An official website of the United States government

Acephate

PubChem CID
1982
Structure
Acephate_small.png
Acephate_3D_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • acephate
  • 30560-19-1
  • Orthene
  • Acetamidophos
  • Ortran
Molecular Weight
183.17 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-03-25
  • Modify:
    2025-01-11
Description
Acephate appears as a white solid. Used as a contact and systemic insecticide.
Acephate is a phosphoramide that is methamidophos in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group. It has a role as an acaricide, an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor and an agrochemical. It is a mixed diacylamine, a phosphoramide, an organic thiophosphate and an organothiophosphate insecticide. It is functionally related to a member of methamidophos.
Acephate is a synthetic organic thiophosphate compound and weak organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a pesticide. It is characterized as a moderately persistent and highly soluble colorless to white solid, and exposure occurs by inhalation, contact, or ingestion.

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Acephate.png

1.2 3D Conformer

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

N-[methoxy(methylsulfanyl)phosphoryl]acetamide
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C4H10NO3PS/c1-4(6)5-9(7,8-2)10-3/h1-3H3,(H,5,6,7)
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

YASYVMFAVPKPKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

CC(=O)NP(=O)(OC)SC
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

C4H10NO3PS
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
C4H10NO3PS

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

30560-19-1

2.3.2 Deprecated CAS

115096-11-2

2.3.3 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.4 UNII

2.3.5 UN Number

2.3.6 ChEBI ID

2.3.7 ChEMBL ID

2.3.8 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.9 HMDB ID

2.3.10 ICSC Number

2.3.11 KEGG ID

2.3.12 Metabolomics Workbench ID

2.3.13 NCI Thesaurus Code

2.3.14 Nikkaji Number

2.3.15 Wikidata

2.3.16 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

  • acephate
  • O,S-dimethyl N-acetyl phosphoramidothioate
  • Orthene

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
183.17 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
XLogP3
Property Value
-0.8
Reference
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
4
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
3
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
183.01190135 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
183.01190135 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
80.7 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
10
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
172
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Acephate appears as a white solid. Used as a contact and systemic insecticide.
Colorless to white solid; [HSDB] Colorless crystalline solid with a stench; [MSDSonline]
COLOURLESS CRYSTALS OR WHITE POWDER WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

3.2.2 Color / Form

Colorless crystals
Tomlin CDS, ed; Acephate (30560-19-1). In: The e-Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition Version 3.1 (2004-05). Surrey UK, British Crop Protection Council.
Colorless to white solid
USEPA; EPA Interim Registration Eligibility Decision Document. Acephate. EPA 738-R-01-013, September 2001. Available from, as of Jan 12, 2007: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm

3.2.3 Melting Point

82-89 °C /Technical grade 82-90% purity/
Tomlin CDS, ed; Acephate (30560-19-1). In: The e-Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition Version 3.1 (2004-05). Surrey UK, British Crop Protection Council.
92-93 °C

3.2.4 Solubility

Solubilities in various solvents.
Solvent
Acetone
g/L at 20 °C
151
Solvent
Ethanol
g/L at 20 °C
>100
Solvent
Ethyl acetate
g/L at 20 °C
35
Solvent
Benzene
g/L at 20 °C
16
Solvent
Hexane
g/L at 20 °C
0.1
Tomlin CDS, ed; Acephate (30560-19-1). In: The e-Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition Version 3.1 (2004-05). Surrey UK, British Crop Protection Council.
Low solubility in aromatic solvents.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 7
In water, 818,000 mg/L at 25 °C
Wauchope RD et al; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 123: 1-35 (1991)
Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 79

3.2.5 Density

1.35
Tomlin CDS, ed; Acephate (30560-19-1). In: The e-Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition Version 3.1 (2004-05). Surrey UK, British Crop Protection Council.
1.4 g/cm³

3.2.6 Vapor Pressure

0.0000017 [mmHg]
1.7X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C
Wauchope RD et al; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 123: 1-35 (1991)
Vapor pressure, Pa at 24 °C: 0.0002

3.2.7 LogP

log Kow = -0.85
Hansch, C., Leo, A., D. Hoekman. Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society., 1995., p. 10
-0.9

3.2.8 Stability / Shelf Life

Relatively stable
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 4809

3.2.9 Decomposition

When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of /nitrogen, phosphous, and sulfur oxides/.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 1372

3.2.10 Collision Cross Section

139.15 Ų [M+Na]+
S61 | UJICCSLIB | Collision Cross Section (CCS) Library from UJI | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3549476

3.2.11 Kovats Retention Index

Standard non-polar
1423 , 1437 , 1440 , 1452
Semi-standard non-polar
1456 , 1436 , 1417 , 1419.2 , 1418.1 , 1420 , 1426.4 , 1441.8 , 1418.1 , 1414.1 , 1409.5 , 1433.6

3.3 SpringerMaterials Properties

3.4 Chemical Classes

3.4.1 Endocrine Disruptors

Potential endocrine disrupting compound
S109 | PARCEDC | List of 7074 potential endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) by PARC T4.2 | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.10944198

3.4.2 Pesticides

Agrochemicals -> Pesticide active substances
Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved
Pesticides -> Organophosphate Insecticides
Environmental transformation -> Pesticides (parent, predecessor)
S60 | SWISSPEST19 | Swiss Pesticides and Metabolites from Kiefer et al 2019 | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3544759
Insecticides
S69 | LUXPEST | Pesticide Screening List for Luxembourg | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3862688
Pesticide
S120 | DUSTCT2024 | Substances from Second NORMAN Collaborative Dust Trial | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.13835254
Pesticide (Acephate) -> USDA PDB

4 Spectral Information

4.1 1D NMR Spectra

4.1.1 31P NMR Spectra

Instrument Name
SEE COMMENT
Copyright
Copyright © 2002-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.2 Mass Spectrometry

4.2.1 GC-MS

1 of 10
View All
Authors
Shimadzu Corporation., Kyoto, Japan
Instrument
GCMS-QP2010 Plus, Shimadzu
Instrument Type
GC-EI-Q
MS Level
MS
Ionization Mode
POSITIVE
Ionization
EI
Column Name
Ptx-5MS(RESTEK), 0.32 mm I.D. x 30 m, df=0.25 microm
Retention Time
5.60 min
Precursor m/z
183.01
Top 5 Peaks

136 999

42 806

43 681

41 418

94 370

Thumbnail
Thumbnail
License
CC BY
Reference
Shimadzu Collection of Pesticide GCMS Data
2 of 10
View All
MoNA ID
MS Category
Experimental
MS Type
GC-MS
MS Level
MS1
Instrument
HITACHI M-80
Instrument Type
EI-B
Ionization Mode
positive
Top 5 Peaks

136 99.99

42 45.96

94 34.29

95 18.31

43 15.19

Thumbnail
Thumbnail
License
CC BY-NC-SA

4.2.2 MS-MS

1 of 6
View All
Spectra ID
Instrument Type
LC-ESI-QTOF
Ionization Mode
positive
Top 5 Peaks

142.9929 93.15

144.9887 2.94

143.995 2.04

124.9821 1.86

Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Notes
adduct_type [M+H]+ original_collision_energy 10 eV CannabisDB pesticides spectra from Mona 2020 August Bruker maXis Impact
2 of 6
View All
Spectra ID
Instrument Type
LC-ESI-QTOF
Ionization Mode
positive
Top 5 Peaks

142.9928 75.99

124.982 14.04

142.0083 3.35

144.9884 3.32

143.9947 2.52

Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Notes
adduct_type [M+H]+ original_collision_energy 20 eV CannabisDB pesticides spectra from Mona 2020 August Bruker maXis Impact

4.2.3 LC-MS

1 of 49
View All
Authors
Nikiforos Alygizakis, Reza Aalizadeh, Nikolaos Thomaidis, University of Athens
Instrument
Bruker maXis Impact
Instrument Type
LC-ESI-QTOF
MS Level
MS2
Ionization Mode
POSITIVE
Ionization
ESI
Collision Energy
10 eV
Fragmentation Mode
CID
Column Name
Acclaim RSLC C18 2.2um, 2.1x100mm, Thermo
Retention Time
2.955 min
Precursor m/z
184.0192
Precursor Adduct
[M+H]+
Top 5 Peaks

142.9929 999

144.9887 31

143.995 21

124.9821 19

136.0158 8

Thumbnail
Thumbnail
License
CC BY
2 of 49
View All
Authors
Nikiforos Alygizakis, Reza Aalizadeh, Nikolaos Thomaidis, University of Athens
Instrument
Bruker maXis Impact
Instrument Type
LC-ESI-QTOF
MS Level
MS2
Ionization Mode
POSITIVE
Ionization
ESI
Collision Energy
20 eV
Fragmentation Mode
CID
Column Name
Acclaim RSLC C18 2.2um, 2.1x100mm, Thermo
Retention Time
2.946 min
Precursor m/z
184.0192
Precursor Adduct
[M+H]+
Top 5 Peaks

142.9928 999

124.982 184

142.0083 44

144.9884 43

143.9947 33

Thumbnail
Thumbnail
License
CC BY

4.2.4 Other MS

Authors
HASHIMOTO K, KYOTO COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Instrument
HITACHI M-80
Instrument Type
EI-B
MS Level
MS
Ionization Mode
POSITIVE
Ionization
ENERGY 20 eV
Top 5 Peaks

136 999

42 460

94 343

95 183

43 152

Thumbnail
Thumbnail
License
CC BY-NC-SA

4.3 IR Spectra

4.3.1 FTIR Spectra

Technique
NUJOL MULL
Source of Sample
Environmental Protection Agency
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

6 Chemical Vendors

7 Agrochemical Information

7.1 Agrochemical Category

Insecticide
Pesticide active substances
Insecticides
S69 | LUXPEST | Pesticide Screening List for Luxembourg | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3862688

7.2 Agrochemical Transformations

Acephate has known environmental transformation products that include methamidophos.
S60 | SWISSPEST19 | Swiss Pesticides and Metabolites from Kiefer et al 2019 | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3544759

7.3 EU Pesticides Data

Active Substance
acephate
Status
Not approved [Reg. (EC) No 1107/2009]
Legislation
2003/219/EC

7.4 USDA Pesticide Data Program

8 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

8.1 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Insecticides
Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. (See all compounds classified as Insecticides.)

8.2 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Within 1 hr, 130 day-old loblolly pine seedlings absorbed and distributed (14)C-orthene from nutrient solution.
Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides, Update II. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report - Wildlife No. 2l2. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978., p. 193
Most organophosphate compounds are ... absorbed from skin, conjunctiva, gastrointestinal tract, & lung. /Organophosphate compounds/
Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988., p. 1071
The rate of dermal absorption /of organophosphorus pesticides/ may be ... influenced by the solvent used. /Organophosphorus pesticides/
Clarke, M. L., D. G. Harvey and D. J. Humphreys. Veterinary Toxicology. 2nd ed. London: Bailliere Tindall, 1981., p. 147
... The organophosphorus insecticides are, in contrast to the chlorinated insecticides, rapidly metabolized & excreted and are not appreciably stored in body tissues. /Organophosphorus insecticides/
Reynolds, J.E.F., Prasad, A.B. (eds.) Martindale-The Extra Pharmacopoeia. 28th ed. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1982., p. 832
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for ACEPHATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

8.3 Metabolism / Metabolites

... Acephate treated /White Leghorn laying hen/ received appropriate doses, 5 to 700 mg/kg, of the agent dissolved in water by gavage at 5 ml/kg. The birds were sacrificed 23.5 to 24 hr after treatment. Brain methamidophos levels were 10 to 16% of the total acephate plus methamidophos brain concentration. The lower the dose of acephate, the higher the relative percentage of methamidophos.
Wilson BW et al; Neurotoxicology 11 (3): 483-491 (1990)
In plant tissue, orthene is partially metabolized to O,S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate, the active ingredient in the insecticide monitor. /Monitor - product name/
Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides, Update II. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report - Wildlife No. 2l2. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978., p. 193
Toxicity of orthene to insects was related to monitor production and degradation. O- and S-Demethylation, prior to deacetylation, contributed to resistance. With excised cotton leaves, orthene was converted to some monitor as well as O-demethyl orthene. /Monitor - product name/
Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides-Update III. Special Scientific Report- Wildlife No. 232. Washington, DC: U.S.Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1980., p. 406
Plasma & tissue enzymes are responsible for hydrolysis /of organophosphorus compounds/ to the corresponding phosphoric & phosphonic acids. However, oxidative enzymes are also involved in the metabolism of some organophosphorus compounds. /Organophosphorus compounds/
Gilman, A.G., T.W. Rall, A.S. Nies and P. Taylor (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 8th ed. New York, NY. Pergamon Press, 1990., p. 139
These chemicals are detoxified by cytochrome p450-mediated monooxygenases in the liver, but some metabolites are more toxic than parent cmpd ... Metabolites usually are detected from 12 to 48 hr postexposure. /Organophosphate cmpd/
Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988., p. 1071
Metabolism of organophosphates occurs principally by oxidation, by hydrolysis via esterases and by reaction with glutathione. Demethylation and glucuronidation may also occur. Oxidation of organophosphorus pesticides may result in moderately toxic products. In general, phosphorothioates are not directly toxic but require oxidative metabolism to the proximal toxin. The glutathione transferase reactions produce products that are, in most cases, of low toxicity. Paraoxonase (PON1) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of organophosphates. PON1 can inactivate some organophosphates through hydrolysis. PON1 hydrolyzes the active metabolites in several organophosphates insecticides as well as, nerve agents such as soman, sarin, and VX. The presence of PON1 polymorphisms causes there to be different enzyme levels and catalytic efficiency of this esterase, which in turn suggests that different individuals may be more susceptible to the toxic effect of organophosphate exposure.

8.4 Mechanism of Action

Many of the more recently introduced organophosphorus esters (acephate ...) are less tenacious inhibitors of nervous tissue acetylcholinesterase, the phosphorylated enzyme being more readily and spontaneously dissociated.
Amdur, M.O., J. Doull, C.D. Klaasen (eds). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: Pergamon Press, 1991., p. 585
Organophosphorus derivatives act by combining with and inactivating the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. ... The inactivation of cholinesterase by cholinesterase inhibitor pesticides allows the accumulation of large amounts of acetylcholine, with resultant widespread effects that may be ... separated into 4 categories: (1) Potentiation of postganglionic parasympathetic activity. ... (2) Persistent depolarization of skeletal muscle ... (3) Initial stimulation following depression of cells of central nervous system ... (4) Variable ganglionic stimulation or blockade ... /Cholinesterase inhibitor pesticides/
Dreisbach, R.H. Handbook of Poisoning. 12th ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange, 1987., p. 113
1. The molecular composition of acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholinesterase) obtained from cockroach neural, and rat brain tissues was different. Vertebrate enzyme exhibited a higher degree of polymerization than insect enzyme. 2. Acephate was a potent inhibitor of cockroach acetylcholinesterase, but a poor inhibitor of rat acetylcholinesterase. Unlike acephate, methamidophos was a potent inhibitor of both cockroach and rat enzymes. Acephate exhibited greater affinity for the cockroach acetylcholinesterase than for the rat acetylcholinesterase, and acephate phosphorylated the cockroach acetylcholinesterase several times faster than the rat enzyme. The rate of phosphorylation of insect and rat acetylcholinesterase was similar in the presence of methamidophos. Solubilization of acetylcholinesterase by Triton X-100 altered the kinetics of inhibition of rat acetylcholinesterase by acephate. However, solubilization did not alter the kinetics of inhibition of rat acetylcholinesterase by methamidophos or the kinetics of inhibition of cockroach acetylcholinesterase by acephate or methamidophos. 3. The mechanism of acephate cockroach acetylcholinesterase interaction was different than the mechanism of acephate rat acetylcholinesterase interaction. It is proposed that both the rat and cockroach enzyme may contain, along with the anionic and esteratic sites, an "electron deficient" binding site which may exhibit selectivity for acephate and nefopam. The electron deficient site in rat acetylcholinesterase has allosteric properties, whereas the cockroach acetylcholinesterase does not. It is also proposed that the electron deficient site in cockroach acetylcholinesterase may be situated in or adjacent to the active site and, therefore, acephate may be bound to the electron deficient site such that the phosphate moiety of acephate interacts with the enzyme's "esteratic" site. Although nefopam also bound to the electron deficient site in cockroach acetylcholinesterase, it did not inhibit the enzyme. This study also indicated that the electron deficient site in rat acetylcholinesterase may be peripheral to the active site, and that the binding of acephate to this site prevented the phosphorylation by methamidophos of the rat acetylcholinesterase. Unlike acephate, methamidophos specifically bound to the active site in both the rat and cockroach acetylcholinesterase.
Singh AK; Toxicol Ind Health 6 (6): 551-70 (1990)

8.5 Transformations

9 Use and Manufacturing

9.1 Uses

EPA CPDat Chemical and Product Categories
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
Sources/Uses
Used as a contact and systemic insecticide for field, fruit, and vegetable crops, forestry, food handling, ornamentals, and household applications; Also used for control of parasites in farm animals; [HSDB] Used in industrial, commercial, and other public and non-agricultural areas; [Reference #1]
Restricted Notes
Banned in the EU for use as a biocide and agricultural insecticide; [eChemPortal: ESIS]
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure
Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]
For acephate (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 103301) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./
National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's USEPA/OPP Chemical Ingredients Database on Acephate (30560-19-1). Available from, as of February 9, 2007: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
Insecticide; For use on beans, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, celery, cotton, cranberries, head lettuce, mint, peanuts, peppers, tobacco, ornamentals, and forests.
Meister, R.T., Sine, C; Crop Protection Handbook Volume 93. Meister Media Worldwide, Willoughby, OH 2007, p. D-7
Acephate ... is used to control insects and aphids in ornamentals, where it has a reasonably broad spectrum. It is also cleared for use on beans, cotton, head lettuce, celery, soybeans, and bell peppers. It controls parasites of cattle, goats, hogs, horses, poultry, and sheep, where tolerances have been set for milk, eggs, fat, and meat.
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 4809
Acephate ... is used for household use or golf course spray. /From table/
Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990., p. 1077
For more Uses (Complete) data for ACEPHATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
This is a man-made compound that is used as a pesticide.

9.1.1 Use Classification

Hazard Classes and Categories -> Carcinogens
Environmental transformation -> Pesticides (parent, predecessor)
S60 | SWISSPEST19 | Swiss Pesticides and Metabolites from Kiefer et al 2019 | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3544759
Insecticides
S69 | LUXPEST | Pesticide Screening List for Luxembourg | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3862688

9.1.2 Household Products

Household & Commercial/Institutional Products

Information on 17 consumer products that contain Acephate in the following categories is provided:

• Inside the Home

• Landscaping/Yard

• Pesticides

9.2 Methods of Manufacturing

Produced by acetylation of O,O-dimethyl phosphoroamidothioate followed by isomerization.
Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection. 7th ed. Publication 1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada: Information Canada, 1982., p. 1
Acephate may be produced by the acetylation of O,O-dimethylphosphoroamidothioate, (which is prepared from O,O-dimethylphosphorothioic acid chloride and ammonia).
Sittig, M. (ed.) Pesticide Manufacturing and Toxic Materials Control Encyclopedia. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation. 1980., p. 27
Preparation and activity: Magee, US 3716600 and US 3845172 (1973, 1974 both to Chevron).
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 7

9.3 Formulations / Preparations

BONIDE SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDE GRANULES Active Ingredient 1.5% Acephate
National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's USEPA/OPP Chemical Ingredients Database on Acephate (30560-19-1). Available from, as of February 9, 2007: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
DEXOL SYSTEMIC PLANT CARE Active Ingredient 1.5% Acephate
National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's USEPA/OPP Chemical Ingredients Database on Acephate (30560-19-1). Available from, as of February 9, 2007: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
MULTITUDE 75WSP INSECTICIDE Active Ingredient 75.0% Acephate
National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's USEPA/OPP Chemical Ingredients Database on Acephate (30560-19-1). Available from, as of February 9, 2007: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
ORTHENE SYSTEMIC ROSE & FLOWER CARE and ORTHENE GRANUALS Active Ingredient 1.5 % Acephate
National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's USEPA/OPP Chemical Ingredients Database on Acephate (30560-19-1). Available from, as of February 9, 2007: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for ACEPHATE (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

9.4 Consumption Patterns

Annual domestic use is approximately 4 to 5 million pounds of active ingredient per year.
EPA/Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances; Fact Sheet for Acephate. 4 p (EPA 738-F-01-013) (September 2001)
2.2 Million lbs US consumption (1982).
Toy ADF, Walsh EN. Phosphorus Chemistry in Everyday Living, 2nd ed p. 306 (1987)

9.5 General Manufacturing Information

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies Acephate (technical grade) as Class III: slightly hazardous; Main Use: insecticide.
WHO (2005) The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2004, International Programme on Chemical Safety, p.26
A systemic insecticide of moderate persistence with residual activity lasting about 10-15 days.
Tomlin CDS, ed; Acephate (30560-19-1). In: The e-Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition Version 3.1 (2004-05). Surrey UK, British Crop Protection Council.

9.6 Sampling Procedures

If phosphorus forms are to be differentiated, filter sample immediately after collection. Preserve by freezing at or below -10 °C. Add 40 mg mercury chloride/l to the samples. ... Do not add either acid or chloroform as a preservative when phosphorus forms are to be determined. /Phosphorus forms/
Franson MA (Ed); Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 16th edition p.441 (1985)
NIOSH Method 7905. Analyte: Phosphorus. Matrix: Air. Sampler: Solid sorbent tube (Tenax Gas chromatography, 100 mg/50 mg). Flow Rate: 0.01 to 0.2 l/min: Sample Size: 12 liters. Shipment: Routine. Sample Stability; 94% recovery after 7 days at 25 °C. /Phosphorus/
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with 1985 supplement, and revisions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1984., p. 7905-1
NIOSH Method 7300. Analyte: Phosphorus. Matrix: Air. Sampler: Filter (0.8 um cellulose ester membrane) Flow Rate: 1 to 4 l/min: Sample Size: 500 liters. Shipment: Routine. Sample Stability; Stable. /Phosphorus/
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with 1985 supplement, and revisions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1984., p. 7300-1

10 Identification

10.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

NONFATTY SAMPLE IS BLENDED WITH ACETONE AND FILTERED; PESTICIDES ARE TRANSFERRED FROM AQUEOUS FILTRATE TO ORGANIC PHASE BY SHAKING WITH PETROLEUM ETHER AND METHYLENE DICHLORIDE; AFTER DRYING, ORGANIC PHASE IS CONCENTRATED IN PRESENCE OF PETROLEUM ETHER AND THEN ACETONE TO REMOVE METHYLENE DICHLORIDE; ALIQUOT OF CONCENTRATED ORGANIC PHASE IS INJECTED INTO VARIOUS GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY SYSTEMS FOR DETERMINATION OF WIDE VARIETY OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES. ... DETERMINATION OF ACEPHATE IN NONFATTY FOODS SUCH AS LETTUCE, STRAWBERRIES, AND TOMATOES USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. and Supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Analytical Chemists, 1990, p. 282
Phosphorus was determined by a continuous flow method using fluorescence quenching of Rhodamine 6G with molybdophosphate. /Phosphorus/
Motomizu S et al; Bunseki Kagaku 33 (2): 116-9 (1984)
The sample is collected and extracted. A 1 ml aliquot of the decant from the first or second 10 ml portion is placed in a beaker. A 5 ml volume of concentrated nitric acid is added and the mixture evaporated to 1 ml in a fume hood. A 2 ml volume of water is added and the mixture transferred to a test tube. A 1 ml volume of 1M ammonium nitrate and 2 ml of 0.5M ammonium molybdate are added. The solution is heated to boiling and the formation of a yellow precipitate of ammonium phosphomolybdate indicates phosphate. /Phosphate/
Welcher FJ, Hahn RB; Semimicro Qual Anal 458 pp (1955) as cited in Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Phosphoric acid (Draft) p.82 (1981)
Method: EPA 1656; Procedure: gas chromatography with halogenspecific detector (electrolytic conductivity detector); Analyte: acephate; Matrix: municipal and industrial wastewater; Detection Limit: 2000 ng/L.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Methods and Guidance for Analysis of Water. CD-ROM, Version 2.0 (ISO 9660-2, V393EPAW). Solutions Software Corp (1999)
For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for ACEPHATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.2 Clinical Laboratory Methods

A reliable and sensitive method was developed to measure acephate concentrations in human urine. Urine was diluted with water and acetone, adjusted to a neutral pH, and partitioned twice in acetone-methylene chloride (1 + 1, v/v), with NaCl added to aid separation. The solvent-reduced organic phase extracts were clarified by activated charcoal solid-phase extraction and then adjusted to a final volume with the addition of a D-xylose analyte protectant solution to reduce matrix enhancement effects. Acephate concentrations in urine were determined by gas chromatography using pulsed flame photometric detection. The method limit of detection was established at 2 microg/L, with a method limit of quantitation of 10 microg/L. The average recovery from urine fortified with 10-500 microg/L was 102 +/- 12% (n = 32).
LePage JT et al; J AOAC Int 88 (6): 1788-92 (2005)

11 Safety and Hazards

11.1 Hazards Identification

11.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 6
View All
Pictogram(s)
Irritant
Signal
Warning
GHS Hazard Statements
H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]
Precautionary Statement Codes

P264, P270, P301+P317, P330, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 76 reports by companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

11.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Acute Tox. 4 (100%)
Acute toxicity - category 4

11.1.3 Health Hazards

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause environmental contamination. (ERG, 2024)

11.1.4 Fire Hazards

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. (ERG, 2024)

Liquid formulations containing organic solvents may be flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

11.1.5 Hazards Summary

May cause cholinesterase inhibition; [ICSC] At doses non-toxic maternally, embryonic development was not adversely effected in mice; High dose studies of mice caused dose-dependent rise of abnormalities in sperm; No human data available; [REPROTOX] Methamidophos (CAS# 10265-92-6) is an environmental degradate; Laboratory data indicate that acephate and its degradate may pose chronic risk to mammals by affecting the reproductive capacity of mammals (i.e., by reducing the viability of pups and body weight); however, there are no field data to corroborate this. [Reference #1] The average of two baseline respective cholinesterase activity determinations three days apart, with no exposures to enzyme inhibiting pesticides for at least 30 days, is recommended for each worker prior to exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors because of large inter-individual differences in published baseline values. To be established at least once a year. Removal from workplace exposures is recommended until the cholinesterase activity returns to within 20% of baseline. [TLVs and BEIs] See Methamidophos.
REPROTOX - Scialli AR, Lione A, Boyle Padgett GK. Reproductive Effects of Chemical, Physical, and Biological Agents. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.
TLVs and BEIs - _Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents & Biological Exposure Indices. _Cincinnati: ACGIH, 2020.

11.1.6 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

Organophosphorus cmpd can produce dermal irritation but most are weak sensitizers. /Organophosphorus cmpd/
Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988., p. 1073

11.2 First Aid Measures

Inhalation First Aid
Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer for medical attention.
Skin First Aid
Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.
Eye First Aid
First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.
Ingestion First Aid
Rinse mouth. Rest. Refer for medical attention .

11.2.1 First Aid

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance. (ERG, 2024)

11.3 Fire Fighting

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

11.3.1 Fire Fighting Procedures

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped or safely confined. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, NOS/
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 677
If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use "alcohol" foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical. /Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, NOS/
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 679

11.4 Accidental Release Measures

11.4.1 Isolation and Evacuation

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

11.4.2 Spillage Disposal

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

11.4.3 Cleanup Methods

Environmental considerations- land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid and solid, NOS/
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 678
Environmental considerations- water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid and solid, NOS/
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 678
Environmental considerations- air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid and solid, NOS/
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 678

11.4.4 Disposal Methods

Group I Containers: Combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) should be disposed of in pesticide incinerators or in specified landfill sites. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/
40 CFR 165.9(a) (7/1/90)
Group II Containers: Non-combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) must first be triple-rinsed. Containers that are in good condition may be returned to the manufacturer or formulator of the pesticide product, or to a drum reconditioner for reuse with the same type of pesticide product, if such reuse is legal under Department of Transportation regulations (eg 49 CFR 173.28). Containers that are not to be reused should be punctured ... and transported to a scrap metal facility for recycling, disposal or burial in a designated landfill. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/
40 CFR 165.9(b) (7/1/90)
SMALL SPILL: Sweep up material and place in disposable container. ... LARGE SPILL: Clean up spills immediately, observing precautions in Exposure Controls/ Personal Protection section. Vacuum with machines equipped with high efficiency filters or sweep up material and place in a disposable container. Scrub contaminated area with detergent and water using a stiff broom. Pick up liquid with Oil Dry, cat litter, clay, rags or other absorbent and place in a disposable container. /Orthene Fire Ant Killer 1 (50% acephate)/
The Scotts Company; MSDS for Orthene Fire Ant Killer 1. 10 p. (February 21, 2001). Available from, as of February 22, 2007: https://www.ortho.com/index.cfm/event/media.detail/documentId/a270c9a6c39f3713713f73edeaef2347
Safe Disposal of Pesticides. The best way to dispose of small amounts of excess pesticides is to use them - apply them - according to the directions on the label. If you cannot use them, ask your neighbors whether they have a similar pest control problem and can use them. If all of the remaining pesticide cannot be properly used, check with your local solid waste management authority, environmental agency, or health department to find out whether your community has a household hazardous waste collection program or a similar program for getting rid of unwanted, leftover pesticides. These authorities can also inform you of any local requirements for pesticide waste disposal.
USEPA/Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances; Citizen's Guide to Pest Control and Pesticide Safety p.24 (September 1995) EPA 730-K-95-001
Safe Disposal of Pesticides. An empty pesticide container can be as hazardous as a full one because of residues left inside. Never reuse such a container. When empty, a pesticide container should be rinsed carefully three times and the rinsewater thoroughly drained back onto the sprayer or the container previously used to mix the pesticide. Use the rinsewater as a pesticide, following label directions. Replace the cap or closure securely. Dispose of the container according to label instructions. Do not puncture or burn a pressurized container like an aerosol - it could explode. Do cut or puncture other empty pesticide containers made of metal or plastic to prevent someone from reusing them. Wrap the empty container and put it in the trash after you have rinsed it.
USEPA/Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances; Citizen's Guide to Pest Control and Pesticide Safety p.25 (September 1995) EPA 730-K-95-001

11.4.5 Preventive Measures

... NOTES TO PHYSICIAN: This material contains a cholinesterase inhibitor. Measurement of blood cholinesterase activity may be useful in monitoring exposure. If signs and/or symptoms of cholinesterase inhibition appear, atropine sulfate is antidotal. ... PROTOPAM is also antidotal and may be used in conjunction with atropine but should not be used alone. /Orthene Fire Ant Killer 1 (50% acephate)/
The Scotts Company; MSDS for Orthene Fire Ant Killer 1. 10 p. (February 21, 2001). Available from, as of February 22, 2007: https://www.ortho.com/index.cfm/event/media.detail/documentId/a270c9a6c39f3713713f73edeaef2347
In order to mitigate occupational risks, the following risk mitigation measures are necessary: Formulate all soluble powder formulations into water soluble bags, except for soluble powders sold for fire ant, harvester ant, or hopper box seed treatment uses. Limit the 1 pound active ingredient per acre (lb ai/A) cotton aerial application rate to cotton grown in California and Arizona; reduce the maximum aerial application rate for cotton to 0.75 ai/A for all other areas of the United States. Delete aerial application to turf. Require enclosed cockpits and mechanical flagging for all aerial applications. Reduce maximum sod farm and golf course turf application rates (non-granular formulations) to 3 lb ai/A and 4 lb ai/A, respectively. Reduce maximum application rates for greenhouse floral and foliage plant crops, and outdoor floral and ground covers to 1 lb ai per 100 gallons water (not to exceed 0.75 lb ai/A for cut flowers and 1.0 lb ai/A for other ornamentals). Delete the application of acephate by low pressure handwand to treat trees, shrubs, and outdoor flora; for the control of wasps; and for perimeter treatment by PCOs. Delete the use of granular formulations to be applied by belly grinder, shaker can, or by hand to trees, shrubs, and 12" pots. Add personal protective equipment to end use product labels for workers who mix and load, and/or apply acephate.
EPA/Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances; Fact Sheet for Acephate. 4 p (EPA 738-F-01-013) (September 2001)
In order to mitigate residential postapplication risk, the following risk mitigation measures are necessary: Delete residential indoor uses. Delete all turfgrass uses (except golf course, sod farm, and spot or mound treatment for ant control). Establish a 3 day pre-harvest interval (PHI) for the harvesting of sod.
EPA/Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances; Fact Sheet for Acephate. 4 p (EPA 738-F-01-013) (September 2001)
Keep out of reach of children. Avoid contact with mouth, skin, and eyes.
Meister, R.T., Sine, C; Crop Protection Handbook Volume 93. Meister Media Worldwide, Willoughby, OH 2007, p. D-7
For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for ACEPHATE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.5 Handling and Storage

11.5.1 Nonfire Spill Response

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

11.5.2 Safe Storage

Separated from food and feedstuffs.

11.5.3 Storage Conditions

Rooms used for storage only should be soundly constructed & fitted with secure locks. Floors should be kept clear & pesticides clearly identified. If repacking is carried out in storage rooms, adequate light should be available; floors should be impervious & sound ... . /Pesticides/
International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 1617
Pesticides containers must be provided with labels indicating the degree of toxicity of the product they contain. The labels must not only give a short description of how to use the prepn, but also state basis precautions to be taken when applying it. /Organophosphorus pesticides/
International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 1645
Pesticides of any degree of toxicity should be transported in containers which are clearly labelled, leak-proof, and not easily damaged. They should never be transported beside, or above any type of food, and all spillages should be immediately reported. /Pesticides/
International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 1616
Safe Storage of Pesticides. Always store pesticides in their original containers, complete with labels that list ingredients, directions for use, and first aid steps in case of accidental poisoning. Never store pesticides in cabinets with or near food, animal feed, or medical supplies. Do not store pesticides in places where flooding is possible or in places where they might spill or leak into wells, drains, ground water, or surface water.
USEPA/Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances; Citizen's Guide to Pest Control and Pesticide Safety p.23 (September 1995) EPA 730-K-95-001

11.6 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

Exposure Summary
Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baseline; Butylcholinesterase activity in serum or plasma = 60% of individual's baseline; Sample at end of shift; [TLVs and BEIs]
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.
TLVs and BEIs - _Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents & Biological Exposure Indices. _Cincinnati: ACGIH, 2020.

11.6.1 Inhalation Risk

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly on spraying or when dispersed, especially if powdered.

11.6.2 Effects of Short Term Exposure

The substance may cause effects on the nervous system and blood. This may result in cholinesterase inhibition. Medical observation is indicated. The effects may be delayed.

11.6.3 Acceptable Daily Intakes

FAO/WHO ADI: 0.03 mg/kg
FAO/WHO; Pesticide Residues in Food - 1990. Evaluations Part 1 - Residues p.417 Plant Prod Protect Paper 103/1 (1990)
OPP RfD= 0.004 mg/kg; EPA RfD= 0.004 mg/kg
USEPA/OPP; Health Effects Div RfD/ADI Tracking Report p.2 (8/26/91)

11.6.4 Allowable Tolerances

Tolerances for related pesticide chemicals. ... Where tolerances are established for residues of O,S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate, resulting from the use of acephate (O,S-dimethyl acetylphos-phoramidothioate) and/or O,S-dimethylphosphoramidothioate on the same agricultural commodity, the total amount of O,S-dimethyl-phosphoramidothioate shall not yield more residue than that permitted by the higher of the two tolerances.
40 CFR 180.3(d) (8); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 5, 2007: https://www.ecfr.gov
Tolerances are established for combined residues of acephate (O,S-dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate) and its cholinesterase-inhibiting metabolite O,S-dimethylphosphura-midothioate in or on raw agricultural commodities as follows:
Commodity
Bean (succulent and dry form, of which no more than 1 ppm is O,S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate)
Parts per million
3
Commodity
Brussels sprouts (of which no more than 0.5 ppm is O,S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate)
Parts per million
3.0
Commodity
Cattle, fat
Parts per million
0.1
Commodity
Cattle, meat byproducts
Parts per million
0.1
Commodity
Cattle, meat
Parts per million
0.1
Commodity
Cauliflower (of which no more than 0.5 ppm is O,S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate)
Parts per million
2.0
Commodity
Celery (of which no more than 1 ppm is O,S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate)
Parts per million
10
Commodity
Cotton, undelinted seed
Parts per million
2
Commodity
Cotton, hulls
Parts per million
4
Commodity
Cotton, meal
Parts per million
8
Commodity
Cranberry (of which no more than 0.1 ppm is O,S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate)
Parts per million
0.5
Commodity
Egg
Parts per million
0.1
Commodity
Goat, fat
Parts per million
0.1
Commodity
Goat, meat byproducts
Parts per million
0.1
Commodity
Goat, meat
Parts per million
0.1
Commodity
Hog, fat
Parts per million
0.1
Commodity
Hog, meat byproducts
Parts per million
0.1
Commodity
Hog, meat
Parts per million
0.1
Commodity
Horse, fat
Parts per million
0.1
Commodity
Horse, meat byproducts
Parts per million
0.1
Commodity
Horse, meat
Parts per million
0.1
Commodity
Lettuce, head (of which no more than 1 ppm is O,S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate)
Parts per million
10
Commodity
Milk
Parts per million
0.1
Commodity
Mint hay (of which no more than 1 ppm is O,S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate)
Parts per million
15.0
Commodity
Peanut
Parts per million
0.2
Commodity
Pepper (of which no more than 1 ppm is O,S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate)
Parts per million
4.0
Commodity
Poultry, fat
Parts per million
0.1
Commodity
Poultry, meat byproducts
Parts per million
0.1
Commodity
Poultry, meat
Parts per million
0.1
Commodity
Sheep, fat
Parts per million
0.1
Commodity
Sheep, meat byproducts
Parts per million
0.1
Commodity
Sheep, meat
Parts per million
0.1
Commodity
Soybean, meal
Parts per million
4
Commodity
Soybean
Parts per million
1
40 CFR 180.108(a) (1); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 5, 2007: https://www.ecfr.gov
A food additive tolerance of 0.02 ppm is established for the combined residues of acephate (O,S-dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate) and its cholinesterase-inhibiting metabolite, methamidophos as follows: (i) In or on all food items (other than those already covered by a higher tolerance as a result of use on growing crops) in food handling establishments. (ii) The acephate may be present as a residue from applications of acephate in food handling establishments, including food service, manufacturing and processing establishments, such as restaurants, cafeterias, supermarkets, bakeries, breweries, dairies, meat slaughtering and packing plants, and canneries ...
40 CFR 180.108(a) (2); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 5, 2007: https://www.ecfr.gov
Tolerances with regional registration, as defined in 180.1(n), are established for the combined residues of acephate and its cholinesterase-inhibiting metabolite in or on the following raw agricultural commodities:
Commodity
Nut, macadamia
Parts per million
0.05
40 CFR 180.108(c); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 5, 2007: https://www.ecfr.gov

11.6.5 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

Workers handling and applying organophosphate pesticides (opp) must ... be given personal protective equipment comprising overalls made of a tight fabric or polyvinyl chloride, gloves, and rubber boots. They must wear a respirator with an activated-carbon gas filter cartridge affording protection for a determined number of working hours. The eyes should be protected by goggles. The signalmen for aerial dusting operations should be equipped with a hat and cape made of polyvinyl chloride or a fabric impregnated with a water repellent. /Pesticides, organophosphorus/
International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 1645
PERSONAL PROTECTION EYES AND FACE: For application of product in accordance with label instructions, no special eye protection is needed. Handling of the product is not likely to present an eye exposure concern during normal handling. In the event of an accidental discharge of the material during manufacture or handling which could cause eye contact, workers should wear goggles or a face shield. SKIN: Wear protective clothing when handling or applying this product including long pants, long sleeved shirt, socks, shoes, and chemical resistant gloves. RESPIRATORY: No special respiratory protection is normally required. However, if operating conditions create airborne concentrations which exceed the recommended exposure standards, the use of an approved respirator is required. /Orthene Fire Ant Killer 1(50% acephate)/
The Scotts Company; MSDS for Orthene Fire Ant Killer 1. 10 p. (February 21, 2001). Available from, as of February 22, 2007: https://www.ortho.com/index.cfm/event/media.detail/documentId/a270c9a6c39f3713713f73edeaef2347
Personnel protection ... Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles. ... Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic/
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 678
Personnel protection: ... Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus. ... Wear appropriate chemical protective clothing. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid and solid, NOS/
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 678

11.6.6 Preventions

Exposure Prevention
PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! AVOID EXPOSURE OF ADOLESCENTS AND CHILDREN!
Inhalation Prevention
Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.
Skin Prevention
Protective gloves.
Eye Prevention
Wear safety spectacles.
Ingestion Prevention
Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

11.7 Stability and Reactivity

11.7.1 Air and Water Reactions

Soluble in water.

11.7.2 Reactive Group

Amides and Imides

Esters, Sulfate Esters, Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters, and Borate Esters

11.7.3 Reactivity Profile

A thiophosphate ester. Organothiophosphates are susceptible to formation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Partial oxidation by oxidizing agents may result in the release of toxic phosphorus oxides.

11.8 Transport Information

11.8.1 Shipping Name / Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO

UN 3018; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic, NOS
UN 3017; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic, flammable, NOS, flashpoint between 23 °C and 61 °C
UN 2783; Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic, NOS
UN 2784; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic, NOS, flashpoint less than 23 °C
For more Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO (Complete) data for ACEPHATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.8.2 Standard Transportation Number

49 216 74; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, NOS (compounds and preparations) (insecticides, other than agricultural, NEC)

11.8.3 Shipment Methods and Regulations

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
49 CFR 171.2 (7/1/96)
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.
IATA. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 38th ed. Montreal, Canada and Geneva, Switzerland: International Air Transport Association, Dangerous Goods Board, January, 1997., p. 190
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.
IMDG; International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code; International Maritime Organization p.3097-1, 6193, 6194, 6195 (1988)

11.8.4 DOT Label

Poison

11.8.5 EC Classification

Symbol: Xn; R: 22; S: (2)-36

11.9 Regulatory Information

California Safe Cosmetics Program (CSCP) Reportable Ingredient

Hazard Traits - Developmental Toxicity; Neurotoxicity

Authoritative List - CECBP - Priority Chemicals

Report - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredient

Status Regulation (EC)
2003/219/EC
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Acephate: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

11.9.1 State Drinking Water Guidelines

(AZ) ARIZONA 4 ug/l
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(FL) FLORIDA 7.5 ug/l
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present

11.9.2 FIFRA Requirements

Tolerances for related pesticide chemicals. ... Where tolerances are established for residues of O,S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate, resulting from the use of acephate (O,S-dimethyl acetylphos-phoramidothioate) and/or O,S-dimethylphosphoramidothioate on the same agricultural commodity, the total amount of O,S-dimethyl-phosphoramidothioate shall not yield more residue than that permitted by the higher of the two tolerances.
40 CFR 180.3(d) (8); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 5, 2007: https://www.ecfr.gov
Tolerances are established for combined residues of acephate (O,S-dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate) and its cholinesterase-inhibiting metabolite O,S-dimethylphosphura-midothioate in or on raw agricultural commodities as follows:
Commodity
Bean (succulent and dry form, of which no more than 1 ppm is O,S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate)
Commodity
Brussels sprouts (of which no more than 0.5 ppm is O,S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate)
Commodity
Cattle, fat
Commodity
Cattle, meat byproducts
Commodity
Cattle, meat
Commodity
Cauliflower (of which no more than 0.5 ppm is O,S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate)
Commodity
Celery (of which no more than 1 ppm is O,S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate)
Commodity
Cotton, undelinted seed
Commodity
Cotton, hulls
Commodity
Cotton, meal
Commodity
Cranberry (of which no more than 0.1 ppm is O,S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate)
Commodity
Egg
Commodity
Goat, fat
Commodity
Goat, meat byproducts
Commodity
Goat, meat
Commodity
Hog, fat
Commodity
Hog, meat byproducts
Commodity
Hog, meat
Commodity
Horse, fat
Commodity
Horse, meat byproducts
Commodity
Horse, meat
Commodity
Lettuce, head (of which no more than 1 ppm is O,S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate)
Commodity
Milk
Commodity
Mint hay (of which no more than 1 ppm is O,S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate)
Commodity
Peanut
Commodity
Pepper (of which no more than 1 ppm is O,S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate)
Commodity
Poultry, fat
Commodity
Poultry, meat byproducts
Commodity
Poultry, meat
Commodity
Sheep, fat
Commodity
Sheep, meat byproducts
Commodity
Sheep, meat
Commodity
Soybean, meal
Commodity
Soybean
40 CFR 180.108(a) (1); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 5, 2007: https://www.ecfr.gov
A food additive tolerance is established for the combined residues of acephate (O,S-dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate) and its cholinesterase-inhibiting metabolite, methamidophos as follows: (i) In or on all food items (other than those already covered by a higher tolerance as a result of use on growing crops) in food handling establishments. (ii) The acephate may be present as a residue from applications of acephate in food handling establishments, including food service, manufacturing and processing establishments, such as restaurants, cafeterias, supermarkets, bakeries, breweries, dairies, meat slaughtering and packing plants, and canneries ... .
40 CFR 180.108(a) (2); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 5, 2007: https://www.ecfr.gov
Tolerances with regional registration, as defined in 180.1(n), are established for the combined residues of acephate and its cholinesterase-inhibiting metabolite in or on the following raw agricultural commodities:
Commodity
Nut, macadamia
40 CFR 180.108(c); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 5, 2007: https://www.ecfr.gov
For more FIFRA Requirements (Complete) data for ACEPHATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.10 Other Safety Information

Chemical Assessment

IMAP assessments - Phosphoramidothioic acid, acetyl-, O,S-dimethyl ester: Human health tier I assessment

IMAP assessments - Phosphoramidothioic acid, acetyl-, O,S-dimethyl ester: Environment tier I assessment

11.10.1 Other Hazardous Reactions

The primary hazard of this material is the flammability of the carrier. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liq, NOS (cmpd & prepn) (insecticides, other than agricultural, NEC)/
Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads, Hazardous Materials Systems (BOE), 1987., p. 513

11.10.2 Special Reports

EPA/Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances; Fact Sheet for Acephate. 4 p (EPA 738-F-01-013) (September 2001)
USEPA/Office of Pesticide Programs; Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision (IRED) for Acephate. EPA issues an IRED for a pesticide that is undergoing reregistration, requires a reregistration eligibility decision, and also needs a cumulative assessment under FQPA. The IRED, issued after EPA completes the individual pesticide\'s aggregate risk assessment, may include taking risk reduction measures -- for example, reducing risks to workers or eliminating uses that the registrant no longer wishes to maintain -- to gain the benefits of these changes before the final RED can be issued following the Agency\'s consideration of cumulative risks.[Available from, as of February 28, 2007: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm]

12 Toxicity

12.1 Toxicological Information

12.1.1 Toxicity Summary

Acephate is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen.

12.1.2 EPA IRIS Information

Substance
Toxicity Summary
EPA IRIS Summary PDF (Update: May-01-1989 )
Cancer Sites
Hepatic
Critical Effect Systems
Nervous
Reference Dose (RfD), chronic
4 x 10 ^-3 mg/kg-day

12.1.3 RAIS Toxicity Values

Oral Acute Reference Dose (RfDoa)(mg/kg-day)
0.0003
Oral Acute Reference Dose Reference
OPP
Oral Chronic Reference Dose (RfDoc) (mg/kg-day)
0.0003
Oral Chronic Reference Dose Reference
OPP
Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose (RfDos) (mg/kg-day)
0.004
Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose Reference
HEAST Current
Oral Slope Factor (CSFo)(mg/kg-day)^-1
0.0087
Oral Slope Factor Reference
IRIS Archive

12.1.4 EPA Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides

Chemical Substance
Acute or One Day PAD (RfD) [mg/kg/day]
0.0003
Acute or One Day HHBPs [ppb]
2
Acute HHBP Sensitive Lifestage/Population
Children
Chronic or One Day PAD (RfD) [mg/kg/day]
0.0003
Chronic or One Day HHBPs [ppb]
2
Chronic HHBP Sensitive Lifestage/Population
Females 13-49 yrs

12.1.5 USGS Health-Based Screening Levels for Evaluating Water-Quality

Chemical
Acephate
USGS Parameter Code
68519
Chemical Classes
Pesticide
Chronic Noncancer HHBP (Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides)[μg/L]
2
Reference
Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

12.1.6 Evidence for Carcinogenicity

CLASSIFICATION: C; possible human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: The classification is based on increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas and adenomas in female mice. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Limited.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Summary on Acephate (30560-19-1). Available from, as of March 15, 2000: https://www.epa.gov/iris/
Cancer Classification: Group C Possible Human Carcinogen
USEPA Office of Pesticide Programs, Health Effects Division, Science Information Management Branch: "Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential" (April 2006)

12.1.7 Carcinogen Classification

Carcinogen Classification
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

12.1.8 Health Effects

Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides.

12.1.9 Exposure Routes

The substance can be absorbed into the body by ingestion and by inhalation of its aerosol.

12.1.10 Symptoms

Inhalation Exposure
Pupillary constriction, muscle cramp, excessive salivation. Sweating. Nausea. Dizziness. Laboured breathing. Convulsions.
Ingestion Exposure
Abdominal cramps. Vomiting. Diarrhoea. See Inhalation.
Symptoms of low dose exposure include excessive salivation and eye-watering. Acute dose symptoms include severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Hypertension, hypoglycemia, anxiety, headache, tremor and ataxia may also result.

12.1.11 Target Organs

Nervous

12.1.12 Cancer Sites

Hepatic

12.1.14 Adverse Effects

Other Poison - Organophosphate

12.1.15 Acute Effects

12.1.16 Toxicity Data

LCLo (mice) = 2,200 mg/m3/5h

12.1.17 Treatment

If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally.

12.1.18 Interactions

Anticholinesterase (organophosphorus) insecticides antagonize polarizing muscle relaxants. Phenothiazines /and thioxanthene/: ...may enhance toxic effects of organophosphorus insecticides. /Insecticides, organophosphorus/
Martin E. Hazards of Medication: A Manual on Drug Interactions, Incompatibilities, Contraindications and Adverse Effects. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1971., p. 637
... Aluminium, a common metal compound, and acephate, an organophosphorous pesticide, are two widely used chemicals known for their neurotoxic effects. To assess the toxic interaction of aluminium and acephate, acute toxicity study of aluminium chloride, acephate, and their combination was made. Male Wistar albino rats were dosed orally in a increasing geometric progressive doses of aluminium chloride, acephate, and their combination (1 part aluminium:1 part acephate) in distilled water. The median lethal oral dose of aluminium chloride, acephate, and their combination was found to be 3630 +/- 400, 2851 +/- 269, and 4074 +/- 388 mg/kg body weight respectively. Log dose-response curve revealed the acute toxic effects of combination of metal and pesticide to be reduced, suggesting antagonistic action. Antagonistic action of the combination of compounds shows that aluminium reduced the toxic effect of organophosphorous pesticide acephate. ...
Kumar S; Int J Toxicol 20 (4): 219-23 (2001)
The efficacy of a reactive skin decontaminant lotion against organophosphorus nerve agents in-vivo was examined. The agents used included tabun, sarin, soman, and VX. The decontaminant location consisted of a 1.25 modal solution of the potassium salt of 2,3-butanedione monoxime in polyethylene glycol methylether and 10% water mixture. This reactive skin decontaminant was highly effective against each of the four agents tested. In Sprague Dawley rats the inactivation process was dose dependent, with a 1:1 organophosphorus/potassium salt of 2,3-butanedione-monoxime molar ratio offering total protection against the toxic effects. The inactivation process, as a function of anticholinesterase activity in primary cultures of chick embryo neurons, was also time, dose and agent dependent. Soman was relatively slow in detoxifying over a 24 hour period when compared to the other three agents. Even so, in all cases less than 0.1% of the original organophosphate anticholinesterase activity remained after a 7 day period. It was concluded that this cell culture system is advantageous in evaluating the prophylaxis and therapy of nerve agent poisoning.
Sawyer TW et al; Toxicol 67 (3): 267-7 (1991)

12.1.19 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

FIRST AID MEASURES EYES: Hold eye open and rinse slowly and gently with water for 15 to 20 minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present, after the first 5 minutes, then continue rinsing eyes. Call a poison control center or doctor for treatment advice. SKIN: If on skin or clothing, take off contaminated clothing. Rinse skin immediately with plenty of water for 15 to 20 minutes. Call a poison control center or doctor for treatment advice. INGESTION: If swallowed, call a poison control center or doctor immediately for treatment advice. Have person sip glass of water if able to swallow. Do not induce vomiting unless told to by a poison control center or doctor. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. INHALATION: Move person to fresh air. If person is not breathing, call 911 or an ambulance, then give artificial respiration ... Call a poison control center or doctor for further treatment advice. NOTES TO PHYSICIAN: This material contains a cholinesterase inhibitor. Measurement of blood cholinesterase activity may be useful in monitoring exposure. If signs and/or symptoms of cholinesterase inhibition appear, atropine sulfate is antidotal. ... PROTOPAM is also antidotal and may be used in conjunction with atropine but should not be used alone. /Orthene Fire Ant Killer 1 (50% acephate)/
The Scotts Company; MSDS for Orthene Fire Ant Killer 1. 10 p. (February 21, 2001). Available from, as of February 22, 2007: https://www.ortho.com/index.cfm/event/media.detail/documentId/a270c9a6c39f3713713f73edeaef2347
Airway protection. Insure that a clear airway exists. Intubate the patients and aspirate the secretions with a large-bore suction device if necessary. Administer oxygen by mechanically assisted pulmonary ventilation if respiration is depressed. Improve tissue oxygenation as much as possible before administering atropine, so as to minimize the risk of ventricular fibrillation. In severe poisonings, it may be necessary to support pulmonary ventilation mechanically for several days. /Organophosphate pesticides/
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. Reigart, J.R., Roberts, J.R. Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. 5th ed. 1999. EPA Document No. EPA 735-R-98-003, and available in electronic format at: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/safety/healthcare, p. 40
Atropine sulfate. Administer atropine sulfate intravenously, or intramuscularly if intravenous injection is not possible. Remember that atropine can be administered through an endotracheal tube if initial IV access if difficult to obtain. ... Atropine does not reactivate the cholinesterase enzyme or accelerate disposition of organophosphate. Recrudescence of poisoning may occur if tissue concentrations of organophosphate remain high when the effect of atropine wears off. Atropine is effective against muscarinic manifestations, but it is ineffective against nicotinic actions, specifically muscle weakness and twitching, and respiratory depression. Despite the limitations, atropine is often a life-saving agent in organophosphate poisonings. ... The adjunctive use of nebulized atropine has been reported to improve respiratory distress, decrease bronchial secretions, and increase oxygenation. /Organophosphate pesticides/
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. Reigart, J.R., Roberts, J.R. Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. 5th ed. 1999. EPA Document No. EPA 735-R-98-003, and available in electronic format at: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/safety/healthcare, p. 41
Glycopyrolate has been studied as an alternative to atropine and found to have similar outcomes using continuous infusion. Ampules of ... glycopyrolate were added to ... saline and this infusion was titrated to the desired effects of dry mucous membranes and heart rate above 60 beats/min. During this study, atropine was used as a bolus for a heart rate less than 60 beats/min. The other apparent advantage to this regimen was a decreased number of respiratory infections. ... /Organophosphate pesticides/
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. Reigart, J.R., Roberts, J.R. Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. 5th ed. 1999. EPA Document No. EPA 735-R-98-003, and available in electronic format at: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/safety/healthcare, p. 41
For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for ACEPHATE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.1.20 Medical Surveillance

Workers handling & applying pesticides must undergo an annual medical examination at the beginning of each agricultural season. Contraindications for work with /organophosphorus pesticides/ are organic diseases of the central nervous system, mental disorders & epilepsy, pronounced endocrine & vegetative disorders, pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchial asthma, chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases & circulatory disorders, gastrointestinal diseases (peptic ulcer), gastroenterocolitis, diseases of liver & kidneys, eye diseases (chronic conjunctivitis & keratitis). The blood cholinesterase activity must be determined before work starts. In the event of prolonged work periods, this activity should be determined at intervals of 3-4 days. Persons exhibiting a fall in cholinesterase activity of 25% or more must be transferred to other work where they are not exposed to organophosphorus pesticides until this activity is completely restored. Persons with initial signs of indisposition should cease work with pesticides. /Organophosphorus pesticides/
International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 1646

12.1.21 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Acephate can cause cholinesterase inhibition in humans; that is, it can overstimulate the nervous system causing nausea, dizziness, confusion, and at very high exposures (e.g., accidents or major spills), respiratory paralysis and death.
EPA/Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances; Fact Sheet for Acephate. 4 p (EPA 738-F-01-013) (September 2001)
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Organophosphorus cmpd can produce dermal irritation ... /Organophosphorus cmpd/
Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988., p. 1073
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Toxic effects may include anorexia, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, incontinence, eye changes, weakness, dyspnea, bronchospasm, lacrimation, increased salivation & sweating, bradycardia, hypotension or hypertension due to asphyxia, cyanosis, & muscular twitching of the eyelids, tongue, face, & neck, possibly progressing to convulsions. Central nervous system symptoms include restlessness, anxiety, dizziness, drowsiness, tremor, ataxia, depression, confusion, & coma. Death may occur from depression of the respiratory or cardiovascular system. Neuropathy appears to be a rare problem with the organophosphorus insecticides now in use. /Organophosphorus insecticides/
Reynolds, J.E.F., Prasad, A.B. (eds.) Martindale-The Extra Pharmacopoeia. 28th ed. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1982., p. 832
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Organophosphate insecticides ... are potent cholinesterase enzyme inhibitors that act by interfering with the metabolism of acetylcholine, which results in accumulation of acetylcholine at neuroreceptor transmission sites. Exposure produces a broad spectrum of clinical effects indicative of massive overstimulation of the chlorinergic system, including muscarinic effects (parasympathetic), nicotinic effects (sympathetic and motor), and CNS effects. These effects present clinically as feeling of headache, weakness, dizziness, blurred vision, psychosis, respiratory difficulty, paralysis, convulsions, and coma. Typical findings are given by the mnemonic "SLUD." which stands for salivation, lacrimation, urination, and defecation. A small percentage of patients may fail to demonstrate miosis, a classic diagnostic hallmark. Onset of clinical manifestation of organophosphate poisoning usually occurs within 12 hours of exposure. /Organophosphate insecticides/
Amdur, M.O., J. Doull, C.D. Klaasen (eds). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: Pergamon Press, 1991., p. 936
For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ACEPHATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.1.22 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Rats were administered the organophosphorus insecticide acephate at 1.0 or 10.0 mg/kg/day for 15 weeks. ... No significant inhibition in the activity of brain acetylcholinesterase was noted at doses of 1.0 or 10.0 mg/kg/day. Low levels of acephate exposure (1.0 mg/kg/day), which did not alter plasma cholinesterase or RBC acetylcholinesterase activity levels, resulted in a significant elevation of plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels. Decreased GABA, dopamine, and tyrosine levels and glutamic acid decarboxylase activity were observed in brains of these rats. Similar changes occurred in rats exposed to 10 mg of acephate/kg/day; however, plasma cholinesterase and RBC acetylcholinesterase activities were inhibited.
Singh AK, Drewes LR; Environ Res 43 (2): 342-9 (1987)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats/sex/group were dosed orally in the diet with 0, 5, 50 or 700 ppm of ORTHENE Technical (purity: 99.0%) for up to 13 weeks ((M): 0, 0.33, 3.31, 48.63 mg/kg/day, (F) 0, 0.41, 3.95, 58.27 mg/kg/day). There were no treatment-related effects upon mean body weights or food consumption. ... The mean cholinesterase (ChE) activity levels for plasma were lower than that of the control at 3 weeks for the 50 ppm males and females (p<0.05 or p<0.01) and at 3, 7 and 13 weeks for the 700 ppm males and females (p<0.01). The mean red blood cell activity levels were less at 3, 7 and 13 weeks for the 700 ppm males (p<0.01) and at 3 and 7 weeks for the 700 ppm females (p<0.05 or p<0.01). In the 6 subregions of the brain for which ChE activity was assayed, the activity levels were less than that of the control at 50 ppm and above for all of the regions at least twice for the 3 time points assayed (p<0.1). The mean percent of control activity for the 50 ppm males ranged from 50.6% in the cortex (week 13) to 75.8% in the cerebellum (week 13). For the 50 ppm females, the percent of control activity ranged from 45.4% in the hippocampus (week 13) to 81.5% in the brainstem (week 3). For the 5 ppm treatment group males , ChE activity was reduced in the hippocampus (week 3, p<0.01, 86.1% of control), midbrain (weeks 3, 7,13, p<0.01, 85.5 to 90.5%), brainstem (weeks 3, 7, 13, p<0.01, 85.0 to 90.6%), cerebellum (week 3, p<0.01, 89.1%), and cortex (weeks 3, 7, 13, p<0.01, 82.4 to 89.9%). Similarly, for the 5 ppm females, ChE activity was less in the hippocampus (week 13, p<0.01, 71.6% of control), olfactory lobe (weeks 7, 13, p<0.05, 75.7, 82.2%), midbrain (weeks 3, 7, 13, p<0.1 or p<0.05, 80.9 to 91.0%), cerebellum (week 7, p<0.1, 83.9%) and cortex (week 13, p<0.01, 86.2%). No treatment related effects were noted in the histopathological examination. Possible adverse effect: significant brain ChE inhibition; NOEL (Clinical Signs): (M/F) 700 ppm ((M): 48.63 mg/kg/day, (F): 58.27 mg/kg/day) (based upon the lack of treatment effects in the FOB determinations for the 700 ppm group); NOEL (ChE Inhibition): < 5 ppm ((M): < 0.33 mg/kg/day, (F) < 0.41 mg/kg/day) (based upon significant brain ChE inhibition at 5 ppm).
California Environmental Protection Agency Department of Pesticide Regulation; Acephate Summary of Toxicological Data (1986). Available from, as of February 06, 2007: https://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/toxsums/pdfs/1685.pdf
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Acephate (purity = 92.7, 92.1%) was fed in the diet to CD1 mice for 104 weeks at 0 (vehicle = chow), 50, 250 or 1000 ppm (7, 36 or 146 mg/kg/day) for males; 8, 42, or 167 mg/kg/day for females) with 75/sex/group). Possible adverse effect. Nominal NOEL = 50 ppm (decreased body weight at mid and high doses; hepatocellular carcinoma, adenoma and hyperplasia were observed in females at the high dose. Other dose-related non-neoplastic changes in males and females were observed primarily at mid- and high-doses. Microscopic lung changes were observed at all dose levels in both sexes but were not well defined ("pigmented alveolar macrophages", "eosinophilic foreign bodies"). ...
California Environmental Protection Agency Department of Pesticide Regulation; Acephate Summary of Toxicological Data (1986). Available from, as of February 06, 2007: https://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/toxsums/pdfs/1685.pdf
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Acephate technical, purity of 99.9%, was administered in the feed at concentrations of 0, 10, 120 (reduced from 200 ppm during week 2 of study), or 800 ppm to 5 Beagle dogs/sex/group for 1 year. High-dose groups had lower red cell mass indices, elevated /Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time/ and increased liver weights. Liver pathology (perivascular pleocellular infiltrate and pigment in the reticuloendothelial cells) was noted in most high-dose animals and one mid-dose male (NOEL = 10 ppm/day). Significant RBC cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition for mid and high dose groups was reported in addition to brain ChE inhibition for midand high dose females and all dose levels for males. ChE NOEL (females) = 10 ppm; males < 10 ppm. Possible Adverse Effect: Significant brain ChE inhibition (no NOEL in males).
California Environmental Protection Agency Department of Pesticide Regulation; Acephate Summary of Toxicological Data (1986). Available from, as of February 06, 2007: https://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/toxsums/pdfs/1685.pdf
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ACEPHATE (22 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.1.23 Non-Human Toxicity Values

LD50 Rat male oral 945 mg/kg /Technical grade/
Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection. 7th ed. Publication 1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada: Information Canada, 1982., p. 1
LD50 Rat female oral 866 mg/kg /Technical grade/
Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection. 7th ed. Publication 1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada: Information Canada, 1982., p. 1
LD50 Rat, male acute oral (technical) 866 mg/kg
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 4809
LD50 Rat, female acute oral (technical) 945 mg/kg
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 4809
For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for ACEPHATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.1.24 Populations at Special Risk

In the United States, organophosphates cause perhaps up to 200 deaths per year; in California, four out of five systemic poisonings from agricultural chemicals result from exposure to organophosphate compounds. /Organophosphate pesticides/
Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988., p. 1071

12.2 Ecological Information

12.2.1 EPA Ecotoxicity

Pesticide Ecotoxicity Data from EPA

12.2.2 Ecotoxicity Values

EC50 Daphnia magna /(water flea)/ 309.82 uM/48 hrs; immobility.
Printes LB, Callaghan A; Environ Toxicol Chem 23 (5): 1241-7 (2004)
LC50 Gammarus pseudolimnaeus > 50 ug/l/96 hr at 12 °C, mature. Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. Technical material, 94%.
U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Resource Publication No. 137. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980., p. 8
LC50 /Oncorhynchus mykiss/ (Rainbow trout, weight 1.5 g) 1,100 ug/L/96 hr at 10 °C. Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/L as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/L. Technical material, 94%.
U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Resource Publication No. 137. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980., p. 8
LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout); Conditions: freshwater; static; Concentration: 880 ppm for 24 hr /technical product/
USEPA, Office of Pesticide Programs; Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database (2000) on Acephate (30560-19-1). Available from, as of January 18, 2007
For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for ACEPHATE (26 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.2.3 Ecotoxicity Excerpts

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of diazinon and acephate applications to ornamental trees on the breeding behavior and productivity of the American robin and to measure the effect of repeated chlorpyrifos spraying on robin productivity. No cases of adult or juvenile mortality were recorded, and nestling production was not affected. Plasma cholinesterase (ChE) activity in females exposed to diazinon or acephate was significantly lower than that in controls. However, there were no pronounced changes in parental care. The absence of a significant impact on behavior despite the marked change in plasma ChE levels may have been due /to/ one of several factors, i.e. (1) the insecticide had not reached the brain 18 to 24 hr after spraying, and (2) exposure was insufficient to produce behavioral changes. The use of diazinon and acephate on ornamental trees should not be harmful to robins.
DeCarie R et al; Environ Pollut 80 (3): 231-8 (1993)
/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ American kestrels (F. sparverius) were given a single acute dose of the insecticide acephate (50 mg/kg), alone or superimposed on a moderate background level of DDE (35 ppm wet wt in carcass homogenates). The combined DDE-acephate treatment was chosen to resemble exposure conditions for wild avian predators whose tissues may contain appreciable sublethal accumulations of organochlorine insecticides. Acephate produced similar cholinesterase (ChE) depression in both groups (39% median depression of serum ChE, 25% median brain ChE depression). Predatory vigilance and attack behavior, measured by frequency and speed of responses to a familiar moving prey model, were not altered by acephate administration in either group. DDE or acephate at these low dosages did not have appreciable effects on kestrels' responses to a prey stimulus with which they had extensive prior contact.
Rudolph SG et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol; 13 (3) 367-72 (1984)
/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ The calculated, acute oral LD50 of acephate and methamidophos to dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) was 106 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg, respectively. Brain cholinesterase (ChE) activity in birds that died after acephate poisoning was depressed 80% below that of control birds. Birds that died of acute methamidophos poisoning had brain ChE depression of 60%. The birds killed by acephate had brain acephate residue concentrations > 2 mg/kg and methamidophos concentrations usually > 0.25 mg/kg. Eighty percent of the birds killed with methamidophos had brain methamidophos concentrations > 0.1 mg/kg. The 5-day feeding LC50 for acephate was 1,485 mg/kg. Brain ChE activities of birds which died early in the study were less depressed (51.5%) than those which died at a later date (69.6%). Brain residues of acephate and methamidophos were lower in these birds than in the birds of the acute oral LD50 studies. Brain ChE activity returned to normal within 3 days after the birds received a single sublethal dose of acephate. These studies indicate that the amount of acephate needed to produce the ChE depression, found in other investigations in most dark-eyed juncos exposed to forest applications of insecticide, is about 20% of the LD50; however, in a few birds the ChE activity may be depressed to near lethal levels.
Roberts RB et al; Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol 10 (2): 185-92 (1981) (9 References)
/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ The toxicity of acephate was examined in albino CD1-mice, white-footed-mice, and voles. The estimated median lethal dose in the three species of rodents was 351, 380, and 321 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg), respectively. Animals were dosed orally with 150, 197, 259, 341, and 449 mg/kg acephate and observed for 7 days in experiment 1. In experiment 2, 0, 25, 100, and 400 parts per million (ppm) acephate in mash was provided ad-libitum for 5 days. In experiment 3, animals were provided mash containing 0 or 400 ppm acephate ad-libitum for 5 days. To monitor the recovery of cholinesterase activity, mash containing 400 ppm acephate was replaced with control feed on day 5. The animals were sacrificed and blood, brain, and liver parameters were measured. In experiment 1, observations for signs of intoxication, mortality, and apparent recovery were made and onset of these signs was found to be dose dependent. Brain acetylcholinesterase activity was reduced in experiment 2. Liver parameters were not affected. Plasma cholinesterase activity was in general highest in laboratory mice, intermediate in voles, and lowest in white-footed-mice at each dietary concentration of acephate. In experiment 3, following dietary exposure to acephate after 14 days of recovery, acetylcholinesterase activity was 81 to 88 percent of control values. The authors suggest that all three types of rodents are equally sensitive to acephate when maintained under relatively similar and constant laboratory conditions. Differences in behavior, eating habits, and habitat could affect routes and degree of exposure and thus render some species of small mammals more vulnerable to organophosphorus insecticides in the field.
Rattner BA and Hoffman DJ; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 13 (4): 483-91 (1984)
For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ACEPHATE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.2.4 US EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants

Resident Soil (mg/kg)
1.90e+01
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
2.50e+02
Tapwater (ug/L)
6.00e+00
Risk-based SSL (mg/kg)
1.30e-03
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
3.00e-04
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed Dermally from Soil
0.1

12.2.5 US EPA Regional Removal Management Levels for Chemical Contaminants

Resident Soil (mg/kg)
5.70e+01
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
7.40e+02
Tapwater (ug/L)
1.80e+01
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
3.00e-04
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed Dermally from Soil
0.1

12.2.6 ICSC Environmental Data

This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to crustacea, birds and bees. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal.

12.2.7 Environmental Fate / Exposure Summary

Acephate's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as an insecticide will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.7X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates that acephate is expected to exist in both the vapor and particulate-phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase acephate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 34 hours. Particulate-phase acephate will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. Acephate was photolytically stable in aqueous solutions exposed to natural sunlight, suggesting photolysis will not be an important fate process. If released to soil, acephate is expected to have very high mobility based upon a Koc value of 4.7 measured in a clay loam. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5X10-13 atm-cu m/mole. Volatilization from dry soil is not expected based upon the vapor pressure. Acephate is non-persistent in the environment with observed half-lives of <3 days in laboratory studies and terrestrial field dissipation studies. If released into water, acephate is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Acephate was stable to hydrolysis at pH 5 and 7, but degraded with a half-life of 18 days at pH 9. A BCF value of 10 measured in fish suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure to acephate may occur through inhalation of dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where acephate is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to acephate via ingestion of food containing acephate. (SRC)

12.2.8 Artificial Pollution Sources

Acephate's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as an insecticide(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).
(1) USEPA; EPA Interim Registration Eligibility Decision Document. Acephate. EPA 738-R-01-013, September 2001. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm as of Jan 12, 2007.

12.2.9 Environmental Fate

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 4.7 measured in a clay loam(2), indicates that acephate is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of acephate from moist soil surfaces is not expected(SRC) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.7X10-6 Hg mm(3), and water solubility of 8.18X10+5 mg/L(3). Acephate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). Acephate degraded in aerobic soils and terrestrial field dissipation studies with half-lives of < 3 days(4).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) USEPA; EPA Interim Registration Eligibility Decision Document. Acephate. EPA 738-R-01-013, September 2001. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm as of Jan 12, 2007.
(3) Wauchope RD et al; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 123: 1-35 (1991)
(4) USEPA; Organophosphate Pesticide Tolerance Reassessment and Reregistration. Acephate. Revised Environmental Fate and Effects Assessment. EFED Acephate Environmental Fate RED Chapter. Washington, DC: USPEA. Available at : https://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/op/acephate/efedrra.pdf as of Jan 12, 2007.
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 4.7 measured in a clay loam(2), indicates that acephate is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.7X10-6 Hg mm(4), and water solubility of 8.18X10+5 mg/L(4). According to a classification scheme(5),a BCF of 10 measured in fish(2), suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Acephate was stable to hydrolysis in pH 5 and 7 aqueous buffered solutions, but degraded with a half-life of 18 days at pH 9(5). Acephate degraded 54.8% in a river die-away test using creek water over a 50-day incubation period(5). Acephate degraded with a half-life of 6.6 days in a flooded clay sediment maintained under anaerobic conditions(6).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) USEPA; EPA Interim Registration Eligibility Decision Document. Acephate. EPA 738-R-01-013, September 2001. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm as of Jan 12, 2007.
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(4) Wauchope RD et al; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 123: 1-35 (1991)
(5) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
(6) Szeto SY et al; J Environ Sci Health B14: 635-54 (1979)
(7) USEPA; Organophosphate Pesticide Tolerance Reassessment and Reregistration. Acephate. Revised Environmental Fate and Effects Assessment. EFED Acephate Environmental Fate RED Chapter. Washington, DC: USPEA. Available at : https://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/op/acephate/efedrra.pdf as of Jan 12, 2007.
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), acephate which has a vapor pressure of 1.7X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist in both the vapor and particulate-phases in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Vapor-phase acephate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 34 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC), that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase acephate will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Acephate was photolytically stable in aqueous solutions exposed to natural sunlight(4), suggesting photolysis in air will not be an important fate process(SRC).
(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-7 (1988)
(2) Wauchope RD et al; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 123: 1-35 (1991)
(3) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993)
(4) USEPA; Organophosphate Pesticide Tolerance Reassessment and Reregistration. Acephate. Revised Environmental Fate and Effects Assessment. EFED Acephate Environmental Fate RED Chapter. Washington, DC: USPEA. Available at : https://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/op/acephate/efedrra.pdf as of Jan 12, 2007.

12.2.10 Environmental Biodegradation

AEROBIC: River die-away studies determined that acephate degraded more rapidly in non-sterile creek water as compared to sterilized creek water(1); after 50 days of incubation, 54.8% of initial acephate was degraded in non-sterile water while only 23.6% had degraded in sterile water(1); in water plus sediment tests, 74.5% degraded in non-sterile media while only 45% degraded in sterile media(1). Acephate degraded in aerobic soils with half-lives of generally < 3 days(2). Acephate, applied at concentrations of 1 or 10 ppm was rapidly degraded from a wide variety of soils (eight soils - 3 clays, loam, loamy sand, sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, muck) when incubated at 24 °C at field capacity open to the air (volatiles not trapped and degradates other than methamidophos were not identified). In all cases, half-lives in mineral soils were <3 days at 10 ppm and about 1.5 days at 1 ppm(2). Half-lives in an Ocoee muck soil (pH 5.3, 68% organic matter) were 6 days at 1 ppm and 13 days at 10 ppm(2). Average maximum concentrations of methamidophos were approximately 10% of the initially applied radioactivity. In sterile controls (Norwalk silty clay loam and Greenville clay), after 4 days, approximately 90-100% of the applied amount remained as acephate, compared to approximately 20 % in the non-sterile(2). The effect of varying moisture contents (5 and 15%) was tested with the Hanford loamy sand treated with 20 ppm acephate; volatiles were not trapped. Degradation was more rapid at 15% moisture content than at 5%(2). Acephate degraded with a first-order half-life of 6.6 days in anaerobic flooded clay sediment(2). The initial pH of the system was 7.0, increasing to pH 7.9 by the final sampling interval (day 20). Acephate, applied as a wettable powder at 0.75 lbs/A, dissipated with an observed half-life of 1-3 days in the upper 5 cm of a field plot of silt loam soil used for growing tobacco in Greenville, Mississippi, after six foliar applications (6- to 9-day intervals)(2).
(1) Szeto SY et al; J Environ Sci Health B14: 635-54 (1979)
(2) USEPA; Organophosphate Pesticide Tolerance Reassessment and Reregistration. Acephate. Revised Environmental Fate and Effects Assessment. EFED Acephate Environmental Fate RED Chapter. Washington, DC: USPEA. Available at : https://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/op/acephate/efedrra.pdf as of Jan 12, 2007.

12.2.11 Environmental Abiotic Degradation

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acephate with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.1 X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 34 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1) Hydrolysis of acephate at 20 °C was measured in buffered distilled water over a 20 day period(1); the percentage of initial acephate that hydrolyzed ranged from 2.4% at pH 4.0 to 22.1% at pH 8.2 with the hydrolysis rate increasing with increasing pH(2); at 30 °C, the percentage of initial acephate that hydrolyzed ranged from 4.5% at pH 4.0 to 82.2% at pH 8.2(2). Hydrolysis tests conducted at 37 °C identified DMPT (O,S-dimethyl phosphorothiolate) as the major hydrolysis product(3); methamidophos and OMPT (O-methylacetyl phosphoramidothiolate) were identified as minor hydrolysis products(3). The direct photolysis of acephate was examined by exposing thin films of the compound to sunlight and ultraviolet light(4); no measurable photodegradation occurred in either sunlight or UV light after 72 hr exposures(4). Acephate, at 8.94 ppm, was photolytically stable in sterile pH 7 phosphate buffer solution that was irradiated for 35 days under natural sunlight(5). In sterile buffer in the presence of a photosensitizer (1% acetone), acephate, at 9.35 ppm, degraded with a dark-control-corrected half-life of 39.6 days in sterile pH 7 aqueous buffer solution that was irradiated for 31 days under natural sunlight(5). Acephate was hydrolytically stable in pH 5 and 7 aqueous buffer solutions, but the hydrolytic half-life was 18 days at pH 9 with O,S-dimethyl phosphorothioate, methamidophos, and O-methyl N-acetylphosphoramidate observed as degradation products(5).
(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993)
(2) Szeto SY et al; J Environ Sci Health B14: 635-54 (1979)
(3) Chukwudebe AC et al; J Environ Sci Health B19: 501-22 (1984)
(4) Chukwudebe A et al; J Agric Food Chem 37: 539-45 (1989)
(5) USEPA; Organophosphate Pesticide Tolerance Reassessment and Reregistration. Acephate. Revised Environmental Fate and Effects Assessment. EFED Acephate Environmental Fate RED Chapter. Washington, DC: USPEA. Available at : https://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/op/acephate/efedrra.pdf as of Jan 12, 2007.

12.2.12 Environmental Bioconcentration

Acephate residues did not bioaccumulate in the edible tissues or viscera of bluegill sunfish continuously exposed to 0.007 or 0.7 ppm acephate for 35 days(1). The average bioconcentration factor in edible tissues during the study was 10. In a model ecosystem study, acephate did not bioaccumulate in any of the organisms in the ecosystem that included algae, clam, crab, daphnia, elodea, fish, mosquito and snail(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF value suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).
(1) USEPA; EPA Interim Registration Eligibility Decision Document. Acephate. EPA 738-R-01-013, September 2001. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm as of Jan 12, 2007.
(2) Sanborn JR; The Fate of Selected Pesticides in the Aquatic Environment. USEPA-660/3-74-025. Ecol Res Series (1974)
(3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)

12.2.13 Soil Adsorption / Mobility

In batch equilibrium studies using four soils, acephate was not sufficiently adsorbed in 3 of the soils to permit determination of the adsorption coefficient(1). The Koc of acephate in the fourth soil, a clay loam with pH 5.8 and 3.3% organic matter was reported as 4.7(1). Based on a classification scheme(2), this Koc value indicates that acephate is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC).
(1) USEPA; EPA Interim Registration Eligibility Decision Document. Acephate. EPA 738-R-01-013, September 2001. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm as of Jan 12, 2007.
(2) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 23 (1983)

12.2.14 Volatilization from Water / Soil

The Henry's Law constant for acephate is estimated as 5X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 1.7X10-6 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 8.18X10+5 mg/L(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that acephate is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from moist soil and water surfaces(2). Acephate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).
(1) Wauchope RD et al; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 123: 1-35 (1991)
(2) Lyman W et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-15 to 15-29 (1990)

12.2.15 Effluent Concentrations

An acephate concn of 134 mg/L was detected in the rinsate effluent from washing (rinsing) an airplane tank used to hold the insecticide during spray application(1).
(1) Woodrow JE et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 42: 22-9 (1989)

12.2.16 Atmospheric Concentrations

SOURCE DOMINATED: An acephate concn of 15 ng/cu m was detected in the ambient air of a commercial pesticide storage building that was used to store 43 different pesticides(1).
(1) Yeboah PO, Kilgore WW; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 32: 629-34 (1984)

12.2.17 Food Survey Values

In the FDA's Total Diet Study (also known as the Market Basket Study since foods are purchased from local grocery stores throughout the US) for 1988, acephate was positively detected in 33 of 1170 food items (concn not reported, but the average daily intake for three age groups was approximately 0.01 ug/kg body wt/day)(1). During a 5 yr study conducted during 1981-1986, the Los Angeles District Office of the FDA analyzed 19,851 samples of domestic and imported food for pesticide residues(2-3); acephate was detected in 705 samples at concns ranging from 0.05 to >2.0 ppm (all but 18 samples had concn of 1.0 ppm or less)(2-3). Acephate was identified in 16 out of 1,039 food items analyzed for in the 2003 FDA Market Basket Survey at a concentration range of 0.007-0.459 ppm(4). Acephate was identified in 16 out of 1,030 food items analyzed for in the 2002 FDA Market Basket Survey at a concentration range of 0.002-0.350 ppm(4). Acephate was identified in 24 out of 1,030 food items analyzed for in the 2001 FDA Market Basket Survey at a concentration range of 0.002-0.505 ppm(4). Acephate was identified, not quantified, in an unspecified number of food items in the year 2000 FDA Market Basket Survey(4).
(1) FDA; Food & Drug Administration Pesticide Program: Residues in the Foods-1988, Washington DC: FDA (1989)
(2) Luke MA et al; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 71: 415-20 (1988)
(3) Hundley HK et al; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 71: 875-92 (1988)
(4) FDA; FDA Pesticide Program. Residue Monitoring 1993-2003. Available at: https://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/pesrpts.html as of Jan 12, 2007.

12.2.18 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 770 (378 of these are female) workers are potentially exposed to acephate in the USA(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers; therefore, the actual number of exposures may be underestimated. Occupational exposure to acephate may occur through inhalation of dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where acephate is produced or used(SRC). Four workers involved in the formulation of acephate products were monitored over an 8 day period to determine inhalation and dermal exposures(2); median air concns (8 hr TWA) ranged from 0.278 to 2.17 mg/cu m and median total-body skin deposition ranged from 26.1 to 41.9 mg/day(2). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to acephate via ingestion of food(SRC).
(1) NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983). Available at https://www.cdc.gov/noes/noes1/t0473sic.html as of Jan 12, 2007.
(2) Maroni M et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 19: 782-8 (1990)

12.2.19 Average Daily Intake

FOOD: The FDA's Total Diet Study for 1988 reported the following average daily intakes (in ug/kg body wt/day) for acephate(1): infants (6-11 mo old) - 0.0105, 14-16 yr old males-0.0080, 60-65 yr old females-0.0104(1). The FDA's Total Diet Study for 1982-1984 reported the following average daily intakes (in ug/kg body wt/day) for acephate(1): infants (6-11 mo old) - 0.0003, toddlers (2 yr old): 0.0011, 14-16 yr old females: 0.0008, 14-16 yr old males-0.0016, 25-30 yr-old females-0.0025, 25-30 yr old males-0.0026, 60-65 yr old females-0.0022, 60-65 yr old males-0.0017(2).
(1) FDA; Food & Drug Administration Pesticide Program: Residues in Foods-1988, Washington DC: FDA (1989)
(2) Gunderson EL; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 71: 1200-9 (1988)

13 Associated Disorders and Diseases

Associated Occupational Diseases with Exposure to the Compound

14 Literature

14.1 Consolidated References

14.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

14.3 Springer Nature References

14.4 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

14.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

14.6 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

15 Patents

15.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

15.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

15.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

15.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

15.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

16 Interactions and Pathways

16.1 Chemical-Target Interactions

17 Biological Test Results

17.1 BioAssay Results

18 Taxonomy

19 Classification

19.1 MeSH Tree

19.2 NCI Thesaurus Tree

19.3 ChEBI Ontology

19.4 KEGG: Pesticides

19.5 ChemIDplus

19.6 CAMEO Chemicals

19.7 ChEMBL Target Tree

19.8 UN GHS Classification

19.9 EPA CPDat Classification

19.10 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

19.11 EPA DSSTox Classification

19.12 Consumer Product Information Database Classification

19.13 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

19.14 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

20 Information Sources

  1. Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS)
    Phosphoramidothioic acid, acetyl-, O,S-dimethyl ester
    https://services.industrialchemicals.gov.au/search-assessments/
  2. CAMEO Chemicals
    LICENSE
    CAMEO Chemicals and all other CAMEO products are available at no charge to those organizations and individuals (recipients) responsible for the safe handling of chemicals. However, some of the chemical data itself is subject to the copyright restrictions of the companies or organizations that provided the data.
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/help/reference/terms_and_conditions.htm?d_f=false
    CAMEO Chemical Reactivity Classification
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
  3. CAS Common Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
  4. ChemIDplus
    ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
  5. EPA DSSTox
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
  6. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
  7. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
    LICENSE
    Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: "Source: European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/". Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice page.
    https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/legal-notice
  8. FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS)
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  9. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  10. ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
  11. New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
    LICENSE
    This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International licence.
    https://www.epa.govt.nz/about-this-site/general-copyright-statement/
  12. NJDOH RTK Hazardous Substance List
  13. Risk Assessment Information System (RAIS)
    LICENSE
    This work has been sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Environmental Management, Oak Ridge Operations (ORO) Office through a joint collaboration between United Cleanup Oak Ridge LLC (UCOR), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), and The University of Tennessee, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The Institute for Environmental Modeling (TIEM). All rights reserved.
    https://rais.ornl.gov/
  14. California Safe Cosmetics Program (CSCP) Product Database
  15. EU Pesticides Database
  16. Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
    LICENSE
    Copyright (c) 2022 Haz-Map(R). All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials from Haz-Map are copyrighted by Haz-Map(R). No part of these materials, either text or image may be used for any purpose other than for personal use. Therefore, reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly prohibited without prior written permission.
    https://haz-map.com/About
  17. ChEBI
  18. NCI Thesaurus (NCIt)
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise indicated, all text within NCI products is free of copyright and may be reused without our permission. Credit the National Cancer Institute as the source.
    https://www.cancer.gov/policies/copyright-reuse
  19. Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
    LICENSE
    T3DB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (T3DB) and the original publication.
    http://www.t3db.ca/downloads
  20. ChEMBL
    LICENSE
    Access to the web interface of ChEMBL is made under the EBI's Terms of Use (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html). The ChEMBL data is made available on a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/).
    http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html
  21. Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD)
    LICENSE
    It is to be used only for research and educational purposes. Any reproduction or use for commercial purpose is prohibited without the prior express written permission of NC State University.
    http://ctdbase.org/about/legal.jsp
  22. Consumer Product Information Database (CPID)
    LICENSE
    Copyright (c) 2024 DeLima Associates. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials from CPID are copyrighted by DeLima Associates. No part of these materials, either text or image may be used for any purpose other than for personal use. Therefore, reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly prohibited without prior written permission.
    https://www.whatsinproducts.com/contents/view/1/6
    Consumer Products Category Classification
    https://www.whatsinproducts.com/
  23. EPA Chemical and Products Database (CPDat)
  24. EPA Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database
  25. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
    LICENSE
    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    Acephate
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  26. EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants at Superfund Sites
  27. EPA Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
  28. USDA Pesticide Data Program
  29. USGS Health-Based Screening Levels for Evaluating Water-Quality Data
  30. Hazardous Chemical Information System (HCIS), Safe Work Australia
  31. NITE-CMC
    acephate (ISO); O S-dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate - FY2008 (New/original classication)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/08-mhlw-0265e.html
    (RS)-O,S-Dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate (synonym: Acephate) - FY2021 (Revised classification)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/21-meti-2021e.html
    (RS)-(O,S-Dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate) (Acephate) - FY2018 (Revised classification)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/18-moe-2099e.html
  32. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council
    LICENSE
    The copyright for the editorial content of this source, the summaries of EU legislation and the consolidated texts, which is owned by the EU, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence.
    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/legal-notice/legal-notice.html
    acephate (ISO); O,S-dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate
    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2008/1272/oj
  33. Human Metabolome Database (HMDB)
    LICENSE
    HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications.
    http://www.hmdb.ca/citing
  34. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
  35. KEGG
    LICENSE
    Academic users may freely use the KEGG website. Non-academic use of KEGG generally requires a commercial license
    https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/legal.html
  36. KNApSAcK Species-Metabolite Database
  37. MassBank Europe
  38. MassBank of North America (MoNA)
    LICENSE
    The content of the MoNA database is licensed under CC BY 4.0.
    https://mona.fiehnlab.ucdavis.edu/documentation/license
  39. NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
    LICENSE
    Data covered by the Standard Reference Data Act of 1968 as amended.
    https://www.nist.gov/srd/public-law
  40. SpectraBase
    O-METHYL S-METHYL N-ACETYLTHIOAMIDOPHOSPHATE
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/GcVH0Jxwz4v
  41. Metabolomics Workbench
  42. USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center
  43. Springer Nature
  44. SpringerMaterials
  45. Wikidata
  46. Wikipedia
  47. PubChem
  48. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
    LICENSE
    Works produced by the U.S. government are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any such works found on National Library of Medicine (NLM) Web sites may be freely used or reproduced without permission in the U.S.
    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
  49. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  50. EPA Substance Registry Services
  51. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  52. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
  53. NCBI
CONTENTS