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Calcium Carbonate

PubChem CID
10112
Structure
Calcium Carbonate_small.png
Calcium Carbonate_3D_Structure.png
Calcium Carbonate__Crystal_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • Aragonite
  • CALCIUM CARBONATE
  • 471-34-1
  • Calcite
  • Chalk
Molecular Weight
100.09 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2004-09-16
  • Modify:
    2025-01-18
Description
Calcium carbonate appears as white, odorless powder or colorless crystals. Practically insoluble in water. Occurs extensive in rocks world-wide. Ground calcium carbonate (CAS: 1317-65-3) results directly from the mining of limestone. The extraction process keeps the carbonate very close to its original state of purity and delivers a finely ground product either in dry or slurry form. Precipitated calcium carbonate (CAS: 471-34-1) is produced industrially by the decomposition of limestone to calcium oxide followed by subsequent recarbonization or as a by-product of the Solvay process (which is used to make sodium carbonate). Precipitated calcium carbonate is purer than ground calcium carbonate and has different (and tailorable) handling properties.
Calcium carbonate is a calcium salt with formula CCaO3. It has a role as an antacid, a food colouring, a food firming agent and a fertilizer. It is a calcium salt, a carbonate salt, a one-carbon compound and an inorganic calcium salt.
Calcium carbonate is an inorganic salt used as an antacid. It is a basic compound that acts by neutralizing hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions. Subsequent increases in pH may inhibit the action of pepsin. An increase in bicarbonate ions and prostaglandins may also confer cytoprotective effects. Calcium carbonate may also be used as a nutritional supplement or to treat hypocalcemia.
See also: Calcium (has active moiety); Calcium Cation (has active moiety); Carbonate Ion (has active moiety) ... View More ...

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Calcium Carbonate.png

1.2 3D Conformer

3D Conformer of Parent

1.3 Crystal Structures

1 of 12
View All
COD Number
Associated Article
Elliott, N. A Redetermination of the Carbon - Oxygen Distance in Calcite and the Nitrogen - Oxygen Distance in Sodium Nitrate. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1937;59:1380-1382. DOI: 10.1021/ja01286a065
Crystal Structure Depiction
Crystal Structure Depiction
Hermann-Mauguin space group symbol
R -3 c RS
Hall space group symbol
-P 3* 2n
Space group number
167
a
6.36 Å
b
6.36 Å
c
6.36 Å
α
46.1 °
β
46.1 °
γ
46.1 °
Z
2
Component
1 x [Ca+2] (Calcium ion)
Component
1 x [O-]C(=O)[O-] (Carbonate Ion)

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

calcium;carbonate
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/CH2O3.Ca/c2-1(3)4;/h(H2,2,3,4);/q;+2/p-2
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

C(=O)([O-])[O-].[Ca+2]
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

CaCO3
CaCO3
CCaO3
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

471-34-1
13397-26-7
13701-58-1
72608-12-9
1317-65-3

2.3.2 Deprecated CAS

1118543-25-1, 114453-69-9, 1312764-88-7, 1352815-51-0, 137803-94-2, 1437084-75-7, 146358-95-4, 148092-93-7, 1641572-50-0, 166516-01-4, 172307-27-6, 180616-31-3, 1883798-64-8, 197809-38-4, 198352-33-9, 1994316-62-9, 2222732-78-5, 2390374-02-2, 2470702-35-1, 251358-28-8, 39454-55-2, 459411-10-0, 60083-79-6, 63660-97-9, 71060-88-3, 72608-12-9, 878759-26-3
1118543-25-1, 114453-69-9, 1312764-88-7, 1352815-51-0, 137803-94-2, 1437084-75-7, 146358-95-4, 148092-93-7, 1641572-50-0, 166516-01-4, 172307-27-6, 180616-31-3, 1883798-64-8, 197809-38-4, 198352-33-9, 1994316-62-9, 2222732-78-5, 2390374-02-2, 2470702-35-1, 251358-28-8, 2962051-70-1, 3018125-28-2, 39454-55-2, 459411-10-0, 60083-79-6, 63660-97-9, 71060-88-3, 72608-12-9, 878759-26-3
114453-69-9, 1352815-51-0, 137803-94-2, 1437084-75-7, 146358-95-4, 148092-93-7, 15187-75-4, 166516-01-4, 172307-27-6, 180616-31-3, 197809-38-4, 198352-33-9, 251358-28-8, 39454-55-2, 459411-10-0, 60083-79-6, 63660-97-9, 71060-88-3, 72608-12-9, 878759-26-3
1317-65-3; 13397-26-7; 287389-46-2

2.3.3 European Community (EC) Number

Calcium carbonate: 207-439-9; Limestone: 215-279-6

2.3.4 UNII

2.3.5 ChEBI ID

2.3.6 ChEMBL ID

2.3.7 DrugBank ID

2.3.8 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.9 HMDB ID

2.3.10 ICSC Number

2.3.11 KEGG ID

2.3.12 Metabolomics Workbench ID

2.3.13 NCI Thesaurus Code

2.3.14 Nikkaji Number

2.3.15 RTECS Number

2.3.16 RXCUI

2.3.17 Wikidata

2.3.18 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

  • Aragonite
  • Calcite
  • Calcium Carbonate
  • Calcium Milk
  • Carbonate, Calcium
  • Chalk
  • Limestone
  • Marble
  • Milk of Calcium
  • Vaterite

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
100.09 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
3
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
99.9473347 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
99.9473347 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
63.2 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
5
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
18.8
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
2
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Calcium carbonate appears as white, odorless powder or colorless crystals. Practically insoluble in water. Occurs extensive in rocks world-wide. Ground calcium carbonate (CAS: 1317-65-3) results directly from the mining of limestone. The extraction process keeps the carbonate very close to its original state of purity and delivers a finely ground product either in dry or slurry form. Precipitated calcium carbonate (CAS: 471-34-1) is produced industrially by the decomposition of limestone to calcium oxide followed by subsequent recarbonization or as a by-product of the Solvay process (which is used to make sodium carbonate). Precipitated calcium carbonate is purer than ground calcium carbonate and has different (and tailorable) handling properties.
Dry Powder, Liquid; Water or Solvent Wet Solid, Liquid, Other Solid; Pellets or Large Crystals; Dry Powder, Pellets or Large Crystals; NKRA; Pellets or Large Crystals, Liquid, Other Solid; Liquid, Other Solid; Other Solid; Dry Powder, Water or Solvent Wet Solid; Dry Powder, Other Solid; Water or Solvent Wet Solid, Liquid; Dry Powder, Liquid, Other Solid; Liquid; Water or Solvent Wet Solid, Other Solid; Water or Solvent Wet Solid; Dry Powder
White crystalline or amorphous, odourless and tasteless powder
White, odorless powder or colorless crystals; [NIOSH]
WHITE POWDER OR PELLETS.
White, odorless powder or colorless crystals. Calcium carbonate is soluble in concentrated mineral acids.
Limestone (calcium carbonate) that has been recrystallized by metamorphism and is capable of taking a polish. Practically insoluble in water.
White, odorless powder or colorless crystals.
Odorless, white powder.

3.2.2 Color / Form

White hexagonal crystals or powder (Calcite); white orthrombic crystals or powder (Argonite); colorless hexagonal crystals (vaterite)
Haynes, W.M. (ed.) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 2010-2011, p. 4-54

3.2.3 Odor

Odorless
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 290

3.2.4 Taste

Chalky taste
Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 93
Tasteless
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 290

3.2.5 Boiling Point

Decomposes (NIOSH, 2024)
decomposes

3.2.6 Melting Point

1517 to 2442 °F (Decomposes) (NIOSH, 2024)
1517-2442 °F (decomposes)
1517-2442 °F

3.2.7 Solubility

0.001 % (NIOSH, 2024)
Practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. Dissolves with effervescence in diluted acetic acid, in diluted hydrochloric acid and in diluted nitric acid, and the resulting solutions, after boiling, give positive tests for calcium.
Solubility Product constant: 3.36X10-9 at 25 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 2010-2011, p. 8-127
ALKALI HYDROXIDE REDUCES ITS SOLUBILITY
Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 733
INSOL IN ALCOHOL
Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 733
SOLUBILITY IN H2O INCR BY AMMONIUM SALT & BY CO2
Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 733
Practically insoluble in water; soluble in dilute acids
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 290
For more Solubility (Complete) data for CALCIUM CARBONATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Solubility in water, mg/l at 25 °C: 14 (very poor)
0.001%

3.2.8 Density

2.7 to 2.95 (NIOSH, 2024)
Bulk density: 40-100 lb/cubic ft; screen analysis: usually 200 to 325 mesh
Mester, R.T.,Sine, C. (eds.) Crop Protection Handbook Volume 97. Meisterpro. Willoughby,OH. 2011, p. 273
2.8 g/cm³
2.7-2.95
2.7-2.9

3.2.9 Vapor Pressure

0 mmHg (approx) (NIOSH, 2024)
0 mmHg (approx)
approx 0 mmHg

3.2.10 Stability / Shelf Life

Indefinite shelflife.
Crop Protection Handbook Volume 99, Meister Media Worldwide, Willoughby, OH 2013, p. 303
STABLE IN AIR
Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 733

3.2.11 Decomposition

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating vapors.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 677
At about 825 °C it decomposes into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 290
825 °C

3.2.12 Corrosivity

Non-corrosive
Mester, R.T.,Sine, C. (eds.) Crop Protection Handbook Volume 97. Meisterpro. Willoughby,OH. 2011, p. 273

3.2.13 pH

pH = 8 to 9
Mester, R.T.,Sine, C. (eds.) Crop Protection Handbook Volume 97. Meisterpro. Willoughby,OH. 2011, p. 273

3.2.14 Refractive Index

Index of Refraction: 1.7216 (300 nm); 1.6584 (589 nm); 1.6503 (750 nm) /Calcite/
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 10-245
Index of refraction: 1.5145 (300 nm); 1.4864 (589 nm); 1.4828 (750 nm) /Aragonite/
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 10-245

3.2.15 Other Experimental Properties

Very flowable ... surface treated with fatty acids, hydrophobic
Mester, R.T.,Sine, C. (eds.) Crop Protection Handbook Volume 97. Meisterpro. Willoughby,OH. 2011, p. 273
Enthalpy of Fusion: 36 kJ/mol at 800 °C (calcite)
Haynes, W.M. (ed.) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 2010-2011, p. 6-146
Incompatibilities: acids, alum, ammonium salts.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 279
White microcrystalline powder; mw: 100.09; mp: 825 °C (alpha), 1339 °C (beta) at 102.5 atm; density: 2.7-2.95. Odorless, tasteless powder or crystals. /Limestone/
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. V2: 669
Aragonite is metastable and irreversibly changes to calcite when heated in dry air to about 400 °C. Vaterite is metastable to calcite and aragonite under geological conditions but is found during high temperature precipitation of calcium carbonate.
Carr FP, Frederick DK; Calcium Carbonate. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (1999-2013). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 18 Jul 2003
MP: 1339 °C (102.5 atm); density: 2.7111 at 25.2 °C; formed at temperatures below 30 °C /Calcite/
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 290
White hexagonal crystals or powder. Decomposes at 700 to 900 °C. Density: 2.710 g/cu cm. Solubility: 6.6X10-4 g/100 g water at 20 °C; Soluble in dilute acid /Calcite/
Haynes, W.M. (ed.) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 2010-2011, p. 4-54
Mohs hardness: 3.0 (Calcite); 3.5-4.0 (Argonite)
Carr FP, Frederick DK; Calcium Carbonate. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (1999-2013). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 18 Jul 2003
White orthorhombic crystals or powder; MP: trans calcite, 450 °C; density: 2.930 g/cu cm; solubility: 6.6X10-4 g/100 g water at 20 °C; soluble in dilute acid /Argonite/
Haynes, W.M. (ed.) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 2010-2011, p. 4-54
MP: 825 °C (decomposes); Density: 2.83; Formed at temp above 30 °C /Aragonite/
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 290
Colorless hexagonal crystals; density: 2.653 g/cu cm; solubility: 1.1X10-3 g/100 g water at 20 °C; soluble in dilute acid /Vaterite/
Haynes, W.M. (ed.) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 2010-2011, p. 4-54

3.3 Chemical Classes

Mineral Dusts -> Other Mineral Dusts

3.3.1 Drugs

3.3.1.1 Human Drugs
Human drug -> Active ingredient (CALCIUM CARBONATE)

3.3.2 Cosmetics

Cosmetic ingredients (Calcium Carbonate) -> CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review)
Oral care; Abrasive; Cosmetic colorant; Absorbent; Bulking; Opacifying; Buffering; Viscosity controlling
S13 | EUCOSMETICS | Combined Inventory of Ingredients Employed in Cosmetic Products (2000) and Revised Inventory (2006) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2624118

3.3.3 Food Additives

Foods, Drugs -> FDA Regulatory Status of Color Additives
Use unspecified -> FDA Substance added to food
ANTICAKING AGENT OR FREE-FLOW AGENT, COLOR OR COLORING ADJUNCT, DRYING AGENT, FORMULATION AID, HUMECTANT, LEAVENING AGENT, LUBRICANT OR RELEASE AGENT, MASTICATORY SUBSTANCE, NUTRIENT SUPPLEMENT, PH CONTROL AGENT, PROCESSING AID -> FDA Substance added to food

3.3.4 Pesticides

Agrochemicals -> Pesticide active substances
Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved
Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Approved

3.3.5 Polymers

Plastics -> Polyolefin-I; PUR; Polyolefin-II; PVC (soft); ABS; PVC (rigid); PET; PMMA; PA; PC; (E)PS
S47 | ECHAPLASTICS | A list from the Plastic Additives Initiative Mapping Exercise by ECHA | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2658139
Plastics -> Pigments agents
S47 | ECHAPLASTICS | A list from the Plastic Additives Initiative Mapping Exercise by ECHA | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2658139

4 Spectral Information

4.1 IR Spectra

4.1.1 FTIR Spectra

1 of 2
Technique
FILM (CAST FROM o-DICHLOROBENZENE)
Source of Sample
Pro-Alloy, Inc.
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Technique
KBr WAFER
Source of Sample
Genstar Stone Products Company
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.1.2 ATR-IR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Bio-Rad FTS
Technique
ATR-Neat (DuraSamplIR II)
Source of Spectrum
Forensic Spectral Research
Source of Sample
Mallinckrodt, Inc.
Catalog Number
4072
Lot Number
CTA
Copyright
Copyright © 2012-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Technique
ATR, NEAT
Source of Sample
Genstar Stone Products Company
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.2 Raman Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Bio-Rad FTS 175C with Raman accessory
Technique
FT-Raman
Source of Sample
Pro-Alloy, Inc.
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Instrument Name
Bio-Rad FTS 175C with Raman accessory
Technique
FT-Raman
Source of Sample
Genstar Stone Products Company
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

6 Chemical Vendors

7 Drug and Medication Information

7.1 Drug Indication

For relief of heartburn and acid indigestion. May also be used as a nutritional supplement or to treat hypocalcemia.

7.2 FDA Approved Drugs

7.3 FDA Orange Book

7.4 FDA National Drug Code Directory

7.5 Drug Labels

Drug and label
Drug and label
Active ingredient and drug
Homeopathic product and label
Drug and label

7.6 Clinical Trials

7.6.1 ClinicalTrials.gov

7.6.2 EU Clinical Trials Register

7.6.3 NIPH Clinical Trials Search of Japan

7.7 Therapeutic Uses

Mesh Heading: Antacids
National Library of Medicine, SIS; ChemIDplus Record for Calcium Carbonate (471-34-1).>> Available from, as of April 17, 2006: https://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/chemidlite.jsp
/EXPL THER/ The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that a fibrin matrix enhances the osteogenic differentiation and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) seeded into mineralised scaffolds. Porous calcium carbonate scaffolds were droplet seeded with hBMSCs using a matrix containing 3 % fibrinogen and cultured for 3 weeks. Seeded scaffolds without the fibrin matrix served as controls. The scaffolds were evaluated, using undecalcified thick sections, for fluorescence staining for nuclei, osteocalcin (OC) and VEGF. The sections were systematically scanned using optical sectioning and three dimensional distributions of cells and positive staining indicating expression of OC and VEGF were reconstructed from the z-stacks. The fibrin matrix maintained a significantly higher level of cell numbers after 2 d and 1 week and delayed the onset of osteogenic differentiation while sustaining a significantly higher level of OC and VEGF expression after 2 and 3 weeks, starting from the periphery of the scaffolds. There was a decrease in cell density from the periphery to the centre of the scaffolds in both groups. The percentage of cells expressing OC and VEGF was significantly different between the centre and the periphery of the scaffolds in the fibrin(+) group but not in the controls. It is concluded that the fibrin matrix used appears to be a useful adjunct for supporting and sustaining osteogenic and angiogenic activity of hBMSCs in tissue engineered constructs. This could help to improve their performance in a clinical setting.
Lohse N et al; Eur Cell Mater. 23: 413-23 (2012)
/EXPL THER/ Thirty coral-derived calcium carbonate-based macroporous constructs with limited hydrothermal conversion to hydroxyapatite (7% HA/CC) were implanted in the rectus abdominis of three adult non-human primate Papio ursinus to investigate the intrinsic induction of bone formation. Macroporous constructs with 125 ug human recombinant osteogenic protein-1 (hOP-1) or 125 ug human recombinant transforming growth factor-beta(3) (hTGF-beta(3)) were also implanted. The potential synergistic interaction between morphogens was tested by implanting binary applications of hOP-1 and hTGF-beta(3) 5:1 by weight, respectively. To evaluate the role of osteoclastic activity on the implanted macroporous surfaces, coral-derived constructs were pre-loaded with 0.24 mg of bisphosphonate zoledronate (Zometa). To correlate the morphology of tissue induction with osteogenic gene expression and activation, harvested specimens on day 90 were analyzed for changes in OP-1 and TGF-beta(3) mRNA synthesis by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The induction of bone formation in 7% HA/CC solo correlated with OP-1 expression. Massive bone induction formed by binary applications of the recombinant morphogens. Single applications of hOP-1 and hTGF-beta(3) also resulted in substantial bone formation, not comparable however to synergistic binary applications. Zoledronate-treated macroporous constructs showed limited bone formation and in two specimens bone formation was altogether absent; qRT-PCR showed a prominent reduction of OP-1 gene expression whilst TGF-beta(3) expression was far greater than OP-1. The lack of bone formation by zoledronate-treated specimens indicates that osteoclastic activity on the implanted coral-derived constructs is critical for the spontaneous induction of bone formation. Indirectly, zoledronate-treated samples showing lack of OP-1 gene expression and absent or very limited bone formation by induction confirm that the spontaneous induction of bone formation by coral-derived macroporous constructs is initiated by secreted BMPs/OPs, in context the OP-1 isoform.
Ripamonti U et al; Biomaterials. 31 (25): 6400-10 (2010)
/EXPL THER/ Calcium is an essential cotherapy in osteoporosis treatment. The relative effectiveness of various calcium salts for this purpose is uncertain. Many older women with osteoporosis have phosphorus intakes of <70% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance. /The study's/ objective was to test the hypothesis that calcium phosphate would better support anabolic bone building than would calcium carbonate. This study was a 12-mo, randomized, positive-comparator, 2-arm, single-blind clinical trial in 211 patients treated with teriparatide who consumed <1000 mg phosphorus/d. Participants were randomly assigned to receive, in addition to teriparatide and 1000 IU cholecalciferol, 1800 mg calcium/d as either tricalcium phosphate or calcium carbonate. The primary endpoints were changes in lumbar spine and total hip bone mineral densities (BMDs); secondary endpoints were changes in bone resorption biomarkers and serum and urine calcium and phosphorus concentrations. In the combined group, the lumbar spine BMD increased by 7.2%, and total hip BMD increased by 2.1% (P < 0.01 for both). However, there was no significant difference between calcium-treatment groups, and there were no significant between-group differences in serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations or in urine calcium concentrations. Bone resorption biomarkers increased in both groups, as expected with teriparatide, but the increases in the 2 calcium groups did not differ significantly.Tricalcium phosphate and calcium carbonate appear to be approximately equally effective in supporting bone building with a potent anabolic agent; phosphate salt may be preferable in patients with restricted phosphorus intakes.
Heaney RP et al; Am J Clin Nutr. 92 (1): 101-5 (2010)
For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for CALCIUM CARBONATE (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

7.8 Drug Warnings

Large doses of calcium carbonate (above 2 g) increase gastric secretion for a period of time that considerably outlasts elevation of pH. ... With single doses below 2 g, this effect is negligible.
Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 733
After ingestion /of CaCO3 tablets/, it is converted to sol calcium salts in bowel, and calcium is thereby made available for absorption. Patients with achlorhydria may not solubilize calcium from ... preparation.
Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 1528
Gastric hypersecretory action is counter productive and may possibly account for various reports that calcium carbonate is less efficacious than other antacids. Calcium carbonate has been known to cause fecal concretions.
Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 993
Constipating effects and chalky taste of calcium carbonate are clinically disadvantageous.
Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 993
For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for CALCIUM CARBONATE (23 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

7.9 Drug Idiosyncrasies

Some individuals who take calcium supplements might experience gastrointestinal side effects including gas, bloating, constipation, or a combination of these symptoms. Calcium carbonate appears to cause more of these side effects than calcium citrate, so consideration of the form of calcium supplement is warranted if these side effects are reported. Other strategies to alleviate symptoms include spreading out the calcium dose throughout the day and/or taking the supplement with meals.
NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet for Calcium. Available from, as of August 26, 2013: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Calcium-HealthProfessional/

8 Food Additives and Ingredients

8.1 Food Additive Classes

JECFA Functional Classes
Food Additives -> ANTICAKING_AGENT;

8.2 Food Additive Definition

EU Food Additive Definition
Calcium carbonate is the product obtained from ground limestone or by the precipitation of calcium ions with carbonate ions.

8.3 FDA Substances Added to Food

1 of 2
Used for (Technical Effect)
Use unspecified
Document Number (21 eCFR)
2 of 2
Used for (Technical Effect)
ANTICAKING AGENT OR FREE-FLOW AGENT, COLOR OR COLORING ADJUNCT, DRYING AGENT, FORMULATION AID, HUMECTANT, LEAVENING AGENT, LUBRICANT OR RELEASE AGENT, MASTICATORY SUBSTANCE, NUTRIENT SUPPLEMENT, PH CONTROL AGENT, PROCESSING AID

8.4 Color Additive Status

Color Additive
Use
Foods, Drugs
Restrictions
Drugs generally. Hard and soft candy, mints, and chewing gum.
End Note
1 - The color additives Antarctic krill meal, Astaxanthin, Astaxanthin dimethyldisuccinate, Ultramarine blue, Canthaxanthin, Haematococcus algae meal, Synthetic iron oxide, Dried algae meal, Tagetes (Aztec marigold) meal and extract, Corn endosperm oil, Paracoccus pigment, and Phaffia yeast are approved for specific uses in animal food (see 21 CFR 73.32. 73.35, 73.37, 73.50, 73.75, 73.185, 73.200, 73.275, 73.295, 73.315, 73.352, and 73.355, respectively).
Color additive regulations in 21 eCFR
Other regulations in 21 eCFR

8.5 Evaluations of the Joint FAO / WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives - JECFA

Chemical Name
CALCIUM CARBONATE
Evaluation Year
1965
ADI
NOT LIMITED
Comments
JECFA noted that bases are used in food technology and are required for pH adjustment. The amounts and concentrations used are not likely to have any toxicological significance. JECFA placed no restrictions on the food-additive use of calcium carbonate, provided the contribution made to the dietary load of calcium is assessed and considered to be acceptable.

9 Agrochemical Information

9.1 Agrochemical Category

Pesticide active substances

9.2 EU Pesticides Data

1 of 2
Active Substance
calcium carbonate (aka chalk)
Status
Not approved [Reg. (EC) No 1107/2009]
Legislation
2002/2076
2 of 2
Active Substance
calcium carbonate
Status
Approved [Reg. (EC) No 1107/2009]
Date
Approval: 01/11/2021 Expiration: 31/10/2036
Legislation
2008/127, Reg. (EU) 2017/195, Reg. (EU) 2020/1160, Reg. (EU) 2021/1448, Reg. (EU) 2021/745, Reg. (EU) No 369/2012, Reg. (EU) No 540/2011
Low-risk
Yes

10 Minerals

1 of 3
Formula
CaCO3
System
Orthorhombic
2 of 3
Formula
CaCO3
System
Rhomboedral (trigonal)
3 of 3
Name

11 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

11.1 Pharmacodynamics

Gastric-peptic disease occurs as a result of an imbalance between protective factors, such as mucus, bicarbonate, and prostaglandin secretion, and aggressive factors, such as hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Antacids work by restoring acid-base balance, attenuating the pepsin activity and increasing bicarbonate and prostaglandin secretion. The acid-neutralizing capacity of calcium carbonate is 58 mEq/15 ml. When used as a nutritional supplement, calcium carbonate acts by directly increasing calcium stores within the body.

11.2 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Antacids
Substances that counteract or neutralize acidity of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. (See all compounds classified as Antacids.)

11.3 FDA Pharmacological Classification

1 of 8
Non-Proprietary Name
ANTACID TABLETS
Pharmacological Classes
Phosphate Chelating Activity [MoA]; Blood Coagulation Factor [EPC]; Increased Coagulation Factor Activity [PE]; Calcium [CS]; Cations, Divalent [CS]; Phosphate Binder [EPC]
2 of 8
Non-Proprietary Name
CALCIUM ANTACID
Pharmacological Classes
Cations, Divalent [CS]; Calcium [CS]; Blood Coagulation Factor [EPC]; Increased Coagulation Factor Activity [PE]
3 of 8
Non-Proprietary Name
CALCIUM CARBONATE
Pharmacological Classes
Increased Coagulation Factor Activity [PE]; Blood Coagulation Factor [EPC]; Phosphate Chelating Activity [MoA]; Phosphate Binder [EPC]; Cations, Divalent [CS]; Calcium [CS]
4 of 8
Non-Proprietary Name
CALCIUM CARBONATE 750 MG
Pharmacological Classes
Phosphate Binder [EPC]; Calcium [CS]; Cations, Divalent [CS]; Blood Coagulation Factor [EPC]; Phosphate Chelating Activity [MoA]; Increased Coagulation Factor Activity [PE]
5 of 8
Non-Proprietary Name
CALCIUM CARBONATE TABLET, CHEWABLE
Pharmacological Classes
Phosphate Binder [EPC]; Calcium [CS]; Cations, Divalent [CS]; Increased Coagulation Factor Activity [PE]; Blood Coagulation Factor [EPC]; Phosphate Chelating Activity [MoA]
6 of 8
Non-Proprietary Name
SMOOTH DISSOLVE CALCIUM CARBONATE
Pharmacological Classes
Phosphate Binder [EPC]; Cations, Divalent [CS]; Calcium [CS]; Increased Coagulation Factor Activity [PE]; Blood Coagulation Factor [EPC]; Phosphate Chelating Activity [MoA]
7 of 8
Non-Proprietary Name
CALCIUM CARBONATE 500MG
Pharmacological Classes
Cations, Divalent [CS]; Calcium [CS]; Phosphate Binder [EPC]; Increased Coagulation Factor Activity [PE]; Phosphate Chelating Activity [MoA]; Blood Coagulation Factor [EPC]
8 of 8
Non-Proprietary Name
PRECIPITATED CALCIUM CARBONATE
Pharmacological Classes
Calcium [CS]; Cations, Divalent [CS]; Phosphate Binder [EPC]; Increased Coagulation Factor Activity [PE]; Phosphate Chelating Activity [MoA]; Blood Coagulation Factor [EPC]

11.4 ATC Code

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism

A12 - Mineral supplements

A12A - Calcium

A12AA - Calcium

A12AA04 - Calcium carbonate

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism

A02 - Drugs for acid related disorders

A02A - Antacids

A02AC - Calcium compounds

A02AC01 - Calcium carbonate

11.5 Bionecessity

Infants: 201 mg/day /for/ 0 to 6 mo /and/ 270 mg/day /for/ 7 to 12 mo. Children: 500 mg/day /for/ 1 to 3 yr and 800 mg/day /for/ 4 to 8 yr. Adults: 1,300 mg/day /for/ 9 to 18 yr, 1000 mg/day /for/ 19 to 50 yr /and/ 1200 mg/day /for above/ 51 yr. /During/ pregnancy /and/ lactation: 1300 mg/day /for/ 14 to 18 yr /and/ 1000 mg/day /for/ 19 to 50 yr. /Adequate Intakes (AIs) of calcium/
NAS. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Elements. Available from, as of August 01, 2006: https://riley.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=4&tax_level=3&tax_subject=256&topic_id=1342&level3_id=5140
Requirements for all vitamins and most minerals are increased during breast-feeding. /Calcium supplements/
Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006., p. 742
Anthropogenic CO2 is reducing the pH and altering the carbonate chemistry of seawater, with repercussions for marine organisms and ecosystems. Current research suggests that calcification will decrease in many species, but compelling evidence of impaired functional performance of calcium carbonate structures is sparse, particularly in key species. Here we demonstrate that ocean acidification markedly degrades the mechanical integrity of larval shells in the mussel Mytilus californianus, a critical community member on rocky shores throughout the northeastern Pacific. Larvae cultured in seawater containing CO2 concentrations expected by the year 2100 (540 or 970 ppm) precipitated weaker, thinner and smaller shells than individuals raised under present-day seawater conditions (380 ppm), and also exhibited lower tissue mass. Under a scenario where mussel larvae exposed to different CO2 levels develop at similar rates, these trends suggest a suite of potential consequences, including an exacerbated vulnerability of new settlers to crushing and drilling attacks by predators; poorer larval condition, causing increased energetic stress during metamorphosis; and greater risks from desiccation at low tide due to shifts in shell area to body mass ratios. Under an alternative scenario where responses derive exclusively from slowed development, with impacted individuals reaching identical milestones in shell strength and size by settlement, a lengthened larval phase could increase exposure to high planktonic mortality rates. In either case, because early life stages operate as population bottlenecks, driving general patterns of distribution and abundance, the ecological success of this vital species may be tied to how ocean acidification proceeds in coming decades.
Gaylord B et al; J Exp Biol. 214 (Pt 15): 2586-94 (2011)
Ocean acidification is a pervasive stressor that could affect many marine organisms and cause profound ecological shifts. A variety of biological responses to ocean acidification have been measured across a range of taxa, but this information exists as case studies and has not been synthesized into meaningful comparisons amongst response variables and functional groups. /The authors/ used meta-analytic techniques to explore the biological responses to ocean acidification, and found negative effects on survival, calcification, growth and reproduction. However, there was significant variation in the sensitivity of marine organisms. Calcifying organisms generally exhibited larger negative responses than non-calcifying organisms across numerous response variables, with the exception of crustaceans, which calcify but were not negatively affected. Calcification responses varied significantly amongst organisms using different mineral forms of calcium carbonate. Organisms using one of the more soluble forms of calcium carbonate (high-magnesium calcite) can be more resilient to ocean acidification than less soluble forms (calcite and aragonite). Additionally, there was variation in the sensitivities of different developmental stages, but this variation was dependent on the taxonomic group. /These/ analyses suggest that the biological effects of ocean acidification are generally large and negative, but the variation in sensitivity amongst organisms has important implications for ecosystem responses.
Kroeker KJ et al; Ecol Lett. 13 (11): 1419-34 (2010)
For more Bionecessity (Complete) data for CALCIUM CARBONATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.6 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Absorption
Maximal absorption occurs at doses of 500 mg or less taken with food. Oral bioavailability depends on intestinal pH, the presence of food and dosage.
Route of Elimination
Excreted mainly in the feces. The majority of renally filtered calcium is reabsorbed in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the proximal and distal convoluted tubules. Also secreted by sweat glands.
Volume of Distribution
Calcium is rapidly distributed taken up by skeletal tissues following absorption and distribution into extracellular fluids. Bone contains 99% of the body's calcium and the remaining 1% is approximately equally distributed between intracellular and extracellular fluids.
Calcium absorption is best when a person consumes no more than 500 mg at one time. So a person who takes 1,000 mg/day of calcium from supplements, for example, should split the dose rather than take it all at once.
NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet for Calcium. Available from, as of August 26, 2013: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Calcium-QuickFacts/
Amount of calcium absorbed from calcium carbonate is usually stated to be 10%, but ... depends upon amount of gastric acid; in 1 study, 0-2% of single 2 g dose was ... absorbed in achlorhydric persons, 9-16% in normal subjects, and 11-37% in patients with peptic ulcer ...
Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 992
Fraction absorbed seems to be nearly the same when CaCO3 is given chronically in daily doses of 20 g /as when it is given in single 2 g dose/. ... Amount absorbed probably reaches a plateau at a dose of about 20 g.
Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 992
... Increased calcium excretion almost always follows admin of antacid doses of calcium carbonate ...
Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 992
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for CALCIUM CARBONATE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.7 Metabolism / Metabolites

None.
After ingestion /of CaCO3 tablets/, it is converted to sol calcium salts in stomach, and calcium is thereby made available for absorption.
Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 1528

11.8 Mechanism of Action

Calcium carbonate is a basic inorganic salt that acts by neutralizing hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions. It also inhibits the action of pepsin by increasing the pH and via adsorption. Cytoprotective effects may occur through increases in bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and prostaglandins. Neutralization of hydrochloric acid results in the formation of calcium chloride, carbon dioxide and water. Approximately 90% of calcium chloride is converted to insoluble calcium salts (e.g. calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate).

12 Use and Manufacturing

12.1 Uses

Cosmetic Ingredient Review Link
CIR ingredient: Calcium Carbonate
EPA CPDat Chemical and Product Categories
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
Sources/Uses
Calcium carbonate occurs in nature as limestone, chalk, marble, dolomite, aragonite, calcite and oyster shells. [NIOSH] Natural calcium carbonate can be found in the minerals calcite and aragonite (limestone, chalk, and marble). [Harber, p. 354] Calcium carbonate is used in the manufacture of quicklime, Portland cement, and paints. Pharmaceutical grades are used in cosmetics, foods, and drugs. [ACGIH] Used in paints, rubber, plastics, ceramics, polishes, inks, pharmaceuticals, adhesives, etc. [CHEMINFO] Used for whiting in glassblowing; [www.ci.tucson.az.us/arthazards/medium.html]
Harber - Harber P, Schenker MB, Balmes JR (eds). Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Diseases. St. Louis: Mosby, 1996., p. 354
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure

Smelting Copper or Lead [Category: Industry]

Mining [Category: Industry]

Cement Producing [Category: Industry]

Glass Manufacturing [Category: Industry]

Metal Extraction and Refining [Category: Industry]

Activities with risk of exposure
Glassblowing [Category: Hobbies]
Mesh Heading: Antacids
National Library of Medicine, SIS; ChemIDplus Record for Calcium Carbonate (471-34-1).>> Available from, as of April 17, 2006: https://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/chemidlite.jsp
For calcium carbonate (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 073502) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./
National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's Database on Calcium Carbonate (471-34-1). Available from, as of August 26, 2013: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
Calcium carbonate /is a/ direct food additive /used as a/ dough strengthener to modify starch and gluten, producing a more stable dough, including the applicable effects listed by the NAS/NRC under "dough conditioners", /as a/ firming agent to precipitate residual pectin, strengthening the supporting tissue and preventing its collapse during processing, /as a/ nutrient supplement which /is/ necessary for the body's nutritional and metabolic processes, /as a/ pH control agent to change or maintain active acidity or basicity ... /and as a/ stabilizer and thickener to produce viscous solutions or dispersions, to impart body, improve consistency, or stabilize emulsions ... /From table/
Klaassen, C.D. (ed). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001., p. 1055
... Production of adhesives, matches, pencils; crayons, linoleum, insulating compounds, welding rods. In foods, cosmetics, antibiotics; in pharmaceuticals as tablet and capsule diluent; removing acidity of wines. In analytical chemistry for detecting and determining halogens in organic combinations; with ammonium chloride for decomposing silicates; preparing calcium chloride solution for standardizing soap solutions; for water analyses; as a colorimetric standard
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 290
For more Uses (Complete) data for CALCIUM CARBONATE (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Plastics -> Typical concentration range in plastic materials -> 5%
S47 | ECHAPLASTICS | A list from the Plastic Additives Initiative Mapping Exercise by ECHA | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2658139

12.1.1 Use Classification

EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes -> Processing Aids and Additives
Safer Chemical Classes -> Green circle Green circle - The chemical has been verified to be of low concern
Food additives
Human Drugs -> FDA Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (Orange Book) -> Active Ingredients
Food Additives -> ANTICAKING_AGENT; -> JECFA Functional Classes
Plastics -> Pigments agents
S47 | ECHAPLASTICS | A list from the Plastic Additives Initiative Mapping Exercise by ECHA | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2658139
Plastics -> Polymer Type -> Polyolefin-I; PUR; Polyolefin-II; PVC (soft); ABS; PVC (rigid); PET; PMMA; PA; PC; (E)PS
S47 | ECHAPLASTICS | A list from the Plastic Additives Initiative Mapping Exercise by ECHA | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2658139
Cosmetics -> Oral care; Abrasive; Cosmetic colorant; Absorbent; Bulking; Opacifying; Buffering; Viscosity controlling
S13 | EUCOSMETICS | Combined Inventory of Ingredients Employed in Cosmetic Products (2000) and Revised Inventory (2006) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2624118

12.1.2 Industry Uses

  • Hardener
  • Corrosion inhibitor
  • Abrasives
  • Processing aids not otherwise specified
  • Process regulators
  • Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
  • Binder
  • Filler
  • Pigments
  • Other
  • Bleaching agent
  • Soil amendments (fertilizers)
  • Anti-adhesive agents
  • Solids separation agents
  • Surfactant (surface active agent)
  • Viscosity adjustors
  • Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories
  • Catalyst
  • Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
  • Chemical reaction regulator
  • Processing aids, not otherwise listed
  • Lubricating agent
  • Lubricants and lubricant additives
  • Adhesion/cohesion promoter
  • Other (specify)
  • Surface modifier
  • Opacifer
  • Viscosity modifiers
  • Pigment
  • Oxidizing/reducing agents
  • Dehydrating agent (desiccant)
  • Fillers
  • Corrosion inhibitors and anti-scaling agents
  • Sealant (barrier)
  • Intermediate
  • Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
  • Adhesives and sealant chemicals
  • Intermediates
  • Dispersing agent

12.1.3 Consumer Uses

  • Pigment
  • Fillers
  • Lubricants and lubricant additives
  • Other (specify)
  • Surface modifier
  • Opacifer
  • Viscosity modifiers
  • Adhesives and sealant chemicals
  • Intermediates
  • Thickening agent
  • Sealant (barrier)
  • Intermediate
  • Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
  • Pigments
  • Other
  • Soil amendments (fertilizers)
  • Abrasives
  • Corrosion inhibitor
  • Processing aids not otherwise specified
  • Filler
  • Surfactant (surface active agent)
  • Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories
  • Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
  • Processing aids, not otherwise listed
  • Brightener
  • Lubricating agent
  • Anti-adhesive agents

12.1.4 Household Products

Household & Commercial/Institutional Products

Information on 335 consumer products that contain Calcium carbonate in the following categories is provided:

• Auto Products

• Commercial / Institutional

• Hobby/Craft

• Home Maintenance

• Inside the Home

• Landscaping/Yard

• Personal Care

• Pesticides

• Pet Care

12.2 Methods of Manufacturing

SRI
The production of natural ground calcium carbonate starts with the quarrying of a deposit of chalk, limestone, or marble. The best deposits for most industrial applications are those having a high (>90% CaCO3) purity and high brightness. ... The ore is taken to a primary crusher for size reduction and then into the processing plant. The plant process is dependent on the grade of material being made. ... Coarse products that do not require high purity, 90-98% CaCO3, go to secondary crushing. This may be a cone- or jaw-type crusher that produces material minus 4 cm. Final grinding for products down to approximately 5 um median particle size can be done in a roller mill or ball mill. Products finer than 10 um often involve additional processing, usually in a dry ball mill circuit with air classification.
Carr FP, Frederick DK; Calcium Carbonate. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (1999-2013). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Online Posting Date: July 18, 2003
For those grades /of calcium carbonate/ requiring high purity or finer material the process is different. Ideally, the secondary crushing step should reduce the ore to the point where mineral impurities are liberated, typically <100 um, without producing an excess of fines. The material may then be beneficiated through a mineral flotation process in which impurities are floated out. The flotation process produces a higher brightness material that is typically >98% calcium carbonate. ... The flotation product is further ground in a ball mill to produce a product in the 2-50 um particle range. Products having a median particle size less than 2 mm are usually wet ground in media or sand mills, the final product being a slurry that can be shipped after stabilizers and biocides are added, or dried for powdered products.
Carr FP, Frederick DK; Calcium Carbonate. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (1999-2013). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Online Posting Date: July 18, 2003
Precipitated calcium carbonate can be produced by several methods but only the carbonation process is commercially used in the United States. Limestone is calcined in a kiln to obtain carbon dioxide and quicklime. The quicklime is mixed with water to produce a milk-of-lime. Dry hydrated lime can also be used as a feedstock. Carbon dioxide gas is bubbled through the milk-of-lime in a reactor known as a carbonator. Gassing continues until the calcium hydroxide has been converted to the carbonate. The end point can be monitored chemically or by pH measurements. Reaction conditions determine the type of crystal, the size of particles, and the size distribution produced. ... Following carbonation, the product can be further purified by screening. This screening, also used to control the maximum size of the product, is followed by dewatering (qv). Rotary vacuum filters, pressure filters, or centrifuges are used in the mechanical removal of water. Final drying is accomplished as with natural calcium carbonate in either a rotary, spray, or flash dryer. Products having mean particle sizes from submicrometers (~0.03 um) to several micrometers are available.
Carr FP, Frederick DK; Calcium Carbonate. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (1999-2013). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Online Posting Date: July 18, 2003
... Methods of manufacture: (1) As a byproduct in the "Lime soda process"; (2) By precipitation of calcium carbonate from calcium hydroxide in the "Carbonation process"; or (3) By precipitation of calcium carbonate from calcium chloride in the "Calcium chloride process".
21 CFR 184.1191 (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of August 21, 2013: https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/ECFR?page=browse

12.3 Impurities

Major contaminants: magnesium carbonate and silica
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V4 428
Both natural ground and precipitated calcium carbonate can contain low levels of impurities that are regulated. The impurities depend on the source of material, processing, and the final grade. Impurities are typically trace metals and naturally occurring minerals.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V4 799

12.4 Formulations / Preparations

Formulations: dispersible, nonwettable.
Crop Protection Handbook Volume 99, Meister Media Worldwide, Willoughby, OH 2013, p. 303
/Available in/ Filler grades; USP grades; technical grades; high-purity grades; and specialty grades
CHEMCYCLOPEDIA 1986 p.168
Found in: Tums, 500 mg; Tums-Extra strength, 750 mg
GOSSELIN. CTCP 5TH ED 1984 p.V-679
Both natural ground or precipitated calcium carbonate are available as dry products. Calcium carbonate slurry, primarily used in the paper industry, is typically >70% solids by weight for ground products and 20-50% solids by weight for precipitated. Some grades are surface coated to improve handling and dispersibility in plastics. Agents used for surface treatment used are fatty acids, resins, and wetting agents.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V4 798
MAALOX QUICK DISSOLVE: 600 mg CaCO3/tablet; CALCIUM RICH ROLAIDS: 80 mg Mg(OH)2 and 412 mg CaCO3/tablet; TUMS EX 750 mg CaCO3 ... /From table/
Brunton, L. Chabner, B, Knollman, B. Goodman and Gillman's The Pharmaceutical Basis of Therapeutics, Twelth Edition, McGraw Hill Medical, New York, NY. 2011, p. 1316

12.5 Consumption Patterns

(Pigment grade) (est.) 17% in paint; 17% in plastics; 17% in carpet backing; 17% in putty; 13% in rubber; 19% in other applications, including precipitated calcium carbonate used principally for coating paper (1969)
SRI
Derivative: Construction, 72%; Raw Material, 19%; Filler & Extender, 1%; and others, 8% (1982)
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: Calcium Carbonate, 1983
The use of calcium carbonate in paint, paper, and plastics make up the principal part of the market.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V4 799

12.6 U.S. Production

Aggregated Product Volume

2019: 5,000,000,000 - <10,000,000,000 lb

2018: 5,000,000,000 - <10,000,000,000 lb

2017: 5,000,000,000 - <10,000,000,000 lb

2016: 5,000,000,000 - <10,000,000,000 lb

(1972) 2X10+11 GRAMS (PRECIPITATED)
SRI
(1975) 4.03X10+11 GRAMS (PRECIPITATED)
SRI
Market for fine products (97%, <45 um) is estimated to be 5-9 million tons annually in the U.S.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V4 798
Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule.
Year
1986
Production Range (pounds)
>500 million - 1 billion
Year
1990
Production Range (pounds)
>1 million - 10 million
Year
1994
Production Range (pounds)
>1 million - 10 million
Year
1998
Production Range (pounds)
>100 million - 500 million
Year
2002
Production Range (pounds)
>100 million - 500 million
US EPA; Non-confidential Production Volume Information Submitted by Companies for Chemicals Under the 1986-2002 Inventory Update Rule (IUR). Carbonic acid calcium salt (471-34-1). Available from, as of August 22, 2013: https://epa.gov/cdr/tools/data/2002-vol.html
For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for CALCIUM CARBONATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.7 U.S. Exports

(1975) 5.6X10+8 grams (Excluding pigment grade)
SRI

12.8 General Manufacturing Information

Industry Processing Sectors
  • Utilities
  • Paper Manufacturing
  • Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing
  • Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing
  • Printing Ink Manufacturing
  • Plastics Product Manufacturing
  • Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing
  • Rubber Product Manufacturing
  • All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
  • Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins
  • Primary Metal Manufacturing
  • Oil and Gas Drilling, Extraction, and Support activities
  • Construction
  • Furniture and Related Product Manufacturing
  • Services
  • Printing and Related Support Activities
  • Non-metallic Mineral Product Manufacturing (includes clay, glass, cement, concrete, lime, gypsum, and other non-metallic mineral product manufacturing)
  • Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing
  • Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
  • Petrochemical Manufacturing
  • Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
  • Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
  • Asphalt Paving, Roofing, and Coating Materials Manufacturing
  • Petroleum Lubricating Oil and Grease Manufacturing
  • Food, beverage, and tobacco product manufacturing
  • Wholesale and Retail Trade
  • Miscellaneous Manufacturing
  • Machinery Manufacturing
  • Paint and Coating Manufacturing
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting
  • Electrical Equipment, Appliance, and Component Manufacturing
  • All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
  • All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing
  • Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing
  • Transportation Equipment Manufacturing
  • Adhesive Manufacturing
  • Petroleum Refineries
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Carbonic acid calcium salt (1:1): ACTIVE
The principal U.S. producers of ground calcium carbonate are Columbia River Carbonates, ECC International, Franklin Limestone Co., Genstar Stone Products, Georgia Marble, J.M. Huber Corp., Calcium Carbonate Division, James River Limestone Co., Inc., OMYA Inc. (Pluess-Staufer), and Pfizer Inc. The principal U.S. producers of precipitated products are Mississippi Lime Co., and Pfizer Inc.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V4: 798-9

13 Identification

13.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

Method: OSHA ID-121; Procedure: atomic absorption; Analyte: calcium; Matrix: air, wipes, or bulks; Detection Limit: 0.03 ug/mL. /Calcium/
U.S. Department of Labor/Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Index of Sampling and Analytical Methods. Available from: https://www.osha.gov/dts/sltc/methods/toc.html on Metal and Metalloid Particulates as of July 26, 2006
Method: NIOSH 7020, Issue 2; Procedure: flame atomic absorption; Analyte: calcium; Matrix: air; Detection Limit: 0.001 mg/sample. /Calcium and compounds/
CDC; NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th ed. Calcium and Compounds. Available from, as of July 26, 2006: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/
Method: NIOSH 7300, Issue 3; Procedure: inductively coupled argon plasma, atomic emission spectroscopy (nitric/perchloric acid ashing); Analyte: calcium; Matrix: air; Detection Limit: 36.3 ng/mL. /Calcium/
CDC; NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th ed. Calcium. Available from, as of July 26, 2006: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/
Method: NIOSH 7303, Issue 2; Procedure: inductively coupled argon plasma, atomic emission spectroscopy (hot block/HCl/HNo3 digestion; Analyte: calcium; Matrix: air; Detection Limit: 0.009 ug/ml. /Calcium/
CDC; NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th ed. Elements by ICP. Available from, as of July 26, 2006: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/
For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for CALCIUM CARBONATE (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.2 NIOSH Analytical Methods

14 Safety and Hazards

14.1 Hazards Identification

14.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 2
View All
GHS Hazard Statements

Not Classified

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria by 3120 of 3474 companies

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 3474 reports by companies from 26 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 3120 of 3474 reports by companies. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

There are 23 notifications provided by 354 of 3474 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

14.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Not Classified

14.1.3 EPA Safer Chemical

Chemical: Calcium carbonate

Green circle Green circle - The chemical has been verified to be of low concern based on experimental and modeled data.

14.1.4 Health Hazards

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Calcium carbonate:

Exposure Routes: Inhalation, skin and/or eye contact

Symptoms: Irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; cough

Target Organs: Eyes, skin, respiratory system (NIOSH, 2024)

14.1.5 Fire Hazards

Not combustible.

14.1.6 Hazards Summary

No adverse effects associated with exposure to calcium carbonate have been identified. [Harber, p. 354] Important natural forms are calcite and aragonite, which may be contaminated with magnesium, iron, chromium, manganese, sulfur, zinc, lead, and sometimes crystalline silica. Chemically produced calcium carbonate is 98-99% pure. [CHEMINFO]
Harber - Harber P, Schenker MB, Balmes JR (eds). Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Diseases. St. Louis: Mosby, 1996., p. 354

14.1.7 Fire Potential

Not combustible.
IPCS, CEC; International Chemical Safety Card on Calcium carbonate. (October 1999). Available from, as of July 14, 2006: https://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1193.htm

14.2 Safety and Hazard Properties

14.2.1 Flammable Limits

Flammability
Noncombustible Solid

14.2.2 OSHA Standards

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-Hr Time Weighted Avg: 15 mg/cu m, total dust. /Calcium carbonate, RN 1317-65-3/
29 CFR 1910.1000 (USDOL); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of August 21, 2013: https://www.ecfr.gov
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-Hr Time Weighted Avg: 5 mg/cu m, respirable fraction. /Calcium carbonate, RN 1317-65-3/
29 CFR 1910.1000 (USDOL); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of August 21, 2013: https://www.ecfr.gov

14.2.3 NIOSH Recommendations

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hour Time-Weighted Average: 10 mg/cu m (total); 5 mg/cu m (respirable fraction).
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg

14.3 First Aid Measures

Inhalation First Aid
Fresh air.
Skin First Aid
Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.
Eye First Aid
Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible).
Ingestion First Aid
Rinse mouth.

14.3.1 First Aid

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Calcium carbonate:

Eye: IRRIGATE IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: SOAP WASH - If this chemical contacts the skin, wash the contaminated skin with soap and water.

Breathing: FRESH AIR - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. Other measures are usually unnecessary. (NIOSH, 2024)

(See general first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash - If this chemical contacts the skin, wash the contaminated skin with soap and water.

Breathing: Fresh air

14.4 Fire Fighting

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

14.4.1 Fire Fighting Procedures

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.
International Program on Chemical Safety/Commission of the European Union; International Chemical Safety Card on Calcium Carbonate (October 19, 1999). Available from, as of September 13, 2013: https://www.inchem.org/pages/icsc.html

14.5 Accidental Release Measures

14.5.1 Spillage Disposal

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers.

14.5.2 Cleanup Methods

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers.
International Program on Chemical Safety/Commission of the European Union; International Chemical Safety Card on Calcium Carbonate (October 19, 1999). Available from, as of September 13, 2013: https://www.inchem.org/pages/icsc.html

14.5.3 Disposal Methods

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

14.5.4 Preventive Measures

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.
International Program on Chemical Safety/Commission of the European Union; International Chemical Safety Card on Calcium Carbonate (October 19, 1999). Available from, as of September 13, 2013: https://www.inchem.org/pages/icsc.html

14.6 Handling and Storage

14.6.1 Safe Storage

Separated from acids, aluminium, ammonium salts, fluorine and magnesium.

14.6.2 Storage Conditions

Separated from acids, aluminium and ammonium salts.
IPCS, CEC; International Chemical Safety Card on Calcium carbonate. (October 1999). Available from, as of July 14, 2006: https://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1193.htm

14.7 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

14.7.2 Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)

15.0 [mg/m3](total dust), 5 mg/m3(respirable fraction)
PEL-TWA (8-Hour Time Weighted Average)
15 mg/m³ (total dust), 5 mg/m³ (respirable fraction)
PEL-TWA (8-Hour Time Weighted Average)
15 mg/m³ (total); 5 mg/m³ (resp)
TWA 15 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp)

14.7.3 Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)

N.D.

See: IDLH INDEX

14.7.4 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)

Substances whose adopted documentation and TLV's were withdrawn. Substance: Calcium carbonate (471-34-1); Year Withdrawn: 2007; Reason: Insufficient data.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH 2013, p. 92
TLV-TWA (Time Weighted Average)
Withdrawn [2007] - Insufficient data.

14.7.5 Inhalation Risk

A nuisance-causing concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed, especially if powdered.

14.7.6 Effects of Short Term Exposure

May cause mechanical irritation to the respiratory tract and eyes.

14.7.7 Effects of Long Term Exposure

Health effects of the substance have been investigated but none have been found

14.7.8 Allowable Tolerances

Residues of calcium carbonate are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest. Use: solid diluent, carrier.
40 CFR 180.910 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of August 21, 2013: https://www.ecfr.gov
Residues of calcium carbonate are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals. Use: solid diluent, carrier.
40 CFR 180.930 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of August 21, 2013: https://www.ecfr.gov

14.7.9 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Calcium carbonate:

Skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for personal protective equipment for the body.

Eyes: No recommendation is made specifying the need for eye protection.

Wash skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for washing the substance from the skin (either immediately or at the end of the work shift).

Remove: No recommendation is made specifying the need for removing clothing that becomes wet or contaminated.

Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the workshift. (NIOSH, 2024)

Use local exhaust.
International Program on Chemical Safety/Commission of the European Union; International Chemical Safety Card on Calcium Carbonate (October 19, 1999). Available from, as of September 13, 2013: https://www.inchem.org/pages/icsc.html
Protective gloves. Wear safety spectacles.
International Program on Chemical Safety/Commission of the European Union; International Chemical Safety Card on Calcium Carbonate (October 19, 1999). Available from, as of September 13, 2013: https://www.inchem.org/pages/icsc.html

(See personal protection and sanitation codes)

Skin: No recommendation

Eyes: No recommendation

Wash skin: No recommendation

Remove: No recommendation

Change: No recommendation

14.7.10 Respirator Recommendations

14.7.11 Preventions

Inhalation Prevention
Avoid inhalation of dust. Use local exhaust.
Skin Prevention
Protective gloves.
Eye Prevention
Wear safety goggles.
Ingestion Prevention
Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

14.8 Stability and Reactivity

14.8.1 Air and Water Reactions

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

14.8.2 Reactive Group

Carbonate Salts

14.8.3 Reactivity Profile

CALCIUM CARBONATE is non-combustible. Decomposes at high temperature (825 °C) to give gaseous carbon dioxide and calcium oxide (quicklime). Incompatible with acids, alum, ammonium salts, fluorine, magnesium. Reacts with acids and acidic salts to generate gaseous carbon dioxide with effervescence (bubbling). The reaction with concentrated solutions of acids is rapid and exothermic. The effervesence can create extensive foaming. Ignites on contact with fluorine.

14.8.4 Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities

Calcium carbonate ... ignite and burn fiercely in contact with fluorine. /Fluorine: metal salts/
Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990, p. 1101
When a mixture of magnesium and calcium carbonate is heated in a current of hydrogen, a violent explosion occurs. /Magnesium: hydrogen and calcium carbonate/
National Fire Protection Association; Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 14TH Edition, Quincy, MA 2010, p. 491-112
Calcium carbonate reacts with acids with evolution of carbon dioxide and heat (reported to be about 19 kJ/mol in hydrochloric acid).
Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 6th ed.Vol 1: Federal Republic of Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 2003 to Present, p. V. 19 524 (2003)
Acids, alum, ammonium salts, mercury & hydrogen, fluorine, magnesium.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg

14.9 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: Carbonic acid, calcium salt (1:1)
Status Regulation (EC)
2002/2076
Status Regulation (EC)
2008/127, Reg. (EU) 2017/195, Reg. (EU) 2020/1160, Reg. (EU) 2021/1448, Reg. (EU) 2021/745, Reg. (EU) No 369/2012, Reg. (EU) No 540/2011
REACH Registered Substance
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Calcium carbonate: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

14.9.1 FIFRA Requirements

Residues of calcium carbonate are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest. Use: solid diluent, carrier.
40 CFR 180.910 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of August 21, 2013: https://www.ecfr.gov
Residues of calcium carbonate are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals. Use: solid diluent, carrier.
40 CFR 180.930 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of August 21, 2013: https://www.ecfr.gov

14.9.2 FDA Requirements

Certification of this color additive when used as a color additive in drugs is not necessary for the protection of the public health, and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the certification pursuant to section 721(c) of the act.
21 CFR 73.1070 (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of August 21, 2013: https://www.ecfr.gov
An ingredient whose use in food or food packaging is subject to a prior sanction or approval within the meaning of section 201(s)(4) of the Act is exempt from classification as a food additive. ... Substances classified as stabilizers, when migrating from food-packaging material shall include: ... calcium carbonate.
21 CFR 181.29 (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of August 21, 2013: https://www.ecfr.gov
Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
21 CFR 184.1191 (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of August 21, 2013: https://www.ecfr.gov
Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: calcium carbonate is included in antidiarrheal drug products.
21 CFR 310.545(a) (3) (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of August 21, 2013: https://www.ecfr.gov
For more FDA Requirements (Complete) data for CALCIUM CARBONATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

14.10 Other Safety Information

Chemical Assessment

IMAP assessments - Carbonic acid, calcium salt (1:1): Human health tier I assessment

IMAP assessments - Carbonic acid, calcium salt (1:1): Environment tier I assessment

14.10.1 Special Reports

Optimal Calcium Uptake. Current Bibliographies in Medicine 94-4. Public Services Division/National Library of Medicine. 775 citations from January, 1990-April, 1994.[Available from, as of April 4, 2003: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/cbm/calcium.html]

15 Toxicity

15.1 Toxicological Information

15.1.1 NIOSH Toxicity Data

15.1.2 Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation

◈ What is calcium carbonate?

Calcium carbonate is a dietary supplement that has been used as an antacid to help symptoms of heartburn, acid indigestion, and upset stomach. Some examples of over-the-counter antacids with calcium carbonate are Tums®, Rolaids®, Maalox®, and Mylanta®.The supplement label should list both the calcium carbonate dose along with the actual calcium dose, which is often listed as ‘elemental calcium’. There are Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) guidelines and upper limit amounts for calcium (elemental calcium). For people who are pregnant and/or breastfeeding and age 19 or older, the RDA is 1,000 mg a day, and the upper limit is 2,500 mg. For people who are pregnant and/or breastfeeding and are ages 14 to 18 years old, the RDA of calcium is 1,300 mg a day and the upper limit is 3,000 mg. People can reach their RDA of calcium from the foods and beverages they consume as well as the calcium found in supplements and vitamins. If you have a medical condition that might change your calcium levels, talk with your healthcare providers about the amount of calcium that is right for you.

◈ I take calcium carbonate. Can it make it harder for me to get pregnant?

When used as directed and within the recommended amounts, taking calcium carbonate is not expected to make it harder to get pregnant.

◈ Does taking calcium carbonate increase the chance of miscarriage?

Miscarriage is common and can occur in any pregnancy for many different reasons. When used as directed and within the recommended amounts, taking calcium carbonate is not expected to increase the chance of miscarriage.

◈ Does taking calcium carbonate increase the chance of birth defects?

Every pregnancy starts out with a 3-5% chance of having a birth defect. This is called the background risk. When used as directed and within the recommended amounts, calcium carbonate is not expected to increase the chance of birth defects above the background risk.

◈ Does taking calcium carbonate in pregnancy increase the chance of other pregnancy-related problems?

When used as directed and within the recommended amounts, taking calcium carbonate is not expected to increase the chance of other pregnancy-related problems such as preterm delivery (birth before week 37) or low birth weight (weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces [2500 grams] at birth).

◈ Does taking calcium carbonate in pregnancy affect future behavior or learning for the child?

Studies have not been done to see if calcium carbonate can cause behavior or learning issues for the child.

◈ What if I take more than the recommended amounts of calcium carbonate?

The use of calcium carbonate in more than recommended amounts might increase the chance of low birth weight (weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces [2500 grams] at birth). There have been a few case reports of newborns with seizures when high doses of calcium carbonate were used near the end of pregnancy. Also, taking more calcium carbonate than recommended can cause milk-alkali syndrome, a condition in which there is a high level of calcium in the body (hypercalcemia) and could lead to kidney failure or inflammation of the pancreas in the person who is pregnant.

◈ Breastfeeding while taking calcium carbonate:

Calcium is found in breastmilk. When used as directed and within the recommended amounts, calcium carbonate is unlikely to be harmful to a nursing baby. Be sure to talk to your healthcare provider about all your breastfeeding questions.

◈ If a male takes calcium carbonate, could it affect fertility or increase the chance of birth defects?

Studies have not been done to see if calcium carbonate could affect male fertility (ability to get partner pregnant) or increase the chance of birth defects. In general, exposures that fathers or sperm donors have are unlikely to increase risks to a pregnancy. For more information, please see the MotherToBaby fact sheet Paternal Exposures at https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/paternal-exposures-pregnancy/.

15.1.3 Exposure Routes

inhalation, skin and/or eye contact

15.1.4 Symptoms

Inhalation Exposure
Cough.
Eye Exposure
Redness.
irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; cough
irritation eyes, skin, mucous membrane, upper respiratory system; cough, sneezing, rhinorrhea (discharge of thin nasal mucus); lacrimation (discharge of tears)

15.1.5 Target Organs

Eyes, skin, respiratory system

15.1.6 Acute Effects

15.1.7 Interactions

... A mixture of 2 parts magnesium oxide and 1 part calcium carbonate produces relatively normal stool for many patients.
American Medical Association, AMA Department of Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations. 4th ed. Chicago: American Medical Association, 1980., p. 954
Milk-alkali syndrome may occur after prolonged admin of calcium carbonate with concomitant use of sodium bicarbonate and/or homogenized milk containing Vit D.
American Medical Association, AMA Department of Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations. 4th ed. Chicago: American Medical Association, 1980., p. 955
Certain anions in antacids (carbonate and hydroxide) ... are thought to form insoluble complexes when combined with iron. A study evaluating the effect of antacids and iron absorption used patients with mild iron deficiency and found that when Mylanta II (5 mL) was given with 10 mg of iron, the increase in plasma iron seen two hours after the dose was not significantly different from the iron level seen two hours after a control dose. ... calcium carbonate 500 mg also decreased the two-hour plasma levels, with serum iron levels attaining only one-third of the control dose.
Young, L.Y., M.A. Koda-Kimble (eds.). Applied Therapeutics. The Clinical Use of Drugs. 6th ed. Vancouver, WA., Applied Therapeutics, Inc. 1995., p. 88-7
Concurrent use of excessive amounts of /alcohol, caffeine (usually more than 8 cups of coffee a day), or tobacco/ has been reported to decrease calcium absorption.
Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006., p. 743
For more Interactions (Complete) data for CALCIUM CARBONATE (45 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

15.1.8 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

A serum calcium concentration exceeding 2.6 mmol per liter (10.5 mg per 100 mL) is considered a hypercalcemic condition. Withholding additional administration of calcium and any other medications that may cause hypercalcemia usually resolves mild hypercalcemia in asymptomatic patients, when patient renal function is adequate. /Calcium supplements/
Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006., p. 746
When serum calcium concentration are greater than 2.9 mmol per liter (12 mg per 100 mL), immediate measures may be required with possible use of the following: Hydrating with intravenous 0.9% sodium chloride injection. Forcing diuresis with furosemide or ethacrynic acid may be used to rapidly increase calcium and sodium excretion when saline overload occurs. Monitoring of potassium and magnesium serum concentrations and starting replacement early to prevent complications of therapy. ECG monitoring and the possible use of beta-adrenergic blocking agents to protect the heart against serious arrhythmias. Possibly including hemodialysis, calcitonin, and adrenocorticoids in the treatment. Determining serum calcium concentration at frequent intervals to guide therapy adjustments. /Calcium supplements/
Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006., p. 746
/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 160
/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 160
/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 160-1

15.1.9 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Thirty-two healthy volunteers were exposed to 0 (control), 500, 1000, and 5000 ug/cu m calcium carbonate dust for 3 hours and nasal saccharin transport time (STT), rhinomanometry, and visual analog scales (VAS) on nasal discomfort were obtained. A dose dependent decrease of STT (P = 0.02) and nasal patency (P = 0.04), and increased sensation of nasal obstruction (P = 0.002) and dryness (P = 0.03) was observed. The results indicate that acute exposure to low-toxicity particulate matter in concentrations frequently encountered in western agglomeration areas may affect nasal functions and cause nasal symptoms.
Riechelmann H et al; J Occup Environ Med 45 (1): 54-60 (2003)
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Admin of calcium carbonate promotes positive phosphate balance; plasma phosphate concn may or may not be incr, but hyperphosphatemia is usual finding in patients with milk-alkali syndrome.
Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 992
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... Enough is absorbed to cause systemic and renal effects ... a slight-to-moderate metabolic alkalosis occurs during treatment with CaCO3, but it is slow to develop.
Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 992
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ When phosphate intake is low /during chronic calcium carbonate admin/, hypophosphatemia may occur. Hypercalciuria and alkaluria predispose to nephrolithiasis.
Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 993
For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CALCIUM CARBONATE (27 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

15.1.10 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Eye, nose, throat, and respiratory irritation /From table/
Sullivan, J.B. Jr., G.R. Krieger (eds.). Hazardous Materials Toxicology-Clinical Principles of Environmental Health. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1992., p. 575
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Marginal increase of phospholipids in lung lavage /was found in male rats exposed to 0.0812 mg/L for 90 minutes/ after 21 hr. No effect on lung weight, macrophage concentration, or histopathology.
European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Calcium carbonate (471-34-1) (2000 CD-ROM edition). Available from, as of July 14, 2006: https://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Twenty one day old male C57B1/6 mice were fed either control AIN-76 diet (0.5% calcium wt/wt; n = 10) or AIN-76 diet supplemented with calcium carbonate (1.0% calcium; n = 10) for 12 weeks. Apoptotic cells in proximal and distal segments were counted and expressed as an apoptotic index (AI: frequency of apoptosis/100 longitudinal crypts). The bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labelling index was also determined. Differences were analyzed by the student's t- test ... In control animals, the AI was significantly higher in the caecum/proximal colon (mean, 28.6; SEM, 2.0) compared with the distal colon (mean, 19.9; SEM, 1.8; p = 0.004). In the calcium treated group, the AI in the caecum/proximal colon (mean, 30.6; SEM, 1.7) was similar to controls (p = 0.71) but the AI in the distal colon was significantly greater (mean, 32.6; SEM, 1.8; p = 0.001) than in control mice and was raised to values similar to those in the proximal colon. Calcium was also associated with reduced crypt cellularity and, in the proximal colon, a downward shift in the crypt position at which apoptosis occurred. There were no significant differences in the BrdU labelling index between groups or between proximal and distal colonic segments in each group ... /The authors concluded that/ increased dietary calcium is associated with the induction of apoptosis in normal mouse distal colonic epithelium without affecting cell proliferation. This might contribute to its putative chemopreventive role in colorectal carcinogenesis.
Penman ID et al; J Clin Pathol 53 (4): 302-7 (2000)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Red meat intake is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. /The authors/ have previously shown that hemin, Hb and red meat promote carcinogen-induced preneoplastic lesions, aberrant crypt foci (ACF), in the colon of rats. /They/ have also shown that dietary calcium phosphate inhibits hemin-induced promotion and normalizes fecal lipoperoxides and cytotoxicity. Unexpectedly, high-calcium phosphate control diet-fed rats had more preneoplastic lesions in the colon than low-Ca control diet-fed rats. The present study was designed to find a Ca supplementation with no adverse effect, by testing several doses and types of Ca salts. One in vitro study and two short-term studies in rats identified calcium carbonate as the most effective Ca salt to bind heme in vitro and to decrease fecal biomarkers previously associated with increased carcinogenesis: fecal water cytotoxicity and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. A long-term carcinogenesis study in dimethylhydrazine-injected rats demonstrated that a diet containing 100 umol/g calcium carbonate did not promote ACF, in contrast with a previously tested calcium phosphate diet. The results suggest that calcium carbonate, and not calcium phosphate, should be used to reduce heme-associated colorectal cancer risk in meat eaters. They support the concept that the nature of the associated anion to a protective metal ion is important for chemoprevention.
Allam O et al; Br J Nutr. 105 (3): 384-92 (2011)
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CALCIUM CARBONATE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

15.1.11 Non-Human Toxicity Values

LD50 Mouse oral 6450 mg/kg bw
European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Calcium carbonate (471-34-1) (2000 CD-ROM edition). Available from, as of July 14, 2006: https://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
LD50 Rat oral 6450 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 677

15.1.12 Populations at Special Risk

About 15% of orally admin Ca+2 is absorbed, causing a transient hypercalcemia. Although not a problem in normal patients, the hypercalcemia from as little as 3 to 4 g per day can be problematic in patients with uremia ... /Antacids/
Brunton, L. Chabner, B, Knollman, B. Goodman and Gillman's The Pharmaceutical Basis of Therapeutics, Twelth Edition, McGraw Hill Medical, New York, NY. 2011, p. 1316
Ingestion of large quantities of a Ca+2 salt does not generally by itself cause hypercalcemia, an exception being patients with hypothyroidism, who absorb Ca+2 with increased efficiency. Also the uncommon hypercalcemic disorder called milk-alkali syndrome is caused by concurrent ingestion of large quantities of milk and alkalinizing powders, in which setting renal Ca+2 excretion is impaired. /Hypercalcemic States/
Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B., A.G. Gilman. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001., p. 1719
Concurrent use /of other calcium-containing medications or oral magnesium-containing medications/ with calcium supplements may increase serum calcium or magnesium concentration in susceptible patients, mainly patients with impaired renal function, leading to hypercalcemia or hypermagnesemia, respectively. /Calcium supplements/
Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006., p. 743

15.1.13 Protein Binding

Calcium acts as a co-factor to numerous enzymes.

15.2 Ecological Information

15.2.1 Ecotoxicity Values

LC50; Species: Gambusia affinis (Western mosquitofish); Conditions: static; Concentration: >56,000 mg/L for 24-96 hr
Wallen IE et al; Sewage Ind Wastes 29 (6): 695-711 (1957) Available from, as of July 10, 2006

15.2.2 Ecotoxicity Excerpts

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ This study was undertaken to determine whether calcium could render any protection against copper (Cu) toxicity in Nile tilapia with emphasis on histopathological and histochemical analysis. The copper LC50 values for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr to tilapia in the laboratory were 210.27, 213.34, 193.30, and 185. 75 mg/L, respectively. Prior to Cu exposure, fish were exposed to 0 (G1 and G3) and 30 mg/L calcium carbonate (G2 and G4) for 4 days. After that, fish were exposed to 46 mg/L copper, which corresponds to 25% of the 96 hr LC50 (G3 and G4) for 96 hr and 7 days. In the gills of the copper treatment group, primary filament cell hyperplasia, epithelial lifting, or edema, secondary lamellar fusion, and aneurysm were observed. Swollen hepatocytes showing vacuoles and congestion in sinusoids were observed. Necrosis was observed in some areas. In the kidney, glomerulus's atrophy, tubular swelling, and also necrosis were seen. Fish that were pre-exposed to calcium showed slight alteration when compared to copper alone-treatment groups. Histochemical staining for calcium and copper by alizarin red S and rhodanine staining, respectively, indicated no accumulation of calcium and copper in kidney, liver, gills, and muscle. In conclusion, calcium appears to be beneficial in reducing the effects of heavy metal contaminations in aquatic organisms.
Kosai P et al; Toxicol Mech Methods. 19 (6-7): 461-7 (2009)
/AQUATIC SPECIES/ To determine the effects of water hardness on the toxicities of cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) to a freshwater fish, Capoeta fusca. Toxicity was investigated by static bioassay. Fish were exposed to cobalt (as CoCl2) and nickel (as NiCl2) for 96 hr in waters with two levels of hardness ("hard" and "very hard", nominally 130 mg/L and 350 mg/L as CaCO3, respectively). Water hardness had a significant effect on the acute toxicity of both elements. The 96 hr LC50 values for Co were 91.7 mg/L and 204.8 mg/L in hard and very hard waters, respectively, and for Ni the 96 hr LC50 values were 78.0 mg/L and 127.2 mg/L, respectively. The fish were more sensitive to Co and Ni toxicity in hard water than in very hard water; very hard water protects C. fusca against the toxicity of Co and Ni.
Pourkhabbaz A et al; Biomed Environ Sci 24 (6): 656-60 (2011)
/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The potential modifying effects of certain water quality parameters (e.g., hardness, alkalinity, pH) on the acute toxicity of boron were tested using a freshwater cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia. By comparison, boron acute toxicity was less affected by water quality characteristics than some metals (e.g., copper and silver). Increases in alkalinity over the range tested did not alter toxicity. Increases in water hardness appeared to have an effect with very hard waters (>500 mg/L as CaCO3)...
Dethloff GM et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 57 (1): 60-7 (2009)
/AQUATIC SPECIES/ In this study, the toxicity of mercuric chloride (HgCl2), an important pollutant threatening water resources for many years, and the effects of water temperature and hardness on the toxicity in cultured rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (4.79 +/- 0.16 g; 7.38 +/- 0.24 cm; mean +/- SD) were investigated at different temperatures (12 and 17 °C) and hardness concentrations (35, 70 and 120 mg/ L as calcium carbonate, CaCO3). For this purpose, the acute toxicity tests were performed by 96-hr static tests in different water temperatures and water hardness concentrations. For acute toxicity tests, solutions ranging from 0.4 to 1.2 mg/L were used at 12 °C and solutions ranging from 0.4 to 1.0 mg/L at 17 °C. The LC50 values of HgCl2 that killed 50% of rainbow trout within 96 hr in the hardness concentrations of 35, 70 and 120 mg/L CaCO3 were calculated using probit analysis, and were found to be 0.725, 0.788, 0.855 mg/L at 12 °C and 0.670, 0.741, 0.787 mg/L at 17 °C, respectively. Consequently, the toxicity of HgCl2 on rainbow trout decreased when the temperature decreased from 17 to 12 °C. Toxicity increased when the hardness decreased from 120 to 35 mg/L CaCO3. In contrast to temperature, water hardness presents a negative effect on the toxicity of HgCl2.
Terzi E, Verep B.; Toxicol Ind Health 28 (6): 499-504 (2012)
For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CALCIUM CARBONATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

15.2.3 ICSC Environmental Data

Environmental effects from the substance have not been investigated adequately.

15.2.4 Natural Pollution Sources

EGG SHELLS ARE 94% CALCIUM CARBONATE. LIMESTONE...IS NATURAL SOURCE OF TECHNICAL OR AGRICULTURAL GRADES.
Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1974., p. 65
Calcium carbonate ... occurs naturally as the principal constituent of limestone, marble and chalk
Carr FP, Frederick DK; Calcium Carbonate. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (1999-2013). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 18 Jul 2003
Calcium carbonate /is present in/ ... oyster shells and dolomite
Petersen RL, Freilich MB; Calcium Compounds, Survey. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (1999-2013). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 4 Dec 2000
Exists in nature as minerals aragonite, calcite and vaterite. Two crystal forms are of commercial importance: aragonite, orthorhombic...calcite hexagonal-rhombohedral...
CIT O'Neil MJ, ed; The Merck Index. 15th ed., Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry, p. 290 (2013)
The solubility of calcium carbonate in water containing carbon dioxide causes the formation of caves with stalactites and stalagmites and is responsible for hardness in water
Haynes, W.M. (ed.) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 2010-2011, p. 4-8

15.2.5 Sediment / Soil Concentrations

SEDIMENT: Calcium carbonate concentrations in core samples from the Southern California Bight(1).
Year
1820
Depth (cm)
8
Concn (ppm)
17
Year
1900
Depth (cm)
4
Concn (ppm)
17
Year
1930
Depth (cm)
3
Concn (ppm)
23
Year
1960
Depth (cm)
1.5
Concn (ppm)
35
Year
1970
Depth (cm)
1.25
Concn (ppm)
34
Year
1980
Depth (cm)
1
Concn (ppm)
25
(1) Finney BP, Huh CA; Environ Sci Technol 23: 294-303 (1989)
SEDIMENT: Calcium carbonate range concentrations were reported as 4.9-85.2, 67.5-90.7, and 67.2-94.3 mg/kg in the sediments of Geothermal Springs, Mangrove Lagoon and the Santispac Bight, Baha Concepcion, Baja California Peninsula, respectively(1).
(1) Leal-Acosta M, et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 85(6): 609-613 (2010)

15.2.6 Other Environmental Concentrations

The PM2.5 samples of dust collected 1 and 2 days following the World Trade Center collapse on September 11, 2001 were alkaline and composed primarily of calcium-based compounds such as calcium sulfate (gypsum) calcium carbonate (calcite), which were attributed to crushed building materials such as cement, concrete aggregate, ceiling tiles, and wallboard(1).
(1) Gavett SH; Environ Health Perspect 111: 971 (2003)

15.2.7 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 2,341,639 workers (392,183 of these were female) were potentially exposed to calcium carbonate in the US(1). The survey statistically estimated that 20,008 workers (656 of these were female) were potentially exposed to marble dust in the US(1). The survey statistically estimated that 6,239 workers (2,955 of these were female) were potentially exposed to calcium carbonate powder in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to calcium carbonate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where calcium carbonate is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to calcium carbonate via ingestion of certain foods and pharmaceuticals and dermal contact with this consumer containing calcium carbonate(SRC).
(1) NIOSH; NOES. National Occupational Exposure Survey conducted from 1981-1983. Estimated numbers of employees potentially exposed to specific agents by 2-digit standard industrial classification (SIC). Available from, as of Sept 14, 2013: https://www.cdc.gov/noes/

16 Associated Disorders and Diseases

17 Literature

17.1 Consolidated References

17.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

17.3 Springer Nature References

17.4 Thieme References

17.5 Wiley References

17.6 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

17.7 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

17.8 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

18 Patents

18.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

18.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

18.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

18.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

18.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

19 Interactions and Pathways

19.1 Chemical-Target Interactions

19.2 Drug-Drug Interactions

19.3 Drug-Food Interactions

Take with or without food. Food increases the absorption of calcium carbonate, which may be advantageous in its use as a calcium supplement.

20 Biological Test Results

20.1 BioAssay Results

21 Classification

21.1 MeSH Tree

21.2 NCI Thesaurus Tree

21.3 ChEBI Ontology

21.4 KEGG: Drug

21.5 KEGG: ATC

21.6 KEGG: JP15

21.7 KEGG: Risk Category of Japanese OTC Drugs

21.8 KEGG: OTC drugs

21.9 KEGG: Animal Drugs

21.10 KEGG: Drug Groups

21.11 WHO ATC Classification System

21.12 EPA Safer Choice

21.13 ChemIDplus

21.14 CAMEO Chemicals

21.15 UN GHS Classification

21.16 EPA CPDat Classification

21.17 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

21.18 EPA DSSTox Classification

21.19 Consumer Product Information Database Classification

21.20 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

21.21 FDA Drug Type and Pharmacologic Classification

21.22 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

21.23 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

22 Information Sources

  1. Athena Minerals
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    CAMEO Chemical Reactivity Classification
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
  4. ChemIDplus
    ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
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  5. DrugBank
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    Carbonic acid calcium salt (1:1)
    https://www.epa.gov/chemical-data-reporting
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    https://www.epa.gov/chemicals-under-tsca
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    LICENSE
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    https://www.whocc.no/copyright_disclaimer/
  51. Wikidata
  52. Wikipedia
  53. Wiley
  54. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
    LICENSE
    Works produced by the U.S. government are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any such works found on National Library of Medicine (NLM) Web sites may be freely used or reproduced without permission in the U.S.
    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
  55. PubChem
  56. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  57. EPA Substance Registry Services
  58. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  59. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
  60. NCBI
CONTENTS