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Glycerin

PubChem CID
753
Structure
Glycerin_small.png
Glycerin_3D_Structure.png
Glycerin__Crystal_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • glycerol
  • glycerin
  • 56-81-5
  • PROPANE-1,2,3-TRIOL
  • Glycerine
Molecular Weight
92.09 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2004-09-16
  • Modify:
    2025-01-18
Description
Glycerine appears as a colorless to brown colored liquid. Combustible but may require some effort to ignite.
Glycerol is a triol with a structure of propane substituted at positions 1, 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups. It has a role as an osmolyte, a solvent, a detergent, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a geroprotector. It is an alditol and a triol.
A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
See also: Polyglycerin-3 (monomer of); Tobacco Leaf (part of); Polyglyceryl-3 Diisostearate (monomer of) ... View More ...

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Glycerin.png

1.2 3D Conformer

1.3 Crystal Structures

CCDC Number
Associated Article
Crystal Structure Data
Crystal Structure Depiction
Crystal Structure Depiction

2 Biologic Description

IUPAC Condensed
Gro
IUPAC
sn-glycerol

3 Names and Identifiers

3.1 Computed Descriptors

3.1.1 IUPAC Name

propane-1,2,3-triol
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

3.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C3H8O3/c4-1-3(6)2-5/h3-6H,1-2H2
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

3.1.3 InChIKey

PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

3.1.4 SMILES

C(C(CO)O)O
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

3.2 Molecular Formula

C3H8O3
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

C3H8O3

CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH

3.3 Other Identifiers

3.3.1 CAS

56-81-5
7091-73-8
8013-25-0
30918-77-5

3.3.3 Deprecated CAS

1400594-62-8, 1422250-43-8, 1629856-20-7, 29796-42-7, 30049-52-6, 37228-54-9, 75398-78-6, 78630-16-7, 8013-25-0
1400594-62-8, 1422250-43-8, 29796-42-7, 30049-52-6, 30918-77-5, 37228-54-9, 78630-16-7, 8013-25-0

3.3.4 European Community (EC) Number

200-289-5

3.3.5 UNII

3.3.6 ChEBI ID

3.3.7 ChEMBL ID

3.3.8 DrugBank ID

3.3.9 DSSTox Substance ID

3.3.10 FEMA Number

3.3.11 HMDB ID

3.3.12 ICSC Number

3.3.13 JECFA Number

909

3.3.14 KEGG ID

3.3.15 Metabolomics Workbench ID

3.3.16 NCI Thesaurus Code

3.3.17 Nikkaji Number

3.3.18 NSC Number

3.3.19 RTECS Number

3.3.20 RXCUI

3.3.21 Wikidata

3.3.22 Wikipedia

3.4 Synonyms

3.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

  • 1,2,3-Propanetriol
  • 1,2,3-Trihydroxypropane
  • Glycerin
  • Glycerine
  • Glycerol

3.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

4 Chemical and Physical Properties

4.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
92.09 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
XLogP3
Property Value
-1.8
Reference
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
3
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
3
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
2
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
92.047344113 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
92.047344113 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
60.7 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
6
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
25.2
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

4.2 Experimental Properties

4.2.1 Physical Description

Glycerine appears as a colorless to brown colored liquid. Combustible but may require some effort to ignite.
NKRA; Pellets or Large Crystals; Dry Powder, Pellets or Large Crystals; Dry Powder, Liquid; Water or Solvent Wet Solid; Liquid; Liquid, Other Solid; Other Solid
Clear, colourless hygroscopic syrupy liquid with not more than a slight characteristic odour, which is neither harsh nor disagreeable
Clear, colorless, odorless, syrupy liquid or solid (below 64 degrees F). [Note: The solid form melts above 64 degrees F but the liquid form freezes at a much lower temperature.]; [NIOSH]
Liquid
HYGROSCOPIC VISCOUS COLOURLESS LIQUID.
Clear, colorless, odorless, syrupy liquid or solid (below 64 °F). [Note: The solid form melts above 64 °F but the liquid form freezes at a much lower temperature.]

4.2.2 Color / Form

Syrupy, rhombic plates
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 3-268
Clear, colorless syrupy liquid
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 611
Clear, colorless, ... syrupy liquid or solid (below 64 degrees F) [Note: The solid form melts above 64 degrees F but the liquid form freezes at a much lower temperature].
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 152

4.2.3 Odor

MILD ODOR
Furia, T.E. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Food Additives. 2nd ed. Volume 2. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Inc., 1980., p. 275
Odorless
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 611

4.2.4 Taste

Sweet, warm taste
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 774

4.2.5 Boiling Point

554 °F at 760 mmHg (decomposes) (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
290 °C (decomposes)
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 774
BP: 263 °C at 400 mm Hg; 240.0 °C at 200 mm Hg; 220.1 °C at 100 mm Hg; 208.0 °C at 60 mm Hg; 182.2 °C at 20 mm Hg; 167.2 °C at 10 mm Hg; 153.8 °C at 5 mm Hg; 125.5 °C at 1.0 mm Hg
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 774
290 °C
554 °F (Decomposes)

4.2.6 Melting Point

64 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
18.1 °C
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 3-268
20 °C
18 °C
64 °F

4.2.7 Flash Point

320 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
177 °C
177 °C (Open cup)
International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 971
176 °C c.c.
320 °F

4.2.8 Solubility

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 64 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Miscible with ethanol; slightly soluble in ethyl ether; insoluble in benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, carbon disulfide, petroleum ether
Lide, D.R., G.W.A. Milne (eds.). Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volume I. 3rd ed. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton ,FL. 1994., p. V2: 4386
1 part dissolves in 11 parts ethyl acetate, in approx 500 parts ethyl ether. Insoluble in benzene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, petroleum ether, oils.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 774
SOLUBILITY IN ACETONE: 1 G IN 15 ML
Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 1255
Insoluble in fixed and volatile oils
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 611
In water, 5.296X10+6 mg/L at 25 °C
Yalkowsky, S.H., He, Yan., Handbook of Aqueous Solubility Data: An Extensive Compilation of Aqueous Solubility Data for Organic Compounds Extracted from the AQUASOL dATAbASE. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL. 2003., p. 79
1000.0 mg/mL
Solubility in water: miscible
Miscible

4.2.9 Density

1.261 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
1.2613 g/cu cm at 20 °C
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 3-268
A trihydric (polyhydric) alcohol; hygroscopic; density (anhydrous): 1.2653; density (USP): >1.249 at 25 °C/25 °C; density (dynamite): 1.2620
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 611
Relative density (water = 1): 1.26
1.26

4.2.10 Vapor Density

3.17 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
3.17 (Air = 1)
Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984., p. 1479
Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.2

4.2.11 Vapor Pressure

0.0025 mmHg at 122 °F ; 40 mmHg at 388 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
0.000168 [mmHg]
VP: 0.0025 MM HG AT 50 °C
Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984., p. 1479
1.68X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C
Daubert, T.E., R.P. Danner. Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, D.C.: Taylor and Francis, 1989.
Vapor pressure, Pa at 25 °C: 0.01
(122 °F): 0.003 mmHg

4.2.12 LogP

log Kow = -1.76
Hansch, C., Leo, A., D. Hoekman. Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society., 1995., p. 7
-1.76
HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)

4.2.13 Henry's Law Constant

Henry's Law constant = 1.73X10-8 atm cu-m/mol at 25 °C
Hine J, Mookerjee PK; J Org Chem 40: 292-8 (1975)

4.2.14 Stability / Shelf Life

Mixtures of glycerin with water, ethanol (95%), and propylene glycol are chemically stable. Glycerin may crystallize if stored at low temperatures; the crystals do not melt until warmed to 20 °C.
Rowe, R.C., Sheskey, P.J., Quinn, M.E.; (Eds.), Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients 6th edition Pharmaceutical Press, London, England 2009, p. 284
Stability During Transport: Stable
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

4.2.15 Autoignition Temperature

698 °F (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
739 °F
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 566
393 °C

4.2.16 Decomposition

Pure gycerin is not prone to oxidation by the atmosphere under ordinary conditions, but is decomposes on heating with the evolution of toxic acrolein.
Rowe, R.C., Sheskey, P.J., Quinn, M.E.; (Eds.), Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients 6th edition Pharmaceutical Press, London, England 2009, p. 284

4.2.17 Viscosity

954 CENTIPOISES AT 25 °C; 17 CENTIPOISES AT 25 °C (70% SOLN)
Furia, T.E. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Food Additives. 2nd ed. Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1972., p. 434

4.2.18 Heat of Combustion

-4310 cal/g
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

4.2.19 Heat of Vaporization

160 cal/g
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

4.2.20 pH

Neutral to litmus
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 774

4.2.21 Refractive Index

[n]D/20 between 1,471 and 1,474
Index of refraction: 1.4746 at 20 °C/D
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 3-268
Index of refraction: 1.4758 at 15 °C/D; 1.4746 at 20 °C/D; 1.4730 at 25 °C/D
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 774

4.2.22 Dissociation Constants

pKa = 14.4
Serjeant EP, Dempsey B; Ionisation constants of organic acids in aqueous solution. IUPAC Chem Data Ser No.23. New York, NY: Pergamon pp.989 (1979)

4.2.23 Kovats Retention Index

Standard polar
2322 , 2314 , 2301.1 , 2300 , 2302.6

4.2.24 Other Experimental Properties

Solidifies after prolonged cooling at 0 °C forming shiny orthorhombic crystals
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 774
Freezing points of aqueous solutions: 10% -1.6 °C; 30% -9.5 °C; 50% -23.0 °C; 66.7% -46.5 °C; 80% -20.3 °C; 90% -1.6 °C
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 774
Specific gravities of 95% aqueous solution w/w (USP grade): 1.25270 at 15 °C/15 °C; 1.25075 at 30 °C/20 °C; 1.24910 at 25 °C/25 °C
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 774
Specific gravities of 90% aqueous solution w/w (USP grade): 1.23950 at 15 °C/15 °C; 1.23755 at 30 °C/20 °C; 1.23585 at 25 °C/25 °C
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 774
For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for GLYCERIN (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

4.3 SpringerMaterials Properties

4.4 Chemical Classes

4.4.1 Drugs

Pharmaceuticals -> Listed in ZINC15
S55 | ZINC15PHARMA | Pharmaceuticals from ZINC15 | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3247749
4.4.1.1 Human Drugs
Human drug -> Active ingredient (GLYCERIN)
4.4.1.2 Animal Drugs
Pharmaceuticals -> UK Veterinary Medicines Directorate List
S104 | UKVETMED | UK Veterinary Medicines Directorate's List | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.7802119

4.4.2 Cosmetics

Cosmetic ingredients (Glycerin) -> CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review)
Humectant; Solvent; Denaturant
S13 | EUCOSMETICS | Combined Inventory of Ingredients Employed in Cosmetic Products (2000) and Revised Inventory (2006) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2624118

4.4.3 Food Additives

ANTICAKING AGENT OR FREE-FLOW AGENT, DRYING AGENT, EMULSIFIER OR EMULSIFIER SALT, HUMECTANT, MASTICATORY SUBSTANCE, NUTRITIVE SWEETENER, SOLVENT OR VEHICLE, STABILIZER OR THICKENER, TEXTURIZER -> FDA Substance added to food

4.4.4 Fragrances

Fragrance Ingredient (Glycerol) -> IFRA transparency List

4.4.5 Polymers

Other Classes -> Alcohols and Polyols, Other
Plastics -> Other functions -> Slip promoter
S47 | ECHAPLASTICS | A list from the Plastic Additives Initiative Mapping Exercise by ECHA | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2658139
Plastics -> N.a.
S47 | ECHAPLASTICS | A list from the Plastic Additives Initiative Mapping Exercise by ECHA | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2658139

4.4.6 Surfactants

Surfactant
S120 | DUSTCT2024 | Substances from Second NORMAN Collaborative Dust Trial | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.13835254

5 Spectral Information

5.1 1D NMR Spectra

1 of 2
1D NMR Spectra
1H NMR: 4979 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection)
2 of 2
1D NMR Spectra

5.1.1 1H NMR Spectra

1 of 5
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Spectra ID
Instrument Type
Varian
Frequency
500 MHz
Solvent
Water
pH
7.00
Shifts [ppm]:Intensity
3.66:60.80, 3.53:52.79, 3.76:20.59, 3.63:85.94, 3.77:34.83, 3.54:59.90, 3.57:96.48, 3.78:14.28, 3.75:10.87, 3.64:100.00, 3.79:15.76, 3.77:15.11, 3.77:20.70, 3.56:85.72, 3.65:52.66, 3.78:17.15, 3.80:6.79
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Spectra ID
Instrument Type
JEOL
Frequency
400 MHz
Solvent
DMSO-d6
Shifts [ppm]:Intensity
3.41:624.00, 3.33:993.00, 3.37:712.00, 3.39:316.00, 3.38:1000.00, 4.49:411.00, 3.29:435.00, 3.34:34.00, 3.31:744.00, 3.30:574.00, 3.44:346.00, 3.48:72.00, 3.47:238.00, 3.43:203.00, 3.45:453.00
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5.1.2 13C NMR Spectra

1 of 5
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Spectra ID
Instrument Type
Bruker
Frequency
125 MHz
Solvent
Water
pH
7.00
Shifts [ppm]:Intensity
0.00:0.46, 65.32:19.00, 74.87:7.97
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Spectra ID
Frequency
400 MHz
Solvent
H2O
Shifts [ppm]
65.32, 74.87
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5.2 2D NMR Spectra

5.2.1 1H-1H NMR Spectra

2D NMR Spectra Type
1H-1H TOCSY
Spectra ID
Shifts [ppm] (F2:F1)
3.56:3.55, 3.77:3.66, 3.77:3.63, 3.56:3.76, 3.63:3.57, 3.77:3.57, 3.63:3.52, 3.63:3.63, 3.77:3.55, 3.77:3.52, 3.63:3.55, 3.77:3.77, 3.56:3.66, 3.56:3.63, 3.56:3.57, 3.63:3.66, 3.56:3.52, 3.63:3.76
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5.2.2 1H-13C NMR Spectra

2D NMR Spectra Type
1H-13C HSQC
Spectra ID
Instrument Type
Bruker
Frequency
600 MHz
Solvent
Water
pH
7.00
Shifts [ppm] (F2:F1):Intensity
3.65:65.49:0.79, 3.56:65.41:1.00, 3.77:74.98:0.63
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5.3 Mass Spectrometry

5.3.1 GC-MS

1 of 19
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Spectra ID
Instrument Type
GC-MS
Top 5 Peaks

205.0 1

117.0 0.96

103.0 0.86

133.0 0.60

218.0 0.32

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Spectra ID
Instrument Type
EI-B
Ionization Mode
positive
Top 5 Peaks

61.0 99.99

43.0 80.03

44.0 47.21

31.0 45.01

29.0 25.52

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Notes
instrument=HITACHI M-80

5.3.2 MS-MS

1 of 2
Spectra ID
Instrument Type
EI-B (HITACHI M-80)
Ionization Mode
Positive
Top 5 Peaks

61.0 1

43.0 0.80

44.0 0.47

31.0 0.45

29.0 0.26

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2 of 2
Spectra ID
Instrument Type
Quattro_QQQ
Ionization Mode
Positive
Top 5 Peaks

57.389 100

57.513 93.31

75.065 15.09

75.563 10.63

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Notes
delivery=Flow_Injectionanalyzer=Triple_Quad

5.3.3 LC-MS

1 of 6
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Authors
Sawada Y, Matsuda F, and Hirai MY. Plant Science Center, RIKEN
Instrument
TQD, Waters
Instrument Type
LC-ESI-QQ
MS Level
MS2
Ionization Mode
POSITIVE
Ionization
ESI
Collision Energy
50
Precursor m/z
93.05
Top 5 Peaks
77 999
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License
CC BY-NC
Reference
Sawada, Y.; Akiyama, K.; Sakata, A.; Kuwahara, A.; Otsuki, H.; Sakurai, T.; Saito, K.; Hirai, M. Y. Widely Targeted Metabolomics Based on Large-Scale MS/MS Data for Elucidating Metabolite Accumulation Patterns in Plants. Plant and Cell Physiology 2008, 50 (1), 37-47. DOI:10.1093/pcp/pcn183
2 of 6
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Authors
Sawada Y, Matsuda F, and Hirai MY. Plant Science Center, RIKEN
Instrument
TQD, Waters
Instrument Type
LC-ESI-QQ
MS Level
MS2
Ionization Mode
NEGATIVE
Ionization
ESI
Collision Energy
10
Precursor m/z
90.97
Top 5 Peaks

45 999

44 343

91 106

90 48

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License
CC BY-NC
Reference
Sawada, Y.; Akiyama, K.; Sakata, A.; Kuwahara, A.; Otsuki, H.; Sakurai, T.; Saito, K.; Hirai, M. Y. Widely Targeted Metabolomics Based on Large-Scale MS/MS Data for Elucidating Metabolite Accumulation Patterns in Plants. Plant and Cell Physiology 2008, 50 (1), 37-47. DOI:10.1093/pcp/pcn183

5.3.4 Other MS

1 of 8
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Other MS
MASS: 777 (NIST/EPA/MSDC Mass Spectral Database, 1990 version); 650 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York)
2 of 8
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Authors
NARA WOMEN'S UNIVERSITY
Instrument
HITACHI M-80
Instrument Type
EI-B
MS Level
MS
Ionization Mode
POSITIVE
Ionization
ENERGY 70 eV
Top 5 Peaks

61 999

43 800

44 472

31 450

29 255

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License
CC BY-NC-SA

5.4 UV Spectra

MAX ABSORPTION (UNDILUTED): 270 NM (LOG E= -1.2); SADTLER REF NUMBER: 169 (IR, PRISM)
Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. C-318
UV: 3-12 (Organic Electronic Spectral Data, Phillips et al, John Wiley & Sons, New York)
Lide, D.R., G.W.A. Milne (eds.). Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volume I. 3rd ed. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton ,FL. 1994., p. V5: 4386

5.5 IR Spectra

IR Spectra
IR: 10001 (Sadtler Research Laboratories IR Grating Collection)

5.5.1 FTIR Spectra

1 of 2
Technique
NEAT
Source of Sample
The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Technique
BETWEEN SALTS
Source of Sample
The Dow Chemical Company
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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5.5.2 ATR-IR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Bio-Rad FTS
Technique
ATR-Neat (DuraSamplIR II)
Source of Spectrum
Forensic Spectral Research
Source of Sample
J.T. Baker
Catalog Number
2140-1
Lot Number
525617
Copyright
Copyright © 2012-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Instrument Name
Bruker Tensor 27 FT-IR
Technique
ATR-Neat (DuraSamplIR II)
Source of Spectrum
Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.
Source of Sample
TCI Chemicals India Pvt. Ltd.
Catalog Number
G0316
Lot Number
7UUQB-LB
Copyright
Copyright © 2016-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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5.5.3 Near IR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
BRUKER IFS 88
Technique
NIR Spectrometer= INSTRUMENT PARAMETERS=INST=BRUKER,RSN=6635,REO=2,CNM=HEI,ZFF=2
Source of Spectrum
Prof. Buback, University of Goettingen, Germany
Copyright
Copyright © 1989, 1990-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
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Instrument Name
BRUKER IFS 88
Technique
NIR Spectrometer= INSTRUMENT PARAMETERS=INST=BRUKER,RSN=6635,REO=2,CNM=HEI,ZFF=2
Source of Spectrum
Prof. Buback, University of Goettingen, Germany
Copyright
Copyright © 1989, 1990-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
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5.5.4 Vapor Phase IR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
DIGILAB FTS-14
Technique
Vapor Phase
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Source of Spectrum
Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.
Source of Sample
Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.
Catalog Number
191612
Copyright
Copyright © 2021-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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5.6 Raman Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Bio-Rad FTS 175C with Raman accessory
Technique
FT-Raman
Source of Sample
The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Catalog Number
191612
Copyright
Copyright © 2017-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2017-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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7 Chemical Vendors

8 Drug and Medication Information

8.1 Drug Indication

It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.

8.2 FDA Approved Drugs

8.3 FDA Orange Book

8.4 FDA National Drug Code Directory

8.5 Drug Labels

Drug and label
Active ingredient and drug
Homeopathic product and label

8.6 Clinical Trials

8.6.1 ClinicalTrials.gov

8.6.2 EU Clinical Trials Register

8.6.3 NIPH Clinical Trials Search of Japan

8.7 Therapeutic Uses

Cathartics; Cryoprotective Agents; Solvents; Vehicles
National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings online file (MeSH, 1999)
/Glycerin is indicated/ for relief of occasional constipation.
US Natl Inst Health; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for ADULT GLYCERIN LAXATIVE (glycerin) suppository (February 2010). Available from, as of July 18, 2011: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=f44d5cca-c28d-4f37-92db-510f6605be90
/Glycerin/ is indicated as a/ lubricant /to/ relieve dryness of the eyes and prevent further irritation.
US Natl Inst Health; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for SOOTHE (glycerin and propylene glycol) solution/ drops (August 2010). Available from, as of July 18, 2011: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=fef002ea-c4bd-4486-a42e-1bbd9d73d28d
Glycerin ophthalmic solution may be used topically to reduce superficial corneal edema resulting from disease to facilitate opthalmoscopic and gonioscopic examination.
McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service - Drug Information 93. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc., 1993 (Plus Supplements, 1993)., p. 1773
For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for GLYCERIN (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

8.8 Drug Warnings

For rectal use only. May cause rectal discomfort or a burning sensation.
US Natl Inst Health; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for ADULT GLYCERIN LAXATIVE (glycerin) suppository (February 2010). Available from, as of July 18, 2011: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=f44d5cca-c28d-4f37-92db-510f6605be90
Do not use for more than one per day; for a period of longer than one week unless directed by a doctor; laxative products when abdominal pain, nausea, or vomiting are present unless directed by a doctor; if seal under product lid is damaged, missing or broken.
US Natl Inst Health; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for ADULT GLYCERIN LAXATIVE (glycerin) suppository (February 2010). Available from, as of July 18, 2011: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=f44d5cca-c28d-4f37-92db-510f6605be90
If you have rectal bleeding or fail to have a bowel movement after using a laxative. This may indicate a serious condition.
US Natl Inst Health; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for ADULT GLYCERIN LAXATIVE (glycerin) suppository (February 2010). Available from, as of July 18, 2011: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=f44d5cca-c28d-4f37-92db-510f6605be90
Adverse effects occur rarely following rectal administration of glycerin or sorbitol. Glycerin may produce rectal discomfort, irritation, burning or griping, cramping pain and tenesmus. Hyperemia of the rectal mucosa with minimal amounts of hemorrhage and mucus discharge may also occur. These adverse effects occur less frequently following rectal administration of sorbitol.
American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2011; Drug Information 2011. Bethesda, MD. 2011
For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for GLYCERIN (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

8.9 Biomarker Information

9 Food Additives and Ingredients

9.1 Food Additive Classes

JECFA Functional Classes

Flavouring Agent ->

FLAVOURING_AGENTFood Additives -> CARRIER_SOLVENT; EMULSIFIER; HUMECTANT; THICKENER;

9.2 FDA Substances Added to Food

1 of 2
Used for (Technical Effect)
ANTICAKING AGENT OR FREE-FLOW AGENT, DRYING AGENT, EMULSIFIER OR EMULSIFIER SALT, HUMECTANT, MASTICATORY SUBSTANCE, NUTRITIVE SWEETENER, SOLVENT OR VEHICLE, STABILIZER OR THICKENER, TEXTURIZER
Document Number (21 eCFR)
2 of 2
Substance
Used for (Technical Effect)
ANTICAKING AGENT OR FREE-FLOW AGENT, DRYING AGENT, EMULSIFIER OR EMULSIFIER SALT, HUMECTANT, MASTICATORY SUBSTANCE, NUTRITIVE SWEETENER, SOLVENT OR VEHICLE, STABILIZER OR THICKENER, TEXTURIZER
FEMA Number
2525
GRAS Number
3

9.3 Associated Foods

9.4 Evaluations of the Joint FAO / WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives - JECFA

Chemical Name
GLYCERIN
Evaluation Year
2002
ADI
NOT SPECIFIED (1976)
Comments
Evaluation not finalized, pending definition of "flavouring agent"

10 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

10.1 Pharmacodynamics

Glycerin is commonly classified as an osmotic laxative but may act additionally or alternatively through its local irritant effects; it may also have lubricating and fecal softening actions. Glycerin suppositories usually work within 15 to 30 minutes.

10.2 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Cryoprotective Agents
Substances that provide protection against the harmful effects of freezing temperatures. (See all compounds classified as Cryoprotective Agents.)
Solvents
Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant and Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) (See all compounds classified as Solvents.)

10.3 FDA Pharmacological Classification

1 of 8
FDA UNII
PDC6A3C0OX
Active Moiety
GLYCERIN
Pharmacological Classes
Established Pharmacologic Class [EPC] - Non-Standardized Chemical Allergen
Pharmacological Classes
Physiologic Effects [PE] - Increased Histamine Release
Pharmacological Classes
Physiologic Effects [PE] - Cell-mediated Immunity
Pharmacological Classes
Physiologic Effects [PE] - Increased IgG Production
Pharmacological Classes
Chemical Structure [CS] - Allergens
Pharmacological Classes
Chemical Structure [CS] - Glycerol
FDA Pharmacology Summary
Glycerin is a Non-Standardized Chemical Allergen. The physiologic effect of glycerin is by means of Increased Histamine Release, and Cell-mediated Immunity, and Increased IgG Production.
2 of 8
Non-Proprietary Name
GLYCERIN
Pharmacological Classes
Increased Histamine Release [PE]; Allergens [CS]; Increased IgG Production [PE]; Cell-mediated Immunity [PE]; Non-Standardized Chemical Allergen [EPC]; Glycerol [CS]
3 of 8
Non-Proprietary Name
GLYCERIN SUPPOSITORY
Pharmacological Classes
Increased Histamine Release [PE]; Glycerol [CS]; Non-Standardized Chemical Allergen [EPC]; Cell-mediated Immunity [PE]; Increased IgG Production [PE]; Allergens [CS]
4 of 8
Non-Proprietary Name
GLYCERINE
Pharmacological Classes
Increased Histamine Release [PE]; Glycerol [CS]; Allergens [CS]; Cell-mediated Immunity [PE]; Increased IgG Production [PE]; Non-Standardized Chemical Allergen [EPC]
5 of 8
Non-Proprietary Name
GLYCERINUM
Pharmacological Classes
Glycerol [CS]; Cell-mediated Immunity [PE]; Increased IgG Production [PE]; Allergens [CS]; Non-Standardized Chemical Allergen [EPC]; Increased Histamine Release [PE]
6 of 8
Non-Proprietary Name
REGENER-EYES
Pharmacological Classes
Non-Standardized Chemical Allergen [EPC]; Cell-mediated Immunity [PE]; Increased IgG Production [PE]; Allergens [CS]; Glycerol [CS]; Increased Histamine Release [PE]
7 of 8
Non-Proprietary Name
VITAMIN C SERUM
Pharmacological Classes
8 of 8
Non-Proprietary Name
GLYCEROL-SALINE DILUENT
Pharmacological Classes
Increased Histamine Release [PE]; Glycerol [CS]; Cell-mediated Immunity [PE]; Increased IgG Production [PE]; Allergens [CS]; Non-Standardized Chemical Allergen [EPC]

10.4 ATC Code

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism

A06 - Drugs for constipation

A06A - Drugs for constipation

A06AX - Other drugs for constipation

A06AX01 - Glycerol

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism

A06 - Drugs for constipation

A06A - Drugs for constipation

A06AG - Enemas

A06AG04 - Glycerol

10.5 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Absorption
Well absorbed orally, poorly absorbed rectally. Studies in humans and animals indicate glycerol is rapidly absorbed in the intestine and the stomach
Route of Elimination
Approx 7-14% of dose is excreted unchanged in the urine within 2.5 hr.
Volume of Distribution
Glycerin is distributed throughout the blood. Although glycerin generally does not appear in ocular fluids, it may enter the orbital sac when the eye is inflamed, with a consequent decrease in osmotic effect.
Data from studies in humans and animals indicate glycerol is rapidly absorbed in the intestine and the stomach, distributed over the extracellular space and excreted.
United Nations Environment Programme: Screening Information Data Sheets on Glycerol (56-81-5) (March 2002) Available from, as of July 14, 2009: https://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/OECDSIDS/sidspub.html
After hydrolysis of glycerol esters in the intestine, glycerol is readily absorbed.
WHO/FAO: Expert Committee on Food Additives. Summary of Toxicological Data of Certain Food Additives Series 48: Aliphatic acyclic diols, triols, and related substances (56-81-5) (2002). Available from, as of July 14, 2011: https://www.inchem.org/pages/jecfa.html
Following rectal administration, glycerin and sorbitol are poorly absorbed; colonic evacuation of glycerin rectal suppositories or enemas occurs within 15-60 minutes, while colonic evacuation of oral sorbitol occurs within 24-48 hours.
American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2011; Drug Information 2011. Bethesda, MD. 2011
Following absorbption from GI tract, glycerin is distributed throughout the blood. Although glycerin glycerin generally does not appear in ocular fluids, it may enter the orbital sac when the eye is inflamed, with a consequent decrease in osmotic effect.
McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service - Drug Information 93. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc., 1993 (Plus Supplements, 1993)., p. 1773
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for GLYCERIN (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.6 Metabolism / Metabolites

Glycerin is a substrate for synthesis of triacylglycerols and of phospholipids in the liver and adipose tissue. When fat metabolized as a source of energy, glycerol and fatty acids are released into the bloodstream. Circulating glycerin does not glycate proteins and does not lead to the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). In some organisms, the glycerin component can enter the glycolysis pathway directly to provide a substrate for energy or glucose production. Glycerol must be converted to their intermediate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate before being used in glycolysis or gluconeogenesis. Glycerol metabolism is regulated by the enzymes glycerol kinase, (cytosolic) NAD+-dependent G3P dehydrogenase and (mitochondrial) FAD-linked G3P dehydrogenase.
Glycerol is phosphorylated to alpha-glycerophosphate by glycerol kinase predominantly in the liver (80-90%) and kidneys (10-20%) and incorporated in the standard metabolic pathways to form glucose and glycogen. Glycerol kinase is also found in intestinal mucosa, brown adipose tissue, lymphatic tissue, lung and pancreas. Glycerol may also be combined with free fatty acids in the liver to form triglycerides (lipogenesis) which are distributed to the adipose tissues. The turnover rate is directly proportional to plasma glycerol levels.
United Nations Environment Programme: Screening Information Data Sheets on Glycerol (56-81-5) (March 2002) Available from, as of July 14, 2009: https://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/OECDSIDS/sidspub.html
Glycerol is endogenous in the human body. It enters the glycolytic pathway after its conversion in the liver to glycerol-3-phosphate by glycerol kinase. Glycerol-3-phosphate is then oxidized by glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to yield dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which is then isomerized to glyceral-dehyde-3-phosphate, eventually yielding pyruvic acid.
WHO/FAO: Expert Committee on Food Additives. Summary of Toxicological Data of Certain Food Additives Series 48: Aliphatic acyclic diols, triols, and related substances (56-81-5) (2002). Available from, as of July 14, 2011: https://www.inchem.org/pages/jecfa.html
Glycerol esters are hydrolyzed to glycerol and the corresponding carboxylic acids. The hydrolysis is catalysed by intestinal lipase, which attacks the ester bonds at carbons 1 and 3. The ester bond at carbon 2 is more resistant to hydrolysis, possibly because of its stereochemistry and steric hindrance. The beta-monoglyceride can, however, spontaneously isomerise to the alpha-form (3-acylglycerol), permitting further hydrolysis to yield glycerol.
WHO/FAO: Expert Committee on Food Additives. Summary of Toxicological Data of Certain Food Additives Series 48: Aliphatic acyclic diols, triols, and related substances (56-81-5) (2002). Available from, as of July 14, 2011: https://www.inchem.org/pages/jecfa.html
Glycerol, pyruvic acid, and lactic acid are endogenous in humans. Glycerol and pyruvic acid are metabolized completely and are not excreted. ... Glycerol is metabolized via the glycolytic pathway after it has been converted in the liver to glycerol-3-phosphate.
WHO/FAO: Expert Committee on Food Additives. Summary of Toxicological Data of Certain Food Additives Series 48: Aliphatic acyclic diols, triols, and related substances (56-81-5) (2002). Available from, as of July 14, 2011: https://www.inchem.org/pages/jecfa.html
For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for GLYCERIN (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.7 Biological Half-Life

30 - 45 minutes
Elimination half-life of glycerin is about 30-40 min.
McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service - Drug Information 93. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc., 1993 (Plus Supplements, 1993)., p. 1773

10.8 Mechanism of Action

When administered rectally, glycerin exerts a hygroscopic and/or local irritant action, drawing water from the tissues into the feces and reflexively stimulating evacuation. Glycerin decreases intraocular pressure by creating an osmotic gradient between the blood and intraocular fluid, causing fluid to move out of the aqueous and vitreous humors into the bloodstream.
Glycerin (glycerol) and sorbitol are hyperosmotic laxatives.
American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2011; Drug Information 2011. Bethesda, MD. 2011
When administered rectally, glycerin and sorbitol exert a hygroscopic and/or local irritant action, drawing water from the tissues into the feces and reflexly stimulating evacuation. The extent to which the simple physical distention of the rectum and the hygroscopic and/or local irritant actions are responsible for the laxative effects of some of these drugs is not known. Only extremely high oral doses of sorbitol (25 g daily) or glycerin exert laxative action.
American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2011; Drug Information 2011. Bethesda, MD. 2011
/Glycerin/ decreases intraocular pressure by creating an osmotic gradient between the blood and intraocular fluid, causing fluid to move out of the aqueous and vitreous humors into the bloodstream.
Physicians Desk Reference for Ophthalmic Medicines 38th ed. Thomson Reuters. Montvale, NJ 2010.
The physicochemical effects of a series of alkanols, alkanediols and glycerol on erythrocyte shape and hemolysis at 4 and 20 degrees C were examined. We calculated the dielectric constant of the incubation medium, Ds, and the dielectric constant of the erythrocyte membrane Dm in the presence of organic solutes. The ratio Ds/Dm = -38.48 at 20 degrees C defines the normal biconcave shape in a medium without hemolytic agents. A decrease in Ds/Dm favors externalization or internalization with consequent hemolysis. Alkanols and alkanediols convert biconcave erythrocytes into echinocytes, which is accompanied by an increase in the projected surface area. Glycerol converts biconcave erythrocytes into stomatocytes, which was accompanied by a marginal decrease in the projected surface area. Progressive externalization in alkanols and alkanediols or internalization in glycerol resulted in a decrease in the projected surface area and the formation of smooth spheres. The degree of shape change induced was related to the degree of hemolysis and the ratio Ds/Dm. A decrease in temperature reduced both the degree of shape change and hemolysis. .../Thus/ physicochemical toxicity may be a result of a temperature dependent hydrophobic interaction between the organic solutes and the membrane and is best interpreted by the ability of the solutes to change Ds and Dm.
Bakaltcheva IB et al; Biochim Biophys Acta 1280 (1): 73-80 (1996)

10.9 Human Metabolite Information

10.9.1 Tissue Locations

  • Adipose Tissue
  • Bladder
  • Brain
  • Epidermis
  • Kidney
  • Liver
  • Neuron
  • Pancreas
  • Placenta
  • Prostate
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Spleen
  • Testis
  • Thyroid Gland

10.9.2 Cellular Locations

  • Extracellular
  • Mitochondria

10.9.3 Metabolite Pathways

10.10 Biochemical Reactions

10.11 Transformations

11 Use and Manufacturing

11.1 Uses

Cosmetic Ingredient Review Link
CIR ingredient: Glycerin
EPA CPDat Chemical and Product Categories
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
Sources/Uses
Used as a solvent, humectant, plasticizer, emollient, sweetener, coating for paper, antifreeze for automobiles, and fluid for gas meters, hydraulic jacks, and shock absorber; Also used to make nitroglycerol (dynamite), cosmetics, soaps, liqueurs, confectioneries, inks, lubricants, glues; and medications; Also used to keep fabrics pliable; to preserve printing on cotton; and to defrost windshields; [HSDB; Merck Index]
Merck Index - O'Neil MJ, Heckelman PE, Dobbelaar PH, Roman KJ (eds). The Merck Index, An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, 15th Ed. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013.
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure
MEDICATION
For Glycerin (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 063507) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pesticide Program's Chemical Ingredients Database on Glycerin (56-81-5). Available from, as of October 24, 2002: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."
USEPA/OPP; Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration and Special Review p.313 (Spring, 1998) EPA 738-R-98-002
Glycerol has a ubiquitous use pattern and can be found in industrial, professional and consumer products. Glycerol is used as a constituent in numerous products and as an intermediate in industrial applications for the manufacture of products such as soaps/detergents and glycerol esters. It is found in consumer products such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, tobacco, food and drinks and is present in numerous other products such as paints, resins and paper. For example, it is used as a down hole lubricant in oil and gas fields and as a wetting agent in pesticide formulations. There is no single use which dominates the use pattern.
United Nations Environment Programme: Screening Information Data Sheets on Glycerol (56-81-5) (March 2002) Available from, as of July 14, 2009: https://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/OECDSIDS/sidspub.html
For more Uses (Complete) data for GLYCERIN (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Synthetic Polymer MALDI Matrix Compounds
This is an endogenously produced metabolite found in the human body. It is used in metabolic reactions, catabolic reactions or waste generation.

11.1.1 Use Classification

EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes -> Solvents
Safer Chemical Classes -> Green circle Green circle - The chemical has been verified to be of low concern
Food additives
Human Drugs -> FDA Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (Orange Book) -> Active Ingredients
Fragrance Ingredients

Flavouring Agent -> -> JECFA Functional Classes

FLAVOURING_AGENTFood Additives -> CARRIER_SOLVENT; EMULSIFIER; HUMECTANT; THICKENER; -> JECFA Functional Classes

Cosmetics -> Humectant; Solvent; Denaturant
S13 | EUCOSMETICS | Combined Inventory of Ingredients Employed in Cosmetic Products (2000) and Revised Inventory (2006) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2624118
Plastics -> Polymer Type -> N.a.
S47 | ECHAPLASTICS | A list from the Plastic Additives Initiative Mapping Exercise by ECHA | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2658139
Plastics -> Other functions -> Slip promoter
S47 | ECHAPLASTICS | A list from the Plastic Additives Initiative Mapping Exercise by ECHA | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2658139
SOLVENTS

11.1.2 Industry Uses

  • Plasticizer
  • Lubricating agent
  • Processing aids, not otherwise listed
  • Catalyst
  • Surfactant (surface active agent)
  • Process regulators
  • Humectant
  • Processing aids not otherwise specified
  • Abrasives
  • Dye
  • Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
  • Intermediate
  • Solvent
  • Sealant (barrier)
  • Intermediates
  • Adhesives and sealant chemicals
  • Viscosity modifiers
  • Surface modifier
  • Laboratory chemicals
  • Other (specify)
  • Lubricants and lubricant additives

11.1.3 Consumer Uses

  • Adhesives and sealant chemicals
  • Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
  • Sealant (barrier)
  • Solvent
  • Plasticizers
  • Pigment
  • Viscosity modifiers
  • Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing)
  • Other (specify)
  • Adhesion/cohesion promoter
  • Flavoring and nutrient
  • Lubricating agent
  • Surfactant (surface active agent)
  • Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
  • Surface active agents
  • Plasticizer
  • Soil amendments (fertilizers)
  • Dye
  • Other
  • Binder

11.1.4 Household Products

Household & Commercial/Institutional Products

Information on 2656 consumer products that contain Glycerin in the following categories is provided:

• Auto Products

• Commercial / Institutional

• Hobby/Craft

• Home Maintenance

• Home Office

• Inside the Home

• Landscaping/Yard

• Personal Care

• Pesticides

• Pet Care

11.2 Methods of Manufacturing

Production from allyl chloride: ... This method became available once the high-temperature chlorination of propene to allyl chloride could be controlled properly. The allyl chloride produced is oxidized with hypochlorite to dichlorohydrin, which is converted without isolation to epichlorohydrin by ring closure with calcium or sodium hydroxide. Hydrolysis to glycerol is carried out with sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate. Epichlorohydrin is hydrolyzed to glycerol at 80 - 200 °C with a 10 - 15% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate at atmospheric or overpressure. The residence time in one or a series of several closed, continuously operating reactors amounts to several minutes or several hours depending on the plant concerned. The yield of dilute (10 - 25%) glycerol solution is > 98%. The solution contains 5 - 10% sodium chloride and less than 2% of other impurities. This aqueous glycerol solution containing sodium chloride is evaporated in a multistage evaporation plant under vacuum to a glycerol concentration of > 75%; precipitated sodium chloride is separated at the same time. The glycerol solution is then distilled under high vacuum (about 0.5 - 1.0 kPa); co-distilled water is separated by fractional condensation. Residual inorganic salts and higher oligomers of glycerol remaining after the evaporation must be worked up further or discarded. The glycerol, practically free of water, is treated further to remove colored impurities and odorous material; this can be performed, for example, with activated carbon.
Christoph R et al; Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2011). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Glycerol. Online Posting Date: April 15, 2006
Production from acrolein: ... Propene is oxidized to acrolein, which is then reduced to allyl alcohol (Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction). The allyl alcohol is epoxidized with hydrogen peroxide, and the resulting glycidol is hydrolyzed to glycerol.
Christoph R et al; Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2011). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Glycerol. Online Posting Date: April 15, 2006
Production from propylene oxide: ... Propene is epoxidized to propylene oxide, which is then isomerized to allyl alcohol by the Progil process. A second epoxidation is carried out with peracetic acid, and the resulting glycidol is hydrolyzed to glycerol.
Christoph R et al; Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2011). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Glycerol. Online Posting Date: April 15, 2006
Fermentation of sugar: ... The fermentation /is/ ... interrupted at the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate stage with sodium carbonate or with alkali or alkaline earth sulfites. After reduction to glycerol phosphate, glycerol is obtained in yields up to 25% by hydrolysis.
Christoph R et al; Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2011). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Glycerol. Online Posting Date: April 15, 2006
For more Methods of Manufacturing (Complete) data for GLYCERIN (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.3 Formulations / Preparations

Two grades of crude glycerol are marketed: (1) soap-lye crude glycerol obtained by concentration of lyes from kettle or continuous soapmaking processes contains about 80% glycerol; and (2) hydrolysis crude glycerol resulting from hydrolysis of fats contains about 88-91% glycerol and a small amount of organic salts. Since glycerol from methyl ester production contains salt, it is usually marketed as soap-lye crude.
Morrison LR; Glycerol. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (1999-2011). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Online Posting Date: December 4, 2000
Several grades of refined glycerol, such as high gravity, dynamite, and USP, are marketed; specifications vary depending on the consumer and the intended use. USP-grade glycerol is water-white, and meets the requirements of the USP. It is classified as GRAS by the FDA, and is suitable for use in foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, or when the highest quality is demanded or the product is designed for human consumption. It has a minimum specific gravity (25 °C/25 °C) of 1.249, corresponding to no less than 95% glycerol. Kosher glycerin meets all USP requirements and is produced by synthetically or from 100% vegetable glycerides. The European Pharmacopoeia (PH.EUR.) grade is similar to the USP, but the common PH.EUR. grade has a minimum glycerol content of 99.5%. The chemically pure (CP) grade designates a grade of glycerol that is about the same as the USP but with the specifications varying slightly as agreed by buyer and seller. The high gravity grade is a pale-yellow glycerol for industrial use with a minimum specific gravity (25 °C/25 °C) of 1.2595. The dynamite grade has the same specific gravity but is more yellow.
Morrison LR; Glycerol. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (1999-2011). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Online Posting Date: December 4, 2000

Glycerin (Glycerol) preparations: (AHFS, 2011)

Table: Glycerin (Glycerol) preparations: (AHFS, 2011)

Route
Rectal
Dosage Form
Solution
Strength
2.3 g
Brand (Manufacturer)
Babylax (Fleet)
Route
Rectal
Dosage Form
Solution
Strength
5.6 g
Brand (Manufacturer)
Liquid Glycerin Suppositories (Fleet)
Route
Rectal
Dosage Form
Suppositories
Strength
1 g
Brand (Manufacturer)
Child Glycerin Suppositories (Fleet)
Route
Rectal
Dosage Form
Suppositories
Strength
1.2 g
Brand (Manufacturer)
Colace Glycerin Suppositories (Purdue)
Route
Rectal
Dosage Form
Suppositories
Strength
2 g
Brand (Manufacturer)
Adult Glycerin Suppositories (Fleet)
Route
Rectal
Dosage Form
Suppositories
Strength
2.1 g
Brand (Manufacturer)
Colace Glycerin Suppositories (Purdue)
Route
Rectal
Dosage Form
Suppositories
Strength
82.5%
Brand (Manufacturer)
Sani Supp Adult Glycerin Suppositories (G&W)
Route
Rectal
Dosage Form
Suppositories
Strength
82.5%
Brand (Manufacturer)
Sani Supp Pediatric Glycerin Suppositories (G&W)

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2011; Drug Information 2011. Bethesda, MD. 2011
Osmoglyn (glycerin) ophthalmic solution
Physicians Desk Reference for Ophthalmic Medicines 38th ed. Thomson Reuters. Montvale, NJ 2010.
For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for GLYCERIN (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.4 Consumption Patterns

23% in drugs as vehicle, for smoothness, to maintain moisture, and as humectant, solvent, and lubricant in cosmetics and toilet preparations; 21% in production of alkyd resin surface coatings; 15% as humectant in tobacco; 12% as solvent for flavors and food colors, smoothing agent and humectant in foods, and in preparation of quick frozen foods; 11% as softener or plasticizer in cellophane; 7% in manufacture of polyester polyols for urethane foams; 5% as chemical intermediate for the explosive, nitroglycerin; 6% in numerous misc applications (1974)
SRI
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Glycerine. Drugs and toothpaste, 20%; tobacco, 19%; cosmetics, 15%; foods, 13%; alkyd resins, 12%; polyether polyols for urethanes, 8%; cellophane, 4%; explosives, 1%; miscellaneous, including agriculture, adhesives, leather, photography, textiles, ink rubber, wood and others, 8%.
Kavaler AR; Chemical Marketing Reporter 231 (3): 58 (1987)
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Glycerine. Demand: 1986: 365 million lb; 1987: 372 million lb; 1991 /projected/: 400 million lb.
Kavaler AR; Chemical Marketing Reporter 231 (1): 58 (1987)
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Glycerine. Drugs, toothpaste & cosmetics, 28%; tobacco, 15%; foods, 12%; polyether polyols for urethanes, 10%; alkyd resins, 5%; cellophane, 2%; distributor sales and miscellaneous, 28%.
Kavaler AR; Chemical Marketing Reporter 237 (13): 90 (1990)
For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for GLYCERIN (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.5 U.S. Production

Aggregated Product Volume

2019: 1,000,000,000 - <5,000,000,000 lb

2018: 1,000,000,000 - <5,000,000,000 lb

2017: 1,000,000,000 - <5,000,000,000 lb

2016: 1,000,000,000 - <5,000,000,000 lb

(1972) 1.59X10+11 GRAMS (NATURAL & SYNTHETIC)
SRI
(1975) 1.24X10+11 GRAMS (NATURAL & SYNTHETIC)
SRI

Glycerol production in the United States:

Table: Glycerol Production (100% glycerol basis) in the United States, Metric Tons

Year
1920
Production of Crude (Synthetic included on a crude basis since June 1749)
19,800
Year
1940
Production of Crude (Synthetic included on a crude basis since June 1749)
71,600
Year
1950
Production of Crude (Synthetic included on a crude basis since June 1749)
102,300
Year
1960
Production of Crude (Synthetic included on a crude basis since June 1749)
136,900
Year
1970
Production of Crude (Synthetic included on a crude basis since June 1749)
153,900
Year
1980
Production of Crude (Synthetic included on a crude basis since June 1749)
136,577
Year
1985
Production of Crude (Synthetic included on a crude basis since June 1749)
145,500
Year
1987
Production of Crude (Synthetic included on a crude basis since June 1749)
139,300
Year
1988
Production of Crude (Synthetic included on a crude basis since June 1749)
134,600
Year
1989
Production of Crude (Synthetic included on a crude basis since June 1749)
133,200
Year
1990
Production of Crude (Synthetic included on a crude basis since June 1749)
133,200
Year
1991
Production of Crude (Synthetic included on a crude basis since June 1749)
133,800

Morrison LR; Glycerol. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (1999-2011). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Online Posting Date: December 4, 2000
1,2,3-Propanetriol is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).
EPA/Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program. 1,2,3-Propanetriol (56-81-5). Available from, as of July 5, 2011: https://www.epa.gov/hpv/pubs/general/opptsrch.htm
For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for GLYCERIN (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.6 U.S. Imports

(1972) 5.04X10+8 GRAMS (CRUDE & REFINED)
SRI
(1975) 2.1X10+8 GRAMS (CRUDE & REFINED)
SRI

11.7 U.S. Exports

(1972) 2.89X10+10 GRAMS (CRUDE & REFINED)
SRI
(1975) 2.0X10+10 GRAMS (CRUDE & REFINED)
SRI

11.8 General Manufacturing Information

Industry Processing Sectors
  • Oil and Gas Drilling, Extraction, and Support activities
  • Construction
  • All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
  • Printing and Related Support Activities
  • Non-metallic Mineral Product Manufacturing (includes clay, glass, cement, concrete, lime, gypsum, and other non-metallic mineral product manufacturing)
  • Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
  • Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
  • Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
  • Utilities
  • Rubber Product Manufacturing
  • Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing
  • Plastics Product Manufacturing
  • Printing Ink Manufacturing
  • Pharmaceutical and Medicine Manufacturing
  • All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
  • Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing
  • Other (requires additional information)
  • Food, beverage, and tobacco product manufacturing
  • Petroleum Lubricating Oil and Grease Manufacturing
  • Wholesale and Retail Trade
  • Miscellaneous Manufacturing
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
1,2,3-Propanetriol: ACTIVE
Glycerol is obtained as a byproduct in the conversion of fats and oils to fatty acids or fatty acid methyl esters. This type of glycerol is known as natural or native glycerol, in contrast to synthetic glycerol from propene.
Christoph R et al; Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2011). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Glycerol. Online Posting Date: April 15, 2006
The term glycerol applies only to the pure chemical compound 1,2,3-propanetriol, CH2OHCHOHCH2OH. the term glycerin applies to the purified commercial products normally containing greater than or equal to 95% of glycerol.
Morrison LR; Glycerol. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (1999-2011). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Online Posting Date: December 4, 2000
Method of purification: redistillation; ion-exchange techniques.
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 567
Antimicrobial action: concentrated solutions ... are slowly bactericidal.
Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. (eds.) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 5th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975., p. 947
It dissolves fixed alkalies, large number of salts, and vegetable acids, pepsin, tannin, some active principles of plants, etc, but it also dissolves gum, sol carbohydrates, starch, etc, and thus its solutions are generally "loaded" with inert constituents.
Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 243

11.9 Sampling Procedures

NIOSH Method 600. Analyte: Glycerin mist. Matrix: Dust. Sampler: Cyclone + filter (10 mm Dorr-Oliver cyclone + tared 5 um polyvinyl chloride. Flow Rate: 1.7 l/min. Sample Size: 2.4 mg/cu m. Shipment: Routine. Sample Stability: Indefinitely. /Glycerin mist/
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with 1985 supplement, and revisions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1984., p. 600-1

12 Identification

12.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

Method: AOAC 942.22; Procedure: volumetric method, gravimetric method, titrimetric method; Analyte: glycerol; Matrix: vanishing cream; Detection Limit: not provided.
Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 18th Edition Online. Glycerol (56-81-5). Available from, as of July 13, 2011: https://www.aoac.org
Method: AOAC 991.46; Procedure: liquid chromatography; Analyte: glycerol; Matrix: wine and grape juice; Detection Limit: not provided.
Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 18th Edition Online. Glycerol (56-81-5). Available from, as of July 13, 2011: https://www.aoac.org
Method: AOAC 971.02; Procedure: gas chromatography; Analyte: glycerol; Matrix: cased cigarette cut filler and ground tobacco; Detection Limit: not provided.
Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 18th Edition Online. Glycerol (56-81-5). Available from, as of July 13, 2011: https://www.aoac.org
Method: AOAC 948.13; Procedure: quantitative method, titration; Analyte: glycerol; Matrix: eggs; Detection Limit: not provided.
Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 18th Edition Online. Glycerol (56-81-5). Available from, as of July 13, 2011: https://www.aoac.org
For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for GLYCERIN (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13 Safety and Hazards

13.1 Hazards Identification

13.1.1 GHS Classification

Note
This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 98.3% (5500 of 5595) of all reports. Pictograms displayed are for 1.7% (95 of 5595) of reports that indicate hazard statements.
GHS Hazard Statements

Not Classified

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria by 5500 of 5595 companies (only 1.7% companies provided GHS information). For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 5595 reports by companies from 16 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 5500 of 5595 reports by companies. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

There are 13 notifications provided by 95 of 5595 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

13.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Not Classified

13.1.3 NFPA Hazard Classification

NFPA 704 Diamond
1-1-0
NFPA Health Rating
1 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause significant irritation.
NFPA Fire Rating
1 - Materials that must be preheated before ignition can occur. Materials require considerable preheating, under all ambient temperature conditions, before ignition and combustion can occur.
NFPA Instability Rating
0 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions.

13.1.4 EPA Safer Chemical

Chemical: Glycerol

Green circle Green circle - The chemical has been verified to be of low concern based on experimental and modeled data.

13.1.5 Health Hazards

No hazard (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

13.1.6 Fire Hazards

This chemical is combustible. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

13.1.7 Hazards Summary

No listed effects of short-term or long-term exposure; [ICSC]

13.1.8 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

Glycerin ... dropped on the human eye causes a strong stinging and burning sensation, with tearing and dilation of the conjunctival vessels, but no obvious injury.
Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 463

13.2 Safety and Hazard Properties

13.2.1 Flammable Limits

Flammability
Class IIIB Combustible Liquid: Fl.P. at or above 200 °F.

13.2.2 Explosive Limits and Potential

Mixture with nitric acid + sulfuric acid forms the explosive glyceryl nitrate. Mixture with perchloric acid + lead oxide forms explosive perchlorate esters.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 1865
An explosion may occur if it is triturated with strong oxidizing agents such as chromium trioxide, potassium chlorate, or potassium permanganate.
Troy, D.B. (Ed); Remmington The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. 21 st Edition. Lippincott Williams & Williams, Philadelphia, PA 2005, p. 1082
Confined mixture with chlorine explodes if heated to 70 - 80 degree.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 1865
The violent or explosive reactions exhibited by glycerol in contact with many solid oxidants are due to its unique properties of having three centres of reactivity, of being a liquid which ensures good contact, and of high boiling point and viscosity which prevents dissipation of oxidative heat.
Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 3rd ed. Boston, MA: Butterworths, 1985., p. 382
Explosive limits , vol% in air: 2.6-11.3

13.2.3 OSHA Standards

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 15 mg/cu m. /Mist, total dust/
29 CFR 1910.1000 (USDOL); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of July 5, 2011: https://www.ecfr.gov
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 5 mg/cu m. /Mist, respirable fraction/
29 CFR 1910.1000 (USDOL); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of July 5, 2011: https://www.ecfr.gov
Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 10 mg/cu m is still enforced in some states. /Mist, total/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 365
Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 5 mg/cu m is still enforced in some states. /Mist, resp/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 365

13.2.4 NIOSH Recommendations

NIOSH concluded that the documentation cited by OSHA was inadequate to support the proposed PEL (as an 8 hour TWA) of 10 mg/cu m for glycerine (mist).
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-151 (2005)

13.3 First Aid Measures

Inhalation First Aid
Fresh air, rest.
Skin First Aid
Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.
Eye First Aid
First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.
Ingestion First Aid
Rinse mouth. Rinse mouth.

13.3.1 First Aid

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

(See general first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water wash - If this chemical contacts the skin, wash the contaminated skin with water.

Breathing: Fresh air

13.4 Fire Fighting

Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

13.4.1 Fire Fighting Procedures

Water or foam may cause frothing.
National Fire Protection Association; Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 14TH Edition, Quincy, MA 2010, p. 325-68
Extinguishing methods: Alcohol foam.
National Fire Protection Association; Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 14TH Edition, Quincy, MA 2010, p. 325-68
To fight fire, use alcohol foam, CO2, dry chemical.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 1865
This material is combustible and may explode when exposed to strong oxidizers, flame, or extreme heat.
United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc (USP); MSDS Database Online; Material Safety Data Sheet: Glycerin; Catalog Number: 1295607; (Revision Date: November 24, 2008)

13.5 Accidental Release Measures

13.5.1 Spillage Disposal

Ventilation. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in covered containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

13.5.2 Cleanup Methods

Wear approved respiratory protection, chemically compatible gloves and protective clothing. Wipe up spillage or collect spillage using a high efficiency vacuum cleaner. Avoid breathing vapor. Place spillage in appropriately labelled container for disposal.
United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc (USP); MSDS Database Online; Material Safety Data Sheet: Glycerin; Catalog Number: 1295607; (Revision Date: November 24, 2008)
Absorb with paper. Evaporate completely all spilt surface. Dispose by burning the paper after complete ventilation of vapor.
ITII. Toxic and Hazardous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual. Tokyo, Japan: The International Technical Information Institute, 1988., p. 257

13.5.3 Disposal Methods

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.
Mixture with a more flammable solvent followed by incineration.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985., p. 474

13.5.4 Preventive Measures

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
As with all fires, evacuate personnel to a safe area. Firefighters should use self-contained breathing equipment and protective clothing.
United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc (USP); MSDS Database Online; Material Safety Data Sheet: Glycerin; Catalog Number: 1295607; (Revision Date: November 24, 2008)
As a general rule, when handling USP Reference Standards avoid all contact and inhalation of dust, mists, and/or vapors associated with the material. Wash thoroughly after handling.
United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc (USP); MSDS Database Online; Material Safety Data Sheet: Glycerin; Catalog Number: 1295607; (Revision Date: November 24, 2008)
/Wear/ chemically compatible gloves /and/ safety glasses or goggles. Protect exposed skin.
United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc (USP); MSDS Database Online; Material Safety Data Sheet: Glycerin; Catalog Number: 1295607; (Revision Date: November 24, 2008)

13.6 Handling and Storage

13.6.1 Safe Storage

Separated from strong oxidants.

13.6.2 Storage Conditions

Glycerol should preferably be stored at 40 - 60 °C under nitrogen blanketing. It is not corrosive and presents little risk of ignition because of its high flash point. Highly concentrated glycerol does not corrode steel, but storage tanks of carbon steel must be protected by surface coating to prevent rusting by residual moisture. Glycerol is therefore usually stored in tanks of stainless steel or aluminum.
Christoph R et al; Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (2010). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Glycerol. Online Posting Date: April 15, 2006
Glycerin oral solution should be stored in tight containers at a temp less than 40 °C, perferably between 15-30 °C; freezing should be avoided. Glycerin ophthalmic soln should be protected from light and stored in tight glass or plastic containers. The ophthalmic soln should be ... discarded 6 mo after the dropper is first placed in the soln.
McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service - Drug Information 93. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc., 1993 (Plus Supplements, 1993)., p. 1773
Glycerin rectal suppositories should preferably be stored at less than 25 °C.
American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2011; Drug Information 2011. Bethesda, MD. 2011
Store container tightly closed. Store at room temperature: 15 deg - 30 °C (59 deg - 86 °F). Do not exceed 30 °C (86 deg F).
US Natl Inst Health; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for ADULT GLYCERIN LAXATIVE (glycerin) suppository (February 2010). Available from, as of July 18, 2011: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=f44d5cca-c28d-4f37-92db-510f6605be90
For more Storage Conditions (Complete) data for GLYCERIN (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.7 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAK)
200.0 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

13.7.2 Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)

15.0 [mg/m3] (total dust), 5 mg/m3 (respirable fraction) [mist]
TWA 15 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp) See Appendix G

13.7.3 Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)

N.D.

See: IDLH INDEX

13.7.4 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 10 mg/cu m. /Glycerin mist/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; 2011 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices . Cincinnati, OH 2011, p. 32
Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Glycerin mist/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; 2011 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices . Cincinnati, OH 2011, p. 5
2011 Notice of Intended Changes: These substances, with their corresponding values and notations, comprise those for which (1) a limit is proposed for the first time, (2) a change in the Adopted value is proposed, (3) retention as an NIC is proposed, or (4) withdrawal of the Documentation and adopted TLV is proposed. In each case, the proposals should be considered trial values during the period they are on the NIC. These proposals were ratified by the ACGIH Board of Directors and will remain on the NIC for approximately one year following this ratification. If the Committee neither finds nor receives any substantive data that changes its scientific opinion regarding an NIC TLV, the Committee may then approve its recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors for adoption. If the Committee finds or receives substantive data that change its scientific opinion regarding an NIC TLV, the Committee may change its recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors for the matter to be either retained on or withdrawn from the NIC. Substance: Glycerin, mist (56-81-5); Withdraw adopted Documentation and TLV.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; 2011 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices . Cincinnati, OH 2011, p. 63

13.7.5 Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL)

MAK (Maximale Arbeitsplatz Konzentration)
(inhalable fraction): 200 mg/m

13.7.6 Inhalation Risk

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a nuisance-causing concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly on spraying.

13.7.7 Allowable Tolerances

Residues resulting from the use of the following substances as either an inert or an active ingredient in a pesticide chemical formulation, including antimicrobial pesticide chemicals, are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance under FFDCA section 408, if such use is in accordance with good agricultural or manufacturing practices. Glycerin is included on this list.
40 CFR 950(e) (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of July 5, 2011: https://www.ecfr.gov

13.7.8 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Glycerin (mist):

Skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for personal protective equipment for the body.

Eyes: No recommendation is made specifying the need for eye protection.

Wash skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for washing the substance from the skin (either immediately or at the end of the work shift).

Remove: No recommendation is made specifying the need for removing clothing that becomes wet or contaminated.

Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the workshift. (NIOSH, 2024)

Persons engaged in synthesis processes should wear suitable personal protective equipment & eye protective equipment. As with plant used for saponification and hydrolysis high standard of maintenance should be observed.
International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 972
Engineering controls such as exhaust ventilation are recommended.
United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc (USP); MSDS Database Online; Material Safety Data Sheet: Glycerin; Catalog Number: 1295607; (Revision Date: November 24, 2008)
Use a NIOSH-approved respirator, if it is determined to be necessary by an industrial hygiene survey involving air monitoring.
United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc (USP); MSDS Database Online; Material Safety Data Sheet: Glycerin; Catalog Number: 1295607; (Revision Date: November 24, 2008)

(See personal protection and sanitation codes)

Skin: No recommendation

Eyes: No recommendation

Wash skin: No recommendation

Remove: No recommendation

Change: No recommendation

13.7.9 Respirator Recommendations

13.7.10 Preventions

Fire Prevention
NO open flames.
Inhalation Prevention
Use ventilation.
Skin Prevention
Protective gloves.
Eye Prevention
Wear safety goggles.
Ingestion Prevention
Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

13.8 Stability and Reactivity

13.8.1 Air and Water Reactions

Hygroscopic. Water soluble.

13.8.2 Reactive Group

Alcohols and Polyols

13.8.3 Reactivity Profile

GLYCERINE is incompatible with strong oxidizers. It is also incompatible with hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, nitric acid + sulfuric acid, perchloric acid + lead oxide, acetic anhydride, aniline + nitrobenzene, Ca(OCl)2, CrO3, F2 + PbO, KMnO4, K2O2, AgClO4 and NaH. A mixture with chlorine explodes if heated to 158-176 °F. It reacts with acetic acid, potassium peroxide, sodium peroxide, hydrochloric acid, (HClO4 + PbO) and Na2O2. Contact with potassium chlorate may be explosive. It also reacts with ethylene oxide, perchloric acid, nitric acid + hydrofluoric acid and phosphorus triiodide. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

13.8.4 Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities

Exothermic interaction of granular /sodium/ hydride with undiluted (viscous) glycerol with inadequate stirring caused charring to occur.
Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 3rd ed. Boston, MA: Butterworths, 1985., p. 1134
Can react violently with acetic anhydride, aniline + nitrobenzene, Ca(OCl)2, CrO3, Cr2O3, F2 + PbO, phosphorus triiodide, ethylene oxide + heat, KMnO4, K2O2, AgClO4, Na2O2, NaH. Energetic reaction with sodium hydroxide.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 1865
Strong oxidizers (e.g., chromium trioxide, potassium chlorate, potassium permanganate) [Note: Hygroscopic (i.e., absorbs moisture from the air)].
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-151 (2005)

13.9 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: 1,2,3-Propanetriol
REACH Registered Substance
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Propanetriol: Does not have an individual approval but may be used as a component in a product covered by a group standard. It is not approved for use as a chemical in its own right.
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Glycerol: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

13.9.1 Atmospheric Standards

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Glycerol is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.
40 CFR 60.489 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of July 5, 2011: https://www.ecfr.gov

13.9.2 FIFRA Requirements

Residues resulting from the use of the following substances as either an inert or an active ingredient in a pesticide chemical formulation, including antimicrobial pesticide chemicals, are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance under FFDCA section 408, if such use is in accordance with good agricultural or manufacturing practices. Glycerin is included on this list.
40 CFR 950(e) (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of July 5, 2011: https://www.ecfr.gov
As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Glycerol is found on List D. Case No: 4044; Case Status: No products containing the pesticide are actively registered ... The case /is characterized/ as "cancelled." Under FIFRA, pesticide producers may voluntarily cancel their registered products. EPA also may cancel pesticide registrations if registrants fail to pay required fees or make/meet certain reregistration commitments, or if EPA reaches findings of unreasonable adverse effects.; Active ingredient (AI): Glycerol; AI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."
USEPA/OPP; Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration and Special Review p.313 (Spring, 1998) EPA 738-R-98-002

13.9.3 FDA Requirements

Substances migrating to food from paper and paperboard products used in food packaging that are generally recognized as safe for their intended use, within the meaning of section 409 of the Act: Glycerin is included on this list.
21 CFR 182.90 (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of July 20, 2011: https://www.ecfr.gov
Glycerin used as a multiple purpose GRAS food substance in food for human consumption is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice.
21 CFR 182.1320 (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of July 5, 2011: https://www.ecfr.gov
Glycerin used as a general purpose food additive in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.
21 CFR 582.1320 (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of July 5, 2011: https://www.ecfr.gov

13.10 Other Safety Information

Chemical Assessment

IMAP assessments - 1,2,3-Propanetriol: Human health tier I assessment

IMAP assessments - 1,2,3-Propanetriol: Environment tier I assessment

13.10.1 History and Incidents

From November 1995 through June 1996, acute anuric renal failure was diagnosed in 86 children (aged 3 months-13 years) in Haiti; most (85%) children were aged less than or equal to 5 years. On June 14, 1996, a joint investigation was initiated by the Ministry of Health of Haiti, the University General Hospital in Port-au-Prince, the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, the Caribbean Epidemiology Center, and CDC. This report summarizes the preliminary findings of this ongoing investigation, which indicate that this outbreak was associated with diethylene glycol (DEG)-contaminated glycerin used to manufacture acetaminophen syrup.
MMWR 45 (30): 649-650 (1996); Available from, as of December 12, 2011: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00043194.htm
... /An/ incident occurred in Panama in September 2006 and involved /diethylene glycol/ DEG-contaminated glycerin used in cough syrup, which resulted in dozens of hospitalizations for serious injury and more than 40 deaths. In late 1995 and early 1996, at least 80 children died in Haiti due to DEG-contaminated glycerin in acetaminophen syrup. Between 1990 and 1998, similar incidents of DEG poisoning reportedly occurred in Argentina, Bangladesh, India, and Nigeria and resulted in hundreds of deaths. In 1937, more than 100 people died in the United States after ingesting DEG-contaminated Elixir Sulfanilamide, a drug used to treat infections. This incident led to the enactment of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, which is the nation's primary statute on the regulation of drugs.
USFDA; FDA News Release (May 4, 2007): FDA Advises Manufacturers to Test Glycerin for Possible Contamination Glycerin Contaminated with Diethylene Glycol (DEG) Remains a Potential Health Hazard to Consumers. Available from, as of December 12, 2011: https://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/2007/ucm108909.htm

14 Toxicity

14.1 Toxicological Information

14.1.1 NIOSH Toxicity Data

14.1.2 Carcinogen Classification

Carcinogen Classification
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

14.1.3 Health Effects

Chronically high levels of glycerol are associated with Glycerol Kinase Deficiency.

14.1.4 Exposure Routes

inhalation, skin and/or eye contact

14.1.5 Symptoms

Skin Exposure
Dry skin.
Ingestion Exposure
Diarrhoea.
irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; headache, nausea, vomiting; kidney injury

14.1.6 Target Organs

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, kidneys

14.1.8 Acute Effects

14.1.9 Toxicity Data

LC50 (rat) > 570 mg/m3/1h

14.1.10 Interactions

Concomitant administration of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors or topical miotics may prolong the effects of glycerin.
McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service - Drug Information 93. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc., 1993 (Plus Supplements, 1993)., p. 1773
Glycerin ...and propylene glycol ...are commonly used as humectant ingredients in manufactured cigarettes to control and maintain the moisture content of the cut tobacco filler. The potential of these added humectants to affect the toxicity of cigarette smoke was investigated in a subchronic nose-only smoke inhalation study in rats. Filtered test cigarettes were prepared from an American-style tobacco blend containing either glycerin added at 5.1% wt/wt tobacco, propylene glycol at 2.2% wt/wt tobacco, or combinations of these humectants totaling 2.3%, 3.9%, and 7.2% wt/wt tobacco. Other groups of animals were exposed similarly to the smoke of reference cigarettes without added humectants, or to filtered air (sham control). Smoke exposures were conducted for 1 hr/day, 5 days/wk for 13 wk, at target smoke particulate concentrations of 350 mg/cu m. All smoke-exposed groups had equivalent increases in blood carboxyhemoglobin, serum nicotine, and serum cotinine relative to the air controls. Smoke-associated reductions in body weights and occasional increases in heart and lung weights were generally similar among the various exposure conditions at necropsy. Increases in serum alkaline phosphatase and decreases in serum glucose and cholesterol were observed among smoke-exposed females relative to air controls. However, no significant differences in these parameters were evident between the humectant-containing and reference cigarette smoke exposure groups. Assessments of respiration conducted after 3, 6, 9, and 12 wk of smoke exposure indicated an initial smoke-related but not humectant-related decrease in respiratory rate, tidal volume, and minute volume during the first 20 min of each smoke exposure. Respiratory-tract histopathology was consistent across sexes and smoke groups, comprising (1) diffuse and focal alveolar pigmented macrophages and chronic interstitial inflammation in the lung, (2) laryngeal epithelial hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, and scab formation, and (3) epithelial hyperplasia in the anterior nose. Smoke-related histopathology resolved substantially during a 6-wk postexposure recovery period. Addition of the tested humectants to cigarettes, singly or in combination, had no meaningful effect on the site, occurrence, or severity of respiratory-tract changes or on the measured indices of pulmonary function. It was concluded that the addition of glycerin and propylene glycol to cigarettes does not significantly affect the biological activity of inhaled cigarette smoke in this rat model.
Heck JD; Inhal Toxicol 14 (11): 1135-1152 (2002)
The use of glycerol for boar semen cryopreservation results in low fertility, possibly due to toxicity. This has led to recommend the use of solutions with less than 4% glycerol. Trehalose is a disaccharide known to stabilize proteins and biologic membranes during processes such as cryopreservation. Thus, it was decided to evaluate the cryoprotective effect of glycerol/trehalose mixtures. Effects on motility (M), viability (Vb) and acrosomal integrity (nA) were evaluated. Sperm samples were frozen in three different extenders: G4 contained 4% glycerol; T1 contained 1% glycerol plus 250 mM trehalose and T0.5 was constituted by 0.5% glycerol plus 250 mM trehalose. All extenders yielded similar post-freezing/thawing motility rates. Viability was diminished in T0.5 as compared to the others. In regard to acrosome integrity, it was twice as high (P<0.05) in the trehalose enriched media as in G4, the glycerol-only extender. Thus, T1 twice as many spermatozoa were alive, motile and intact, than in either T0.5 or G4, i.e. during freeze/thawing the use of T1 resulted in twice as many fertile cells as when using the other extenders. During our study, we noted that there were wide individual variations both in sperm viability and in motility.
Gutierrez-Perez O et al; Cryobiology 58 (3): 287-92 (2009)
Bovine pericardium is a widely utilized biomaterial. Usually, after harvesting, it is advantageous that the pericardium be immersed in glycerol to improve its shelf life. This can induce some degree of toxicity in the material. The studies were performed in compliance with the rules of /International Organization for Standardization/ 10993 and OECD 487, in the biological evaluation of medical devices. The material was prepared without previous washing. After sterilization by gamma radiation the pericardium was immersed in RPMI 1640 culture medium to fulfill the extraction condition. The same extract was employed in the cytotoxic and genotoxic tests. The procedures were carried out with Chinese hamster ovary cell line and to determine the cytotoxicity, a colorimetric method with the tetrazolium compound...was used. For the genotoxicity, following the in vitro micronucleus assay, the test was developed with and without metabolic activation. The Cytotoxicity Index was graphically estimated at the extract concentration of 78%. In the genotoxicity test, the average value of cell proliferation index was found to be 1.62 +/- 0.02 with ...metabolic activator and 1.91 +/- 0.01 without ...metabolic activator. Both values are similar to the negative control value in the micronucleus assay. We observed that although the pericardium preserved in glycerol shows a certain level of cytotoxicity, it does not show any genotoxicity.
Rodas AC et al; Artif Organs 32 (4): 272-6 (2008)
For more Interactions (Complete) data for GLYCERIN (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

14.1.11 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

The clinician should attend to the management of dehydration, electrolyte imbalance (hypokalemia and hyponatremia), hyperglycemia, and acidosis or alkalosis. ... /Osmotic diuretics/
Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990., p. 1348
/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Lower alcohols (1-3 Carbons) and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 229
/SRP:/ Basic Treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Lower alcohols (1-3 Carbons) and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 229-30
/SRP:/ Advanced Treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of lactated Ringer's (LR) /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors for hypotension with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Monitor for signs of hypoglycemia (decreased LOC, tachycardia, pallor, dilated pupils, diaphoresis, and/or a reading on a dextrose strip or glucometer of less than 50 mg/dl) and administer 50% dextrose if necessary ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Lower alcohols (1-3 Carbons) and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 230

14.1.12 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Osmotic effect of glycerin may also produce tissue dehydration and decreases in cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Glycerin produces only very slight diuresis in healthy individuals receiving single dose of 1.5 g/kg or less.
McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service - Drug Information 93. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc., 1993 (Plus Supplements, 1993)., p. 1773
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Fertility study of 64 male employees engaged in the manufacture of glycerol. Compared with a control group of 63 workers, no significant differences were found in several sperm quality parameters of which sperm counts/mL and percent normal forms are considered to be most reliable.
European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Glycerol (56-81-5) (2000 CD-ROM edition). Available from, as of July 18, 2011: https://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Slightly irritating after 48 hours application of 0.05 mL on human skin in a closed patch test. Further the investigators observed a maximum score for irritation of 4 on a scale of 9 at day 14 during a 21 day application of a 10% solution on human skin.
European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Glycerol (56-81-5) (2000 CD-ROM edition). Available from, as of July 18, 2011: https://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Acute ingestion of glycerol in male subjects led to an increase in plasma glycerides, the same procedure in women led to no significant change in the glyceride concentration. When glycerol was ingested chronically (42 days), both men and women showed increased serum glyceride concentration, the increase was significantly greater in men, however.
European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Glycerol (56-81-5) (2000 CD-ROM edition). Available from, as of July 18, 2011: https://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for GLYCERIN (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

14.1.13 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ No deaths were observed in a group of 6 rabbits after occlusive dermal application for 8 hours of synthetic or natural glycerol at 18,700 mg/kg bw.
United Nations Environment Programme: Screening Information Data Sheets on Glycerol (56-81-5) (March 2002) Available from, as of July 14, 2009: https://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/OECDSIDS/sidspub.html
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Twelve female rats received 27,260 mg natural or synthetic glycerol/kg bw by gavage. Cageside observations included muscle spasms and convulsions and survivors appeared normal within 2.5 hr of dosing. The number of deaths was not reported. Macroscopic examination of decedents and survivors showed hyperemia of the pylorus, small intestine and cerebral meninges (3 animals), congestion of the lungs and pale spleen.
United Nations Environment Programme: Screening Information Data Sheets on Glycerol (56-81-5) (March 2002) Available from, as of July 14, 2009: https://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/OECDSIDS/sidspub.html
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ /The authors/ investigated the acute toxicity of synthetic or natural glycerol in mice and guinea pigs. Again the reporting was limited, however both species showed similar clinical signs (tremor and convulsions) and macroscopic findings (hyperemia of pylores and small intestine, pale spleen, lung congestion).
United Nations Environment Programme: Screening Information Data Sheets on Glycerol (56-81-5) (March 2002) Available from, as of July 14, 2009: https://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/OECDSIDS/sidspub.html
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ It was demonstrated that dermal application of 0.5-mL glycerol to the rabbit's skin for 24 hours did not lead to signs of irritation 24 and 72 hours after application. Irritation scores according to Draize scale were 0-0.4, compared to a maximum score of 30 there was no evidence of irritation in rabbits following repeated applications of 4 mL over 30% of the surface area 8 hr/day for 90 days.
United Nations Environment Programme: Screening Information Data Sheets on Glycerol (56-81-5) (March 2002) Available from, as of July 14, 2009: https://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/OECDSIDS/sidspub.html
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for GLYCERIN (33 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

14.1.14 Non-Human Toxicity Values

LD50 Rat sc 0.1 g/kg
Rowe, R.C., Sheskey, P.J., Quinn, M.E.; (Eds.), Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients 6th edition Pharmaceutical Press, London, England 2009, p. 285
LD50 Rat oral 12.6 g/kg
Rowe, R.C., Sheskey, P.J., Quinn, M.E.; (Eds.), Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients 6th edition Pharmaceutical Press, London, England 2009, p. 285
LD50 Rat oral 5.57 g/kg
Rowe, R.C., Sheskey, P.J., Quinn, M.E.; (Eds.), Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients 6th edition Pharmaceutical Press, London, England 2009, p. 285
LD50 Rat ip 4.42 g/kg
Rowe, R.C., Sheskey, P.J., Quinn, M.E.; (Eds.), Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients 6th edition Pharmaceutical Press, London, England 2009, p. 285
For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for GLYCERIN (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

14.1.15 Populations at Special Risk

Possibility of dehydration is increased in geriatric, senile, or already dehydrated patients.
McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service - Drug Information 93. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc., 1993 (Plus Supplements, 1993)., p. 1774
Because slight hyperglycemia and glycosuria may occur as glycerin is metabolized, caution must be observed in admin drug orally to diabetic patients.
McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service - Drug Information 93. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc., 1993 (Plus Supplements, 1993)., p. 1774
Although appropriate studies on the relationship of age to the effects of oral glycerin have not been performed in the geriatric population, the possibility of dehydration may be increased in elderly patients. In addition, elderly patients are more likely to have age-related renal function impairment, which may require caution in patients receiving glycerin.
US Pharmacopeial Convention; US Pharmacopeia Dispensing Information (USP DI); Drug Information for the Health Care Professional 12th ed, V.I p.1456 (1992)
Appropriate studies on the relationship of age to the effects of oral glycerin have not been performed in the pediatric population. However pediatrics-specific problems that would limit the usefulness of this medication in children are not expected.
US Pharmacopeial Convention; US Pharmacopeia Dispensing Information (USP DI); Drug Information for the Health Care Professional 12th ed, V.I p.1456 (1992)
For more Populations at Special Risk (Complete) data for GLYCERIN (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

14.2 Ecological Information

14.2.1 Ecotoxicity Values

Toxicity threshold (cell multiplication inhibition test) Algae (Microcystis aeruginosa) 2900 mg/l
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983., p. 695
Toxicity threshold (cell multiplication inhibition test) Protozoa (Entosiphon sulcatum) 3200 mg/l
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983., p. 695
LC50; Species: Goldfish; Concentration: >5000 mg/L for 24 hr - modified ASTM D 1345
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983., p. 695
LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, age < or = 24 hr); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20-22 °C; Concentration: >10000 mg/L for 24 hr /formulated product/
Bringmann G, Kuhn R; Z Wasser-Abwasser-Forsch 10 (5): 161-1 (1977) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available from, as of July 7, 2011: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/

14.2.2 Environmental Fate / Exposure Summary

Glycerin's production and use in industrial, cosmetic, food, pharmaceutical and domestic products may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Glycerin was reported present in Cork Oak, Quercus suber L. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.68X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates glycerin will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase glycerin will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7 hours. Particulate-phase glycerin will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. Glycerin does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm, and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, glycerin is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.73X10-8 atm-cu m/mole. Glycerin may not volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. A 63% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, glycerin is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to glycerin may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where glycerin is produced or used. Use and limited monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to glycerin via ingestion of food, some pharmaceuticals and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing glycerin. (SRC)

14.2.3 Natural Pollution Sources

Glycerin was reported present in Cork Oak, Quercus suber L.(1).
(1) Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. Plants with a chosen chemical. Glycerin. Washington, DC: US Dept Agric, Agric Res Service. Available from, as of Jul 12, 2011: https://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/
Glycerol occurs in combined form in all animal and vegetable fats and oils. Glycerol is rarely found in the free state in those fats but is usually present as a triglyceride combined with such fatty acids as stearic, oleic, palmitic, and lauric acids, and these are generally mixtures or combinations of glycerides of several fatty acids. Such oil as coconut, palm kernel, cottonseed, soybean, and olive oil yield larger amounts of glycerol than do such animal fats as lard and tallow. Glycerol also occurs naturally as tryglycerides in all animal and vegetable cells in the form of lipids such as lecithin and cephalins.
Morrison LR; Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (1999-2011). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Glycerol. Online Posting Date: 4 Dec 2000

14.2.4 Artificial Pollution Sources

Glycerin's production and use in industrial, cosmetic, food, pharmaceutical and domestic products(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). It's many uses include use as a solvent, humectant, plasticizer, emollient, sweetener, in the manufacture of nitroglycerol (dynamite), cosmetics, liquid soaps, liqueurs, confectioneries, blacking, printing and copying inks, lubricants, elastic glues, lead oxide cements; to keep fabrics pliable; to preserve printing on cotton; for printing rollers, hectographs; to keep frost from windshields; as antifreeze in automobiles, gas meters and hydraulic jacks, in shock absorber fluids; in fermentation nutrients in the production of antibiotics and as a pharmaceutic aid(1).
(1) O'Neil MJ, ed; The Merck Index. 14 th ed., Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., p. 775 (2006)

14.2.5 Environmental Fate

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that glycerin is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of glycerin from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.73X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(3). Glycerin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.68X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). A 63% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(5) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992)
(3) Hine J, Mookerjee PK; J Org Chem 40: 292-8 (1975)
(4) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis (1989)
(5) NITE; Chemical Risk Information Platform (CHRIP). Biodegradation and Bioconcentration. Tokyo, Japan: Natl Inst Tech Eval. Available from, as of Jul 12, 2011: https://www.safe.nite.go.jp/english/db.html
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that glycerin is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.73X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of -1.76(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). A 63% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(8) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992)
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(4) Hine J, Mookerjee PK; J Org Chem 40: 292-8 (1975)
(5) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
(6) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 7 (1995)
(7) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Jan, 2010. Available from, as of Jul 12, 2011: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm
(8) NITE; Chemical Risk Information Platform (CHRIP). Biodegradation and Bioconcentration. Tokyo, Japan: Natl Inst Tech Eval. Available from, as of Jul 12, 2011: https://www.safe.nite.go.jp/english/db.html
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), glycerin, which has a vapor pressure of 1.68X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase glycerin is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.9X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase glycerin may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Glycerin does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4), and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988)
(2) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis (1989)
(3) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993)
(4) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 8-12 (1990)

14.2.6 Environmental Biodegradation

AEROBIC: Glycerin, present at 100 mg/L, reached 63% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1). Biodegradation rate constants of 0.258/day and 0.200/day in respirometric test systems employing activated sludge have also been reported, corresponding to 68% and 78% degradation, respectively(2).
(1) NITE; Chemical Risk Information Platform (CHRIP). Biodegradation and Bioconcentration. Tokyo, Japan: Natl Inst Tech Eval. Available from, as of Jul 12, 2011: https://www.safe.nite.go.jp/english/db.html
(2) Reuschenbach P et al; Water Res 37: 1571-1582 (2003)
AEROBIC: When incubated with a filtered effluent from a sanitary waste treatment plant, glycerin displayed a 5 day BOD of 82%(1). Inoculation of glycerin with activated sewage sludge resulted in 43.5-52.9% 5 day BOD(2). Glycerin underwent 94-97% removal after 24 hrs when incubated with activated sludge from a waste water treatment plant(3-4). A 98.7% COD was observed in 120 hrs after inoculation with an adapted activated sludge seed(5). Incubation with an activated sludge seed gave a 5 day BOD of 68%(6). In screening studies, 5 day BODs for glycerin of 31%(7), 52% using activated sludge(8), 78.3% using domestic sludge(9), and 24.4% using seawater(10) were observed. Glycerin is listed as a substance easily degraded in a sewage treatment plant(11).
(1) Bridie AL et al; Water Res 13: 627-30 (1979)
(2) Belly RT, Goodhue CT; Proc Int Biodegrad Symp 3: 1103-7 (1976)
(3) Matsui S et al; Prog Water Technol 7: 645-59 (1975)
(4) Matsui S et al; Wat Sci Tech 20: 201-10 (1988)
(5) Pitter P; Water Res 10: 231-5 (1976)
(6) Placak OR, Ruchhoft CC; Sewage Works J 19: 423-40 (1947)
(7) Dore M et al; Trib Cebedeau 28: 3-11 (1975)
(8) Urano K, Kato Z; J Hazard Mater 13: 147-59 (1986)
(9) Wagner R; Vom Wasser 47: 241-65 (1976)
(10) Takemoto S et al; Suishitsu Odaku Kenkyu 4: 80-90 (1981)
(11) Thom NS, Agg AR; Proc Royal Soc Lond B189: 347-57 (1975)
ANAEROBIC: Glycerin underwent 90% degradation after an 8 day lag period when incubated with enriched methane cultures under anaerobic conditions(1).
(1) Chou WL et al; Biotech Bioeng Symp 8: 391-414 (1979)
PURE CULTURE: Pure cultures of Aerobacter and lactobacillus were found to degrade glycerin under anaerobic conditions(1,2).
(1) Chou WL et al; Biotech Bioeng Symp 8: 391-414 (1979)
(2) Kazanskaya TB, Anyukhina YG; Mikrobiologiya 49: 240-3 (1980)

14.2.7 Environmental Abiotic Degradation

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of glycerin with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.9X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 7 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Glycerin is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Glycerin does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(2), and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993)
(2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5, 8-12 (1990)

14.2.8 Environmental Bioconcentration

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for glycerin(SRC), using a log Kow of -1.76(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).
(1) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 7 (1995)
(2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Jan, 2010. Available from, as of Jul 12, 2011: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm
(3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)

14.2.9 Soil Adsorption / Mobility

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of glycerin can be estimated to be 1(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that glycerin is expected to have very high mobility in soil.
(1) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992)
(2) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)

14.2.10 Volatilization from Water / Soil

The Henry's Law constant for glycerin is 1.73X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that glycerin is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water and moist soil surfaces(2). Glycerin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.68X10-4 mm Hg(3).
(1) Hine J, Mookerjee PK; J Org Chem 40: 292-8 (1975)
(2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(3) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis (1989)

14.2.11 Effluent Concentrations

Glycerin was found but not quantified in the primary waste treatment effluent of the Oak Ridge treatment facility in 1974(1). It was identified in the influent to the industrial wastewater treatment plant of the Kashima petrochemical complex, Japan(2).
(1) USEPA; Preliminary Assessment of Suspected Carcinogens in Drinking Water Interim Report to Congress (1975)
(2) Matsui S et al; Wat Sci Tech 20: 201-10 (1988)

14.2.12 Sediment / Soil Concentrations

SOIL: Glycerin was detected in fine soil and sand particles during winter in the metropolitan area of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia at percent relative concentrations of (percent relative concentration): 1.11 (outside of city, close to traffic; mostly sand), 1.48 outside city, palm tree farm; mostly soil), 7.95 (Ministry of Health locale in city; mixture of sand and soil), 0.61 (City center; mixture of soil and sand). It was not detected in the Azizia market place in the city nor in a sand dune 50 miles north of the city. Samples were collected in November 2002(1).
(1) Rushdi AI et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 49: 457-470 (2005)

14.2.13 Atmospheric Concentrations

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Glycerin was present in daytime and nighttime samples at 1.4 to 9.6 (6 of 21 samples positive) and 19.9 ng/cu m (1 of 10 samples positive), respectively; samples were collected during southeastern aerosol and visibility study conducted at the Great Smoky Mountain National Park, TN from July 15 to August 25, 1995(1). Glycerin was detected in urban organic aerosols (PM2.5) from Nanjing, a "mega-city" in China. Samples were collected in July 2004 and January 2005. Mean daytime and nighttime summer concentrations were 56.5 and 44.9 ng/cu m, respectively; range of 12.1 to 220 and 26.0 to 76.3 ng/cu m, respectively. Mean daytime and nighttime winter concentrations were 25.0 and 26.1; range of 12.7 to 36.1 and 8.42 to 48.4 ng/cu m, respectively(2).
(1) Yu LE et al; Environ Sci Technol 39: 707-715 (2005)
(2) Wang G, Kawamura K; Environ Sci Technol 39: 7430-7438 (2005)

14.2.14 Plant Concentrations

Glycerin was reported present in Cork Oak, Quercus suber L., in the cork at 65,000 ppm(1).
(1) Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. Plants with a chosen chemical. Glycerin. Washington, DC: US Dept Agric, Agric Res Service. Available from, as of Jul 12, 2011: https://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/

14.2.15 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of glycerin is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).
(1) US EPA; Inventory Update Reporting (IUR). Non-confidential 2006 IUR Records by Chemical, including Manufacturing, Processing and Use Information. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available from, as of Jul 12, 2011: https://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/index.cfm
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 2,135,546 workers (1,346,631 of these were female) were potentially exposed to glycerin in the US(1). Occupational exposure to glycerin may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where glycerin is produced or used. Use and limited monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to glycerin via ingestion of food, some pharmaceuticals and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing glycerin(SRC).
(1) NIOSH; NOES. National Occupational Exposure Survey conducted from 1981-1983. Estimated numbers of employees potentially exposed to specific agents by 2-digit standard industrial classification (SIC). Available from, as of Jul 12, 2011: https://www.cdc.gov/noes/

15 Associated Disorders and Diseases

Disease
Glycerol kinase deficiency
References

PubMed: 15026783, 6299616, 9007327, 20110216

MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)

Disease
Diabetes mellitus type 2
References

PubMed: 15899597, 11887176, 16731998, 18184896, 15982426, 6321058, 10431355, 6810706, 7758205, 9357814, 14512036, 12067838, 17161231, 11315839, 17659063, 17705693, 1456422, 484160, 8234346, 9591306, 16966827, 7096503, 2614280, 18760976, 11815509, 10694785, 17919531, 17190852, 22031514, 23637065

World Health Organisation Department of Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance (1999). "Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications"

Rosa Va ́zquez-Fresno et al. An NMR metabolomics approach reveals a combined-biomarkers model in a wine interventional trial with validation in free-living individuals of the PREDIMED study. Metabolomics (2015) 11:797- 806: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11306-014-0735-x.pdf

Disease
Early preeclampsia
References
PubMed: 22494326
Disease
Pregnancy
References

PubMed: 3252730, 663967, 12833386, 2994907, 17704099, 12698507, 17061063, 16925883, 22420377, 18059417, 22494326, 23159745, 23313728, 23535240, 24704061

The Merck Manual, 17th ed. Mark H. Beers, MD, Robert Berkow, MD, eds. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Labs, 1999.

Disease
Late-onset preeclampsia
References
PubMed: 23159745
Disease
Irritable bowel syndrome
References
Disease
Colorectal cancer
References

PubMed: 7482520, 19006102, 23940645, 24424155, 20156336, 19678709, 22148915, 25105552, 21773981, 25037050, 27015276, 27107423, 27275383, 28587349

Silke Matysik, Caroline Ivanne Le Roy, Gerhard Liebisch, Sandrine Paule Claus. Metabolomics of fecal samples: A practical consideration. Trends in Food Science & Technology. Vol. 57, Part B, Nov. 2016, p.244-255: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924224416301984

Disease
Eosinophilic esophagitis
References
Mordechai, Hien, and David S. Wishart

16 Literature

16.1 Consolidated References

16.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

16.3 Springer Nature References

16.4 Thieme References

16.5 Wiley References

16.6 Nature Journal References

16.7 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

16.8 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

16.9 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

17 Patents

17.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

17.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

17.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

17.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

17.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

18 Interactions and Pathways

18.1 Protein Bound 3D Structures

18.1.1 Ligands from Protein Bound 3D Structures

PDBe Ligand Code
PDBe Structure Code
PDBe Conformer

18.2 Chemical-Target Interactions

18.3 Drug-Drug Interactions

18.4 Pathways

19 Biological Test Results

19.1 BioAssay Results

20 Taxonomy

WormJam Metabolites Local CSV for MetFrag | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3403364
WormJam: A consensus C. elegans Metabolic Reconstruction and Metabolomics Community and Workshop Series, Worm, 6:2, e1373939, DOI:10.1080/21624054.2017.1373939
Zebrafish Pathway Metabolite MetFrag Local CSV (Beta) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3457553
The LOTUS Initiative for Open Natural Products Research: frozen dataset union wikidata (with metadata) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.5794106
A metabolome atlas of the aging mouse brain. Nat Commun. 2021 Oct 15;12(1):6021. DOI:10.1038/s41467-021-26310-y. PMID:34654818; PMCID:PMC8519999.
The Metabolome Atlas of the Aging Mouse Brain: https://mouse.atlas.metabolomics.us

21 Classification

21.1 MeSH Tree

21.2 NCI Thesaurus Tree

21.3 ChEBI Ontology

21.4 KEGG: Metabolite

21.5 KEGG: Drug

21.6 KEGG: ATC

21.7 KEGG: JP15

21.8 KEGG: Risk Category of Japanese OTC Drugs

21.9 KEGG: OTC drugs

21.10 KEGG: Animal Drugs

21.11 KEGG: Drug Groups

21.12 KEGG: Drug Classes

21.13 WHO ATC Classification System

21.14 FDA Pharm Classes

21.15 EPA Safer Choice

21.16 ChemIDplus

21.17 CAMEO Chemicals

21.18 ChEMBL Target Tree

21.19 UN GHS Classification

21.20 EPA CPDat Classification

21.21 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

21.22 EPA DSSTox Classification

21.23 NIST Synthetic Polymer MALDI Recipes Database Classification

21.24 Consumer Product Information Database Classification

21.25 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

21.26 LOTUS Tree

21.27 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

21.28 Glycan Naming and Subsumption Ontology (GNOme)

21.29 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

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    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    glycerol
  40. KNApSAcK Species-Metabolite Database
  41. Natural Product Activity and Species Source (NPASS)
  42. West Coast Metabolomics Center-UC Davis
    Glycerol
  43. EPA Safer Choice
    EPA Safer Chemical Ingredients Classification
    https://www.epa.gov/saferchoice
  44. FDA Orange Book
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  45. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)
    LICENSE
    Permission from WHO is not required for the use of WHO materials issued under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Intergovernmental Organization (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO) licence.
    https://www.who.int/about/policies/publishing/copyright
  46. USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center
  47. EU Clinical Trials Register
  48. National Drug Code (NDC) Directory
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  49. FDA Substances Added to Food
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  50. Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA)
  51. FooDB
    LICENSE
    FooDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (FooDB) and the original publication.
    https://foodb.ca/about
  52. IUPAC Digitized pKa Dataset
  53. NMRShiftDB
  54. MassBank Europe
  55. MassBank of North America (MoNA)
    LICENSE
    The content of the MoNA database is licensed under CC BY 4.0.
    https://mona.fiehnlab.ucdavis.edu/documentation/license
  56. NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
    LICENSE
    Data covered by the Standard Reference Data Act of 1968 as amended.
    https://www.nist.gov/srd/public-law
  57. SpectraBase
  58. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
  59. KEGG
    LICENSE
    Academic users may freely use the KEGG website. Non-academic use of KEGG generally requires a commercial license
    https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/legal.html
    Therapeutic category of drugs in Japan
    http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/get_htext?br08301.keg
    Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification
    http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/get_htext?br08303.keg
    Drugs listed in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia
    http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/get_htext?br08311.keg
    Risk category of Japanese OTC drugs
    http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/get_htext?br08312.keg
    Classification of Japanese OTC drugs
    http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/get_htext?br08313.keg
  60. MarkerDB
    LICENSE
    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
    https://markerdb.ca/
  61. Metabolomics Workbench
  62. Nature Chemical Biology
  63. Nature Chemistry
  64. NIPH Clinical Trials Search of Japan
  65. NLM RxNorm Terminology
    LICENSE
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    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/rxnorm/docs/termsofservice.html
  66. Protein Data Bank in Europe (PDBe)
  67. RCSB Protein Data Bank (RCSB PDB)
    LICENSE
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    https://www.rcsb.org/pages/policies
  68. Rhea - Annotated Reactions Database
    LICENSE
    Rhea has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This means that you are free to copy, distribute, display and make commercial use of the database in all legislations, provided you credit (cite) Rhea.
    https://www.rhea-db.org/help/license-disclaimer
  69. Springer Nature
  70. SpringerMaterials
  71. The Cambridge Structural Database
  72. Thieme Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The Thieme Chemistry contribution within PubChem is provided under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
  73. WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification
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    Use of all or parts of the material requires reference to the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. Copying and distribution for commercial purposes is not allowed. Changing or manipulating the material is not allowed.
    https://www.whocc.no/copyright_disclaimer/
  74. Wikidata
  75. Wikipedia
  76. Wiley
  77. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
  78. PubChem
  79. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  80. EPA Substance Registry Services
  81. Glycan Naming and Subsumption Ontology (GNOme)
    GNOme
  82. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  83. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
  84. NCBI
CONTENTS