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CITRUS RED 2

Hazardous Substances DataBank Number
2948
Related PubChem Records
Related CIDs

1 Human Health Effects

1.1 Evidence for Carcinogenicity (Complete)

No data are available in humans. Sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. OVERALL EVALUATION: Group 2B: The agent is possibly carcinogenic to humans.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. S7 60 (1987)

1.2 Medical Surveillance (Complete)

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 23

2 Emergency Medical Treatment

2.1 Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete)

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 160
/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 160
/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 160-1

3 Animal Toxicity Studies

3.1 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete)

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Nineteen beagle dogs received 0, 50 and 200 mg of the color per kg body weight per day by capsule, six days per week for 76 or 104 weeks. Clinical studies did not show differences between control group and the group with 50 mg/kg/day. The animals of the group of 200 mg/kg/day showed in the beginning decreased activity and periods of poor appetite. The animals progressed in about 26 weeks and seemed comparable with the control animals in their appearance and behavior. A decrease in cell volume, hemoglobin and total erythrocyte count was found in this group after 26 weeks. Five of the six animals of the 200 mg/kg/day showed an increase in total counts of leucocytes. No biochemical values and urine analyses showed abnormalities. Four dogs of the 50 mg group and three control groups were sacrificed after 76 weeks. The other dogs were sacrificed after 104 weeks. No significant gross or microscopic pathological abnormalities were found in the control animals and the animals of the 50 mg/kg/day. The organs, liver, kidneys and spleen of the animals with 200 mg/kg/day were significantly increased in weight. Histologically no abnormalities were found, except an evidence of hemopoietic hyperplasia.
WHO/FAO: Expert Committee on Food Additives. Summary of Toxicological Data of Certain Food Additives Series 46a: Citrus red 2 (6358-53-8) (1969). Available from, as of October 19, 2011: https://www.inchem.org/pages/jecfa.html
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Groups of 50 male and 50 female mice were fed diets containing 0.0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0 or 3.0% Citrus Red No. 2 (CR2) for periods up to 80 weeks. Further groups received repeated subcutaneous injections of CR2 or control solvent over an 80-week period. All tumors and other observed lesions seen at autopsy were examined histologically in animals which died or which were killed because moribund during the test or which were killed after 80 weeks. The food intake of mice was recorded. Diets containing 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0% CR2 caused increased morbidity and mortality and the feeding test was terminated a few weeks after administration commenced. At the 0.1% level, there were increases in the mortality rate in both sexes and in the incidence of degenerative changes in the livers of female mice. No untoward effects were found in mice on the 0.03% level. Dietary levels up to 0.1% had no significant effect on the type, incidence or time of appearance of tumors. In female but not in male mice receiving CR2 by repeated subcutaneous injection, an increased incidence of malignant tumours was observed; these tumours appeared earlier than those in the control group. ...
Sharatt M et al; Food Cosmet Toxicol 4(5): 493-502 (1966)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Seven hundred and eighty rats received dietary levels of 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 percent of the color for two years. The animals of the groups with three and five percent showed a significant inhibition of the growth. These animals were killed after 31 weeks. The animals of the 0.05 and 0.1 percent exhibited normal appearance and behavior. Some rats of 0.5 percent and of higher levels developed subcutaneous edema-like swelling of the head, neck, thoracic region and forelimbs. Hydrothorax was revealed in a number of these animals. At 31 weeks clinical studies were performed and in the female animals at the five percent level the plasma-protein, hemoglobin and hematocrit values were significantly lowered. The male animals showed only the decreased plasma-protein levels. The ratio liver weight/bodyweight of the animals of the 0.5 percent and higher was increased. The histopathological examination of the organs of the animals of 0.05 and 0.1 percent did not show abnormalities. At 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 percent cardiac changes consisting of interstitial edema and fibroblastic cell proliferation were found.
WHO/FAO: Expert Committee on Food Additives. Summary of Toxicological Data of Certain Food Additives Series 46a: Citrus red 2 (6358-53-8) (1969). Available from, as of October 19, 2011: https://www.inchem.org/pages/jecfa.html
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Two groups of 50 male and 50 female rats were given once a week subcutaneously respectively 0.2 mL tricaprylin and 0.2 mL tricaprylin containing 20 mg of the color for two years. The injections were given alternated in the axillary and inguinal regions. These injections gave small subcutaneous deposits or nodules located at the injection sites. During the experiments the nodules persisted but there was no evidence of active enlargement. These nodules showed histologically the encapsulated injected material with a thin fibrous wall. No tumors were found.
WHO/FAO: Expert Committee on Food Additives. Summary of Toxicological Data of Certain Food Additives Series 46a: Citrus red 2 (6358-53-8) (1969). Available from, as of October 19, 2011: https://www.inchem.org/pages/jecfa.html
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Groups of 20 male and 20 female rats were fed diets containing 0, 0.05 percent and 0.25 percent color for 24 months. Food intake and growth rate of male rats only showed a difference from controls, being reduced together with decreased growth rate at the 0.05 percent. level. Mortality was not related to administration of the color. Organ weights of five major organs were comparable in all groups. Hematology was normal after 12 months. Hyperplasia of the bladder epithelium, either partly or total, was noted at all levels tested together with thickening of bladder wall. The lesions were reminiscent of those occurring with 0.01 percent of 4-ethylsulforyl-naphthalene-1-sulforanide in the diet.
WHO/FAO: Expert Committee on Food Additives. Summary of Toxicological Data of Certain Food Additives Series 46a: Citrus red 2 (6358-53-8) (1969). Available from, as of October 19, 2011: https://www.inchem.org/pages/jecfa.html
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ A group of 53 (C57xIF)F1 mice, 10-12 weeks of age at the start of the experiment, was used for the implantation of pellets weighing 15-17 mg and containing a 12.5% suspension of citrus red No. 2 in crushed paraffin wax. A total of 7/50 mice (14%) developed bladder carcinomas within 40 weeks, compared with 6-142 mice (4.2%) given implants of paraffin wax alone. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.01).
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V8 104 (1975)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Two groups of 50 male and 50 female stock mice received weekly sc injections of 10% suspension of citrus red No. 2 in 0.1 mL trioctanoin 0.1 mL trioctanoin alone for 35 weeks, followed by a further 15 injections given every three weeks. All surviving animals (42 control and 44 treated animals) were killed 80 weeks after the start of treatment. The total number of benign and malignant tumors occurring in the controls examined was 24, compared to 37 in treated mice. In treated females, the incidence of malignant tumors (mainly adenocarcinomas of the lung and lymphosarcomas) in autopsied animals was significantly greater (11/50 versus 25/48; P<0.01) and more tumors occurred earlier (between weeks 60-70).
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V8 104 (1975)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Groups of 20 male and 20 female mice were fed on diets containing 0, 0.5 percent and 0.25 percent of color for 24 months. The food intake and growth rate of female mice showed no significant differences from controls. Male mice showed a decrease in food consumption and a corresponding decrease in growth rate at the 0.25 percent level. There were deaths in various groups but not attributable to the ingestion of the dye. There were no significant hematological changes after one year. The terminal weights of five major organs were within normal range. Many of the mice showed a thickened bladder wall with patchy or total epithelial hyperplasia, and this occurred in all test groups but not in controls. (A male mouse at the highest level had a papillary carcinoma together with pigmented stones. The nature and extent of the bladder lesions are similar to that reported with mice fed 0.01 percent of 4-ethylsulfonyl-naphthalene-1-sulfonamide.
WHO/FAO: Expert Committee on Food Additives. Summary of Toxicological Data of Certain Food Additives Series 46a: Citrus red 2 (6358-53-8) (1969). Available from, as of October 19, 2011: https://www.inchem.org/pages/jecfa.html
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Groups of 20 male and 20 female albino rats were fed a diet containing 0, 500 or 2500 mg citrus red no 2 per kg of diet for 2 years. About 50% of the animals survived the 2 year of treatment, except for males fed the highest dietary level, in which case only 20% survived. Papillomas of the urinary bladder were observed in 4/28 rats examined, and hyperplasia of the bladder in 10/28 rats. No such changes were reported to have occurred in controls.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V8 103 (1975)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Citrus red number 2 ... led to bladder epithelial hyperplasia and low incidence of bladder papillomas and carcinomas in each species on feeding to rats and mice.
Searle, C. E. (ed.). Chemical Carcinogens. ACS Monograph 173. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1976., p. 427
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ /Citrus red 2/...produced bladder tumors in rodents on oral administration at high doses. These tumors were, however, accompanied by formation of calcium oxalate stones, an event which precludes conclusion of carcinogenic effect.
Searle, C. E. (ed.). Chemical Carcinogens. ACS Monograph 173. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1976., p. 721

3.2 Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete)

LD50 Mouse oral male > 4000 mg/kg bw
WHO/FAO: Expert Committee on Food Additives. Summary of Toxicological Data of Certain Food Additives Series 46a: Citrus red 2 (6358-53-8) (1969). Available from, as of October 19, 2011: https://www.inchem.org/pages/jecfa.html

4 Metabolism / Pharmacokinetics

4.1 Metabolism / Metabolites (Complete)

When citrus red number 2 was administered to rats with cannulated bile ducts, 6 red-colored, water-soluble metabolites were detected in bile, and traces of 1-amino-2-naphthol glucuronide and 1-amino-2-naphthol sulfate were present in urine.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V8 105 (1975)
1-Amino-2-naphthyl glucuronide is a metabolite of citrus red number 2 in humans.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V8 105 (1975)
The urine of normal rats dosed with the color contained 6 metabolites: 1 of the two red-colored metabolites was the O-glucuronide of citrus red number 2 (2,5-dimethoxyphenylazo-2-naphthyl glucuronide); two of the products were unidentified; two others were 1-amino-2-naphthol glucoronide and 1-amino-2-napthol sulfate. The urine of dogs given color contained 12 metabolites, one of which, 1-amino-2-naphthol sulfate, was present in high concentrations; however, 1-amino-2-napthyl glucoronide was not detected.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V8 105 (1975)
In vitro incubation of emulsions of the color with the intestinal contents of the rat, rabbit and dog resulted in destruction of the color by the bacterial flora.
WHO/FAO: Expert Committee on Food Additives. Summary of Toxicological Data of Certain Food Additives Series 46a: Citrus red 2 (6358-53-8) (1969). Available from, as of October 19, 2011: https://www.inchem.org/pages/jecfa.html
Small amounts of 1-amino-2-naphthyl sulphate were identified in the urine of rats. This demonstrates that the color is reduced at the azo linkage in the animal body followed by conjugation to give the o-glucuronide and ethereal sulphate derivatives of 1-amino-2-naphthol.
WHO/FAO: Expert Committee on Food Additives. Summary of Toxicological Data of Certain Food Additives Series 46a: Citrus red 2 (6358-53-8) (1969). Available from, as of October 19, 2011: https://www.inchem.org/pages/jecfa.html

4.2 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete)

After single oral doses of 2-20 mg in corn oil solution to rats, five to seven percent of the administered color was recovered in the feces in 48 hr. When the dose was reduced to 0.5 mg no color was found. When administered as a 0.5 percent dry mixture, 26.3 percent was found in the feces. Rabbits and dogs showed similar results.
WHO/FAO: Expert Committee on Food Additives. Summary of Toxicological Data of Certain Food Additives Series 46a: Citrus red 2 (6358-53-8) (1969). Available from, as of October 19, 2011: https://www.inchem.org/pages/jecfa.html
After a single dose small amounts of the color were found in the body fat. Repeated administration resulted in gradual reduction of the concentration of the color in the fat and finally it disappeared altogether after seven to 10 days.
WHO/FAO: Expert Committee on Food Additives. Summary of Toxicological Data of Certain Food Additives Series 46a: Citrus red 2 (6358-53-8) (1969). Available from, as of October 19, 2011: https://www.inchem.org/pages/jecfa.html

5 Environmental Fate & Exposure

5.1 Environmental Fate / Exposure Summary

Citrus Red 2's production and use to color orange skins may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 3.0X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates Citrus Red 2 will exist solely in the particulate phase in the atmosphere. Particulate-phase Citrus Red 2 will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. Citrus Red 2 contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm, and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, Citrus Red 2 is expected to be immobile based upon an estimated Koc of 2.3X10+4. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.2X10-13 atm-cu m/mole. Citrus Red 2 is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its estimated vapor pressure. Biodegradation data in soil were not available. If released into water, Citrus Red 2 is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Azo dyes, such as Citrus Red 2, are hydrophobic compounds, suggesting they will partition strongly to bottom sediments where reductive cleavage of the azo linkage may occur. This transformation process could result in the release of potentially hazardous aromatic amines to the water column, in this case 1-amino-2,5-dimethoxybenzene and 2-hydroxy-1-napthylamine. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 10 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to Citrus Red 2 may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Citrus Red 2 is produced or used. The greatest potential for dermal and inhalation exposure to Citrus Red 2 is expected at the packing station at the manufacturing site and to a lesser extent during activities at the consumer site. Use data indicate that the general public may be exposed to Citrus Red 2 via dermal contact with treated citrus. (SRC)

5.2 Probable Routes of Human Exposure (Complete)

Occupational exposure to Citrus Red 2 may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Citrus Red 2 is produced or used. The greatest potential for dermal and inhalation exposure to Citrus Red 2 is expected at the packing station at the manufacturing site and to a lesser extent during activities at the consumer site. Use data indicate that the general public may be exposed to Citrus Red 2 via dermal contact with treated citrus. (SRC)

5.3 Artificial Pollution Sources (Complete)

Citrus Red 2's production and use to color orange skins(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).
(1) O'Neil MJ, ed; The Merck Index. 14th ed., Whitehouse Station, NJ; Merck and Co., Inc., p. 391 (2006)

5.4 Environmental Fate (Complete)

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2.3X10+4(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that Citrus Red 2 is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of Citrus Red 2 from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.2X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Citrus Red 2 is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 3.0X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2011).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992)
(3) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 1283-93 (1991)
(4) Lyman WJ; p. 31 in Environmental Exposure From Chemicals Vol I, Neely WB, Blau GE, eds, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (1985)
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2.3X10+4(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that Citrus Red 2 is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.2X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 10(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 5.67(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC,2011). However, Azo dyes, such as Citrus Red 2, are hydrophobic compounds, suggesting they will partition strongly to bottom sediments where reductive cleavage of the azo linkage may occur. This transformation process could result in the release of potentially hazardous aromatic amines to the water column(8), in this case 1-amino-2,5-dimethoxybenzene and 2-hydroxy-1-napthylamine(SRC).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992)
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(4) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 1283-93 (1991)
(5) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
(6) Meylan WM, Howard PH; J Pharm Sci 84: 83-92 (1995)
(7) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Jan, 2010. Available from, as of Oct 25, 2011: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm
(8) Weber EJ, Adams RL; Environ Sci Technol 29: 1163-70 (1995)
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), Citrus Red 2, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 3.0X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase Citrus Red 2 may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Citrus Red 2 contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3), and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988)
(2) Lyman WJ; p. 31 in Environmental Exposure From Chemicals Vol I, Neely WB, Blau GE, eds, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (1985)
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 8-12 (1990)

5.5 Environmental Biodegradation (Complete)

ANAEROBIC: Azo dyes are hydrophobic compounds, suggesting they will partition strongly to bottom sediments where reductive cleavage of the azo linkage may occur. This transformation process could result in the release of potentially hazardous aromatic amines to the water column(1), in this case 1-amino-2,5-dimethoxybenzene and 2-hydroxy-1-napthylamine(SRC).
(1) Weber EJ, Adams RL; Environ Sci Technol 29: 1163-70 (1995)

5.6 Environmental Abiotic Degradation (Complete)

Citrus Red 2 is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(1). Citrus Red 2 contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(1), and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
(1) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5, 8-12 (1990)

5.7 Environmental Bioconcentration (Complete)

An estimated BCF of 10 was calculated in fish for Citrus Red 2(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 5.67(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).
(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; J Pharm Sci 84: 83-92 (1995)
(2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Jan, 2010. Available from, as of Oct 25, 2011: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm
(3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)

5.8 Soil Adsorption / Mobility (Complete)

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of Citrus Red 2 can be estimated to be 2.3X10+4(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that Citrus Red 2 is expected to be immobile in soil.
(1) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992)
(2) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)

5.9 Volatilization from Water / Soil (Complete)

The Henry's Law constant for the neutral species of Citrus Red 2 is estimated as 5.2X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that Citrus Red 2 is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water and moist soil surfaces(2). Citrus Red 2 is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 3.0X10-9 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).
(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 1283-93 (1991)
(2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(3) Lyman WJ; p. 31 in Environmental Exposure From Chemicals Vol I, Neely WB, Blau GE, eds, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (1985) https://archemcalc.com/sparc/

6 Environmental Standards & Regulations

6.1 FDA Requirements (Complete)

All batches of this color additive when used as in food shall meet the specifications, uses and restrictions, and labeling regulations contained in 21 CFR Part 74 and be certified in accordance with regulations in 21 CFR Part 80.
21 CFR 74.302 (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of November 7, 2011: https://www.ecfr.gov

7 Chemical / Physical Properties

7.1 Molecular Formula

C18-H16-N2-O3

7.2 Molecular Weight

308.331
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 3-120

7.3 Color / Form (Complete)

Orange to yellow solid or dark red powder (NTP, 1992)
Cameo Chemicals; Chemical Datasheet. Citrus Red No. 2. Washington, DC: Natl Oceanic Atmos Admin., Off Response Restor., Available from, as of Jan 5, 2012: https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/20040
Crystals
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 3-120

7.4 Melting Point

156 °C
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 3-120

7.5 Solubility (Complete)

Partially soluble in ethanol and vegetable oils
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 391

8 Chemical Safety & Handling

8.1 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete)

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Dispensers of liq detergent /should be available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... Gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8

8.2 Preventive Measures (Complete)

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... Clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Operations connected with synth & purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological safety cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ... provided that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at the face opening of the cabinet, & contaminated air plenums that are under positive pressure are leak-tight. Horizontal laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area towards the operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or fume cupboard to be used ... should be tested before work is begun (eg, with fume bomb) & label fixed to it, giving date of test & avg air-flow measured. This test should be repeated periodically & after any structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 9
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Principles that apply to chem or biochem lab also apply to microbiological & cell-culture labs ... Special consideration should be given to route of admin. ... Safest method of administering volatile carcinogen is by injection of a soln. Admin by topical application, gavage, or intratracheal instillation should be performed under hood. If chem will be exhaled, animals should be kept under hood during this period. Inhalation exposure requires special equipment. ... Unless specifically required, routes of admin other than in the diet should be used. Mixing of carcinogen in diet should be carried out in sealed mixers under fume hood, from which the exhaust is fitted with an efficient particulate filter. Techniques for cleaning mixer & hood should be devised before expt begun. When mixing diets, special protective clothing &, possibly, respirators may be required. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 9
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When ... admin in diet or applied to skin, animals should be kept in cages with solid bottoms & sides & fitted with a filter top. When volatile carcinogens are given, filter tops should not be used. Cages which have been used to house animals that received carcinogens should be decontaminated. Cage-cleaning facilities should be installed in area in which carcinogens are being used, to avoid moving of ... contaminated /cages/. It is difficult to ensure that cages are decontaminated, & monitoring methods are necessary. Situations may exist in which the use of disposable cages should be recommended, depending on type & amt of carcinogen & efficiency with which it can be removed. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 10
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": To eliminate risk that ... contamination in lab could build up during conduct of expt, periodic checks should be carried out on lab atmospheres, surfaces, such as walls, floors & benches, & ... interior of fume hoods & airducts. As well as regular monitoring, check must be carried out after cleaning-up of spillage. Sensitive methods are required when testing lab atmospheres. ... Methods ... should ... where possible, be simple & sensitive. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 10
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Rooms in which obvious contamination has occurred, such as spillage, should be decontaminated by lab personnel engaged in expt. Design of expt should ... avoid contamination of permanent equipment. ... Procedures should ensure that maintenance workers are not exposed to carcinogens. ... Particular care should be taken to avoid contamination of drains or ventilation ducts. In cleaning labs, procedures should be used which do not produce aerosols or dispersal of dust, ie, wet mop or vacuum cleaner equipped with high-efficiency particulate filter on exhaust, which are avail commercially, should be used. Sweeping, brushing & use of dry dusters or mops should be prohibited. Grossly contaminated cleaning materials should not be re-used ... If gowns or towels are contaminated, they should not be sent to laundry, but ... decontaminated or burnt, to avoid any hazard to laundry personnel. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 10
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Doors leading into areas where carcinogens are used ... should be marked distinctively with appropriate labels. Access ... limited to persons involved in expt. ... A prominently displayed notice should give the name of the Scientific Investigator or other person who can advise in an emergency & who can inform others (such as firemen) on the handling of carcinogenic substances. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 11

8.3 Shipment Methods and Regulations (Complete)

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13

8.4 Storage Conditions (Complete)

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13

8.5 Cleanup Methods (Complete)

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 15

8.6 Disposal Methods (Complete)

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 14
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 15
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arrestor) filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator. ... LIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal should be carried out by incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their metabolites. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 15
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Small quantities of ... some carcinogens can be destroyed using chem reactions ... but no general rules can be given. ... As a general technique ... treatment with sodium dichromate in strong sulfuric acid can be used. The time necessary for destruction ... is seldom known ... but 1-2 days is generally considered sufficient when freshly prepd reagent is used. ... Carcinogens that are easily oxidizable can be destroyed with milder oxidative agents, such as saturated soln of potassium permanganate in acetone, which appears to be a suitable agent for destruction of hydrazines or of compounds containing isolated carbon-carbon double bonds. Concn or 50% aqueous sodium hypochlorite can also be used as an oxidizing agent. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 16
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Carcinogens that are alkylating, arylating or acylating agents per se can be destroyed by reaction with appropriate nucleophiles, such as water, hydroxyl ions, ammonia, thiols & thiosulfate. The reactivity of various alkylating agents varies greatly ... & is also influenced by sol of agent in the reaction medium. To facilitate the complete reaction, it is suggested that the agents be dissolved in ethanol or similar solvents. ... No method should be applied ... until it has been thoroughly tested for its effectiveness & safety on material to be inactivated. For example, in case of destruction of alkylating agents, it is possible to detect residual compounds by reaction with 4(4-nitrobenzyl)-pyridine. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 17

9 Manufacturing / Use Information

9.1 Uses (Complete)

To color orange skins
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 391
Citrus Red No. 2 shall be used only for coloring the skins of oranges that are not intended or used for processing (or if so used are designated in the trade as Packinghouse elimination) and that meet minimum maturity standards established by or under the laws of the States in which the oranges are grown.
21 CFR 74.302 (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of November 7, 2011: https://www.ecfr.gov

9.2 Manufacturers

Citrus Red 2 - Producers (2009)
Company
Associated Dyestuff Industries
Address
9 G.I.D.C. Estate, Near Ambedkar Bridge, Behrampura
City State Country
Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380.022, India
Company
Narvada Dyechem (I) Pvt. Ltd.
Address
A-51, M.I.D.C. Badlapur (E) Dist.
City State Country
Thane 421.503, India
Directory of World Chemical Producers, Chemical Information Services, 9101 LBJ Frwy., Suite 310, Dallas, TX 75243, (214) 349-6200. Date downloaded: September 2009. Available from, as of Oct 25, 2011: https://www.chemicalinfo.com/dwcp

9.3 Methods of Manufacturing (Complete)

/Citrus Red No. 2/ is synthesized commercially by coupling diazotization of 2,5-dimethoxyaniline with 2-naphthol.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V8: 102 (1975)

9.4 General Manufacturing Information (Complete)

In USA, color is permitted only for coloring skins of oranges that are not intended or used for processing, at level not exceeding 2 ppm on basis of wt of the whole fruit. (US Code of Federal Regulations, 1974).
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V8: 102 (1975)
Color additives were initially regulated in the United States under the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Bureau of Chemistry. In 1906, the Food and Drugs Act was passed by Congress, which prohibited the use of poisonous or deleterious colors in confectionery and the coloring or staining of food to conceal damage or inferiority. In 1927, responsibility of the Food and Drugs Act was transferred to FDA. Increasing government oversight, the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) was passed in 1938 and established the three following categories for colors: FD&C: colors used in foods, drugs and cosmetics; D&C: colors used in drugs and cosmetics when in contact with mucous membranes or ingested; and Ext. D&C: colors used in products applied externally.
USDA; USDA National Organic Program- Overview of Food Color Additives p. 2 (October 2005). Available from, as of November 10, 2011: https://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?navid=ADV_SEARCH
The joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives ... considers citrus red number 2, on basis of toxicological evidence, to be unsafe for use in food (FAO/WHO, 1973).
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V8: 102 (1975)
This color should not be used as a food additive.
WHO/FAO: Expert Committee on Food Additives. Summary of Toxicological Data of Certain Food Additives Series 46a: Citrus red 2 (6358-53-8) (1969). Available from, as of October 19, 2011: https://www.inchem.org/pages/jecfa.html
The US International Trade Commission last reported US production of Citrus Red 2 (Solvent Red 80) in 1970 by two US manufacturers (Allied Chemical Corp and American Cyanamid)
USITC; Synthetic Organic Chemicals - United States Production and Sales 1970, USITC Publication 479, Washington, DC: US International Trade Commission p 85 (1972) and annual publications through 1994

9.5 Formulations / Preparations (Complete)

Citrus red number 2 used in food must contain minimum of 98% pure chemical (FAO/WHO, 1966; US Code of Federal Regulations, 1974).
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V8: 101 (1975)

9.6 Consumption Patterns (Complete)

100% AS DYE FOR COLORATION OF MATURE CITRUS FRUITS (E.G., ORANGES) (1974)
SRI

10 Laboratory Methods

10.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete)

Analytical procedures: titration, spectrophotometry, analysis of commercial synthetic organic color additives.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 10th ed. and supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1965. New editions through 13th ed. plus supplements, 1982., p. 12/631 34.015
OSW RCRA Appendix VIII List, 40 CFR Part 261, Appendix VIII. HPLC, no detection limit reported
USEPA/Office of Solid Waste (OSW); Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods SW846 Methods (1986)

11 Special References

11.1 Special Reports (Complete)

Khera KS, Munro IC; A Review of the Specifications and Toxicity of Synthetic Food Colors Permitted in Canada; CRC Crit Rev Toxicol 6 (2): 81-133 (1979)

12 Synonyms and Identifiers

Synonyms

6358-53-8

CITRUS RED 2

2,5-Dimethoxybenzeneazo-beta-naphthol

1-((2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)azo)-2-naphthalenol

1-(1-(2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)azo)-2-naphthol

1-(2,5-Dimethoxyphenylazo)-2-naphthol

2-5-Dimethoxy-1-(phenylazo)-2-naphthol

2-Naphthalenol, 1-((2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)azo)-

2-Naphthol, 1-((2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)azo)

C.I. 12156

C.I. Solvent red 80

12.1 Substance Title

CITRUS RED 2

13 Administrative Information

13.1 Hazardous Substances DataBank Number

2948

13.2 Last Revision Date

20130409

13.3 Last Review Date

Reviewed by SRP on 1/19/2012

13.4 Update History

Complete Update on 2013-04-09, 32 fields added/edited/deleted

Complete Update on 02/14/2003, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 11/08/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 08/06/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 01/14/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 05/15/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 06/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 02/08/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 02/27/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 10/26/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 04/23/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 01/27/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 05/11/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 01/26/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 04/25/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 01/12/1995, 25 fields added/edited/deleted.

Field Update on 12/28/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Field update on 12/27/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 10/01/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Field Update on 03/01/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 02/23/1985

Created 19830401 by GCF

CONTENTS