
0.0055
Avg Toddler Daily Intake (ug/kg body weigh/day)
0.0132
Reference
1
Fiscal Year
1977
Avg Infant Daily Intake (ug/kg body weigh/day)
0.037
Avg Toddler Daily Intake (ug/kg body weigh/day)
0.035
Reference
2
Fiscal Year
1978
Avg Infant Daily Intake (ug/kg body weigh/day)
0.037
Avg Toddler Daily Intake (ug/kg body weigh/day)
0.034
Reference
2
Fiscal Year
1979
Avg Infant Daily Intake (ug/kg body weigh/day)
0.034
Avg Toddler Daily Intake (ug/kg body weigh/day)
0.035
Reference
3
Fiscal Year
1980
Avg Infant Daily Intake (ug/kg body weigh/day)
0.029
Avg Toddler Daily Intake (ug/kg body weigh/day)
0.036
Reference
3
Fiscal Year
1981/1982
Avg Infant Daily Intake (ug/kg body weigh/day)
0.018
Avg Toddler Daily Intake (ug/kg body weigh/day)
0.025
Reference
4
(1) Johnson RD et al; Pestic Monit J 15: 39-50 (1981)
(2) Podrebarac DS; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 67: 166-75 (1984)
(3) Gartrell MJ et al; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 68: 1163-83 (1985)
(4) Gartrell MJ et al; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 69: 123-45 (1986)
Based on total diet samples collected in Osaka, Japan, the average daily intake of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH) was 2.0, 2.04, 3.64, 3.06, 2.14, 0.39 and 0.47 ug for the fiscal years 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982 and 1985, respectively(1). The average daily intake of HCHs in women living in Beijing and Shenyang, China was 13.4 and 12.6 ng/kg/day, respectively, based on dietary study done June 2005 to July 2007(2). Based on food concentrations of HCHs in a Romanian study done in 2007, median adult and toddler daily intake was calculated as 1512 and 907 ng/day, respectively(3).
(1) Matsumoto H et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 38: 954-58 (1987)
(2) Yu Y et al; Environ Sci Technol 43: 4830-5 (2009)
(3) Dirtu AC, Covaci A; Environ Sci Technol 44: 6297-304 (2010)

13.2.27 Body Burden

Human milk samples from Porto Alegre, Brazil collected 1987 to 1988, had hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) concentrations of 0.07-5.84 ug/g fat(1). It was detected in human breast milk collected Nov 1994-Mar 1995 from Veracruz, Mexico at 0.141-1.661 mg/kg fat with a mean value of 0.579 mg/kg (urban samples, 0.387 mg/kg; suburban samples, 0.806 mg/kg)(2). HCH was detected in human breast milk samples collected Dec 2005 to Feb 2006 from 38 breast-feeding mothers from Yucatan, Mexico at a mean concentration of 753.67 ng/g lipid(3). The concentration range of HCH in 54 samples of mothers milk collected from 2001-2003 in England was 1.2-1500 ng/g lipid(4). HCH was detected in 16 of 31 human milk samples collected in Cairo, Egypt in May 1987 at a mean and range of 9.49 and 1.00-26.90 ppb, respectively(5). HCH was detected in 22 of 31 and 9 of 11 human milk from Kafr El-Zayat and Abo El Rish, Egypt at 2.60-1862 and <1-1013 ppb, respectively, samples were collected Jan-Feb 1994(6). The level of HCHs was measured in breast milk from 87 Tunisian mothers throughout their lactation period; it was detected at not detected to 1.375 mg/kg lipid(7). HCH was detected in 47 and 82 human milk samples collected from lactating women in Ludhiana and Faridkot, Punjab, India at respective mean concentrations of 0.108 and 0.220 ug/g whole milk basis(8). In 40 human breast milk samples collected April-June 1991 from Tebriz, Iran, HCH was detected at 0.093-3.430 mg/kg fat(9). Human milk samples collected 1995-1996 in two regions in Turkey had a mean HCH concentration of 0.457 mg/kg fat(10). In human breast milk samples collected Sept 2007 to April 2008 from 50 first time mothers and 50 mothers that had other children previously living in the Antalya, Turkey area for at least 5 years, HCH was reported at concentrations of not detected to 2460 and not detected to 2210 ng/g lipid basis, respectively(11). HCH was detected at a mean of 3.4 ng/g lipid in 36 human milk samples collected in 2000-2001 from women living in Taiwan(12). HCH was detected in human milk samples collected June 2005 to July 2007 from women in Shenyang and Beijing, China, at 28-2000 and 38-1100 ng/g fat, respectively(13).
(1) Beretta M, Dick T; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 53: 357-60 (1994)
(2) Waliszewski SM et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 57: 22-8 (1996)
(3) Rodas-Ortiz JP et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 80: 255-9 (2008)
(4) Kalantzi OI et al; Environ Health Perspect 112: 1085-1091 (2004)
(5) Dogheim SM et al; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 74: 89-91 (1991)
(6) Dogheim SW et al; J AOAC Int 79: 111-16 (1996)
(7) Ennaceur S et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 78: 325-9 (2007)
(8) Kalra RL et al; Environ Pollut 85: 147-51 (1994)
(9) Cok I et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 63: 444-450 (1999)
(10) Cok I et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 59: 577-82 (1997)
(11) Cok I et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 86: 423-7 (2011)
(12) Chao H et al; Chemosphere 62: 1774-85 (2006)
(13) Yu Y et al; Environ Sci Technol 43: 4830-5 (2009)
Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) was found in the blood of people tested in Veracruz, Mexico with a mean concentration of 1.6 ng/L(1). HCH was detected in 60 maternal blood and 60 umbilical cord serum samples collected in Veracruz, Mexico at average concentrations of 1.6 and 0.8 ng/mL, respectively(2). Whole blood samples collected in India in 1992 from 47 occupationally exposed workers and 37 general population contained HCH at a concentration range of 33.43-231.8 and 8.36-33.17 ug/L, respectively(3). HCH was detected in blood serum, breast milk and adipose tissue collected from persons living in Delhi, India during 1988 to 1989 at mean concentrations of 1.6 mg/L, 0.75 mg/L and 0.57 mg/kg, respectively(4). HCH was detected in 25 samples of maternal and cord serum at mean concentrations of 0.050 and 0.033 mg/L, respectively, samples were collected in Delhi, India(5). The mean concentration of HCHs in whole blood of occupationally exposed and the general population of India collected in Aug 1994 was 1.19 and 0.89 ug/L, respectively(6). In maternal and cord blood samples collected Jan 2006-Sept 2007 from Delhi, India, HCH was detected at 0.98-25.39 and 0.91-22.03 ng/mL, respectively(7). Human blood samples collected 2009 from 30 males and females from Bangalore City, Kamataka, India contained HCH at 9.81-86.5 ug/L(8).
(1) Waliszewski SM et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 62: 397-402 (1999)
(2) Waliszewski SM et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 40: 432-438 (2001)
(3) Dua VK et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 56: 50-7 (1996)
(4) Nair A, Pillai MKK; Sci Total Environ 121: 145-57 (1992)
(5) Nair A et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 56: 58-64 (1996)
(6) Dua VK et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 60: 238-44 (1998)
(7) Pathak R et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 81: 216-9 (2008)
(8) Dhananjayan V et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 88: 497-500 (2012)
Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) was detected in human adipose tissue in the general population of the US at 0.02 ppm in 1970(1). HCH was detected in fat tissue of 183 healthy children, age 0 to 15.6 years, from Germany from Feb 1985 to Mar 1988 at a mean and median concentration of 0.092 and 0.058 mg/kg fat tissue, respectively(2). HCH was detected in adipose tissue samples collected in Ankara, Turkey in 1991 and 1992 at a mean concentration of 1.539 mg/kg extracted fat basis, range of 0.271-5.276 mg/kg extracted fat basis(3). It was detected in adipose tissue samples collected from Tebriz, Iran in 1991 and 1992 at a mean concentration of 0.767 mg/kg extracted fat basis, range of 0.104-2.371 mg/kg extracted fat basis(4). HCH was detected in 55 human adipose tissue samples from Punjab, India at less than detection limit to 33.91 mg/kg(5). HCH was detected in adipose samples collected in the early 1980's from 53 people in Poznan district of Poland at 0.099-0.711 ppm(6). HCH was detected in human adipose tissue in the general population of Skierniewice, Poland at 250-740 ng/g in 1979 and at 110-340 ng/g in 1990 from the general population of Gdansk, Poland(7). HCH was found in adipose tissue of people living in Veracruz, Mexico in 1988, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995 and 1997 with mean concentrations of 0.77, 0.38, 0.67, 0.39, 0.82 and 0.18 mg/kg fat, respectively(8).
(1) Kutz FW et al; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 120: 1-83 (1991)
(2) Teufel M et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 19: 646-52 (1990)
(3) Burgaz S et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 53: 501-8 (1994)
(4) Burgaz S et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 54: 546-53 (1995)
(5) Aulakh RS et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 78: 330-4 (2007)
(6) Szymczynski GA et al; J Environ Sci Health Part A Environ Sci Eng 21: 5-14 (1986)
(7) Tanabe S et al; Environ Pollut 79: 45-9 (1993)
(8) Waliszewski SM et al; Sci Total Environ 221: 201-204 (1998)
Hexachlorocyclohexane was detected in human adipose tissue samples collected April 2008 to June 2009 from three regions of Southeast China at the following concentrations(1):
Region
Nantong
No. Samples
218
% Detected
98.2
Max Concn (ng/g)
<detection limit-1953
Mean Concn (ng/g)
191
Region
Hexian
No. Samples
198
% Detected
93.9
Max Concn (ng/g)
<detection limit-3068
Mean Concn (ng/g)
428
Region
Dachang
No. Samples
217
% Detected
90.3
Max Concn (ng/g)
<detection limit-3555
Mean Concn (ng/g)
257
(1) Wang N et al; Chemosphere 84: 964-71 (2011)
Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH) were found in the hair from people in Greece, Romania and Belgium with mean concentrations of 40.8, 31.8 and 14.7 ng/g hair, respectively(1). Hair samples collected 2002 to 2003 from adolescents (20 girls, 22 boys) from Iassy County, Romania contained HCH at 12.8-463 ng/g(2). HCH was detected in adipose, liver and bile samples collected from 22 residence of Japan at 47-3200, 260-2300 and 370-1300 ng/g lipid weight, respectively(3).
(1) Covaci A et al; Chemosphere 46: 413-418 (2002)
(2) Covaci A et al; Chemosphere 72: 16-20 (2008)
(3) Mansour SA; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 196: 1-51 (2008)
(4) Minh TB et al; Environ Health Perspect 109: 927-935 (2001)

14 Associated Disorders and Diseases

15 Literature

15.1 Consolidated References

15.2 Springer Nature References

15.3 Thieme References

15.4 Wiley References

15.5 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

15.6 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

15.7 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

16 Patents

16.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

16.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

16.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

16.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

16.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

17 Interactions and Pathways

17.1 Chemical-Target Interactions

17.2 Pathways

18 Biological Test Results

18.1 BioAssay Results

19 Taxonomy

20 Classification

20.1 NCI Thesaurus Tree

20.2 ChEBI Ontology

20.3 KEGG: EDC

20.4 KEGG: Pesticides

20.5 KEGG: USP

20.6 KEGG: ATC

20.7 KEGG: Animal Drugs

20.8 WHO ATC Classification System

20.9 ChemIDplus

20.10 CAMEO Chemicals

20.11 ChEMBL Target Tree

20.12 UN GHS Classification

20.13 EPA CPDat Classification

20.14 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

20.15 EPA DSSTox Classification

20.16 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Classification

20.17 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

20.18 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

20.19 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

21 Information Sources

  1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
    LICENSE
    The information provided using CDC Web site is only intended to be general summary information to the public. It is not intended to take the place of either the written law or regulations.
    https://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html
  2. California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA)
  3. CAMEO Chemicals
    LICENSE
    CAMEO Chemicals and all other CAMEO products are available at no charge to those organizations and individuals (recipients) responsible for the safe handling of chemicals. However, some of the chemical data itself is subject to the copyright restrictions of the companies or organizations that provided the data.
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/help/reference/terms_and_conditions.htm?d_f=false
    HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE (ALL ISOMERS)
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/18038
    CAMEO Chemical Reactivity Classification
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
  4. ChEBI
  5. NCI Thesaurus (NCIt)
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise indicated, all text within NCI products is free of copyright and may be reused without our permission. Credit the National Cancer Institute as the source.
    https://www.cancer.gov/policies/copyright-reuse
  6. Open Targets
    LICENSE
    Datasets generated by the Open Targets Platform are freely available for download.
    https://platform-docs.opentargets.org/licence
  7. Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
    LICENSE
    T3DB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (T3DB) and the original publication.
    http://www.t3db.ca/downloads
    gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane
    http://www.t3db.ca/toxins/T3D0032
    beta-Hexachlorocyclohexane
    http://www.t3db.ca/toxins/T3D0036
    delta-Hexachlorocyclohexane
    http://www.t3db.ca/toxins/T3D0043
    alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane
    http://www.t3db.ca/toxins/T3D0115
    Hexachlorocyclohexane, technical Grade
    http://www.t3db.ca/toxins/T3D0148
  8. Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS)
    Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-, (1.alpha.,2.beta.,3.alpha.,4.beta.,5.alpha.,6.beta.)-
    https://services.industrialchemicals.gov.au/search-assessments/
  9. CAS Common Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
    Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-
    https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=608-73-1
  10. ChemIDplus
    ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
  11. DTP/NCI
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise indicated, all text within NCI products is free of copyright and may be reused without our permission. Credit the National Cancer Institute as the source.
    https://www.cancer.gov/policies/copyright-reuse
  12. EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
    Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-, (1.alpha.,2.alpha.,3.beta.,4.alpha.,5.beta.,6.beta.)-
    https://www.epa.gov/chemicals-under-tsca
    EPA TSCA Classification
    https://www.epa.gov/tsca-inventory
  13. EPA DSSTox
    alpha-1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID2020684
    1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID7020687
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
  14. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
    technical Hexachlorocyclohexane (t-HCH)
    https://iris.epa.gov/ChemicalLanding/&substance_nmbr=165
  15. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
    LICENSE
    Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: "Source: European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/". Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice page.
    https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/legal-notice
    (1α,2α,3β,4α,5β,6β)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane
    https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.005.702
    (1α,2α,3α,4β,5β,6β)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane
    https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.025.517
    (1α,2β,3α,4β,5α,6β)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane
    https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.005.703
    (1α,2α,3β,4α,5β,6β)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (EC: 206-270-8)
    https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/cl-inventory-database/-/discli/details/53472
    (1α,2β,3α,4β,5α,6β)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (EC: 206-271-3)
    https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/cl-inventory-database/-/discli/details/53928
  16. FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS)
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
    .EPSILON.-1,2,3,4,5,6-HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE
    https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/YV2D256Z3N
  17. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  18. ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
  19. New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
    LICENSE
    This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International licence.
    https://www.epa.govt.nz/about-this-site/general-copyright-statement/
  20. NJDOH RTK Hazardous Substance List
    alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane see fact sheet # 3334 on hexachlorocyclohexane (mixed isomers)
    http://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/0566.pdf
    beta-hexachlorocyclohexane see fact sheet # 3334 on hexachlorocyclohexane (mixed isomers)
    http://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/0567.pdf
    hexachlorocyclohexane (mixed isomers)
    http://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/3334.pdf
    epsilon-hexachlorocyclohexane see fact sheet # 3334 on hexachlorocyclohexane (mixed isomers)
    http://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/3610.pdf
  21. Risk Assessment Information System (RAIS)
    LICENSE
    This work has been sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Environmental Management, Oak Ridge Operations (ORO) Office through a joint collaboration between United Cleanup Oak Ridge LLC (UCOR), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), and The University of Tennessee, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The Institute for Environmental Modeling (TIEM). All rights reserved.
    https://rais.ornl.gov/
  22. California Safe Cosmetics Program (CSCP) Product Database
  23. ChEMBL
    LICENSE
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    http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html
  24. ClinicalTrials.gov
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    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/about-site/terms-conditions#Use
  25. Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD)
    LICENSE
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    http://ctdbase.org/about/legal.jsp
  26. Therapeutic Target Database (TTD)
  27. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)
  28. Drugs@FDA
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  29. EPA Chemical and Products Database (CPDat)
  30. EPA Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database
  31. EU Pesticides Database
  32. EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants at Superfund Sites
  33. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
    LICENSE
    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    Hexachlorocyclohexane
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  34. NITE-CMC
    BHC or HCH - FY2006 (New/original classication)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/06-imcg-1336e.html
  35. Human Metabolome Database (HMDB)
    LICENSE
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    http://www.hmdb.ca/citing
  36. SpectraBase
    1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (mixed isomers)
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/1syRU7DuYci
    Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/HN52aAkuMuj
  37. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
    LICENSE
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    https://publications.iarc.fr/Terms-Of-Use
    IARC Classification
    https://www.iarc.fr/
  38. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
  39. KEGG
    LICENSE
    Academic users may freely use the KEGG website. Non-academic use of KEGG generally requires a commercial license
    https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/legal.html
    Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification
    http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/get_htext?br08303.keg
  40. KNApSAcK Species-Metabolite Database
  41. Natural Product Activity and Species Source (NPASS)
  42. MassBank Europe
  43. MassBank of North America (MoNA)
    LICENSE
    The content of the MoNA database is licensed under CC BY 4.0.
    https://mona.fiehnlab.ucdavis.edu/documentation/license
  44. NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
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    https://www.nist.gov/srd/public-law
  45. Metabolomics Workbench
  46. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods
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    https://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html
  47. USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center
  48. NMRShiftDB
  49. PharmGKB
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    https://www.pharmgkb.org/page/policies
  50. Rhea - Annotated Reactions Database
    LICENSE
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    https://www.rhea-db.org/help/license-disclaimer
  51. Springer Nature
  52. SpringerMaterials
  53. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
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    https://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html
    Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-, gamma-isomer
    https://www.cdc.gov/niosh-rtecs/GV4AC4A0.html
  54. Thieme Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The Thieme Chemistry contribution within PubChem is provided under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
  55. Wikidata
    1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane
    https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424459
  56. Wikipedia
  57. Wiley
  58. PubChem
  59. WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification
    LICENSE
    Use of all or parts of the material requires reference to the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. Copying and distribution for commercial purposes is not allowed. Changing or manipulating the material is not allowed.
    https://www.whocc.no/copyright_disclaimer/
  60. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  61. EPA Substance Registry Services
  62. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  63. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
  64. NCBI
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