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Dibutyl ether

PubChem CID
8909
Structure
Dibutyl ether_small.png
Dibutyl ether_3D_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • Butyl ether
  • DIBUTYL ETHER
  • Di-n-butyl ether
  • 142-96-1
  • 1-Butoxybutane
Molecular Weight
130.23 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-03-26
  • Modify:
    2025-01-11
Description
N-butyl ether appears as a clear colorless liquid with an ethereal odor. Flash point below 141 °F. Less dense than water and insoluble in water. Vapors heavier than air. Irritates the eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory tract.

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Dibutyl ether.png

1.2 3D Conformer

1.3 Crystal Structures

COD records with this CID as component

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

1-butoxybutane
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C8H18O/c1-3-5-7-9-8-6-4-2/h3-8H2,1-2H3
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

DURPTKYDGMDSBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

CCCCOCCCC
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

C8H18O
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

C8H18O

(CH3CH2CH2CH2)2O

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

142-96-1

2.3.2 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.3 UNII

2.3.4 UN Number

2.3.5 ChEMBL ID

2.3.6 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.7 ICSC Number

2.3.8 Metabolomics Workbench ID

2.3.9 Nikkaji Number

2.3.10 NSC Number

2.3.11 Wikidata

2.3.12 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

dibutyl ether

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
130.23 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
XLogP3
Property Value
3.2
Reference
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
6
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
130.135765193 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
130.135765193 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
9.2 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
9
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
37.8
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

N-butyl ether appears as a clear colorless liquid with an ethereal odor. Flash point below 141 °F. Less dense than water and insoluble in water. Vapors heavier than air. Irritates the eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory tract.
Liquid
Colorless liquid with a mild ethereal odor; [Hawley]
COLOURLESS LIQUID.

3.2.2 Color / Form

Colorless liquid
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 14th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2001., p. 177

3.2.3 Odor

Mild, ethereal odor
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 14th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2001., p. 177

3.2.4 Boiling Point

288 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
140.8 °C
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 3-148
142 °C

3.2.5 Melting Point

-144 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
-95.2 °C
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 3-148
-95 °C

3.2.6 Flash Point

77 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
37 °C (CLOSED CUP)
The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 217
25 °C c.c.

3.2.7 Solubility

less than 1 mg/mL at 72.5 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Miscible with benzene and most org solvents
Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 455
Sol in all prop in alc, ether; very sol in acetone
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 3-148
Miscible with oxygenated solvents
Ashford, R.D. Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals. London, England: Wavelength Publications Ltd., 1994., p. 277
In water, 300 mg/L at 25 °C
Riddick, J.A., W.B. Bunger, Sakano T.K. Techniques of Chemistry 4th ed., Volume II. Organic Solvents. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons., 1985.
Solubility in water, g/100ml:

3.2.8 Density

0.767 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
0.7684 at 20 °C/4 °C
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 3-148
% In saturated air: 0.9 at 25 °C, 760 mm Hg; density of saturated air: 1.1 at 25 °C, 760 mm hg (air= 1)
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V5: 865
Density (at 20 °C): 0.8 g/cm³
Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20 °C (air = 1): 1.0

3.2.9 Vapor Density

4.48 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
1.48 (Air = 1)
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V5: 864
Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.5

3.2.10 Vapor Pressure

4.8 mmHg at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
6.01 [mmHg]
6.01 mm Hg at 25 °C
Daubert, T.E., R.P. Danner. Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, D.C.: Taylor and Francis, 1989.
Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 0.46

3.2.11 LogP

log Kow= 3.21
Hansch, C., Leo, A., D. Hoekman. Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society., 1995., p. 49
3.21

3.2.12 Henry's Law Constant

Henry's Law constant = 6.0X10-3 atm cu-m/mol at 25 °C
Hine J, Mookerjee PK; J Org Chem 40: 292-8 (1975)

3.2.13 Autoignition Temperature

382 °F (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
382 °F (194 °C)
Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 13 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2002., p. 325-38
175 °C

3.2.14 Decomposition

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and fumes.
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 582

3.2.15 Viscosity

0.0069 poise (20 °C)
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 14th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2001., p. 177
0.86 mm²/s at 20 °C

3.2.16 Heat of Combustion

-17,670 BTU/LB= -9,820 CAL/G= -411X10+5 JOULES/KG
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

3.2.17 Heat of Vaporization

Latent heat of vaporization: 67.8 cal/g at 140.9 °C
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 14th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2001., p. 177

3.2.18 Surface Tension

23 DYNES/CM= 0.023 N/M @ 20 °C
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

3.2.19 Odor Threshold

Odor threshold high = 0.37 mg/m3, low = 2.50 mg/m3
0.37 mg/cu m (odor low) 2.50 mg/cu m (odor high).
Ruth JH; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 47: A-142-51 (1986)

3.2.20 Refractive Index

Index of refraction: 1.3992 at 20 °C/D
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 3-148

3.2.21 Dissociation Constants

3.2.22 Kovats Retention Index

Standard non-polar
880.2 , 876 , 865 , 876.82 , 875 , 875 , 872 , 875 , 876 , 877.3 , 858 , 875 , 873
Semi-standard non-polar
888 , 854.4 , 854.9 , 854 , 858 , 861 , 865 , 855.1 , 858 , 865 , 857 , 859 , 858 , 862
Standard polar
968 , 974 , 976 , 967 , 967 , 970 , 970 , 976 , 977 , 970 , 965 , 975.2 , 971 , 976

3.2.23 Other Experimental Properties

1 PPM= APPROX 5.33 MG/CU M @ 25 °C, 760 MM HG; 1 MG/L= APPROX 188 PPM @ 25 °C, 760 MM HG
Patty, F. (ed.). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963., p. 1665
Azeotrope 67 wt% at 92.9 °C
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V21: 386 (1983)
Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 2.88X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C
Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data, Monograph 2, p. 134 (1994)

3.3 SpringerMaterials Properties

3.4 Chemical Classes

3.4.1 Solvents

Solvents -> Ethers (<C12)

4 Spectral Information

4.1 1D NMR Spectra

1 of 2
1D NMR Spectra
NMR: 6656 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection)
2 of 2
1D NMR Spectra

4.1.1 1H NMR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
BRUKER AC-300
Source of Sample
Tokyo Kasei Kogyo Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
Copyright
Copyright © 1991-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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2 of 2
Instrument Name
Varian A-60
Source of Sample
The Matheson Company, Inc., East Rutherford, New Jersey
Copyright
Copyright © 2009-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.1.2 13C NMR Spectra

1 of 2
Source of Sample
Publicker Industries, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Copyright
Copyright © 2002-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
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4.2 Mass Spectrometry

4.2.1 GC-MS

1 of 8
View All
MoNA ID
MS Category
Experimental
MS Type
GC-MS
MS Level
MS1
Instrument
HITACHI RMU-7M
Instrument Type
EI-B
Ionization Mode
positive
Top 5 Peaks

57 99.99

41 37.86

29 26.73

56 15.03

87 12.33

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License
CC BY-NC-SA
2 of 8
View All
MoNA ID
MS Category
Experimental
MS Type
GC-MS
MS Level
MS1
Instrument
HITACHI RMU-6M
Instrument Type
EI-B
Ionization Mode
positive
Top 5 Peaks

57 99.99

87 18

56 16.40

41 12.80

29 6.40

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License
CC BY-NC-SA

4.2.2 Other MS

1 of 7
View All
Other MS
MASS: 60782 (NIST/EPA/MSDC Mass Spectral Database, 1990 version)
2 of 7
View All
Authors
YAMAMOTO M, DEP. CHEMISTRY, FAC. SCIENCE, NARA WOMEN'S UNIV.
Instrument
HITACHI RMU-6M
Instrument Type
EI-B
MS Level
MS
Ionization Mode
POSITIVE
Ionization
ENERGY 70 eV
Top 5 Peaks

57 999

41 313

29 268

87 168

56 165

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License
CC BY-NC-SA

4.3 IR Spectra

IR Spectra
IR: 15010 (Sadtler Research Laboratories IR Grating Collection)

4.3.1 FTIR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Bruker IFS 85
Technique
Cell
Source of Sample
Merck-Schuchardt Hohenbrunn
Copyright
Copyright © 1989, 1990-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Technique
Layer between KBr
Source of Sample
E. Merck AG, Darmstadt
Copyright
Copyright © 1989, 1990-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
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4.3.2 ATR-IR Spectra

1 of 2
Technique
ATR-Neat
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
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2 of 2
Source of Sample
Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog Number
110280
Copyright
Copyright © 2018-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2018-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.3.3 Near IR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
INSTRUMENT PARAMETERS=INST=BRUKER,RSN=19526,REO=2,CNM=HEI,ZFF=2
Technique
NIR Spectrometer= BRUKER IFS 88
Source of Spectrum
Prof. Buback, University of Goettingen, Germany
Copyright
Copyright © 1989, 1990-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Instrument Name
INSTRUMENT PARAMETERS=INST=BRUKER,RSN=19526,REO=2,CNM=HEI,ZFF=2
Technique
NIR Spectrometer= BRUKER IFS 88
Source of Spectrum
Prof. Buback, University of Goettingen, Germany
Copyright
Copyright © 1989, 1990-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
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4.3.4 Vapor Phase IR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Bruker IFS 85
Technique
Gas-GC
Copyright
Copyright © 1989, 1990-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Instrument Name
Bruker IFS 85
Technique
Gas-GC
Copyright
Copyright © 1989, 1990-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
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4.4 Raman Spectra

Catalog Number
110280
Copyright
Copyright © 2017-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2017-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.5 Other Spectra

SADTLER REFERENCE NUMBER: 106 (IR, PRISM)
Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989., p. C-176

6 Chemical Vendors

7 Use and Manufacturing

7.1 Uses

EPA CPDat Chemical and Product Categories
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
Sources/Uses
Used as solvent (hydrocarbons, resins, fats, oils, organic acids, alkaloids, esters, and gums), extracting agent , intermediate, reaction medium, and in plutonium separation processes; [HSDB]
Solvent for hydrocarbons, fatty materials; extracting agent, used especially for separating metals, solvent purification, organic synthesis (reaction medium).
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 14th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2001., p. 177-178
Solvent ... for esters, gums, hydrocarbons, alkaloids, oils, org acids, & resins
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V5: 863
Has limited use as a solvent in the preparation of Grignard reagents.
Rakita PE; Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Ethyl Chloride. Online Posting Date: January 14, 2005.
Proposed as high-cetane diesel additive
Poon R et al; Toxicology 214 (1-2): 99-112 (2005)
For more Uses (Complete) data for DIBUTYL ETHER (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

7.1.1 Use Classification

Hazard Classes and Categories -> Flammable - 3rd degree, Reactive - 1st degree

7.1.2 Industry Uses

  • Intermediate
  • Intermediates

7.1.3 Household Products

Household & Commercial/Institutional Products

Information on 2 consumer products that contain Butyl ether in the following categories is provided:

• Home Maintenance

Household & Commercial/Institutional Products

Information on 1 consumer products that contain Dibutyl ether in the following categories is provided:

• Home Maintenance

7.2 Methods of Manufacturing

AVAILABLE AS A BY-PRODUCT IN MFR OF BUTYL ESTERS.
Patty, F. (ed.). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963., p. 1664
Hydrolysis of butyl bromide at 130-180 °C and 350-700 kPa.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V4: 32
n-Butyl ether is prepared by the dehydration of n-butyl alcohol by sulphuric acid or by catalytic dehydration over ferric chloride, copper sulfate, silica or alumina at high temperatures.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V9: 391
Di-n-butyl ether is produced by dehydrating 1-butanol with sulfuric acid. It is also obtained as a byproduct during the synthesis of the butyl esters of higher acids; it occurs in the recovered alcohol and can be obtained by extractive distillation with water, drying, and rectification.
Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 6th ed.Vol 1: Federal Republic of Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 2003 to Present, p. V12 512 (2003)

7.3 Formulations / Preparations

Grade: Technical, spectrophotometric
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 14th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2001., p. 177

7.4 U.S. Production

Aggregated Product Volume

2019: 1,000,000 lb - <20,000,000 lb

2018: 1,000,000 lb - <20,000,000 lb

2017: 1,000,000 lb - <20,000,000 lb

2016: 1,000,000 lb - <20,000,000 lb

Butane, 1,1'-oxybis- is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).
EPA/Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program. Available from the Database Query page at: https://www.epa.gov/hpv/pubs/general/opptsrch.htm on Butane, 1,1'-oxybis- (142-96-1) as of October 23, 2007
Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule.
Year
1986
Production Range (pounds)
>500 thousand - 1 million
Year
1990
Production Range (pounds)
>500 thousand - 1 million
Year
1994
Production Range (pounds)
>1 million - 10 million
Year
1998
Production Range (pounds)
>1 million - 10 million
Year
2002
Production Range (pounds)
>1 million - 10 million
US EPA; Non-confidential Production Volume Information Submitted by Companies for Chemicals Under the 1986-2002 Inventory Update Rule (IUR). Butane, 1,1'-oxybis- (142-96-1). Available from, as of October 19, 2007: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/iur/tools/data/2002-vol.html

7.5 General Manufacturing Information

Industry Processing Sectors
  • All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
  • Miscellaneous Manufacturing
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Butane, 1,1'-oxybis-: ACTIVE
Autooxidation produces di-n-butyl hydroperoxy ether
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V17: 48

7.6 Sampling Procedures

Air samples containing ethyl ether are taken with a glass tube, 7 cm x 4 mm ID, containing two sections of activated coconut shell charcoal (front= 100 mg, back= 50 mg) separated by a 2 mm urethane foam plug. A silylated glass wool plug precedes the front section and a 3 mm urethane foam plug follows the back section. A sampling pump is connected to this tube and accurately calibrated at a flow rate of 0.01 to 0.2 l/min for a total sample size of 0.25 to 3 liters. Elution is performed with 1 ml of ethyl acetate, and allowed to stand for 30 minutes. This technique has an overall precision of 0.053, over a studied range of 630 to 2500 mg/cu m using 3 liter samples. /Diethyl ether/
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with 1985 supplement, and revisions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1984., p. 1610-1-3
EPA Method 1624: Grab samples in municipal and industrial discharges are collected in glass containers fitted with a screw cap. Maintain samples at 0-4 °C from the time of collection until extraction. If residual chlorine is present, add sodium thiosulfate. Extraction is performed by a purge and trap apparatus. /Diethyl ether/
40 CFR 136 (7/1/86)
Monitoring Method: Adsorption on charcoal, desorption with ethyl acetate, gas chromatography. This method was validated over the range of 606-2400 mg/cu m at an atmospheric temperature and pressure of 22 °C and 766 mm Hg using a 3 liter sample. The precision is 0.053 for the total analytical and sampling method. /Diethyl ether/
U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present., p. 580

8 Identification

8.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

Dibutyl ether can be determined qualitatively and quantitatively by silica gel absorption, elution with ethanol, and gas chromatography of the eluate. It can also be determined by ... infrared analysis in a gas cell of long path length. /diethyl ether/
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 5:896
EPA Method 1625: Semivolatile Organic Compounds. An isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the determination of semivolatile organic compounds in municipal and industrial discharges, this method is designed to meet the survey requirements of Effluent Guidelines Division (EGD) and the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). /Semivolatile organic compounds/
40 CFR 136 (7/1/88)
NIOSH Method 1610: A gas chromatographic method for the analysis of ethyl ether, consists of a stainless steel column, 1.2 m x 6 mm OD, packed with Porapak Q (50/80 mesh), with hydrogen-air flame ionization detection, and nitrogen as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 30 ml/min, is a NIOSH approved method. A sample injection volume of 5 ul is suggested, the column temperature is 175 °C, the injection temperature is 195 °C, and the detection temperature is 250 °C. This method has a estimated detection limit of 0.01 mg/sample, and a relative standard deviation of 0.024 at 1.8 to 7.1 mg/sample over a working range of 100 to 2500 mg/sample. /Diethyl ether/
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 4th ed. Methods A-Z & Supplements. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Aug 1994.
EPA Method 1624: An isotope dilution gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry method for the determination of volatile organic compounds in municipal and industrial discharges is described. This method is designed to meet the survey requirements of Effluent Guidelines Division (EGD) and the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Under the prescribed conditions, unlabeled diethyl ether has a minimum level of 50 ug/l and a mean retention time of 820 sec. The labeled compound has a minimum level of 50 ug/L, a mean retention time of 804 sec, and a characteristic primary m/z of 74/84. /Diethyl ether/
40 CFR 136 (7/1/88)
For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for DIBUTYL ETHER (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

8.2 Clinical Laboratory Methods

Ether in blood or urine is analyzed by direct injection of the specimen into a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame-ionization detector and a molecular sieve column. This method has a sensitivity of 10 mg/L, linearity of 10-200 mg/L, cv of 3-5% within-run, and a relative recovery of 96-100%. /Diethyl ether/
Baselt RC; Biological Monitoring Methods for Industrial Chemicals p.135-6 (1980)

9 Safety and Hazards

9.1 Hazards Identification

9.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 4
View All
Pictogram(s)
Flammable
Irritant
Signal
Warning
GHS Hazard Statements

H226 (99.9%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (100%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H412 (99.9%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1348 reports by companies from 24 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

9.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Flam. Liq. 3 (99.9%)

Skin Irrit. 2 (100%)

Eye Irrit. 2 (100%)

STOT SE 3 (100%)

Aquatic Chronic 3 (99.9%)

Flammable liquid - category 3

Eye irritation - category 2

Specific target organ toxicity (single exposure) - category 3

Skin irritation - category 2

Hazardous to the aquatic environment (chronic) - category 3

9.1.3 NFPA Hazard Classification

NFPA 704 Diamond
1-3-1
NFPA Health Rating
1 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause significant irritation.
NFPA Fire Rating
3 - Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Materials produce hazardous atmospheres with air under almost all ambient temperatures or, though unaffected by ambient temperatures, are readily ignited under almost all conditions.
NFPA Instability Rating
1 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable but that can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures.

9.1.4 Health Hazards

Inhalation causes irritation of nose and throat. Liquid irritates eyes and may irritate skin on prolonged contact. Ingestion causes irritation of mouth and stomach. (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
ERG 2024, Guide 128 (Butyl ethers)

CAUTION: Petroleum crude oil (UN1267) may contain TOXIC hydrogen sulphide gas.

· Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.

· Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.

· Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation, especially when in closed or confined areas.

· Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause environmental contamination.

9.1.5 Fire Hazards

Behavior in Fire: Vapor is heavier than air and may travel a considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back. (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
ERG 2024, Guide 128 (Butyl ethers)

· HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.

· Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.

· Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.

· Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.

· Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.

· Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.

· Containers may explode when heated.

· Many liquids will float on water.

· Substance may be transported hot.

· For hybrid vehicles, GUIDE 147 (lithium ion or sodium ion batteries) or GUIDE 138 (sodium batteries) should also be consulted.

· If molten aluminum is involved, refer to GUIDE 169.

Flammable. Above 25 °C explosive vapour/air mixtures may be formed.

9.1.6 Hazards Summary

May form explosive peroxides; [Hawley] A skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritant; May have effects on CNS and liver; Defats the skin; [ICSC] A skin and eye irritant; [eChemPortal: ERMA] An irritant; Effects in high-dose animal studies include general anesthesia and fatty liver degeneration; [MSDSonline]
Hawley - Lewis RJ. _Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, _15th Ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2007.

9.1.7 Fire Potential

ONLY ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT OF EXPLOSION-PROOF TYPE (GROUP C CLASSIFICATION) IS PERMITTED TO BE OPERATED IN ETHER AREAS. ETHER SHOULD NOT BE STORED NEAR POWERFUL OXIDIZERS OR IN AREAS OF HIGH FIRE HAZARD. /ETHERS/
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 1500

9.1.8 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

At 200 ppm /is/ ... irritation to the eyes and nose.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 8:896
... Seems to have a greater toxicity by inhalation than the lower ethers of the series. It is also more irritating to the skin.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 5:896
Human systemic effects by inhalation: conjunctiva irritation and unspecified nasal effects. An experimental skin and human eye irritant.
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 582

9.2 Safety and Hazard Properties

9.2.1 Flammable Limits

Lower flammable limit: 1.5% by volume; Upper flammable limit: 7.6% by volume
Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 13 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2002., p. 325-38

9.2.2 Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)

1.5 % (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

9.2.3 Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)

7.6 % (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

9.2.4 Physical Dangers

As a result of flow, agitation, etc., electrostatic charges can be generated.

9.2.5 Explosive Limits and Potential

MAY FORM EXPLOSIVE PEROXIDES, ESPECIALLY IN ANHYDROUS FORM.
Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987., p. 186
lel: 1.5%; uel: 7.6%
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 582
Explosive limits , vol% in air: 0.9-8.5

9.3 First Aid Measures

Inhalation First Aid
Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.
Skin First Aid
First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again.
Eye First Aid
First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.
Ingestion First Aid
Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

9.3.1 First Aid

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
ERG 2024, Guide 128 (Butyl ethers)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingestedor inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuouscompressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

9.4 Fire Fighting

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use foam, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

9.4.1 Fire Fighting Procedures

Use dry chemical, foam, carbon dioxide or water spray. Water may be ineffective. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.
Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 13 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2002., p. 49-54
Eliminate all ignition sources. Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Use appropriate foam to blanket release and suppress vapors. Absorb in noncombustible material for proper disposal.
Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 13 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2002., p. 49-54
If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 296

9.5 Accidental Release Measures

Public Safety: ERG 2024, Guide 128 (Butyl ethers)

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

Spill or Leak: ERG 2024, Guide 128 (Butyl ethers)

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

9.5.1 Isolation and Evacuation

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Evacuation: ERG 2024, Guide 128 (Butyl ethers)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

Large Spill

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

Fire

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

9.5.2 Spillage Disposal

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Cover the spilled material with foam. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

9.5.3 Cleanup Methods

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Establish forced ventilation to keep levels below explosive limit. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon, or similar material and deposit in sealed containers. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations. If employees are required to clean up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped. OSHA 1910.120(q) may be applicable.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2002. 4th ed.Vol 1 A-H Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, 2002., p. 413
Environmental considerations-land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 297
Environmental considerations-water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Remove trapped material with suction hoses.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 297
Environmental considerations-air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 297

9.5.4 Disposal Methods

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.
Incineration
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2002. 4th ed.Vol 1 A-H Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, 2002., p. 414
The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for butyl ether: Concentration process: Activated carbon.
USEPA; Management of Hazardous Waste Leachate, EPA Contract No.68-03-2766 p.E-151 (1982)
Used ether containers, which are suspected of containing ether crystals or solids, are especially hazardous and may require bomb-squad assistance for their disposal. /Short alkyl-chain ethers/
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V17 48(1982)
This compound should be susceptible to removal from waste water by air stripping. /Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether/
USEPA/ORD; Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual pp.3-5, 3-11,12 (1980) EPA 430/9-78-009

9.5.5 Preventive Measures

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
TO PREVENT EXPOSURE OF WORKERS TO HARMFUL CONCN OF SOLVENT VAPOR, MOST EFFECTIVE MEASURE IS ENCLOSURE OF PROCESS. LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION SHOULD BE INSTALLED ON ENCLOSURE ... /IF/ THIS IS NOT PRACTICABLE OPERATIONS MAY BE CONDUCTED UNDER HOOD FITTED WITH EXHAUST VENTILATION ... . /SOLVENTS INDUST/
International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Volumes I and II. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1971., p. 1342
... COMMON /ETHERS/ ... ARE EASILY IGNITED & HAVE LOW FLASH POINTS. IT IS NECESSARY TO CONTROL SMOKING, OPEN FLAMES OR HOT PLATES IN AREAS WHERE LOW MOL WT ETHERS ARE APT TO REACH 1% CONCN OR MORE IN AIR. /ETHERS/
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 1500
If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 296
Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 296

9.6 Handling and Storage

9.6.1 Nonfire Spill Response

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

9.6.2 Safe Storage

Fireproof. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Cool. Keep in the dark. Store only if stabilized. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

9.6.3 Storage Conditions

/DUE TO FIRE HAZARD, ETHERS/ ... SHOULD BE KEPT COOL & CONTAINERS ELECTRICALLY GROUNDED TO AVOID SPARKS ... . /ETHERS/
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 1500
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Store away from heat, oxidizing materials, sunlight, and acids.
Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 13 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2002., p. 49-54

9.7 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

Protective Clothing: ERG 2024, Guide 128 (Butyl ethers)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

9.7.1 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines

Emergency Response: ERG 2024, Guide 128 (Butyl ethers)

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

9.7.2 Inhalation Risk

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

9.7.3 Effects of Short Term Exposure

The substance is mildly irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. If swallowed the substance may cause vomiting and could result in aspiration pneumonitis.

9.7.4 Effects of Long Term Exposure

The substance defats the skin, which may cause dryness or cracking.

9.7.5 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Goggles or face shield; rubber gloves. (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin contact. Safety equipment suppliers/manufacturers can provide recommendations on the most protective glove/clothing material for your operation. All protective clothing (suits, gloves, footwear, headgear) should be clean, available each day, and put on before work. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. Wear splash-proof chemical goggles and face shield unless full-piece respiratory protection is worn. Employees should wash immediately with soap when skin is wet or contaminated. Provide emergency showers and eyewash.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2002. 4th ed.Vol 1 A-H Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, 2002., p. 413
Wear full protective clothing and positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus.
Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 13 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2002., p. 49-54

9.7.6 Preventions

Fire Prevention
NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. NO contact with hot surfaces. Above 25 °C use a closed system, ventilation and explosion-proof electrical equipment. Prevent build-up of electrostatic charges (e.g., by grounding).
Inhalation Prevention
Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.
Skin Prevention
Protective gloves.
Eye Prevention
Wear safety spectacles.
Ingestion Prevention
Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

9.8 Stability and Reactivity

9.8.1 Air and Water Reactions

Highly flammable. Oxidizes readily in air to form unstable peroxides that may explode spontaneously [Bretherick 1979 p.151-154, 164]. A mixture of liquid air and diethyl ether exploded spontaneously [MCA Case History 616 1960]. Insoluble in water.

9.8.2 Reactive Group

Ethers

9.8.3 Reactivity Alerts

Highly Flammable

Peroxidizable Compound

9.8.4 Reactivity Profile

Ethers, such as N-BUTYL ETHER can act as bases. They form salts with strong acids and addition complexes with Lewis acids. The complex between diethyl ether and boron trifluoride is an example. Ethers may react violently with strong oxidizing agents. In other reactions, which typically involve the breaking of the carbon-oxygen bond, ethers are relatively inert.

9.8.5 Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities

Forms explosive mixture with air. May accumulate static electrical charges, and may cause ignition of its vapors. Incompatible with strong acids, oxidizers. Contact with air or light may form unstable and explosive peroxides, especially anhydrous form.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2002. 4th ed.Vol 1 A-H Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, 2002., p. 413
REACTS VIOLENTLY WITH NITROGEN TRICHLORIDE. ... CAN REACT WITH OXIDIZING MATERIALS.
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 582
alpha-Hydroperoxy ethers are obtained readily from the autoxidation of most ethers /including di-n-butyl ether/ containing alpha-hydrogens. From certain ethers ... the initially formed alpha-hydroperoxy ethers can ... with acid treatment, form dangerously sensitive and explosive polymeric peroxides.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V17 48(1982)

9.8.6 Peroxide Forming Chemical

Chemical
Dibutyl ether
Class (* = UMN Designation)
B*: Compounds that form peroxides on concentration (distillation/evaporation)
Reference(s)
Additional Reference(s)

Dasler,W.etal.,Ind.Eng.Chem.(Anal.Ed.),1946,18,52

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V17: 48

Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987., p. 186

9.9 Transport Information

9.9.1 DOT Emergency Guidelines

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Substances may be transported hot. /Dibutyl ethers/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004
/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Dibutyl ethers/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004
/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Dibutyl ethers/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004
/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Dibutyl ethers/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004
For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for DIBUTYL ETHER (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

9.9.2 Shipping Name / Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO

IMO 3.3; Dibutyl ether
UN 1149; Dibutyl ether

9.9.3 Shipment Methods and Regulations

Dibutyl ethers require a "Flammable Liquid" label. They fall into Hazard Class 3 and Packing Group III.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2002. 4th ed.Vol 1 A-H Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, 2002., p. 413
No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
49 CFR 171.2 (7/1/96)
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.
IATA. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 39th Ed. Montreal, Canada and Geneva, Switzerland : International Air Transport Association, Dangerous Goods Regulations, 1998., p. 127
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.
IMDG; International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code; International Maritime Organization p.3128 (1988)

9.9.4 DOT Label

Flammable Liquid

9.9.5 Packaging and Labelling

Airtight.

9.9.6 EC Classification

Symbol: Xi; R: 10-36/37/38-52/53; S: (2)-61

9.9.7 UN Classification

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: III

9.10 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: Butane, 1,1'-oxybis-
REACH Registered Substance
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Butane, 1,1'-oxybis-: HSNO Approval: HSR001076 Approved with controls

9.11 Other Safety Information

9.11.1 Toxic Combustion Products

MODERATELY DANGEROUS; WHEN HEATED, IT EMITS ACRID FUMES ... .
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 582

9.11.2 Other Hazardous Reactions

All ethers should be tested and separated from peroxidic products before distillation or evaporation. Many ethers autoxidize so readily that peroxidic compounds form, sometimes to dangerous levels, on storage in nonairtight containers. /Short alkyl-chain ethers/
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V17 48(1982)

10 Toxicity

10.1 Toxicological Information

10.1.1 Exposure Routes

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour.

10.1.2 Symptoms

Inhalation Exposure
Cough. Sore throat.
Skin Exposure
Dry skin.
Eye Exposure
Redness. Pain.
Ingestion Exposure
Burning sensation. Nausea. Sore throat.

10.1.3 Adverse Effects

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

10.1.4 Acute Effects

10.1.5 Toxicity Data

LCLo (rat) = 4,000 ppm/4h

10.1.6 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Ethers and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 256
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Provide a low-stimulus environment. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... Treat frostbite by rapid rewarming ... /Ethers and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 256-7
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... /Ethers and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 257

10.1.7 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... humans exposed to 100 ppm of dibutyl ether estimated it satisfactory for 8 hr exposures. At 200 ppm for 15 min the vapors produced a sensation of irritation to the eyes and nose, although at 300 ppm the odor was not objectionable to the majority of subjects.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 5:896
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Dibutyl ether, although not highly toxic orally, seems to have a greater toxicity by inhalation than the lower ethers of the series. It is also more irritating to the skin.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 5:896

10.1.8 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Primary skin irritation studies on rabbits indicated ... severe irritation but no necrosis.
Patty, F. (ed.). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963., p. 1665
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Rats survived for 30 min when exposed to concentrated vapors. 2 of 6 rats died after 4-hr exposure to 4000 ppm of the vapor. /from table/
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 5:872
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Of 13 C5-C17 /compounds/ injected iv into mice, butyl ether was most toxic.
JEPPSSON R; ACTA PHARMACOL TOXICOL 37 (1): 56 (1975)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Male rats were exposed for 4 hr to various concn of butyl ether. Serum enzymes, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-pase) & ornithine carbamyl transferase were measured prior to exposure, immediately after & at 24 & 48 hr after. Serum enzymes glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase & ornithine carbamyl transferase were markedly elevated as result of exposure
DREW RT ET AL; TOXICOL APPL PHARMACOL 45 (39): 809 (1978)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ A 4-week oral study was conducted in male rats to characterize and compare the toxicity of four aliphatic ethers (butyl ether, BE; ethyl hexyl ether, EHxE; methyl heptyl ether, MHpE; and 1,6-dimethoxyhexane, DMH) ... Male Sprague-Dawley rats (280+/-20 g) were divided into groups of seven animals each and were administered by gavage low (2 mg/kg body weight), medium (20 mg/kg) or high (200 mg/kg) doses of BE, EHxE, or MHpE, 5 d/wk for 4 weeks. Another group of animals was administered DMH at 200 mg/kg while the control group received the vehicle (corn oil at 1 mL/100 g bw) only. At the end of the treatment period, relative testis weights and thymus weights were significantly decreased in the DMH group but not in animals receiving BE, EHxE, or MHpE. Microscopic examination revealed degeneration of the seminiferous tubules and reduction of sperm density in the epididymides in the DMH treatment group. Urinary creatine/creatinine ratio, a sensitive indicator of testicular damage, was markedly elevated in the DMH treated animals but not in those treated with BE, EHxE, or MHpE. In the bone marrow, DMH caused mild dyserythropoiesis and dysthrombopoiesis, while BE, EHxE, and MHpE produced mild increases in granulocytes and myelocyte/erythrocyte ratio. All four ethers at 200 mg/kg caused mild histological changes in the thyroid but no significant modulation in the circulating thyroxin (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3) levels. All four ethers produced hepatic effects at 200 mg/kg consisting of mild, adaptive histological changes, increased urinary ascorbic acid output, and elevation in the activities of one or more xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (benzyloxyresorufin-O-dealkylase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, glutathione-S-transferases). The level of 2-methoxyacetic acid (MAA), a known testicular and developmental toxin, was significantly increased in the urine and plasma of animals treated with DMH but not in those administered the high dose BE, EHxE, or MHpE. ...
Poon R et al; Toxicology 214 (1-2): 99-112 (2005)

10.1.9 Non-Human Toxicity Values

LD50 Rat oral 7.40 (6.41-8.53) mL/kg /from table/
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 5:872
LD50 Rabbit percutaneous 10.08 (4.41-23.04) mL/kg /from table/
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 5:872

10.2 Ecological Information

10.2.1 Ecotoxicity Values

LC50 Cyprinodon variegatus (Sheepshead minnows, juvenile 14-28 days old) above 430 ppm/24, 48, 72 and 96 hr, seawater at 25-31 °C, static bioassay
Heitmuller PT et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 27 (5): 596 (1981)
LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 32.5 mg/L 96 hr flow-through bioassay, wt 0.12 g, water hardness 45.5 mg/L CaCO3, temp: 25 + or - 1 °C, pH 7.5, dissolved oxygen greater than 60% of saturation
Veith GD et al; Canadian J Fisheries Aquat Sci 40 (6): 743-8 (1983)
LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 52 mg/L for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not speicifed/
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. 395
EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Conditions: freshwater, static, pH 8.0; Concentration: 150 mg/L for 24 hr; Effect: behavior, equilibrium
Bringmann G, Kuhn R; Z Wasser Abwasser Forsch 15 (1): 1-6 (1982) Available from, as of September 24, 2007
For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for DIBUTYL ETHER (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.2.2 ICSC Environmental Data

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur along the food chain, for example in fish.

10.2.3 Environmental Fate / Exposure Summary

Dibutyl ether's production and use as an extracting agent and as a solvent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an extrapolated vapor pressure of 6.0 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates dibutyl ether will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase dibutyl ether will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 13 hours. Direct photolysis is not expected to be an important removal process since aliphatic ethers do not absorb light in the environmental spectrum. If released to soil, dibutyl ether is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 51. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 6.0X10-3 atm-cu m/mole. Dibutyl ether is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its extrapolated vapor pressure. Biodegradation of dibutyl ether in soil and water is expected to be a slow process, based upon its slow rate of biodegradation in aqueous screening studies conducted under aerobic conditions, and its lack of biodegradation in aquifer materials maintained under anaerobic conditions. If released into water, dibutyl ether is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water based on its estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to occur based on this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.5 hours and 4.6 days, respectively. BCFs ranging from 30 to 114 measured in fish suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to dibutyl ether may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where dibutyl ether is produced or used. (SRC)

10.2.4 Artificial Pollution Sources

Dibutyl ether's production and use as an extracting agent and solvent(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).
(1) Lewis RJ; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 14th ed. NY, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co, p. 177 (2001)

10.2.5 Environmental Fate

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 51(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that dibutyl ether is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of dibutyl ether from moist soil surfaces may be important(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 6.0X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(3). Volatilization of dibutyl ether from dry soil surfaces is expected(SRC) based upon an extrapolated vapor pressure of 6.0 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). Biodegradation of dibutyl ether in soil is expected to be a slow process(SRC), based upon its slow biodegradation in aqueous screening studies(5,6).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 23 (1983)
(2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992)
(3) Hine J, Mookerjee PK; J Org Chem 40: 292-8 (1975)
(4) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation. Design Inst Phys Prop Data, Amer Inst Chem Eng., NY, NY: Hemisphere Pub Corp, Vol 4 (1989)
(5) Babeu L, Vaishnav DD; J Indust Microbiol 2: 107-15 (1987)
(6) Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute; Biodegradation and Bioaccumulation Data of Existing Chemicals Based on the CSCL Japan. Japan Chemical Industry Ecology - Toxicology and Information Center. ISBN 4-89074-101-1 2-50 (1992)
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 51(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that dibutyl ether is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Dibutyl ether is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3) based on a Henry's Law constant of 6.0X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.5 hours and 4.6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), BCFs ranging from 30 to 114 measured in carp(6), suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high(SRC). Biodegradation of dibutyl ether in water is expected to be a slow process(SRC), based upon its slow biodegradation in aqueous screening studies(6,7).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 23 (1983)
(2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992)
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9, 5-4, 5-10, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(4) Hine J, Mookerjee PK; J Org Chem 40: 292-8 (1975)
(5) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
(6) Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute; Biodegradation and Bioaccumulation Data of Existing Chemicals Based on the CSCL Japan. Japan Chemical Industry Ecology - Toxicology and Information Center. ISBN 4-89074-101-1 2-50 (1992)
(7) Babeu L, Vaishnav DD; J Indust Microbiol 2: 107-15 (1987)
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), dibutyl ether, which has an extrapolated vapor pressure of 6.0 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase dibutyl ether is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 13 hours(SRC) calculated from its rate constant of 2.88X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Direct photolysis is not expected to be an important removal process since aliphatic ethers do not absorb light in the environmental spectrum(4).
(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988)
(2) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation. Design Inst Phys Prop Data, Amer Inst Chem Eng., NY,NY: Hemisphere Pub Corp, Vol 4 (1989)
(3) Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data, Monograph 2, p. 134 (1994)
(4) Calvert JG, Pitts JN Jr; Photochemistry. NY,NY: John Wiley and Sons pp. 441-2 (1966)

10.2.6 Environmental Biodegradation

AEROBIC: Dibutyl ether achieved 16% of its theoretical BOD in screening tests which utilized acclimated mixed microbial cultures over a 5 day incubation period(1). Many ethers are known to be resistant to biodegradation(2). Dibutyl ether at 100 mg/L reached 3 to 4% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test(3).
(1) Babeu L, Vaishnav DD; J Indust Microbiol 2: 107-15 (1987)
(2) Alexander M; Biotechnol Bioeng 15: 611-47 (1973)
(3) Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute; Biodegradation and Bioaccumulation Data of Existing Chemicals Based on the CSCL Japan. Japan Chemical Industry Ecology - Toxicology and Information Center. ISBN 4-89074-101-1 2-50 (1992)
ANAEROBIC: 0% loss of dibutyl ether was observed in landfill leachate impacted aquifer slurries amended with sulfate or nitrate after 244 and 85 days incubation, respectively(1). Dibutyl ether was not biodegraded in aquifer slurries prepared from the methanogenic portion of a shallow anoxic aquifer polluted by municipal landfill leachate(2).
(1) Mormile MR et al; Environ Sci Technol 28: 1727-32 (1994)
(2) Suflita JM, Mormile MR; Environ Sci Technol 27: 976-8 (1993)

10.2.7 Environmental Abiotic Degradation

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of dibutyl ether with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 2.88X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 13 hours at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(SRC). Direct photolysis is not expected to be an important removal process since aliphatic ethers do not absorb light in the environmental spectrum(2). Dibutyl ether is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(3).
(1) Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data, Monograph 2, p. 134 (1994)
(2) Calvert JG, Pitts JN Jr; Photochemistry. NY, NY: John Wiley and Sons pp. 441-2 (1966)
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington,DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990)

10.2.8 Environmental Bioconcentration

BCFs of 47 to 83 and 30 to 114 were measured for carp exposed to 200 and 20 ug/L of dibutyl ether over the course of a 6 week incubation period(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCFs suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC).
(1) Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute; Biodegradation and Bioaccumulation Data of Existing Chemicals Based on the CSCL Japan. Japan Chemical Industry Ecology - Toxicology and Information Center. ISBN 4-89074-101-1 2-50 (1992)
(2) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)

10.2.9 Soil Adsorption / Mobility

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for dibutyl ether can be estimated to be 51(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that dibutyl ether is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC).
(1) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992)
(2) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 23 (1983)

10.2.10 Volatilization from Water / Soil

The Henry's Law constant for dibutyl ether is 6.0X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that dibutyl ether is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the estimated volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is approximately 3.5 hours(SRC). The estimated volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is approximately 4.6 days(SRC). Dibutyl ether's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Volatilization of dibutyl ether from dry soil surfaces is expected(SRC) based upon an extrapolated vapor pressure of 6.0 mm Hg at 25 °C(3).
(1) Hine J, Mookerjee PK; J Org Chem 40: 292-8 (1975)
(2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington,DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(3) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation. Design Inst Phys Prop Data, Amer Inst Chem Eng., NY,NY: Hemisphere Pub Corp, Vol 4 (1989)

10.2.11 Environmental Water Concentrations

DRINKING WATER: Diethyl ether has been detected, but not quantified, in drinking water from unidentified sources(1).
(1) Kool HJ et al; Crit Rev Env Control 12: 307-57 (1982)
GROUNDWATER: Dibutyl ether has been found in contaminated groundwater in The Netherlands at a max concn of 1 ug/L(1).
(1) Zoeteman BCJ et al, Sci Total Environ 21: 187-202 (1981)
Dibutyl ether was detected at 1 ug/L in water from 3 sites on the River Rhine in The Netherlands sampled in 1979(1).
(1) Linders JBHJ; Inventory of organic substances in the River Rhine in 1979 (NTIS PB83-200543) p 14 (1981)

10.2.12 Effluent Concentrations

Dibutyl ether has been detected in 1 out of 63 samples of industrial effluents collected from a wide variety of industries across the U.S. at a concn of <10 ug/L (dates not reported)(1). Dibutyl ether was tentatively identified, but not quantified, in an advanced waste treatment concentrate from Lake Tahoe, CA, sampled in Oct 1974(2). Dibutyl ether was detected at concn of 5.6 and 0.2 ug/L in 2 of 7 sites sampled in Feb 1979 for standing water and impoundments which were discharged into Wilson Creek from a hazardous waste dump site called "Valley of the Drums" in Bullitt County, KY(3).
(1) Perry DL et al; Identification of Organic Compounds in Industrial Effluent Discharges. USEPA-600/4-79-016. NTIS PB-294794. p. 45 (1979)
(2) Lucas SV; GC/MS Anal of Org in Drinking Water Concentrates and Advanced Treatment Concentrates Vol 2 USEPA-600/1-84-020B (NTIS PB85-128239) p. 149 (1984)
(3) Stonebreaker RD, Smith AJ; Containment and Treatment of a Mixed Chemical Discharge "Valley of Drums" Louisville KY, Contr Haz Mater Spills, Proc Natl Conf p. 1-10 (1980)

10.2.13 Other Environmental Concentrations

Dibutyl ether was qualitatively detected in the atmosphere of a chamber containing latex paint which suggests that the compound may be present in indoor air in buildings that have been painted with interior latex paint(1).
(1) Tichenor BA, Mason MA; J Air Pollut Control Assoc 38: 264-8 (1988)

10.2.14 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 6,292 workers (235 of these are female) are potentially exposed to dibutyl ether in the US(1). Occupational exposure to dibutyl ether may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where dibutyl ether is produced or used(SRC).
(1) NIOSH; NOES. National Occupational Exposure Survey conducted from 1981-1983. Estimated numbers of employees potentially exposed to specific agents by 2-digit standard industrial classification (SIC). Available at https://www.cdc.gov/noes/ as of Oct 17, 2007.

11 Associated Disorders and Diseases

Associated Occupational Diseases with Exposure to the Compound
Solvents, acute toxic effect [Category: Acute Poisoning]

12 Literature

12.1 Consolidated References

12.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

12.3 Springer Nature References

12.4 Thieme References

12.5 Wiley References

12.6 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

12.7 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

12.8 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

13 Patents

13.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

13.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

13.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

13.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

13.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

14 Biological Test Results

14.1 BioAssay Results

15 Taxonomy

16 Classification

16.1 MeSH Tree

16.2 ChemIDplus

16.3 CAMEO Chemicals

16.4 UN GHS Classification

16.5 EPA CPDat Classification

16.6 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

16.7 EPA DSSTox Classification

16.8 Consumer Product Information Database Classification

16.9 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

16.10 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

16.11 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

17 Information Sources

  1. Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS)
  2. CAMEO Chemicals
    LICENSE
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    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/help/reference/terms_and_conditions.htm?d_f=false
    CAMEO Chemical Reactivity Classification
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
  3. ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
  4. CAS Common Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
  5. ChemIDplus
    ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
  6. DTP/NCI
    LICENSE
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    https://www.cancer.gov/policies/copyright-reuse
  7. EPA Chemical Data Reporting (CDR)
    LICENSE
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    https://www.epa.gov/web-policies-and-procedures/epa-disclaimers#copyright
  8. EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
    EPA TSCA Classification
    https://www.epa.gov/tsca-inventory
  9. EPA DSSTox
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
  10. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
    LICENSE
    Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: "Source: European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/". Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice page.
    https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/legal-notice
  11. FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS)
    LICENSE
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    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  12. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  13. New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
    LICENSE
    This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International licence.
    https://www.epa.govt.nz/about-this-site/general-copyright-statement/
  14. NJDOH RTK Hazardous Substance List
  15. Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)
  16. Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
    LICENSE
    Copyright (c) 2022 Haz-Map(R). All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials from Haz-Map are copyrighted by Haz-Map(R). No part of these materials, either text or image may be used for any purpose other than for personal use. Therefore, reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly prohibited without prior written permission.
    https://haz-map.com/About
  17. ChEMBL
    LICENSE
    Access to the web interface of ChEMBL is made under the EBI's Terms of Use (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html). The ChEMBL data is made available on a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/).
    http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html
  18. Consumer Product Information Database (CPID)
    LICENSE
    Copyright (c) 2024 DeLima Associates. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials from CPID are copyrighted by DeLima Associates. No part of these materials, either text or image may be used for any purpose other than for personal use. Therefore, reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly prohibited without prior written permission.
    https://www.whatsinproducts.com/contents/view/1/6
    Consumer Products Category Classification
    https://www.whatsinproducts.com/
  19. Crystallography Open Database (COD)
    LICENSE
    All data in the COD and the database itself are dedicated to the public domain and licensed under the CC0 License. Users of the data should acknowledge the original authors of the structural data.
    https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
  20. EPA Chemical and Products Database (CPDat)
  21. Hazardous Chemical Information System (HCIS), Safe Work Australia
  22. NITE-CMC
    di-n-butyl ether; dibutyl ether - FY2008 (New/original classication)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/08-mhlw-0198e.html
  23. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council
    LICENSE
    The copyright for the editorial content of this source, the summaries of EU legislation and the consolidated texts, which is owned by the EU, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence.
    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/legal-notice/legal-notice.html
    di-n-butyl ether; dibutyl ether
    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2008/1272/oj
  24. NMRShiftDB
  25. MassBank Europe
  26. IUPAC Digitized pKa Dataset
  27. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
  28. KNApSAcK Species-Metabolite Database
  29. Natural Product Activity and Species Source (NPASS)
  30. Lab and Research Safety, University of Minnesota
    Dibutyl ether
  31. MassBank of North America (MoNA)
    LICENSE
    The content of the MoNA database is licensed under CC BY 4.0.
    https://mona.fiehnlab.ucdavis.edu/documentation/license
  32. NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
    LICENSE
    Data covered by the Standard Reference Data Act of 1968 as amended.
    https://www.nist.gov/srd/public-law
  33. SpectraBase
  34. Metabolomics Workbench
  35. Springer Nature
  36. SpringerMaterials
  37. Thieme Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The Thieme Chemistry contribution within PubChem is provided under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
  38. Wikidata
  39. Wikipedia
  40. Wiley
  41. PubChem
  42. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
    LICENSE
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    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
  43. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  44. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
    LICENSE
    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  45. EPA Substance Registry Services
  46. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  47. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
CONTENTS