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2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran

PubChem CID
42128
Structure
2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran_small.png
2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran_3D_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • 2,3,4,7,8-PENTACHLORODIBENZOFURAN
  • 57117-31-4
  • Dibenzofuran, 2,3,4,7,8-pentachloro-
  • 4-PeCDF
  • HSDB 7178
Molecular Weight
340.4 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-08-08
  • Modify:
    2025-01-18
Description
2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran is a solid. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran is a polychlorinated dibenzofuran.
Chlorinated dibenzofurans (CDFs) are a family of chemical that contain one to eight chlorine atoms attached to the carbon atoms of the parent chemical, dibenzofuran. The CDF family contains 135 individual compounds (known as congeners) with varying harmful health and environmental effects. Of these 135 compounds, those that contain chlorine atoms at the 2,3,7,8-positions of the parent dibenzofuran molecule are especially harmful. Other than for laboratory use of small amounts of CDFs for research and development purposes, these chemicals are not deliberately produced by industry. Most CDFs are produced in very small amounts as unwanted impurities of certain products and processes utilizing chlorinated compounds. Only a few of the 135 CDF compounds have been produced in large enough quantities so that their properties, such as color, smell, taste, and toxicity could be studied. (L952)
L952: Wikipedia. Dibenzofuran. Last Updated 1 June 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzofuran

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran.png

1.2 3D Conformer

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C12H3Cl5O/c13-6-1-4-5-2-8(15)10(16)11(17)12(5)18-9(4)3-7(6)14/h1-3H
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

OGBQILNBLMPPDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

C1=C2C3=CC(=C(C(=C3OC2=CC(=C1Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

C12H3Cl5O
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

57117-31-4

2.3.2 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.3 UNII

2.3.4 UN Number

2.3.5 ChEBI ID

2.3.6 ChEMBL ID

2.3.7 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.8 HMDB ID

2.3.9 KEGG ID

2.3.10 Nikkaji Number

2.3.11 Pharos Ligand ID

2.3.12 Wikidata

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
340.4 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
XLogP3
Property Value
6.9
Reference
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
339.859703 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
337.862653 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
13.1 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
18
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
328
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran is a solid. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Solid; [CAMEO]

3.2.2 Melting Point

383 to 385 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
196-196.5 °C
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V69 (1997) 347

3.2.3 Solubility

In water, 0.000235 mg/liter @ 23 °C
Friesen KJ et al; Chemosphere 20: 27-32 (1990)

3.2.4 Vapor Pressure

0.00000035 [mmHg]
2.63X10-9 mm Hg @ 25 °C
Rordorf BF; Chemosphere 18: 183-788 (1989)

3.2.5 LogP

log Kow = 6.92
Sijm DTHM et al; Chemosphere 19: 263-6 (1989)

3.2.6 Henry's Law Constant

Henry's Law constant: 5.01X10-6 atm-cu m/mole @ 25 °C /Estimated/
US EPA; Estimation Programs Interface (EPI). ver. 3.10. U.S. EPA version for Windows. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA (2001). Available from, as of Oct 31, 2003: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm

3.2.7 Kovats Retention Index

Semi-standard non-polar
2536 , 2545 , 2586 , 2551 , 2551

3.2.8 Other Experimental Properties

When heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes of Cl+.
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 10th ed. Volumes 1-3 New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1999., p. V3 2832
/Toxic equivalency factors (TEF), indicate the toxicity of a compound relative to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, which itself has been assigned a TEF of 1.0. Concentration data for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins are frequently reported in units of toxic equivalency which are equal to the measured concentration of substance multiplied by its TEF./ The TEF for 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran is 0.5.
USEPA; Interim Procedures for Estimating Risks Associated with Exposures to Mixtures of Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans (CDDs and CFs) and 1989 Update. Washington, DC: USEPA. USEPA625/3-89/016, March 1989.
Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant: 1.15X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec @ 25 °C /Estimated/
US EPA; Estimation Programs Interface (EPI). ver. 3.10. U.S. EPA version for Windows. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA (2001). Available from, as of Oct 31, 2003: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm

3.3 SpringerMaterials Properties

3.4 Chemical Classes

3.4.1 Endocrine Disruptors

Potential endocrine disrupting compound
S109 | PARCEDC | List of 7074 potential endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) by PARC T4.2 | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.10944198

3.4.2 Polymers

Other Classes -> Halogenated Polyaromatics

4 Spectral Information

4.1 Mass Spectrometry

4.1.1 GC-MS

Source of Spectrum
KO-12-250-0
Copyright
Copyright © 2020-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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6 Chemical Vendors

7 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

7.1 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Male Fischer-344 rats received a single oral dose of 14C-2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF at 34-338 ug/kg, and 3 days after dosing, CDF-derived radioactivity was most concentrated in the liver (>50%), followed by adipose (6%), skin (0.9%), and muscle (0.5%). When expressed as percentage of the dose per gram of tissue, the liver had 5.9% followed by adipose with 0.3%, and adrenal with 0.15%. Regardless of how the results were expressed, tissue distribution was not dose-related, and all other tissues and organs had only traces of radioactivity. .../About/ 30% of the CDF-derived radioactivity was excreted in the feces over a 3 day period, regardless of the dose. No radioactivity was detected in expired air, and urinary excretion accounted for <0.01% of the dose per day. Analysis of fecal samples 1 day after dosing suggested that >50% of the CDF-derived radioactivity was parent compound; however, 2 days later this fell to 20%. These results, when compared with those obtained with the tetra-substituted congener in rats, suggest that by adding a chlorine substitute to position four in the CDF ring, excretion rate is decreased by half. .../This/ is related to the metabolic handling of the two congeners. /2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran/
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chlorodibenzofurans p.57 and 64 (1994). Available from, as of September 19, 2003: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp32.html
Young male Wistar rats absorbed approximately 6.8% of a single oral dose of 1.0 mg 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF/kg bw given in salad oil. The daily fecal excretion was about 0.1% of the administered dose/day, whereas no 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF was detected in urine. Four weeks after dosing the retention of 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF in the liver was 48.8% of the dose. The addition of 5% of activated charcoal beads to the diet, one week after dosing and throughout the study, increased the fecal elimination of 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF about 3-fold, but had no effect on urinary elimination. Both the liver and extrahepatic tissues, except the kidney, from rats on basal diet supplemented with activated charcoal beads had lower levels of 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF than rats on basal diet only. /2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran/
WHO; Environ Health Criteria 88: Polychlorinated Dibenzo-para-dioxins and Dibenzofurans p.269 (1989)
The oral bioavailability of 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF (2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran) in corn oil is similar to that of TCDD. Furthermore, 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF absorption was independent of the dose (0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 umol/kg).
Schecter A, Gasiewicz TA; Dioxins and Health 2nd ed. p.193 (2003)
Studies in the rat, guinea pig, hamster, and mouse have found that essentially all of the TCDD-derived radioactivity excreted in the urine and bile corresponds to metabolites of TCDD. The apparent absence of TCDD metabolites in liver and fat suggests that once formed, the metabolites of TCDD are excreted readily. Thus, urinary and biliary elimination of TCDD depends on metabolism of the toxin. The more limited data for other compounds also suggest that this relationship may be true for ...1,2,3,7,8-pentaCDF, /and/ 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF... .
Schecter A, Gasiewicz TA; Dioxins and Health 2nd ed. p.217 (2003)
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for 2,3,4,7,8-PENTACHLORODIBENZOFURAN (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

7.2 Metabolism / Metabolites

Among the pentaCDFs, the rate of transformation of 1,2,3,4,8-, 1,2,3,7,8-, and 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF was high, moderate, and low, respectively. The predominant metabolite (out of 7 compounds found) of 1,2,3,7,8-pentaCDF was a hydroxy-pentaCDF. According to investigators, formation of 6,7-dihydroxy-pentaCDF may also have occurred. Tetrachlorinated compounds were also identified. The major metabolite (out of 12 compounds found) of 1,2,3,7,8-pentaCDF was a dihydroxy-pentaCDF; other derivatives included monohydroxy-tetra- and pentaCDFs and a trichloro-dihydroxyCDF. Metabolism of 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF led to 2 major compounds (out of 10 compounds found), a methoxy-pentaCDF, and a dimethoxy-pentachlorobiphenyl, the latter formed by ether cleavage. A sulfur containing metabolite was also present. Unmetabolized pentaCDFs were also excreted in the bile. Only a small amount of a hydroxy-pentaCDF was identified from 1,2,3,6,7,8- hexaCDF, whereas no metabolites were detected from 1,2,3,4,6,7-heptaCDF. /Pentachlorodibenzofurans/
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chlorodibenzofurans p.61 (1994). Available from, as of September 24, 2003: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp32.html
Limited data suggest that autoinduction of metabolism and biliary excretion does occur for PCDFs, in contrast to PCDDs. Pretreatment of rats with 2,3,7,8-TCDF (1.0 umol/kg, 3 days earlier) significantly increased the biliary excretion of a subsequent dose of (14C)2,3,7,8-TCDF. The naive rats excreted 5.7 + or - 2.4% of the dose over the initial 8 hr, while the pretreated rats excreted 13.2 + or - 3.2% of the (14C)2,3,7,8-TCDF. Similarly, pretreatment of rats with 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF (500 ug/kg, /orally/, 3 days earlier) resulted in a two-fold increase in the biliary elimination of a subsequent dose of (14C)2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF. These results suggest that pretreatment with 2,3,7,8-TCDF and 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF induces the metabolism of these congeners.
Schecter A, Gasiewicz TA; Dioxins and Health 2nd ed. p.216 (2003)
No information on the metabolism of dibenzofuran in mammalian organisms was found in the available literature. The bacteria Sphingomonas, Brevibacterium, Terrabacter, and Staphylococcus auricularis degrade dibenzofuran to 2,2',3-trihydroxybiphenyl via dibenzofuran 4,4a-dioxygenase. (L952)
L952: Wikipedia. Dibenzofuran. Last Updated 1 June 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzofuran

7.3 Biological Half-Life

... the half-life in the liver of the rat /is/ more than 100 days
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V69 408 (1997)
Elimination half-life estimate for 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF in 5 German herbicide plant workers was 19.6 years, based on 2-3 serum samples taken in 6.3 year period. /from table/
Schecter A, Gasiewicz TA; Dioxins and Health 2nd ed. p.219 (2003)

7.4 Mechanism of Action

Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon (HAH) compounds- /including/... polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs)-constitute a group of structurally related chemicals that induce similar toxic responses in experimental animals. ...The toxicity of some of the more active... isomers has been related to their ability to bind to a specific receptor protein, the Ah receptor, with subsequent translocation to the nucleus and induction of activation of several genes. It is thought that both immunotoxicity and carcinogenicity of HAH are related to and mediated by the receptor. HAHs are reported to promote and inhibit carcinogenesis initiated by other neoplasia-inducing agents, and it is thought that their promoter property may be related to immunotoxicity. Initial evidence on the effect of HAH on the immune system stems from the fact that exposure to high levels resulted in thymic atrophy. HAH compounds have also been shown to increase mortality among mice infected with several microorganisms, implying decreased resistance to infections. Studies of HAH exposure to decreased T-cell (CTL) activity but not with NK-cell activity or macrophage cytotoxicity. The number of peritoneal exudate macrophages is diminished in mice following exposure to HAH. A large number of studies have been performed to assess the effects of HAH exposure on humoral immunity in rodents; effects noted are reduction in the number of splenic antibody-producing cells following sensitization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC), suppression of the antibody response to SRBC, and reduction of serum antibody titers to a wide range of antigens, including tetanus toxoid and certain viruses. Inconsistent effects on levels of serum IgM, IgG, and IgA, and direct effects on B-cell differentiation in vitro have been reported. ... /Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons/
Rom, W.N. (ed.). Environmental and Occupational Medicine. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 1992., p. 82

8 Use and Manufacturing

8.1 Uses

CDFs are created from production of coal tar and during incineration. They are used as insecticides, in the production of PVC, and in industrial bleaching. (L952)
L952: Wikipedia. Dibenzofuran. Last Updated 1 June 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzofuran

9 Identification

9.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

Method: EPA-EAD 1613, Tetra- through Octa-Chlorinated Dioxins and Furans by Isotope Dilution High Resolution Gas Chromatography/High Resolution Mass Spectrometry; Analyte: 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran; Matrix: water, soil, sediment, sludge, tissue, and other sample matrices; Detection Level: 50 picogram/l.
National Environmental Methods Index; Analytical, Test and Sampling Methods. 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran (51207-31-9). Available from, as of November 10, 2003: https://www.nemi.gov
Method: NOAA_NST 130.30: Procdeure: GC-MS; Analyte: 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran; Matrix: marine sediments; Detection Level: 1 ng/g.
National Environmental Methods Index; Analytical, Test and Sampling Methods. 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran (57117-31-4). Available from, as of April 20, 2004: https://www.nemi.gov

9.2 Clinical Laboratory Methods

Method: NOAA_NST 130.31: Procdeure: GC-MS; Analyte: 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran; Matrix: marine animal tissues; Detection Level: 4.7 ng/g.
National Environmental Methods Index; Analytical, Test and Sampling Methods. n 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran (57117-31-4). Available from, as of April 20, 2004: https://www.nemi.gov

10 Safety and Hazards

10.1 Hazards Identification

10.1.1 GHS Classification

Pictogram(s)
Acute Toxic
Irritant
Health Hazard
Environmental Hazard
Signal
Danger
GHS Hazard Statements

H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (100%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H350 (100%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H373 (100%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 39 reports by companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

10.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Acute Tox. 1 (100%)

Eye Irrit. 2 (100%)

STOT SE 3 (100%)

Carc. 1A (100%)

STOT RE 2 (100%)

Aquatic Acute 1 (100%)

Aquatic Chronic 1 (100%)

10.1.3 Health Hazards

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause environmental contamination. (ERG, 2024)

10.1.4 Fire Hazards

Flash point data for this compound are not available. It is probably combustible. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

10.1.5 Hazards Summary

Causes liver injury, tumors, and reproductive effects in animal experiments; [RTECS] See CHLORINATED DIBENZOFURANS.

10.2 First Aid Measures

10.2.1 First Aid

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Generally, the induction of vomiting is NOT recommended outside of a physician's care due to the risk of aspirating the chemical into the victim's lungs. However, if the victim is conscious and not convulsing and if medical help is not readily available, consider the risk of inducing vomiting because of the high toxicity of the chemical ingested. Ipecac syrup or salt water may be used in such an emergency. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

10.3 Fire Fighting

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

10.4 Accidental Release Measures

10.4.1 Isolation and Evacuation

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

10.4.2 Disposal Methods

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

10.5 Handling and Storage

10.5.1 Nonfire Spill Response

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then dampen the solid spill material with toluene, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with toluene to pick up any remaining material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent-wash all contaminated surfaces with toluene followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material in a refrigerator. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

10.6 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

10.6.1 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with a combination filter cartridge, i.e. organic vapor/acid gas/HEPA (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas, SO2 and a high efficiency particulate filter). (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

10.7 Stability and Reactivity

10.7.1 Air and Water Reactions

Insoluble in water.

10.7.2 Reactive Group

Ethers

Aryl Halides

10.7.3 Reactivity Profile

Simple aromatic halogenated organic compounds are very unreactive. Halogenated organics generally become less reactive as more of their hydrogen atoms are replaced with halogen atoms. Materials in this group are incompatible with strong oxidizing and reducing agents. Also, they are incompatible with many amines, nitrides, azo/diazo compounds, alkali metals, and epoxides.

10.8 Transport Information

10.8.1 DOT Label

Poison

10.9 Regulatory Information

California Safe Cosmetics Program (CSCP) Reportable Ingredient

Hazard Traits - Bioaccumulation; Carcinogenicity; Dermatotoxicity; Developmental Toxicity; Endocrine Toxicity; Environmental Persistence; Environmental tox; Hematotoxicity; Hepatotoxicity and Digestive System Toxicity; Reproductive Toxicity

Authoritative List - CA TACs; CWA 303(d); IARC Carcinogens - 1; OEHHA RELs; WA PBTs

Report - regardless of intended function of ingredient in the product

10.10 Other Safety Information

10.10.1 Special Reports

DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chlorodibenzofurans p.39 (1994). Available from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp32.html as of September 17, 2003.

11 Toxicity

11.1 Toxicological Information

11.1.1 Toxicity Summary

Halogenated dibenzofurans (PCDFs and PBDFs) bind the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which increases its ability to activate transcription in the XRE (xenobiotic resoponse element) promoter region. Specifically AhR binds to the PCDF, translocates it to the nucleus and together with hydrocarbon nuclear translocator (ARNT) and xenobiotic responsive element (XRE) increases the expression of CYP1A1 and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (CYP1B1). AhR signaling also increseases conversion of arachidonic acid to prostanoids via cyclooxygenase-2, alters Wnt/beta-catenin signaling downregulating Sox9 and alters signaling by receptors for inflammatory cytokines. AhR signalling also alters proteasomal degradation of steroid hormone receptors, alters cellular UVB stress response and changes the differentiation of certain T-cell subsets. The resulting AhR mediated activation and alteration leads to body weight loss, cancer and thymic atrophy (characteristic of immune and endocrine disruption) which are common toxic responses to PCDFs and related toxic halogenated aryl hydrocarbons.

11.1.2 RAIS Toxicity Values

Inhalation Unit Risk (IUR) (ug/m^3)^-1
11.4
Inhalation Unit Risk Reference
WHO/TEF
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
1.33333333333333e-07
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration Reference
WHO/TEF
Oral Acute Reference Dose (RfDoa)(mg/kg-day)
5e-07
Oral Acute Reference Dose Reference
ATSDR Final
Oral Chronic Reference Dose (RfDoc) (mg/kg-day)
4e-09
Oral Chronic Reference Dose Reference
ATSDR Final
Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose (RfDos) (mg/kg-day)
7e-09
Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose Reference
ATSDR Final
Short-term Oral Reference Dose (RfDot) (mg/kg-day)
7e-09
Short-term Oral Reference Dose Reference
ATSDR Final
Oral Slope Factor (CSFo)(mg/kg-day)^-1
39000
Oral Slope Factor Reference
WHO/TEF

11.1.3 Evidence for Carcinogenicity

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of polychlorinated dibenzofurans. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran. Overall evaluation: Polychlorinated dibenzofurans are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3). /Polychlorinated dibenzofurans/
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V69 422 (1997)

11.1.4 Carcinogen Classification

1 of 3
IARC Carcinogenic Agent
2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran
IARC Carcinogenic Classes
Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans
IARC Monographs
Volume 100F: (2012) Chemical Agents and Related Occupations
Additional information
NB Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 based on mechanistic and other relevant data
2 of 3
NTP Technical Report
TR-525: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) (CASRN 57117-31-4) in Female Harlan Sprague-Dawley Rats (Gavage Studies) (2006 )
Peer Review Date
Conclusion for Male Rat
Chemical Not Tested in Species/Sex Chemical Not Tested in Species/Sex
Conclusion for Female Rat
Some Evidence Some Evidence
Conclusion for Male Mice
Chemical Not Tested in Species/Sex Chemical Not Tested in Species/Sex
Conclusion for Female Mice
Chemical Not Tested in Species/Sex Chemical Not Tested in Species/Sex
Summary

Under the conditions of this 2-year gavage study, there was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of PeCDF in female Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats, based on increased incidences of hepatocellular adenoma and cholangiocarcinoma of the liver and gingival squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa. Occurrences of cystic keratinizing epithelioma of the lung, neoplasms of the pancreatic acinus, and carcinoma of the uterus may have been related to administration of PeCDF.

PeCDF administration caused increased incidences of nonneoplastic lesions of the liver, oral mucosa, uterus, lung, pancreas, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal cortex, kidney, heart, and forestomach in female rats.

3 of 3
Carcinogen Classification
1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

11.1.5 Health Effects

CDFs cause vomiting and diarrhea, anemia, more frequent lung infections, numbness and other effects on the nervous system, and mild changes in the liver. However, there were no permanent liver changes or definite liver damage found in people who ingested CDFs. (L952)
L952: Wikipedia. Dibenzofuran. Last Updated 1 June 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzofuran

11.1.6 Exposure Routes

Inhalation (L952) ; dermal (L952) ; oral (L952)
L952: Wikipedia. Dibenzofuran. Last Updated 1 June 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzofuran

11.1.7 Symptoms

Skin and eye irritations, especially severe acne, darkened skin color, and swollen eyelids with discharge are the most obvious health effects of the CDF poisoning. (L952)
L952: Wikipedia. Dibenzofuran. Last Updated 1 June 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzofuran

11.1.8 Adverse Effects

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

Dermatotoxin - Chloracne.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 1: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as established human carcinogens.

11.1.9 Acute Effects

11.1.10 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

Emergency and supportive measures. Treat skin, eye, and respiratory irritation symptomatically. /Dioxins/
Olson, K.R. (ed.) Poisoning & Drug Overdose. 3rd edition. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. 1999., p. 157
Specific drugs and antidotes. There is no specific antidote. /Dioxins/
Olson, K.R. (ed.) Poisoning & Drug Overdose. 3rd edition. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. 1999., p. 157
Decontamination. 1. Inhalation. Remove victims from exposure and give supplemental oxygen if available. 2. Eyes and skin. Remove contaminated clothing and wash affected skin with copious soap and water; irrigate exposed eyes with copious tepid water or saline.Personnel involved in decontamination should wear protective gear appropriate to the suspected level of contamination. 3. Ingestion. a. Prehospital. Administer activated charcoal if available. Ipecac-induced vomiting may be useful for initial treatment at the scene (eg, children at home) if it can be given within a few minutes of exposure. b. Hospital. Administer activated charcoal. Gastric emptying is not necessary if activated charcoalcan be given promptly. /Dioxins/
Olson, K.R. (ed.) Poisoning & Drug Overdose. 3rd edition. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. 1999., p. 157
Enhanced elimination. There is no known role for these procedures. /Dioxins/
Olson, K.R. (ed.) Poisoning & Drug Overdose. 3rd edition. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. 1999., p. 157

11.1.11 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Clinical observations strongly suggest that Yusho and Yu-Cheng patients experienced frequent or more severe skin and respiratory infections and lowered resistance to illness. Various changes in immune status have been reported in Yusho and Yu-Cheng patients, including decreased serum IgA and IgM levels and lymphocyte subpopulations, diminished phagocyte complement and IgG receptors, and diminished delayed-type skin hypersensitive response. Immune status was normal in children 7-9 years old who had in utero Yu-Cheng exposure. /Chlorodibenzofurans/
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chlorodibenzofurans p.39 (1994). Available from, as of September 17, 2003: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp32.html
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Irregular menstrual cycles and abnormal basal body temperature patterns were observed in about 60% and 85% of female Yusho patients, respectively. These alterations were accompanied by decreased urinary excretion of estrogens, pregnanediol, and pregnanetriol, and possibly suggest corpus luteum insufficiency and retarded follicular maturation. /Chlorodibenzofurans/
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chlorodibenzofurans p.42 (1994). Available from, as of September 19, 2003: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp32.html
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Skin lesions are commonly observed in children born to mothers with Yusho or Yu-Cheng exposure. The dermal changes are consistent with those observed in exposed adults and include hyperpigmentation of the skin, nails and gingivae, deformed nails, conjunctivitis, and acne. These effects generally diminished as the babies grew older. Eight of 39 hyperpigmented children born to Yu-Cheng-intoxicated mothers died perinatally due to pneumonia, bronchitis, and prematurity. Decreased birth weight is another commonly reported effect of Yusho and Yu-Cheng exposure. A health survey of most (117) living children known to have been in utero during or after Yu-Cheng exposure found that mean birth weight was decreased 15%. Neurobehavioral assessment based on parental reports showed that 49% of these children were delayed (older) in achieving developmental milestones compared to 22% of unexposed children, but this was not clearly corroborated by neurological examiners. Cognitive testing (Bayley mental and psychomotor developmental indices, Stanford-Binet test, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) showed significantly lower overall age-adjusted developmental scores in the exposed children. Delays were seen at all ages and were greater in children who were smaller in size, had neonatal signs of intoxication and/or had a history of nail deformities. Results of follow-up testing (Stanford-Binet test and Wechsler Intelligence Scale) when the children were 4-7 years old indicate that effects on cognitive development persisted for several years following exposure. Urinary excretion of total porphyrins was mildly increased in children of Yu-Cheng mothers. Immune status was normal in Yu-Cheng children 7-9 years old. /Chlorodibenzofurans/
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chlorodibenzofurans p.43 (1994). Available from, as of September 19, 2003: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp32.html
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ /Much of the information that pertains to human health effects of /chlorodibenzofurans/ (CDFs) comes from large numbers of people who consumed rice oil contaminated with /polychlorinated biphenyls/ (PCBs) heat exchange fluid in Japan in 1968 (Yusho incident) and Taiwan in 1979 (Yu-Cheng incident). The PCBs were heated in thermal heat exchangers before contamination occurred, and also during cooking, resulting in the production of relatively high concentrations of CDFs and polychlorinated quaterphenyl (PCQ) impurities by thermal degradation. Yusho involved at least 1,854 victims exposed over l0 months, and Yu-Cheng involved at least 2,061 victims exposed over 9 months. The concentrations of PCBs and PCQs in the rice oils were l00- to 500-fold greater than the CDFs. Because there are no data on human health effects of CDFs alone and little is known about the interactive effects of CDFs and PCBs and other components of the contaminated rice oils mixtures, the health effects in Yusho and Yu-Cheng victims cannot be attributed solely to CDFs. However, CDFs are generally considered to be the main causal agent based predominantly on comparisons with Japanese workers with higher PCB blood levels who had few or none of the symptoms present in the rice oil poisonings, decreasing serum levels of PCBs in victims with persisting health effects, induction of Yusho health effects in animals exposed to reconstituted mixtures of CDF congeners similar to those in Yusho oils, but not by exposure to PCBs or PCQs alone, and comparative toxicity evaluations of PCB and CDF congeners in unheated source mixtures, contaminated rice oil, and tissues of victims./ Characteristic skin changes included marked enlargement, elevation and keratotic plugging of follicular orifices, comedo formation, acneform eruptions, hyperpigmentation, hyperkeratosis, and deformed nails. The acne most commonly developed in the face and other parts of the head, axillae, trunk and external genitalia, with follicular plugging occurring in the axillae, groin, glenoid regions such as elbow and knee flexures, trunk, thigh, and outer aspect of the forearm. Dark-colored pigmentation frequently occurred in the gingival and buccal mucosa, lips, and nails and improved only gradually in most patients. Most patients showed eye discharge and other severe ocular effects during the acute phase of the Yusho and Yu-Cheng syndrome. These effects include meibomian gland changes (enlargement, inflammation, hypersecretion of cheese-like material) and dark-colored pigmentation of the conjunctivae and eyelids. Improvement of the ocular changes was gradual and occurred with improvement of dermal effects. /Chorodibenzofurans/
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chlorodibenzofurans p.36 (1994). Available from, as of September 17, 2003: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp32.html
For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 2,3,4,7,8-PENTACHLORODIBENZOFURAN (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.1.12 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Signs of toxicity in Fischer-344 rats given single, lethal dose of 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF included piloerection,splayed and hunched posture, and hypoactivity at > or =1,000 ug/kg, and tremors and lacrimation in one animal at 2,000 ug/kg. /2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran/
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chlorodibenzofurans p.41 (1994). Available from, as of September 19, 2003: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp32.html
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ A single gavage dose of 53 ug/kg 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF produced hepatic biochemical changes (increased microsomal 7-ethoxyresorufin 0-deethylase (EROD) activity, decreased vitamin A content) in Sprague-Dawley rats, but there was no change in relative liver weight, and histology was not evaluated. Single gavage doses of > or =100 ug/kg 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF were hepatotoxic to Fischer-344 rats as indicated by a spectrum of dose-related effects observed after 35 days, including increased EROD activity and relative liver weight, increased serum cholesterol (nearly doubled in all groups 7 days postexposure), and lipid accumulation in liver with biliary hyperplasia at > or =500 ug/kg. /2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran/
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chlorodibenzofurans p.30 (1994). Available from, as of September 17, 2003: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp32.html
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Reduced muscle mass, but no histological alterations in muscle, was observed in Hartley guinea pigs that were administered a single gavage dose of... > or =3 ug/kg 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF. The reduced muscle mass appears to be a manifestation of a generalized wasting syndrome. /2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran/
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chlorodibenzofurans p.30 (1994). Available from, as of September 17, 2003: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp32.html
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Decreased thymus weight and histologic atrophic changes in thymus (e.g., lymphoid depletion) occurred following single gavage doses of > or =100 ug/kg/day 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF in Fischer-344 rats, /and/ > or =3 ug/kg/day 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF... in Hartley guinea pigs... . /2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran/
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chlorodibenzofurans p.39 (1994). Available from, as of September 17, 2003: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp32.html
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 2,3,4,7,8-PENTACHLORODIBENZOFURAN (26 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.1.13 Non-Human Toxicity Values

LD50 Rat (Fischer-344, male) oral 916 ug/kg /2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran/
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chlorodibenzofurans p.13 (1994). Available from, as of September 17, 2003: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp32.html
LD50 Guinea pig (Hartley, male, 3-4 wk old) oral 5-10 ug/kg bw/30 days /2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran/
WHO; Environ Health Criteria 88: Polychlorinated Dibenzo-para-dioxins and Dibenzofurans p.276 (1989)

11.1.14 Ongoing Test Status

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=57117-31-4]

11.2 Ecological Information

11.2.1 Ecotoxicity Excerpts

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs in freshwater Baikal seals were found to be very high (blubber ww concentrations ...up to 120 ng/kg for 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF), probably reflecting the contamination of the Lake Baikal /Siberia/ food chain by local bleach kraft pulp and paper mill effluent. /Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans/
Shore R.F., Rattner BA. Ecotoxicology of Wild Mammals. Ecological & Environmental Toxicology Series 2001. John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y. 2001, p. 384

11.2.2 Environmental Fate / Exposure Summary

There are no commercial uses for 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran. 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran is directly released to the environment via emissions from municipal waste incineration, the burning of hazardous waste in industrial boilers, fires involving PCB transformers, exhaust from automobiles using leaded gasoline, and as a by-product from the bleaching of pulp. It also occurs as an impurity in technical grades of commercial pentachlorophenol and PCB mixtures. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 2.63X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran will exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. If released to soil, 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran is expected to have no mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 140,000. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.0X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization. This compound is expected to be biologically recalcitrant under aerobic conditions but may undergo reductive dechlorination at slow rates in anaerobic environments. If released into water, 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 9 and 106 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. An estimated BCF of 43,000 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran is unintentionally formed as a contaminant. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran via inhalation of ambient air and ingestion of food containing 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran. (SRC)

11.2.3 Natural Pollution Sources

Trace amounts of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (e.g., 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran) may come from sources such as forest fires(1).
(1) Bumb RR et al; Science 210: 385-90 (1980)

11.2.4 Artificial Pollution Sources

There are no commercial uses for 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran(SRC). 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran is directly released to the environment via emissions from municipal waste incineration, the burning of hazardous waste in industrial boilers, fires involving PCB transformers, exhaust from automobiles using leaded gasoline, and as a by-product from the bleaching of pulp(1-3). It also occurs as an impurity in technical grades of commercial pentachlorophenol and PCB mixtures(3).
(1) Czuczwa JM, Hites RA; Environ Sci Technol 20: 195-200 (1986)
(2) Czuczwa JM, Hites RA; Chemosphere 15: 1417-20 (1986)
(3) IARC; Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, International Agency For Research on Cancer, 69: 345-423 (1997)

11.2.5 Environmental Fate

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 140,000(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 6.92(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.0X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 2.63X10-9 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 2.35X10-4 mg/liter(5). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran is expected to be biologically recalcitrant under aerobic conditions in soil(SRC) based on a field study for 2,3,4,7-tetrachlorodibenzofuran(6).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) Sijm DTHM et al; Chemosphere 19: 263-6 (1989)
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9 (1990)
(4) Rordorf BF; Chemosphere 18: 183-788 (1989)
(5) Friesen KJ et al; Chemosphere 20: 27-32 (1990)
(6) Eljarrat E et al; Environ Sci Technol 31: 2765-71 (1997)
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 140,000(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 6.92(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.0X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 2.63X10-9 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 2.35X10-4 mg/liter(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 9.1 and 106 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column(SRC). The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is >59 years if adsorption is considered(6). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 43,000(SRC), from its log Kow (2) and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high(SRC). Photodegradation of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran may occur with dechlorination occurring at the lateral (i.e., 2,3,7,8) positions(9,10). 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran is expected to be biologically recalcitrant under aerobic conditions in water(SRC) based on a field study for 2,3,4,7-tetrachlorodibenzofuran(11).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) Sijm DTHM et al; Chemosphere 19: 263-266 (1989)
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(4) Rordorf BF; Chemosphere 18: 183-788 (1989)
(5) Friesen KJ et al; Chemosphere 20: 27-32 (1990)
(6) US EPA; EXAMS II Computer Simulation (1987)
(7) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
(8) Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999)
(9) IARC; Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, International Agency For Research on Cancer, V69: 357 (1997)
(10) Friesen KJ et al; Environ Sci Technol 30: 2504-2510 (1996)
(11) Eljarrat E et al; Environ Sci Technol 31: 2765-2771 (1997)
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran, which has a vapor pressure of 2.63X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Particulate-phase 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).
(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988)
(2) Rordorf BF; Chemosphere 18: 183-788 (1989)

11.2.6 Environmental Biodegradation

AEROBIC: 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran is expected to be biologically recalcitrant under aerobic conditions in both soil and water(SRC) based on a field study for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran(1).
(1) Eljarrat E et al; Environ Sci Technol 31: 2765-71 (1997)

11.2.7 Environmental Abiotic Degradation

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.2X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 140 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2). Photodegradation of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran occurs with dechlorination occurring at the lateral (i.e, 2,3,7,8) positions(3,4).
(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993)
(2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990)
(3) IARC; Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, International Agency For Research on Cancer, 69: 357 (1997)
(4) Friesen KJ et al; Environ Sci Technol 30: 2504-10 (1996)

11.2.8 Environmental Bioconcentration

An estimated BCF of 43,000 was calculated for 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran(SRC), using a log Kow of 6.92(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high(SRC).
(1) Sijm DTHM et al; Chemosphere 19: 263-6 (1989)
(2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999)
(3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)

11.2.9 Soil Adsorption / Mobility

The Koc of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran is estimated as 140,000(SRC), using a log Kow of 6.92(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC).
(1) Sijm DTHM et al; Chemosphere 19: 263-266 (1989)
(2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9 (1990)
(3) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)

11.2.10 Volatilization from Water / Soil

The Henry's Law constant for 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran is estimated as 5.0X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 2.63X10-9 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 2.35X10-4 mg/l(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 9.1 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 106 days(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column(SRC). The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is >59 years if adsorption is considered(4). 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).
(1) Rordorf BF; Chemosphere 18: 183-788 (1989)
(2) Friesen KJ et al; Chemosphere 20: 27-32 (1990)
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(4) US EPA; EXAMS II Computer Simulation (1987)

11.2.11 Environmental Water Concentrations

DRINKING WATER: A drinking water sample in Sweden contained 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran at a concn of 0.002 ppq (parts-per-quadrillion)(1). 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran was not detected (detection limit range, 0.3 to 2.7 pg/liter) in finished drinking water (both soluble and particulate fractions) collected at 19 locations in the US between the years 1986-87(2).
(1) Rappe C; pp. 121-31 in Banbury Report 35: Biological Basis for Risk Assessment of Dioxins and Related Compounds. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1991)
(2) IARC; Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, International Agency For Research on Cancer, 69: 488 (1997)

11.2.12 Effluent Concentrations

The estimated range of emission of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran from municipal solid waste incinerators were 0.2 to 200 ng/cu m(1). The most probable highest emission of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran from municipal sewage sludge incinerators was 2.0 ng/cu m(1). Automobile emissions of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran from 4 representative experiments were as follows (all pg/cu m): leaded gasoline (58.4), unleaded gasoline (4.0), unleaded gasoline with catalytic converter (0.31), diesel engine (0.36)(1).
(1) IARC; Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, International Agency For Research on Cancer, 69: 354, 356 (1997)

11.2.13 Sediment / Soil Concentrations

SOIL: Soils from a pentachlorophenol contaminated waste landfill in Germany contained 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran at a concn of 7,000 ppt(1). The concn of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in archived soil samples (years 1856 to 1913) from Rothamsted and Woburn Stackyard, UK ranged from 0.02 to 0.91 pg/g(2). Soils collected in the vicinity of a municipal solid waste incinerator in Tarragona, Spain contained
(1) Hagenmaier H, Berchfold A; Chemosphere 15: 1991-4 (1996)
(2) Green NJL et al; Environ Sci Technol 35: 1974-81 (2001)
(3) Schuhmacher M et al; Chemosphere 37: 2127-37 (1998)
SEDIMENT: In 1996-1998, the concn of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in surficial sediments from the Venice Lagoon (Italy) ranged from <0.010 to 1.136 ug/kg(1).
(1) Bellucci LG et al; Mar Pollut Bull 40: 65-76 (2000)

11.2.14 Atmospheric Concentrations

SOURCE DOMINATED: In 1987, the concn of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlordibenzofuran was found to be 0.042 pg/cu m in Akron, OH at 2 km from a municipal waste incinerator(1).
(1) Edgerton SA et al; Chemosphere 18: 1713-30 (1989)
URBAN/SUBURBAN: Outdoor air from Bridgeport, CT sampled between 1987-1988 contained 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran at a concn of 0.047 pg/cu m(1). Air samples from Bloomington, IN contained 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran at a concn of 0.017 pg/cu m in 1986 (2). Between the years 1987-1989, the concn of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in outdoor air from Southern California ranged from <0.009 to 0.110 pg/cu m(3). In 1987, the concn of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in outdoor air from Los Angeles, CA was 0.077 pg/cu m(4). Near a municipal solid waste incinerator in Dayton, OH, the concn of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran was 0.53 pg/cu m in 1988(5). In 1987, the concn of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in outdoor air near Akron, Columbus, and Waldo (all in state of Ohio) were 0.036, <0.056, and <0.033 pg/cu m, respectively(6). Air concns of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran at Lancaster, UK (Nov and Dec 1997) ranged from 7.1 to 230 fg/cu m while concns in particulate matter ranged from 0.51 to 0.99 fg/cu m(7).
(1) Hunt GT, Maisel Be; Chemosphere 20: 1455-62 (1990)
(2) Eitzer BD, Hites RA; Environ Sci Technol 23: 1389-95 (1989)
(3) Hunt GT et al; Ambient concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs (polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins/dibenzofurans) in the South Coast air basin. NTIS PB90-169970
(4) Maisel BE, Hunt GT; Chemosphere 20: 771-8 (1990)
(5) Tieman TO et al; Chemosphere 18: 835-41 (1989)
(6) Edgarton SA et al; Chemosphere 18: 1713-30 (1989)
(7) Lohmann R et al; Atmos Environ 34: 2529-37 (2000)
INDOOR: The concn of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlordibenzofuran in indoor air from an office building in Boston, MA ranged from <0.012 to 1.9 pg/cu m(1).
(1) IARC; Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, International Agency For Research on Cancer, 69: 484 (1997)
RURAL/REMOTE: In December, 1992 at McMurdo Station, Antarctica, 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlordibenzofuran was detected in the ambient of air in 1 of 17 samples at a concn of 0.08 pg/cu m(1).
(1) Lugar RM et al; Environ Sci Technol 30: 555-61 (1996)

11.2.15 Food Survey Values

Food items purchased in April and May 1994 from local grocery stores and seafood markets in southern Mississippi contained 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlordibenzofuran at concns as follows (all pg/g fat): oyster (4.3-5.8); blue crab, body (7-9); blue crab, claw (2.8-5.9); crawfish, head (1.4-2.3); crawfish, tail (2.1-2.4); crawfish, farm raised (0.26-0.31); mullet fillet (0.62-4.6); Spanish Mackerel (5.1); chicken, meat (0.18-0.24); chicken, liver (0.23-0.35); ground beef (0.17-0.26); sausage (0.11-0.18); milk, whole (0.1-0.18); cheese, cheddar (0.23-0.36); butter (0.17-0.34); eggs (0.035-0.076)(1). 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran was not detected in pooled samples of beef, pork, hot dog/bologna, eggs, vegan diet, butter, cheese, milk, and ice cream, collected from Binghamton, NY, Louisville, KY, Atlanta, GA, Chicago, IL, San Diego, CA(2). 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran was detected in chicken, ocean fish, and fresh fish at concns of 0.14, 0.13, and 0.37 pg/g wet wt, respectively(2). 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran was not detected in fast food (i.e., McDonald's Big Mac, Pizza Hut's Personal Pan Pizza, Original Recipe Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Haagan Daz Chocolate ice cream) purchased at outlets in Binghamton, NY; Louisville, KY; Chicago, IL; Atlanta, GA; and San Diego, CA(3). Food purchased in 1996 from a supermarket in Binghamton, NY contained 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran at the following avg concns (pg/kg wet wt): hamburger meat, cooked (28.2); hamburger meat, uncooked (28.7); bacon, uncooked (29.6); bacon, cooked (45.3); catfish, uncooked (41.5); catfish, uncooked (28.1)(4). Butter collect from 9 locations around Australia contained 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran at concns ranging from 0.02-0.14 pg/g fat(5).
(1) Fieldler H et al; Chemosphere 34: 1411-19 (1997)
(2) Schecter A et al; Chemosphere 34: 1437-47 (1997)
(3) Schecter A, Li L; Chemosphere 34: 1449-57 (1997)
(4) Schecter A et al; Chemosphere 37: 1723-30 (1998)
(5) Muller JF et al; Environ Sci Pollut Res 8: 7-10 (2001)

11.2.16 Fish / Seafood Concentrations

Striped bass sampled from Newark Bay/New York Bight contained 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran at a concn of 30.3 parts per trillion wet wt in meat tissues(1). Composite samples of walleye trout collected from Lake St. Clair, Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Superior contained 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran at concns of 5.4, 10.2, 20.2, 12.8, 2.7, and 2.8 parts per trillion wet wt, respectively(2).
(1) Rappe C et al; Chemosphere 22: 239-66 (1991)
(2) Zacharewski T et al; Environ Sci Technol 23: 730-5 (1989)

11.2.17 Animal Concentrations

The concn of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in the hepatopancreas of crabs collected from a contaminated river was 1.6 ppb(1). Meat and hepatopancreas tissues of blue crab collected from Newark Bay/New York Bight contained 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran at concns of 7.3 and 391.4 parts per trillion wet wt, respectively(2). Meat and hepatopancreas tissues of lobster collected from Newark Bay/New York Bight contained 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran at concns of 1.8 and 179.2 parts per trillion wet wt, respectively(2).
(1) Oehme M et al; Environ Sci Technol 24: 1836-41 (1990)
(2) Rappe C et al; Chemosphere 22: 239-66 (1991)

11.2.18 Milk Concentrations

The concn of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in human milk collected from mothers living in Sweden was found to be 21.3 parts per trillion on a fat basis(1). The concn of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in human milk collected from mothers living in Germany (West) was found to be 26.7 parts per trillion on a fat basis(2). The concn of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in human milk collected from mothers living in the United States was found to be 7.3 parts per trillion on a fat basis(3). The concn of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in human milk collected from mothers living in Japan was found to be 23.0 parts per trillion on a fat basis(4). The mean concn of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in human milk sampled from mother living in Keewatin, Canada in 1997 was 1.9 ng/kg lipid(5). In a Canadian National Survey of human milk in 1992, the mean concn of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran was 6.2 ng/kg lipid(5).
(1) Rappe C; Global Distribution of Polychlorinated Dioxins and Dibenzofurans. ACS Symposium Series No. 338, p. 20-33 (1987)
(2) Furst P et al; Chemosphere 25: 1029-38 (1992)
(3) Schecter A et al; Chemosphere 23: 1903-12 (1991)
(4) Rappe C; Chemosphere 25: 231-4 (1992)
(5) Newsome WH, Ryan JJ; Chemosphere 39: 519-26 (1999)
The concn of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in cow's milk was 0.09 ng/kg fat a sample collected in CT in 1991(1).
(1) IARC; Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, International Agency For Research on Cancer, 69: 501 (1997)

11.2.19 Other Environmental Concentrations

The concns of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in commercial polychlorinated biphenyls were as follows (all ug/kg): pyralene (trace); Aroclor 1254 (490); Aroclor 1260 (56); Aroclor 30 (28); Aroclor 40 (8); Aroclor 50 (1,100); Clophen A60 (990); Clophen T64 (122); Clophen (30) (1). The concn of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in still bottoms and residues from vinyl chloride production ranged from 0.58 to 1,050 ug/kg(2).
(1) IARC; Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, International Agency For Research on Cancer, 69: 350 (1997)
(2) Stringer RL et al; Organohalogen Cmpds 24: 119-23 (1995)
In the summer of 1995, the concn of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran ranged from not detected to 24 pg/g dry matter in sludge from a publically owned treatment works (POTW) in Mississippi(1). In POTW effluents, the concn ranged from not detected to 0.34 pg/liter(1). In contemporary sewages sludges from Catalonia, Spain sampled between 1994 and 1998, the concn of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran ranged from 1.1 to 55 pg/g dry wt(2).
(1) Rappe C et al; Chemosphere 36: 315-28 (1998)
(2) Eljarrat E et al; Environ Sci Technol 33: 2493-8 (1999)

11.2.20 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

Occupational exposure to 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran is unintentionally formed as a contaminant(SRC). Small but significantly higher levels of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran were found in lipid-adjusted serum of workers in a pesticide plant (2,4,5-trichlorophenol or its derivatives) compared to the levels in a control group(1). In Stockholm, Sweden, potentially exposed workers (in electrical cable incineration or installation and repair of different electrical items) had 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in their plasma at concns ranging from 10 to 29 pg/g (n=5) while a control group had concns ranging from 13 to 27 pg/g (n=6)(2). Levels of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in blood collected from 2 Swedish chloroalkali workers using graphitic electrodes were 109 and 11 pg/g fat while the concn in 2 reference subjects was 1.1 and 1.5 pg/g fat(3). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran via inhalation of ambient air and ingestion of food containing 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran(SRC).
(1) Piacitelli LA et al; Chemosphere 25: 251-4 (1992)
(2) Weistrand C et al; Environ Sci Pollut Res 4: 2-9 (1997)
(3) Svensson BG et al; Chemosphere 27: 259-62 (1993)

11.2.21 Average Daily Intake

During April, 1995, the estimated daily intake of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran was determined to be 20.46 pg/person/day for the general population of Madrid, Spain(1).
(1) Jimenez B et al; Chemosphere 33: 1465-74 (1996)

11.2.22 Body Burden

Levels of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in human adipose tissue samples collected in Japan, Sweden, and Germany were reported as 25, 54, and 44 parts per trillion on a fat basis, respectively(1). Levels of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in human adipose tissue samples collected in Canada was reported as 33.3 parts per trillion on a fat basis, respectively(2). In 1982, levels of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in human adipose tissue samples collected in the United States was reported as 40.0 parts per trillion on a fat basis, respectively(3). In 1984/1986, the mean concn of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in adipose tissue samples taken from the general population of the United States was 3.7 ng/kg lipid basis(4).
(1) Rappe C; Global Distribution of Polychlorinated Dioxins and Dibenzofurans. ACS Symposium Series 338: 20-33 (1987)
(2) Le Bel GL et al; Chemosphere 21: 1465-75 (1990)
(3) USEPA; NHATS broad scan analysis: population estimates from fiscal year 1982 specimens. Washington, DC: USEPA, Offi Tox Sub. EPA-560/5-90-001 (1989)
(4) IARC; Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, International Agency For Research on Cancer, 69: 354, 378 (1997)
The concn of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in pooled blood sampled from the United States in 1996 was 11.1 ng/kg lipid basis while the concn in serum was 9.3 ng/kg lipid basis(1).
(1) IARC; Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, International Agency For Research on Cancer, 69: 354, 378 (1997)
In Stockholm, Sweden, potentially exposed workers (in electrical cable incineration or installation and repair of different electrical items) had 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in their plasma at concns ranging from 10 to 29 pg/g (n=5) while a control group had concns ranging from 13 to 27 pg/g (n=6)(1). Mean levels of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in human whole blood collected in Germany, USA, Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam), Dong Nai (Vietnam), and Hanoi (Vietnam) were 36.8 (n=85), 13.0 (n=100), 21 (n=50), 22 (n=33), and 8.6 (n=32), respectively(2). Levels of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in blood collected from 2 Swedish chloroalkali workers using graphitic electrodes were 109 and 11 pg/g fat while the concn in 2 reference subjects was 1.1 and 1.5 pg/g fat(3).
(1) Weistrand C et al; Environ Sci Pollut Res 4: 2-9 (1997)
(2) Schecter A; pp. 169-214 in Banbury report 35: Biological Basis for Risk Assessment of Dioxins and Related Compounds. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1991)
(3) Svensson BG et al; Chemosphere 27: 259-62 (1993)
The concn of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in human milk collected from mothers living in Sweden was found to be 21.3 parts per trillion on a fat basis(1). The concn of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in human milk collected from mothers living in Germany (West) was found to be 26.7 parts per trillion on a fat basis(2). The concn of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in human milk collected from mothers living in the United States was found to be 7.3 parts per trillion on a fat basis(3). The concn of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in human milk collected from mothers living in Japan was found to be 23.0 parts per trillion on a fat basis(4). The mean concn of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in human milk sampled from mother living in Keewatin, Canada in 1997 was 1.9 ng/kg lipid(5). In a Canadian National Survey of human milk in 1992, the mean concn of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran was 6.2 ng/kg lipid(5).
(1) Rappe C; Global Distribution of Polychlorinated Dioxins and Dibenzofurans. ACS Symposium Series. 338: 20-33 (1987)
(2) Furst P et al; Chemosphere 25: 1029-38 (1992)
(3) Schecter A et al; Chemosphere 23: 1903-12 (1991)
(4) Rappe C; Chemosphere 25: 231-4 (1992)
(5) Newsome WH, Ryan JJ; Chemosphere 39: 519-26 (1999)

12 Associated Disorders and Diseases

13 Literature

13.1 Consolidated References

13.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

13.3 Springer Nature References

13.4 Wiley References

13.5 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

13.6 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

13.7 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

14 Patents

14.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

14.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

14.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

14.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

14.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

15 Interactions and Pathways

15.1 Chemical-Target Interactions

16 Biological Test Results

16.1 BioAssay Results

17 Classification

17.1 MeSH Tree

17.2 ChEBI Ontology

17.3 KEGG: EDC

17.4 ChemIDplus

17.5 CAMEO Chemicals

17.6 ChEMBL Target Tree

17.7 UN GHS Classification

17.8 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

17.9 EPA DSSTox Classification

17.10 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Classification

17.11 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

17.12 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

18 Information Sources

  1. California Safe Cosmetics Program (CSCP) Product Database
  2. CAMEO Chemicals
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    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/20851
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    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
  3. CAS Common Chemistry
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  4. ChemIDplus
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    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
  5. EPA DSSTox
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    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID7030066
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
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  8. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
    2,3,4,7,8-PENTACHLORODIBENZOFURAN
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/7178
  9. Risk Assessment Information System (RAIS)
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  11. ChEBI
  12. Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
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    http://www.t3db.ca/downloads
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    http://www.t3db.ca/toxins/T3D0168
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    http://www.hmdb.ca/citing
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    http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0245434
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    https://publications.iarc.fr/Terms-Of-Use
    IARC Classification
    https://www.iarc.fr/
  17. NTP Technical Reports
    Toxic Equivalency Factor Evaluation of 2,3,4,7,8- Pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF)
    https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/data/tr
  18. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
  19. KEGG
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    https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/legal.html
  20. NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
    LICENSE
    Data covered by the Standard Reference Data Act of 1968 as amended.
    https://www.nist.gov/srd/public-law
    Dibenzofuran, 2,3,4,7,8-pentachloro-
    http://www.nist.gov/srd/nist1a.cfm
  21. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
    LICENSE
    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  22. Pharos
    LICENSE
    Data accessed from Pharos and TCRD is publicly available from the primary sources listed above. Please respect their individual licenses regarding proper use and redistribution.
    https://pharos.nih.gov/about
    2,3,4,7,8-Pentachloro-dibenzofuran
    https://pharos.nih.gov/ligands/48K8NJAT6NL2
  23. SpectraBase
    Dibenzofuran, 2,3,4,7,8-pentachloro-
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/3O71hJOTvT6
  24. Springer Nature
  25. SpringerMaterials
  26. Wikidata
    2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran
    https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26841329
  27. Wiley
  28. PubChem
  29. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
    LICENSE
    Works produced by the U.S. government are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any such works found on National Library of Medicine (NLM) Web sites may be freely used or reproduced without permission in the U.S.
    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
    2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/67038890
  30. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  31. EPA Substance Registry Services
  32. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  33. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
  34. NCBI
CONTENTS