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Dichlorotetrafluoroethane

PubChem CID
6429
Structure
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane_small.png
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane_3D_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
  • 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
  • 76-14-2
  • Cryofluorane
  • 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
Molecular Weight
170.92 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-03-27
  • Modify:
    2025-01-25
Description
1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is a colorless, nearly odorless nonflammable gas. It may be mildly toxic and irritating by inhalation. It can asphyxiate by the displacement of air. Exposure of the container to prolonged heat or fire can cause it to rupture violently and rocket. It is used as a solvent and as a fire extinguishing agent.

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane.png

1.2 3D Conformer

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C2Cl2F4/c3-1(5,6)2(4,7)8
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

DDMOUSALMHHKOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

C(C(F)(F)Cl)(F)(F)Cl
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

C2Cl2F4
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

C2Cl2F4

ClF2C-CClF2

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

76-14-2

76-14-2

1320-37-2 (mixed isomers)

76-14-2, 1320-37-2 (mixed isomers)

2.3.2 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.3 UNII

2.3.4 UN Number

2.3.5 ChEMBL ID

2.3.6 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.7 ICSC Number

2.3.8 KEGG ID

2.3.9 NCI Thesaurus Code

2.3.10 Nikkaji Number

2.3.11 NSC Number

2.3.12 RTECS Number

2.3.13 Wikidata

2.3.14 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

  • 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
  • 1,2-dichlorotetrafluoroethane
  • CFC 114
  • CFC-114
  • cryofluorane
  • FLUOROCARBON 114
  • Freon 114
  • Frigiderm

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
170.92 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
XLogP3
Property Value
2.8
Reference
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
4
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
169.9313180 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
169.9313180 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
0 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
8
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
78
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is a colorless, nearly odorless nonflammable gas. It may be mildly toxic and irritating by inhalation. It can asphyxiate by the displacement of air. Exposure of the container to prolonged heat or fire can cause it to rupture violently and rocket. It is used as a solvent and as a fire extinguishing agent.
Liquid
Colorless gas with a faint, ether-like odor at high concentrations; Note: A liquid below 38 degrees F. Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas; [NIOSH]
COLOURLESS COMPRESSED LIQUEFIED GAS.
Colorless gas with a faint, ether-like odor at high concentrations.
Colorless gas with a faint, ether-like odor at high concentrations. [Note: A liquid below 38 °F. Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas.]

3.2.2 Color / Form

Colorless gas ... [Note: A liquid below 38 degrees F. Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas]
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg

3.2.3 Odor

Faint, ether-like odor at high concentrations
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg
Odorless, but has a faint, ether-like odor in high concentrations
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 437

3.2.4 Boiling Point

38.8 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
3.5 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 2010-2011, p. 3-160
4.1 °C
38 °F

3.2.5 Melting Point

-137 °F (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
-92.53 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 2010-2011, p. 3-160
-94 °C
-137 °F

3.2.6 Solubility

0.01 % (NIOSH, 2024)
Souble in alcohol, ether
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 457
0.013% in water
Osol, A. (ed.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 16th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1980., p. 1616
In water, 130 mg/L at 25 °C
Riddick, J.A., W.B. Bunger, Sakano T.K. Techniques of Chemistry 4th ed., Volume II. Organic Solvents. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons., 1985.
Solubility in water at 25 °C: none
0.01%

3.2.7 Density

1.455 g/cu cm at 25 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 2010-2011, p. 3-160
Relative density (water = 1): 1.5
5.93(relative gas density)

3.2.8 Vapor Density

1.455 at 77 °F (USCG, 1999) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
5.9 (Air = 1)
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2
Relative vapor density (air = 1): 5.89
1.455

3.2.9 Vapor Pressure

2616.02 mmHg (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Vapor pressure: 10 mm Hg at -72.3 °C; 1 mm Hg at -95.4 °C; 40 mm Hg at -53.7 °C, 100 mm Hg at -39.1 °C; 400 mm Hg at -12.0 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 2010-2011, p. 6-93
2014 mm Hg at 25 °C
Riddick, J.A., W.B. Bunger, Sakano T.K. Techniques of Chemistry 4th ed., Volume II. Organic Solvents. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons., 1985.
Vapor pressure, kPa at 25 °C: 268
1.9 atm at 70 °F
(70 °F): 1.9 atm

3.2.10 LogP

log Kow = 2.82
Hansch, C., Leo, A., D. Hoekman. Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society., 1995., p. 3
2.8

3.2.11 Henry's Law Constant

Henry's Law constant = 1.25 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 2010-2011, p. 8-98

3.2.12 Stability / Shelf Life

Conditions contributing to instability: heat.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2

3.2.13 Decomposition

Dangerous; When heated to decomp ... they evolve highly toxic /hydrogen/ chloride fumes. /Chlorides/
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 1825
Dangerous; when heated to decomp ... they emit highly toxic fumes. /Fluorides/
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 1825
Under certain conditions, /chlorofluorocarbon/ vapors may decompose on contact with flames or hot surfaces, creating the potential hazard of inhalation of toxic decomposition products. /Chlorofluorocarbon/
Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 1195
The appearance of toxic decomposition products serves as warning of the occurrence of thermal decompositon and detection of a sharp acrid odor warns of the presence of these products. /Fluorocarbons/
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 3101

3.2.14 Viscosity

0.012 cP at 60 °C (gas)
Smart BE, Fernandez RE; Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (2005). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Fluorinated Aliphatic Compounds. Online Posting Date: December 4, 2000.

3.2.15 Corrosivity

Noncorrosive
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 437
Liquid Refrigerant 114 will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, & coatings.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2

3.2.16 Heat of Vaporization

23.3 kJ/mol at 3.5 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 2010-2011, p. 6-134

3.2.17 Ionization Potential

12.20 eV

3.2.18 Refractive Index

Index of refraction: 1.3092 at 0 °C/D
Haynes, W.M. (ed.) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 2010-2011, p. 3-160

3.2.19 Relative Evaporation Rate

>1 (Butyl acetate = 1)
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2

3.2.20 Kovats Retention Index

Standard non-polar
350.5 , 359 , 352 , 352 , 361

3.2.21 Other Experimental Properties

Surface tension: 13 dynes/cm at 77 °C
Osol, A. (ed.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 16th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1980., p. 1616
Global warming potential: 4.1
Smart BE, Fernandez RE; Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (2005). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Fluorinated Aliphatic Compounds. Online Posting Date: December 4, 2000
Absorbs less than 0.0025% water
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 437
1 mg/L = 143.1 ppm; 1 ppm = 6.99 mg/cu m at 25 °C, 760 mm Hg
Patty, F. (ed.). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963., p. 1329
For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for 1,2-DICHLORO-1,1,2,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

3.3 SpringerMaterials Properties

3.4 Chemical Classes

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

3.4.1 Solvents

Solvents -> Chlorofluorocarbons

4 Spectral Information

4.1 1D NMR Spectra

1D NMR Spectra

4.1.1 19F NMR Spectra

1 of 2
Copyright
Copyright © 2016-2024 W. Robien, Inst. of Org. Chem., Univ. of Vienna. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
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2 of 2
Instrument Name
Varian XL-200
Copyright
Copyright © 2002-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
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4.2 Mass Spectrometry

4.2.1 GC-MS

1 of 5
View All
NIST Number
6721
Library
Main library
Total Peaks
70
m/z Top Peak
85
m/z 2nd Highest
135
m/z 3rd Highest
87
Thumbnail
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2 of 5
View All
NIST Number
22041
Library
Replicate library
Total Peaks
40
m/z Top Peak
85
m/z 2nd Highest
135
m/z 3rd Highest
87
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.2.2 Other MS

Other MS
MASS: 6721 (NIST/EPA/MSDC Mass Spectral Database 1990 version); 473 (National Bureau of Standards EPA-NIH Mass Spectra Data Base, NSRDS-NBS-63)

4.3 IR Spectra

4.3.1 Vapor Phase IR Spectra

1 of 2
Technique
Vapor Phase
Source of Sample
Tokyo Kasei Kogyo Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
Catalog Number
D417
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Technique
Vapor Phase
Source of Sample
Tokyo Kasei Kogyo Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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6 Chemical Vendors

7 Drug and Medication Information

7.1 Therapeutic Uses

In various "skin freezes" alone or with other agents by aerosol application. Recommended for spraying of snake & insect bites to retard absorption of venom. /Former/
Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1974., p. 165

8 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

8.1 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Human and animal studies indicate rapid excretion of inhaled CFC-114. In a study with radiolabeled CFC-114, 30 minute retention of the dose inhaled in a single breath was 12% versus 23%, 10%, and 20% for comparable doses of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11), dichlorodifluoro-methane (CFC-12), and trifluorotrichloroethane (CFC-113), respectively.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the TLV's and BEI's 7th Edition. Dichlorotetrafluoroethane p. 2 CD-ROM Cincinnati, OH 45240-4148 2012.
... Main factor affecting fate of fluorocarbons is body fat, where they are concentrated & slowly released into blood at concn that should not cause any risk of cardiac sensitization. /Fluorocarbons/
National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977., p. 781
Abosrption of fluorocarbons is much lower after oral ingestion (35-48 times) than after inhalation. ... The lung generally has the highest fluorocarbon concentrations on autopsy. /Fluorocarbons/
Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988., p. 884
Although fluorocarbons cause cardiac sensitization in certain animal species, rapid elimination prevents the development of cardiotoxic concentrations from aerosol bronchodilator use except at exceedingly high doses (12 to 24 doses in 2 minutes). /Fluorocarbons/
Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988., p. 884
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for 1,2-DICHLORO-1,1,2,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

9 Use and Manufacturing

9.1 Uses

Sources/Uses
Used as a propellant, refrigerant, and solvent. [ACGIH]
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.
Restricted Notes
See CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS
For 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 326200) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./
National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's USEPA/OPP Chemical Ingredients Database on 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (76-14-2). Available from, as of February 28, 2013: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
... Blowing agent for cellular polymers. ...Solvent and diluent in polymerization of fluoro-olefins, cleaning and degreasing printed circuit boards, preparation of explosives and extraction of volatile substances. Foaming agent in fire extinguishing and aerosols ... Inorganic synthesis in preparation of uranium tetrafluoride, Freons, and polymer intermediates. ... In aerosols with other Freons to lower vapor pressure and produce non-flammable aerosol propellants ... Refrigerant in industrial cooling and air conditioning systems. /Used/ in inhibiting of metal erosion in hydraulic fluids; in strengthening glass bottles; in magnesium refining; and as a reflux liquid to assist heat removal.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2
Mechanical vapor compression systems use fluorocarbons for refrigeration and air conditioning and account for ... majority of refrigeration capability in us. ... fluorocarbons are used as refrigerants in home appliances, mobile air conditioning units, retail food refrigeration systems & ... chillers. /Fluorocarbons/
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 1302
MEDICATION /Former Use/

9.1.1 Use Classification

Hazard Classes and Categories ->

9.1.2 Industry Uses

Intermediates

9.2 Methods of Manufacturing

Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 410
... Obtained by treating hexachloroethane with anhydrous fluoride in the presence of small amounts of antimony chloride under high pressure.
Matheson Gas Products; Matheson Gas Data Book 6th Ed p.253 (1980)
The most important commercial method for manufacturing CFCs and HCFCs is the successive replacement of chlorine by fluorine using hydrogen fluoride. The traditional, liquid-phase process uses antimony pentafluoride or a mixture of antimony trifluoride and chlorine as catalysts. Continuous vapor-phase processes that employ gaseous hydrogen fluoride in the presence of heterogenous chromium, iron, or fluorinated alumina catalysts also are widely used. Carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and hexachloroethane (or tetrachloroethylene plus chlorine) are commonly used starting materials for one- and two-carbon chlorofluorocarbons. The extent of chlorine exchange can be controlled by varying the hydrogen fluoride concentration, the contact time, or the reaction temperature. /CFCs and HCFCs/
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V11 507 (1994)

9.3 Impurities

Chlorofluoroalkanes (and also the alternative HCFCs and HFCs) produced on an industrial scale are subject to stringent standards. Impurities must not exceed the following limits (vol %): acids, 0; moisture, <0.001; higher-boiling fractions, <0.05; and other gases, 2. /Chlorofluoroalkanes/
Siegemund G et al; Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2013). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Fluorine Compounds, Organic. Online Posting Date: June 15, 2000

9.4 Formulations / Preparations

USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 326200; Trade Names: Propellant 114 and Cryofluorane. /Former trade names/
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pesticide Program's Chemical Ingredients Database on 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (76-14-2). Available from, as of Sept 8, 2000: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
Grades: Technical 95%.
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 410

9.5 Consumption Patterns

For low molecular weight fluorinated hydrocarbons) 43% as aerosol propellant; 32% as refrigerant; 10% for synthesis of resins; 5% as solvent and degreaser; 4% as foam-blowing agent; 6% for misc uses including exports (1969)
SRI
CFC-114 ... is mainly used with centrifugal compressors /for refrigerant applications/ (1984)
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: FLUOROCARBONS (1984)
Refrigeration/air conditioning, 43%; foam blowing agents, 20%; polymer precursors, 13%; solvent cleaning, 12% aerosol propellants, 2%; medical equipment sterilization, 3%; other, 7%. (1991). /Estimates are for CFC-11,-12,-113,-114,-115 and HCFC-22 only/
Chemical Profile: Fluorocarbons (1992)

9.6 U.S. Production

Aggregated Product Volume

2019: 1,000,000 lb - <20,000,000 lb

2018: 1,000,000 lb - <20,000,000 lb

2017: 1,000,000 lb - <20,000,000 lb

2016: 1,000,000 lb - <20,000,000 lb

(1972) 1.76X10+10 GRAMS
SRI
(1975) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 1.82X10+6 GRAMS
SRI
Ethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro- is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).
EPA/Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program. Ethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro- (76-14-2). Available from, as of February 28, 2013: https://www.epa.gov/hpv/pubs/general/opptsrch.htm
Production volume for non-confidential chemicals reported under the 2006 Inventory Update Rule. Chemical: Ethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-. Aggregated National Production Volume: 1 to <10 million lbs.
US EPA; Non-Confidential 2006 Inventory Update Reporting. National Chemical Information. Ethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro- (76-14-2). Available from, as of May 21, 2013: https://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/index.cfm?s=chem&err=t
For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for 1,2-DICHLORO-1,1,2,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

9.7 U.S. Imports

(1972) NEGLIGIBLE
SRI
(1975) NEGLIGIBLE
SRI

9.8 General Manufacturing Information

Industry Processing Sectors
Industrial Gas Manufacturing
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Ethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-: ACTIVE
SRP: The EPA has organized groups of chemicals into two classes according to their ozone-depletion potential. Class I controlled substances are those with an ozone-depletion potential of 0.2 or higher. Class II controlled substances are those with an ozone-potential of less than 0.2. Class II controlled substances are all hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs).
In the United States, "Class I" substances were subject to the first round of phaseout targets. Class I substances have an ozone depletion potential (ODP) of 0.2 or higher, and include halons, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl bromide. Section 604 of the Clean Air Act sets the phaseout targets for Class I substances. The ban on production and import of halons took effect on January 1, 1994. The ban on production and import of other Class I ODS /ozone-depleting substance/ - excluding methyl bromide - took effect on January 1, 1996.
USEPA; Ozone Layer Protection-Regulatory Programs. Phaseout of Class I Ozone-Depleting Substances. Available from, as of March 16, 2013: https://www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/phaseout/classone.html
  • The numbers in the "ODP1" column are from the Montreal Protocol. Some numbers have been updated as per amendments to the protocol. The "ODP2" column numbers are from the stratospheric ozone protection regulations at 40 CFR Part 82, as required by Title VI of the Clean Air Act amendments. These numbers include the amendments of July 18, 2003 (68 FR 42892). Data in the "ODP3" column come from WMO's /World Meteorological Organization/ Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006. ODP values listed are semi-empirical and can be found in Table 8-1 of the document. All GWP values represent global warming potential over a 100-year time horizon. The numbers in the "GWP1" column are from Table 1-6 of The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 2002, a report of the World Meteorological Association's Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project. The GWPs in the "GWP1" column that were not provided Table 1-6 of the 2002 report have not been updated since 1998 and are from The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 1998. "GWP2" column numbers are from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Third Assessment Report: Climate Change 2001, and "GWP3" column numbers are from 40 CFR Part 82, stratospheric ozone protection regulations required by Title VI of the Clean Air Act amendments. The data in the "GWP4" column come from the IPCC Special Report on Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System: Issues related to Hydrofluorocarbons and Perfluorocarbons ("SROC"). The values listed are for direct radiative forcing and can be found in Table 2.7 in the document. The numbers in the "GWP5" column come from the WMO's Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006. The values listed are for direct radiative forcing and can be found in Table 8-2 of the document.
  • Table: Class I Ozone-depleting Substances
    Chemical Name
    CFC-114 Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
    Lifetime, in years
    300
    ODP3 (WMO 2006)
    1
    ODP2 (40 CFR 82)
    1
    ODP1 (Montreal Protocol)
    1
    GWP5( WMO 2006)
    10040
    GWP4 (SROC)
    6030
    GWP3 (40 CFR)
    9300
    GWP2 (TAR)
    9800
    GWP1 (WMO 2002)
    9880
USEPA; Ozone Layer Protection-Science. Ozone-Depleting Substances. Class I Ozone-Depleting Substances. Available from, as of March 13, 2013: https://www.epa.gov/ozone/strathome.html
... /The use of chlorofluorocarbons for aerosol sprays/ was prohibited in 1979 except for a few specialized items, because of their depleting effect on stratospheric ozone. /Chlorofluorocarbons/
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 281
For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for 1,2-DICHLORO-1,1,2,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

9.9 Sampling Procedures

Measurements to determine employee exposure are best taken so that the average eight-hour exposure is based on a single eight-hour sample or on two four-hour samples. Several short time interval samples (up to 30 minutes) may also be used to determine the average exposure level. Air samples should be taken in the employee's breathing zone (air that would most nearly represent that inhaled by the employee).
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2
NIOSH Method 1018. Analyte: 1,2-dichlorotetrafluoroethane. Matrix: Air. Sampler: Solid sorbent tubes (two coconut shell charcoal tubes in series, 400 mg/200 mg and 100 mg/50 mg). Flow Rate: 0.01 to 0.05 L/min. Sample Size: 3 liters. Shipment: Refrigerated. Sample Stability: 100% recovery after 7 days @ 25 °C.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 4th ed. Methods A-Z & Supplements. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Aug 1994.

10 Identification

10.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

Method: NIOSH 1018, Issue 2; Procedure: gas chromatography with flame ionization detection; Analyte: 1,2-dichlorotetrafluoroethane; Matrix: air; Detection Limit: 0.03 mg/sample.
CDC; NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th ed. 1,2-dichlorotetrafluoroethane (76-14-2). Available from, as of March 5, 2013: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/
A gas chromatographic method for determining fluorochlorocarbons in air and body fluids was tested. The retention times under the conditions used were 1, 2, 4, and 7.5 min for FCC 11, FCC 114, FCC 12, and FCC 113, respectively. The detection limits for the various fluorochlorocarbons varied between 0.5 and 35 picograms. It was concluded that the method can be applied in determining fluorochlorocarbons concentrations in air and in rat blood in vivo.
Rauws AG et al; J Pharm Pharmacol 25: 718-22 (1973)

10.2 Clinical Laboratory Methods

Gas chromatographic method for determining fluorocarbons is described. Concn in body fluids are determined by means of head space analysis. /Fluorocarbons/
RAUWS ET AL; J PHARM PHARMACOL 25 (9): 718-22 (1973)
A gas chromatographic method for determining fluorochlorocarbons in air and body fluids was tested. The retention times under the conditions used were 1, 2, 4, and 7.5 min for FCC 11, FCC 114, FCC 12, and FCC 113, respectively. The detection limits for the various fluorochlorocarbons varied between 0.5 and 35 picograms. It was concluded that the method can be applied in determining fluorochlorocarbons concentrations in air and in rat blood in vivo.
Rauws AG et al; J Pharm Pharmacol 25: 718-22 (1973)
Determination of fluorocarbon propellants in blood and animal tissue.
Terrill JB; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 33 (11): 736-44 (1972)

10.3 NIOSH Analytical Methods

11 Safety and Hazards

11.1 Hazards Identification

11.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 4
View All
Pictogram(s)
Compressed Gas
Irritant
Signal
Warning
GHS Hazard Statements

H280 (100%): Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H420 (32.8%): Harms public health and the environment by destroying ozone in the upper atmosphere [Warning Hazardous to the ozone layer]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P410+P403, and P502

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 119 reports by companies from 5 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

11.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Press. Gas (Liq.) (100%)

Ozone 1 (32.8%)

Gases under pressure - Liquefied gas

11.1.3 Health Hazards

Prolonged exposure can cause narcotic effect or rapid suffocation. (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
ERG 2024, Guide 126 (1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane)

· Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning, especially when in closed or confined areas.

· Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground.

· Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite.

· Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.

11.1.4 Fire Hazards

Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

Some may burn but none ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket. CAUTION: Aerosols (UN1950) may contain a flammable propellant. (ERG, 2024)

ERG 2024, Guide 126 (1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane)

· Some may burn but none ignite readily.

· Containers may explode when heated.

· Ruptured cylinders may rocket.

CAUTION: Aerosols (UN1950) may contain a flammable propellant.

Not combustible. Heating will cause rise in pressure with risk of bursting. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

11.1.5 Hazards Summary

See CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS. Possible frostbite from contact with liquid; [NIOSH] Potential acute effects are CNS depression, cardiac arrhythmias, and effects on the liver. [HSDB]

11.1.6 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

Refrigerant 114 vapor is a respiratory irritant. ...
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1

11.2 Safety and Hazard Properties

11.2.1 Flammable Limits

Flammability
Nonflammable Gas

11.2.2 Critical Temperature & Pressure

Critical temperature: 145.6 °C; Critical pressure: 3.25 MPa
Haynes, W.M. (ed.) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 2010-2011, p. 6-61

11.2.3 Physical Dangers

The gas is heavier than air and may accumulate in lowered spaces causing a deficiency of oxygen.

11.2.4 OSHA Standards

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 1000 ppm (7000 mg/cu m).
29 CFR 1910.1000 (USDOL); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 27, 2013: https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/ECFR?page=browse

11.2.5 NIOSH Recommendations

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hour Time-Weighted Average: 1000 ppm (7000 mg/cu m).
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg

11.3 First Aid Measures

Inhalation First Aid
Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.
Skin First Aid
ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer for medical attention .
Eye First Aid
First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

11.3.1 First Aid

INHALATION: Remove to fresh air. If breathing has stopped, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen.

EYES: Flush with water for at least 15 minutes.

SKIN: Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash affected areas with soap and water. (USCG, 1999)

U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
ERG 2024, Guide 126 (1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingestedor inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuouscompressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· In case of contact with liquefied gas, only medical personnel should attempt thawing frosted parts.

(See general first aid procedures)

Eye: Frostbite - If eye tissue is frozen, seek medical attention immediately; if tissue is not frozen, immediately and thoroughly flush the eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the lower and upper eyelids. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, get medical attention as soon as possible.

Skin: Frostbite - Compressed gases may create low temperatures when they expand rapidly. Leaks and uses that allow rapid expansion may cause a frostbite hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent the skin from becoming frozen.

Breathing: Respiratory support

11.4 Fire Fighting

Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

Use extinguishing agent suitable for type of surrounding fire.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. Some of these materials, if spilled, may evaporate leaving a flammable residue. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

11.4.1 Fire Fighting Procedures

Firefighters should wear self-contained, NIOSH-approved breathing apparatus for protection against suffocation and possible toxic decomposition products. Proper eye and skin protection should be provided. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.
National Refrigerant, Inc; MSDS for R-114, Current Issue Date: December, 2008. Available from, as of June 7, 2013: https://www.refrigerants.com/msds.htm
In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.
International Program on Chemical Safety/Commission of the European Union; International Chemical Safety Card on Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (November 24, 1998). Available from, as of March 8, 2013: https://www.inchem.org/pages/icsc.html
/During firefighting wear/ self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 4
Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame - consider evacuation of one-half (1/2) mile radius.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 313
If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty). Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Do not use water on material itself. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 313

11.5 Accidental Release Measures

Public Safety: ERG 2024, Guide 126 (1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane)

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

Spill or Leak: ERG 2024, Guide 126 (1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane)

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Allow substance to evaporate.

· Ventilate the area.

11.5.1 Isolation and Evacuation

Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 500 meters (1/3 mile).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Evacuation: ERG 2024, Guide 126 (1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

Large Spill

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 500 meters (1/3 mile).

Fire

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

11.5.2 Spillage Disposal

Ventilation. NEVER direct water jet on liquid. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus.

11.5.3 Cleanup Methods

If ... spilled or leaked, the following steps should be taken: 1. Ventilate area of spill or leak. 2. If the gas is leaking, stop the flow. 3. If the liquid is spilled or leaked, allow to vaporize.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3
Ventilation. Never direct water jet on liquid. Do not let this chemical enter the environment. Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus.
International Program on Chemical Safety/Commission of the European Union; International Chemical Safety Card on Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (November 24, 1998). Available from, as of March 8, 2013: https://www.inchem.org/pages/icsc.html

11.5.4 Disposal Methods

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.
Because of recent discovery of potential ozone decomposition in the stratosphere by fluorotrichloromethane, this material should be released to the environment only as a last resort. Waste material should be /recovered and/ returned to the vendor, or to licensed waste disposal company.
United Nations. Treatment and Disposal Methods for Waste Chemicals (IRPTC File). Data Profile Series No. 5. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Environmental Programme, Dec. 1985., p. 207
SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

11.5.5 Preventive Measures

Remove clothing immediately if wet or contaminated.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985., p. 334
Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers.
SRP
If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 313
Personnel protection: Keep upwind. Avoid breathing vapors. ... Avoid bodily contact with the material.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 313
For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1,2-DICHLORO-1,1,2,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.6 Handling and Storage

11.6.1 Nonfire Spill Response

Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Allow substance to evaporate. Ventilate the area. (ERG, 2024)

11.6.2 Safe Storage

Fireproof if in building. Cool.

11.6.3 Storage Conditions

Store in a cool, well-ventilated area of low fire risk and out of direct sunlight. Protect cylinder and its fittings from physical damage. Storage in subsurface locations should be avoided. Close valve tightly after use and when empty.
National Refrigerant, Inc; MSDS for R-114, Current Issue Date: December, 2008. Available from, as of June 7, 2013: https://www.refrigerants.com/msds.htm
Fireproof if in building. Cool.
International Program on Chemical Safety/Commission of the European Union; International Chemical Safety Card on Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (November 24, 1998). Available from, as of March 8, 2013: https://www.inchem.org/pages/icsc.html
Store in cool place free from material of an inflammable nature, in suitable metal containers.
Reynolds, J.E.F., Prasad, A.B. (eds.) Martindale-The Extra Pharmacopoeia. 28th ed. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1982., p. 1058

11.7 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

Protective Clothing: ERG 2024, Guide 126 (1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAK)
1000.0 [ppm]

11.7.2 Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)

1000.0 [ppm]
PEL-TWA (8-Hour Time Weighted Average)
1000 ppm (7000 mg/m³)
TWA 1000 ppm (7000 mg/m3)

11.7.3 Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)

15000 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

15000.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Cardiac sensitization has been induced with endogenous epinephrine at 50,000 to 800,000 ppm [Mullin et al. 1972; Reinhardt et al. 1971].

15,000 ppm
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg

15,000 ppm

See: 76142

11.7.4 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)

1000.0 [ppm]
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 1000 ppm
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH 2012, p. 25
Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH 2012, p. 5
A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Dichorotetrafluoroethane/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH 2012, p. 25
1000 ppm as TWA; A4 (not classifiable as a human carcinogen).
TLV-TWA (Time Weighted Average)
1000 ppm [1979]

11.7.5 Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL)

MAK (Maximale Arbeitsplatz Konzentration)
7100 mg/m

11.7.6 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines

Emergency Response: ERG 2024, Guide 126 (1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane)

· Use extinguishing agent suitable for type of surrounding fire.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical or CO2.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

Fire Involving Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· Some of these materials, if spilled, may evaporate leaving a flammable residue.

11.7.7 Other Standards Regulations and Guidelines

/MAK:/ Germany (1971): 1000 ppm.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986., p. 191
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was designed to reduce the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances in order to reduce their abundance in the atmosphere, and thereby protect the earth's fragile ozone Layer. The original Montreal Protocol was agreed on 16 September 1987 and entered into force on 1 January 1989. The Montreal Protocol includes a unique adjustment provision that enables the Parties to the Protocol to respond quickly to new scientific information and agree to accelerate the reductions required on chemicals already covered by the Protocol. These adjustments are then automatically applicable to all countries that ratified the Protocol. Since its initial adoption, the Montreal Protocol has been adjusted five times. Specifically, the Second, Fourth, Seventh, Ninth, Eleventh and Nineteenth Meetings of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol adopted, in accordance with the procedure laid down in paragraph 9 of Article 2 of the Montreal Protocol, certain adjustments and reductions of production and consumption of the controlled substances listed in the Annexes of the Protocol. These adjustments entered into force, for all the Parties, on 7 March 1991, 23 September 1993, 5 August 1996, 4 June 1998, 28 July 2000 and 14 May 2008, respectively. In addition to adjusting the Protocol, the Parties to the Montreal Protocol have amended the Protocol to enable, among other things, the control of new chemicals and the creation of a financial mechanism to enable developing countries to comply. Specifically, the Second, Fourth, Ninth and Eleventh Meetings of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol adopted, in accordance with the procedure laid down in paragraph 4 of Article 9 of the Vienna Convention, four Amendments to the Protocol - the London Amendment (1990), the Copenhagen Amendment (1992), the Montreal Amendment (1997) and the Beijing Amendment (1999). Unlike adjustments to the Protocol, amendments must be ratified by countries before their requirements are applicable to those countries. The London, Copenhagen, Montreal and Beijing Amendments entered into force on 10 August 1992, 14 June 1994, 10 November 1999 and 25 February 2002, respectively, only for those Parties which ratified the particular amendments. In addition to adjustments and amendments to the Montreal Protocol, the Parties to the Protocol meet annually and take a variety of decisions aimed at enabling effective implementation of this important legal instrument. Through the 22nd Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, the Parties have taken over 720 decisions.
United Nations Environment Programme; Ozone Secretariat - The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Available from, as of May 30, 2013: https://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/montreal_protocol.php

11.7.8 Inhalation Risk

A harmful concentration of this gas in the air will be reached very quickly on loss of containment.

11.7.9 Effects of Short Term Exposure

Rapid evaporation of the liquid may cause frostbite. The substance may cause effects on the cardiovascular system. This may result in cardiac disorders.

11.7.10 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Approved respirator, rubber gloves, safety goggles, and safety shoes. (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Skin contact with refrigerant may cause frostbite. General work clothing and gloves (leather) should provide adequate protection. If prolonged contact with liquid or gas is anticipated, insulated gloves constructed of PVA, neoprene or butyl rubber should be used.
National Refrigerant, Inc; MSDS for R-114, Current Issue Date: December, 2008. Available from, as of June 7, 2013: https://www.refrigerants.com/msds.htm
For normal conditions, wear safety glasses. Where there is reasonable probability of liquid contact, wear splash-proof goggles.
National Refrigerant, Inc; MSDS for R-114, Current Issue Date: December, 2008. Available from, as of June 7, 2013: https://www.refrigerants.com/msds.htm
Where contact with liquid is likely, such as in a spill or leak, impervious boots and clothing should be worn.
National Refrigerant, Inc; MSDS for R-114, Current Issue Date: December, 2008. Available from, as of June 7, 2013: https://www.refrigerants.com/msds.htm
Compressed gases may create low temperatures when they expand rapidly. Leaks and uses that allow rapid expansion may cause a frostbite hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent the skin from becoming frozen.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg
For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for 1,2-DICHLORO-1,1,2,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(See personal protection and sanitation codes)

Skin: Frostbite - Compressed gases may create low temperatures when they expand rapidly. Leaks and uses that allow rapid expansion may cause a frostbite hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent the skin from becoming frozen.

Eyes: Frostbite - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact with the liquid that could result in burns or tissue damage from frostbite.

Wash skin: No recommendation

Remove: No recommendation

Change: No recommendation

Provide: Frostbite wash - Quick drench facilities and/or eyewash fountains should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is any possibility of exposure to liquids that are extremely cold or rapidly evaporating.

11.7.11 Respirator Recommendations

NIOSH/OSHA

Up to 10000 ppm:

(APF = 10) Any supplied-air respirator

Up to 15000 ppm:

(APF = 25) Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous-flow mode

(APF = 50) Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece

(APF = 50) Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece

Emergency or planned entry into unknown concentrations or IDLH conditions:

(APF = 10,000) Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode

(APF = 10,000) Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained positive-pressure breathing apparatus

Escape:

(APF = 50) Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister

Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus

Important additional information about respirator selection

11.7.12 Preventions

Inhalation Prevention
Use ventilation.
Skin Prevention
Cold-insulating gloves.
Eye Prevention
Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

11.8 Stability and Reactivity

11.8.1 Air and Water Reactions

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

11.8.2 Reactive Group

Fluorinated Organic Compounds

11.8.3 Reactivity Profile

1,2-DICHLORO-1,1,2,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE is chemically inert in many situations, but can react violently with strong reducing agents such as the very active metals and the active metals. Can react with strong oxidizing agents or weaker oxidizing agents under extremes of temperature. The reaction of aluminum with various halogenated hydrocarbons produces a self-sustaining reaction with sufficient heat to melt aluminum pieces, examples of other halogenated hydrocarbons are fluorotrichloromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, chlorodifluoromethane, tetrafluoromethane. The vigor of the reaction appears to be dependent on the combined degree of fluorination and the vapor pressure [Chem. Eng. News 39(27):44(1961)].

11.8.4 Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities

Incompatible with chemically-active metals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, powdered aluminum, zinc and magnesium; acids; acid fumes.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg

11.9 Transport Information

11.9.1 DOT Emergency Guidelines

/GUIDE 126: GASES - COMPRESSED OR LIQUEFIED (INCLUDING REFRIGERANT GASES)/ Fire or Explosion: Some may burn, but none ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2008 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2008
/GUIDE 126: GASES - COMPRESSED OR LIQUEFIED (INCLUDING REFRIGERANT GASES)/ Health: Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2008 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2008
/GUIDE 126: GASES - COMPRESSED OR LIQUEFIED (INCLUDING REFRIGERANT GASES)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2008 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2008
/GUIDE 126: GASES - COMPRESSED OR LIQUEFIED (INCLUDING REFRIGERANT GASES)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2008 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2008
For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1,2-DICHLORO-1,1,2,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.9.2 DOT ID and Guide

11.9.3 Shipping Name / Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO

UN 1958; Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
IMO 2.2; Dichlorotetrafluoroethane

11.9.4 Shipment Methods and Regulations

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
49 CFR 171.2 (USDOT); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of March 18, 2013: https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/ECFR?page=browse
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.
International Air Transport Association. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 47th Edition. Montreal, Quebec Canada. 2006., p. 177
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.
International Maritime Organization. IMDG Code. International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code Volume 2 2006, p. 94

11.9.5 DOT Label

Non-Flammable Gas

11.9.6 UN Classification

UN Hazard Class: 2.2

11.10 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: Ethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Ethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro- (Refrigerant gas R114): Non hazardous

11.10.1 FDA Requirements

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), after consultation with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), is amending FDA's regulation on the use of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) in selfpressurized containers to remove the essential-use designations for flunisolide, triamcinolone, metaproterenol, pirbuterol, albuterol and ipratropium in combination, cromolyn, and nedocromil used in oral pressurized metered-dose inhalers (MDIs). The Clean Air Act requires FDA, in consultation with the EPA, to determine whether an FDA-regulated product that releases an ODS is an essential use of the ODS. FDA has concluded that there are no substantial technical barriers to formulating flunisolide, triamcinolone, metaproterenol, pirbuterol, albuterol and ipratropium in combination, cromolyn, and nedocromil as products that do not release ODSs, and therefore they will no longer be essential uses of ODSs as of the effective dates of this rule. MDIs for these active moieties containing an ODS may not be marketed after the relevant effective date. DATES: Removal of Part 2.125(e)(2)(iii) and 2.125(e)(4)(vii) is effective June 14, 2010. Removal of Part 2.125(e)(1)(v) and 2.125(e)(4)(iv) is effective December 31, 2010. Removal of Part 2.125(e)(1)(iii) is effective June 30, 2011. Removal of 2.125(e)(2)(iv) and Part 2.125(e)(4)(viii) is effective December 31, 2013. /Ozone-Depleting Substances/
75 FR 19213 (4/14/2010). Available from, as of March 14, 2013: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR
Use of ozone-depleting substances in foods, drugs, devices, or cosmetics. (a) As used in this section, ozone-depleting substance (ODS) means any class I substance as defined in 40 CFR part 82, appendix A to subpart A, or class II substance as defined in 40 CFR part 82, appendix B to subpart A. (b) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, any food, drug, device, or cosmetic that is, consists in part of, or is contained in an aerosol product or other pressurized dispenser that releases an ODS is not an essential use of the ODS under the Clean Air Act. (c) A food, drug, device, or cosmetic that is, consists in part of, or is contained in an aerosol product or other pressurized dispenser that releases an ODS is an essential use of the ODS under the Clean Air Act if paragraph (e) of this section specifies the use of that product as essential. For drugs, including biologics and animal drugs, and for devices, an investigational application or an approved marketing application must be in effect, as applicable. ... (e) The use of ODSs in the following products is essential: ... (2) Metered-dose short-acting adrenergic bronchodilator human drugs for oral inhalation. Oral pressurized metered-dose inhalers containing the following active moieties: ... (iv) Pirbuterol. ... (4) Other essential uses. (iii) Anesthetic drugs for topical use on accessible mucous membranes of humans where a cannula is used for application. ... (vi) Metered-dose atropine sulfate aerosol human drugs administered by oral inhalation. ... (viii) Metered-dose ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate, in combination, administered by oral inhalation for human use. (ix) Sterile aerosol talc administered intrapleurally by thoracoscopy for human use. /Ozone-Depleting Substances/
21 CFR 2.125 (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of March 14, 2013: https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/ECFR?page=browse

11.11 Other Safety Information

11.11.1 Toxic Combustion Products

... Toxic substances may be formed on contact with a flame or hot metal surface.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 438
All fluorocarbons will undergo thermal decomposition when exposed to flame or red-hot metal. Decomposition products of the chlorofluorocarbons will include hydrofluoric & hydrochloric acid along with smaller amounts of phosgene & carbonyl fluoride. The last compound is very unstable to hydrolysis & quickly changes to hydrofluoric acid & carbon dioxide in the presence of moisture. Fluorocarbons/
International Labour Office. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. 4th edition, Volumes 1-4 1998. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1998., p. 104.185
In contact with open flame or very hot surface fluorocarbons may decomp into highly irritant & toxic gases: chlorine, hydrogen fluoride or chloride, & even phosgene. Fluorocarbon refrigerant & propellants/
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-159

11.11.2 Special Reports

Zakhari S, Aviado DM; Cardiovascular Toxicology of Aerosol Propellants, Refrigerants and Related Solvents; Target Organ Toxicology Series: Cardiovascular Toxicology, XII+ 388 pages; Raven Press: New York, NY 281-326 (1982). Review of the toxicology of aerosol propellants, refrigerants and related solvents on the cardiovascular system of humans.
Crooke ST; Solvent inhalation; Tex Med 68 (7): 67-9 (1972). A short review of the literature concerning solvent inhalation is presented. Methods of administration, pharmacology and toxicology of abused solvents are discussed as are the characteristics of solvent inhalers and addictive potential.
Production and Consumption of Ozone Depleting Substances under the Montreal Protocol 1986 - 2004[UNEP; Ozone Secretariat UNEP November 2005, Available from, as of march 11, 2013: http://ozone.unep.org/Publications/Production_and_consumption2005.pdf]
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer[UNEP; Ozone Secretariat United Nations Environment Programme, The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Available from, as of March 11, 2013: http://ozone.unep.org/pdfs/Montreal-Protocol2000.pdf]
For more Special Reports (Complete) data for 1,2-DICHLORO-1,1,2,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12 Toxicity

12.1 Toxicological Information

12.1.1 USGS Health-Based Screening Levels for Evaluating Water-Quality

Chemical
1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
Chemical Classes
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)
Reference
Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

12.1.2 NIOSH Toxicity Data

12.1.3 Evidence for Carcinogenicity

A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Dichorotetrafluoroethane/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH 2012, p. 25

12.1.4 Exposure Routes

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.
inhalation, skin and/or eye contact (liquid)

12.1.5 Symptoms

Inhalation Exposure
Suffocation.
Skin Exposure
ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.
Eye Exposure
See Skin.
irritation respiratory system; asphyxia; cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrest; liquid: frostbite

12.1.6 Target Organs

respiratory system, cardiovascular system

12.1.7 Adverse Effects

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Other Poison - Simple Asphyxiant

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

12.1.8 Acute Effects

12.1.9 Toxicity Data

LC50 (rat) = 720,000 ppm/30 min

12.1.10 Interactions

Cardiac sensitization potential of CFC-114 is considered moderate. /Investigators/ found evidence of serious arrythmia in 1 of 12 dogs exposed at an atmosphere of 25,000 ppm CFC-114 plus intravenous epinephrine.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the TLV's and BEI's 7th Edition. Dichlorotetrafluoroethane p. 1 CD-ROM Cincinnati, OH 45240-4148 2012.
Whether inhalation of a freon gas mixture, the propellant of the commercial metered dose aerosols, consisting of freons 11, 12 and 114, reduces the bronchodilating effects of inhaled salbutamol or ipratropium bromide or causes cardiac arrhythmias in control, asthmatic and bronchitic patients was studied. FEV1 (1 sec forced expiratory volume) and flows measured at different lung volumes on the maximal effort expiratory flow volume curve were measured for 6 hr. Inhalation of freon caused no significant overall reduction in the salbutamol and ipratropium bromide response in any group. Arrhythmias only occurred among the asthmatic and bronchitic patients, and were most frequent after salbutamol. Ventricular extrasystoles occurred in 3 cases, all after salbutamol and in 2 of these in combination with freon inhalation. In 1 patient there was also hypoxia and hypercapnia. The combined effects of hypoxia, hypercapnia, catecholamines and freon on the heart are a more likely cause of arrhythmia than the effect of freon alone.
Thiessen B, Pedersen OF; Eur J Respir Dis 61 (3): 156-61 (1980)
Many unsubstituted and halogenated hydrocarbons were capable of sensitizing the mammalian heart to iv injected epinephrine, resulting in serious and sometimes fatal cardiac arrhythmias. This experiment was performed to determine if cardiac sensitization could occur in animals in the absence of an exogenous source of epinephrine as this phenomenon was alleged to cause sudden deaths in humans in the absence of exogenous epinephrine. Beagle dogs were trained to run on a treadmill to increase their circulating level of epinephrine. While being exercised, they were exposed to fluorocarbon 11, fluorocarbon 12 or fluorocarbon 114, which were tested previously and found to be capable of sensitizing the dog's heart to iv injected epinephrine. While fluorocarbon 12 and fluorocarbon 114 produced cardiac sensitization, a higher concentration was needed to produce this effect than with the iv administration of epinephrine. Cardiac sensitization was not produced by fluorocarbon 11 at the levels tested. None of the animals died.
Mullin LS et al; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 33 (6): 389-36 (1972)
Most nonanesthetics (inhaled compounds that neither cause anesthesia when given alone nor decrease the partial pressure of a known inhaled anesthetic required to produce anesthesia) and transitional compounds (inhaled compounds that are less potent than would be predicted by the Meyer-Overton hypothesis) cause convulsions. A possible exception is the perfluoroalkane series of nonanesthetics. The present study tested whether perfluoroalkanes do provide an exception. Further, we tested whether the convulsant effects of nonanesthetic and transitional compounds were additive. The nonanesthetic perfluoropropane caused convulsions at 7.5 +/- 0.7 atm (mean +/- SD). Convulsions also were produced by perfluorocyclobutane (0.976 +/- 0.002 atm), 1,2-dichlorotetrafluoroethane (0.358 +/- 0.011 atm), 2,3-dichlorooctafluorobutane (0.085 +/- 0.007 atm), 1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane (0.055 +/- 0.007 atm), and flurothyl (0.00156 +/- 0.00039 atm). Of these, 1,2-dichlorotetrafluoroethane is a transitional compound, the remainder being nonanesthetics. The combination of flurothyl plus 1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane gave evidence of antagonism (a 17% +/- 21% deviation from additivity; P < 0.05), whereas the combination of 1,2-dichlorotetrafluoroethane plus 2,3-dichlorooctafluorobutane gave evidence of synergy (a -13% +/- 8% deviation from additivity; P < 0.05). The combinations of perfluoropropane plus perfluorocyclobutane (-4% +/- 15%), and perfluoropropane plus 1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane (-1% +/- 26%) did not produce results that deviated significantly from additivity. We conclude that pairs of these compounds either produce convulsions in an additive manner, a finding consistent with (but not proving) a common mode of action; or deviate modestly from additivity, a finding suggesting that at least a portion of the mechanistic basis for convulsions might differ, particularly for flurothyl plus other nonanesthetics, or for the combination of non-anesthetics and transitional compounds.
Fang Z et al; Anesth Analg. 84(3): p. 634-40 March (1997)
The effect of a mixture of Freon 12 and Freon 114 in a 40 to 60 ratio on arterial pressure and cardiac rhythm in cats was studied. Eighteen tests were performed on ten cats anesthetized with urethane. A tracheotomy was performed and 3 g of the freon mixture was sprayed for 20 sec into the opening. During the test, heart rate, breathing, and arterial pressure were monitored. The amount of freon consumed was measured by weighing the aerosol container before and after use. Within 13 sec, arterial pressure began to drop. By the end of the test, the pressure had decreased from 110 to 50 or 25 mL. Within 3 min of the end of the test, arterial pressure had returned to initial value. The sinus rhythm of the heart decreased an average of 10 strokes/min. One cat suffered an atrioventricular blockade with a subsequent fibrillation of the ventricles. Changes in frequency and depth of breathing were insignificant except for one case of brief apnea. These compounds may be cardiotoxic, and further studies are needed to determine optimum, harmless dose.
Gelis LG et al; Zdravookhranenie Belorussii (8): 33-4 (1975)

12.1.11 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

Victims of freon inhalation require management for hypoxic, CNS anesthetic, & cardiac symptoms. Patients must be removed from the exposure environment, & high flow supplemental oxygen should be utilized. The respiratory system should be evaluated for injury, aspiration, or pulmonary edema & treated appropriately. CNS findings should be treated supportively. A calm environment with no physical exertion is imperative to avoid increasing endogenous adrenegic levels. Exogenous adrenergic drugs must not be used to avoid inducing sensitized myocardial dysrhythmias. Atropine is ineffective in treating bradyarrhythmias. For ventricular dysrhythmias, diphenylhydantoin & countershock may be effective. Cryogenic dermal injuries should be treated by water bath rewarming at 40-42 °C until vasodilatory flush has returned. Elevation of the limb & standard frostbite management with late surgical debridement should be utilized. Ocular exposure requires irrigation & slit lamp evaluation for injury. /Freons/
Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990., p. 1282
Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 221
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations as needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Minimize physical activity and provide a quiet atmosphere. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. Rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... . /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 222
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia,administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 222
For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for 1,2-DICHLORO-1,1,2,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.1.12 Medical Surveillance

Initial Medical Screening: Employees should be screened for history of certain medical conditions which might place the employee at increased risk from Refrigerant 114 exposure. /These are/ chronic respiratory and cardiovascular disease. Periodic Medical Examination: Any employee developing /these/ conditions should be referred for further medical examination.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1

12.1.13 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Ten subjects were exposed to the propellants freon 11, freon 12, freon 114, to two mixtures of freon 11 and 12 and to a mixture of freon 12 and 114. The length of exposure was 15, 45 or 60 seconds. Maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEF) curves and ECG were recorded before, and intermittently up to 1 hour after, exposure. Breathing level concentrations of propellants during exposure were determined by gas chromatography. All freons induced biphasic reduction of ventilatory capacity on inhalation. The first fall occurred within a few minutes of exposure while the second was delayed 13-30 minutes after exposure. The effects of mixtures were greater than those of individual freons. The relative fall in MEF 75% was more pronounced than that in MEF 50%. No clear-cut pathological changes in ECG were found. Nevertheless, most subjects developed variations in heart rate exceeding those noted before exposure. In a few cases inversion of the T wave, and in one case atrioventricular block, were observed.
VALIC ET AL; BR J IND MED 34 (2): 130-6 (1977)
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Effects of chlorofluorocarbons on bronchiolar tone in asthmatic children /were studied/. Forced expiratory volume, a measure of bronchial tone, was measured in 18 children with a history of asthma, before and after inhaling aerosols of the B2-receptor agonist, fenoterol, or a mixuture of CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-114, and in the absence of treatment. The levels of exposure were not reported. Exposure to the chlorofluorocarbon mixture significantly reduced forced expiratory volume for 2 hr, relative to "no treatment", and for 8 hr relative to exposure to fenoterol (containing CFC-11 and CFC-12). The results suggest that chlorofluorcarbons can decrease bronchial tone in asthmatic patients, but that this effect is transient and of a sufficiently small magnitude to be superseded by the dilating effects of fenoterol when both fenoterol and chlorofluorcarbon propellants are inhaled together.
WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons p.91 (1990)
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Vapor may cause mild and usually transient central nervous depression.
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-160
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... Ten percent causes some irritation and restlessness.
Zenz, C. Occupational Medicine-Principles and Practical Applications. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Yearbook, Inc, 1988., p. 542
For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,2-DICHLORO-1,1,2,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.1.14 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Concentrations around 1% caused slight irritation in guinea pigs; concentrations of 2 to 4.7% caused distinct irritation and increased respiration, but no pathological changes after 2 hours.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air. Third Edition, 1971. Cincinnati, Ohio: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1971. (Plus supplements to 1979), p. 82
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The low-pressure propellants influence predominantly the circulation, whereas the high pressure propellants affect the respiration in anesthetized monkeys. There are four groups according to the level of toxicity: Class 1, low-pressure propellants of high toxicity that cause tachycardia and hypotension; Class 2, low-pressure propellants of intermediate toxicity that influence either circulation or respiration or both; Class 3, high-pressure propellants of intermediate toxicity that cause bronchoconstriction; and Class 4, high-pressure propellants of low toxicity that do not influence respiration or circulation even when inhaled at levels of up to 20 percent concentration.
AVIADO DM, SMITH DG; TOXICOLOGY 3 (2): 241-52 (1975)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The inhalation of trichlorofluoromethane (FC11), dichlorotetrafluoroethane (FC114) and dichlorodifluoromethane (FC12) caused a reduction in mean aortic blood pressure but only FC11 and FC114 caused a reduction in mean pulmonary arterial pressure. The primary cause of the fall is a decrease in pulmonary blood flow. When blood flow to a lobe is kept constant and the adrenergic alpha receptors are blocked by injection of phentolamine, the inhalation of FC11 caused vasodilation. In the intact circulation, the vasodilation is masked by release of catecholamines which constrict the pulmonary blood vessels.
SIMAAN JA, AVIADO DM; TOXICOLOGY 5 (2): 139-46 (1975)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Inhalation of 2.5% dichlorotetrafluoroethane by dogs caused depression of myocardial contractility, aortic hypotension, decr in cardiac output, & incr in pulmonary vascular resistance.
SIMAAN JA, AVIADO DM; TOXICOLOGY 5 (2): 127-8 (1975)
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,2-DICHLORO-1,1,2,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE (40 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.1.15 Non-Human Toxicity Values

LC50 Rabbit inhalation 75 pph/30 min
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 1825
LC50 Mouse inhalation 70 pph/30 min
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 1825
LC50 Rat inhalation 72 pph/30 min
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 1825

12.1.16 Populations at Special Risk

It is possible that patients with cardiac or resp disorders may prove especially susceptible to /aerosol propellants. /Propellants/
Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. (eds.) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 5th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975., p. 910
In persons with impaired pulmonary function, especially those with obstructive airway diseases, the breathing of Refrigerant 114 might cause exacerbation of symptoms due to its irritant properties. ... In persons with impaired cardiovascular function, especially those with history of cardiac arrhythmias, the inhalation of Refrigerant 114 might cause exacerbation of disorders of the conduction mechanism due to sensitizing effects on the myocardium.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1

12.2 Ecological Information

12.2.1 Ecotoxicity Excerpts

/FIELD STUDIES/ Experimental evidence suggests that increased UV-B irradiation at the earth's surface, resulting from ozone depletion /caused by the atmospheric chlorofluorocarbons/, would have deleterious effects on both terrestrial and aquatic biota. Despite uncertainties resulting from the complexities of field experiments, the data currently available suggest that crop yields and forest productivity are vulnerable to increased levels of solar UV-B radiation. Existing data also suggest that increased UV-B radiation will motify the distribution and abundance of plants, and change ecosystem structure. /UV-B Radiation/
WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons p.18 (1990)

12.2.2 ICSC Environmental Data

Avoid release to the environment because of its impact on the ozone layer.

12.2.3 Environmental Fate / Exposure Summary

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its former use as an aerosol propellent, foaming agent and refrigerant resulted in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 2014 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane will exist solely as a gas in the atmosphere. Gas-phase 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is extremely stable in the troposphere. This compound does not react with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals, ozone molecules or nitrate radicals. 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. This compound will gradually diffuse into the stratosphere above the ozone layer where it will slowly degrade due to direct photolysis from UV-C radiation and contribute to the catalytic removal of stratospheric ozone. The half-life for this reaction has been estimated to range from 126 to 310 years. If released to soil, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 280. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.25 atm-cu m/mole. 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. The Japanese MITI test indicates that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process. 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane and other chlorofluorocarbons have been shown to biodegrade under anaerobic conditions, but not aerobic conditions. If released into water, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.8 hours and 5.2 days, respectively. Measured BCF values ranging from 15 to 32 suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is still produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane via inhalation of ambient air containing 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane. (SRC)

12.2.4 Artificial Pollution Sources

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its former use as an aerosol propellent, foaming agent and refrigerant(1) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).
(1) Sibley HW; Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Technol. 4th ed. New York, NY: Wiley 21: 128-49 (1997)

12.2.5 Environmental Fate

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 280(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.82(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.25 atm-cu m/mole(4). 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 2014 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane and other chlorofluorocarbons have been shown to biodegrade under anaerobic conditions, but not aerobic conditions(6).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 3 (1995)
(3) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Jan, 2010. Available from, as of December 5, 2012: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm
(4) Haynes WM, ed; CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press p. 8-98 (2010)
(5) Riddick JA et al; Organic Solvents: Physical Properties and Methods of Purification 4th ed New York, NY: Wiley Interscience (1986)
(6) Sylvestre M et al; Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 27: 87-111 (1997)
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 280(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.82(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.25 atm-cu m/mole(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.8 hours and 5.2 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), measured BCF values ranging from 15 to 32(7) suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate(SRC). 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane and other chlorofluorocarbons have been shown to biodegrade under anaerobic conditions, but not aerobic conditions(8).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 3 (1995)
(3) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Jan, 2010. Available from, as of December 5, 2012: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm
(4) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(5) Haynes WM, ed; CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press p. 8-98 (2010)
(6) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
(7) US EPA; High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program. The HPV voluntary challenge chemical list. Robust summaries and test plans. Fluoroethane Category. Washington, DC: US EPA, Off. Prevent. Pest. Tox. Subst., Pollut. Prevent. Toxics. Available from, as of Mar 2004: https://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/viewsrch.htm
(8) Sylvestre M et al; Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 27: 87-111 (1997)
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, which has a vapor pressure of 2014 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is extremely stable in the troposphere. This compound does not react with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals, ozone molecules or nitrate radicals(3). 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). This compound will gradually diffuse into the stratosphere above the ozone layer where it will slowly degrade due to direct photolysis from UV-C radiation and contribute to the catalytic removal of stratospheric ozone(3). The half-life for this reaction has been estimated to range from 126 to 310 years(5).
(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988)
(2) Riddick JA et al; Organic Solvents: Physical Properties and Methods of Purification 4th ed New York, NY: Wiley Interscience (1986)
(3) Fabian P, Gomer D; Fresenius Z Anal Chem 319: 890-97 (1984)
(4) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 8-12 (1990)
(5) Chou CC et al; J Phys Chem 82: 1-7 (1978)

12.2.6 Environmental Biodegradation

AEROBIC: 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane was reported to be not readily biodegradable using an activated sludge inoculum in the Japanese MITI test(1).
(1) NITE; Chemical Risk Information Platform (CHRIP). Biodegradation and Bioconcentration. Tokyo, Japan: Natl Inst Tech Eval. Available from, as of December 5, 2012: https://www.safe.nite.go.jp/english/db.html
ANAEROBIC: 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane and other chlorofluorocarbons have been shown to biodegrade under anaerobic conditions via reductive dehalogenation(1).
(1) Sylvestre M et al; Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 27: 87-111 (1997)

12.2.7 Environmental Abiotic Degradation

Gas-phase 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is extremely stable in the troposphere. This compound does not react with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals, ozone molecules or nitrate radicals(1). 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane will gradually diffuse into the stratosphere above the ozone layer where it will slowly degrade due to direct photolysis from UV-C radiation and contribute to the catalytic removal of stratospheric ozone(1). The half-life for this reaction has been estimated to range from 126 to 310 years(2). 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). The hydrolysis rate of 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane was too low to be determined in water at 1 atm and 30 °C(4).
(1) Fabian P, Gomer D; Fresenius Z Anal Chem 319: 890-97 (1984)
(2) Chou CC et al; J Phys Chem 82: 1-7 (1978)
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5, 8-12 (1990)
(4) Dupont de Nemours Co.; Freon products information B-2. A98825. (1980)

12.2.8 Environmental Bioconcentration

Measured BCF values ranging from 16 to 32 and 15 to 28 at 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane exposure levels of 400 and 40 mg/L, respectively, were reported using carp (Cyprinus carpio) which were exposed over an 6-week period(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate(SRC).
(1) US EPA; High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program. The HPV voluntary challenge chemical list. Robust summaries and test plans. Fluoroethane Category. Washington, DC: US EPA, Off. Prevent. Pest. Tox. Subst., Pollut. Prevent. Toxics. Available from, as of Mar 2004: https://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/viewsrch.htm
(2) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)

12.2.9 Soil Adsorption / Mobility

The Koc of 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is estimated as 280(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.82(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is expected to have moderate mobility in soil.
(1) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 3 (1995)
(2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Jan, 2010. Available from, as of December 5, 2012: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm
(3) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)

12.2.10 Volatilization from Water / Soil

The Henry's Law constant for 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is 1.25 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3.8 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 5.2 days(SRC). 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 2014 mm Hg(3).
(1) Haynes WM, ed; CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press p. 8-98 (2010)
(2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(3) Riddick JA et al; Organic Solvents: Physical Properties and Methods of Purification 4th ed New York, NY: Wiley Interscience (1986)

12.2.11 Effluent Concentrations

The annual global emission of 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane was estimated to range from 13.5-17.7 kilotons during the years 1980-1989(1).
(1) Fisher DA, Midgley PM; Atmos Environ 27A: 271-76 (1993)

12.2.12 Atmospheric Concentrations

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Ambient air samples (2,507) collected from 25 sites throughout the state of Minnesota for varying periods of time between 1991 and 1998 contained median, mean, and maximum 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane concentrations of 0.09, 0.11, and 0.98 ug/cu m, respectively(1). The measured mean concentration of 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane collected by 24-hour, 7-day, and 4-week sampling periods in February 1999 in Chiba City, Japan was 0.15 ug/cu m(2). 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane was detected in ambient air over France between 1982 and 1984 at an average concentration of 10.5 parts per trillion(3). From 1976-1980 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane was detected in US urban/suburban air at a mean concentration of 32 parts per trillion (median concentration 32 parts per trillion) and US rural/remote locations at a mean concentration of 11 parts per trillion (median concentration 12 parts per trillion)(4). 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane was detected in San Jose, CA and Downey, CA(1985) at concentrations of 12-967 and 12-89 parts per trillion, respectively(5).
(1) Pratt GC et al; Environ Health Perspect 108: 815-25 (2000)
(2) Uchiyama S, Hasegawa S; Environ Sci Technol 34: 4656-61 (2000)
(3) Fabian P et al; J Geophys Res 90: 13091-93 (1985)
(4) Brodzinsky R, Singh HB; Volatile Organic Chemicals in the Atmosphere: An Assessment of Available Data Menlo Park CA: SRI Inter Contract 68-02-3452 (1982)
(5) Singh HB et al; Atmos Environ 26A: 2929-46 (1992)
INDOOR: 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane was detected in 1 of 100 indoor air samples collected between December 2003 and April 2006 in New Jersey suburban and rural homes at a concentration of 20 ug/cu m(1).
(1) Weisel CP et al; Environ Sci Technol 42: 8231-8 (2008)
RURAL/REMOTE: From 1979-1981 the average concentration of 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane over the Northern and Southern hemispheres was 14 and 13 parts per trillion, respectively. 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane was detected over the Norwegian Arctic at an average concentration of 10.9 parts per trillion in 1983(1).
(1) Fabian P et al; J Geophys Res 90: 13091-93 (1985)
SOURCE DOMINATED: 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane was detected in headspace gas above groundwater monitoring wells in a landfill at concentrations of 29,000 ng/cu m and 420,000 ng/cu m(1).
(1) Kerfoot HB; J Air Waste Manage Assoc 44: 1293-98 (1994)

12.2.13 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).
(1) US EPA; Inventory Update Reporting (IUR). Non-confidential 2006 IUR Records by Chemical, including Manufacturing, Processing and Use Information. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available from, as of December 5, 2012: https://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/index.cfm
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 59,867 workers (45,860 of these were female) were potentially exposed to 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane in the US(1). This survey was conducted prior to the Montreal Protocol which scheduled the production phase-out of this compound and other chlorofluorocarbons, and is not an accurate measure of the current occupational exposure(SRC). Occupational exposure to 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane via inhalation of ambient air containing 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane(SRC).
(1) NIOSH; NOES. National Occupational Exposure Survey conducted from 1981-1983. Estimated numbers of employees potentially exposed to specific agents by 2-digit standard industrial classification (SIC). Available from, as of December 5, 2012: https://www.cdc.gov/noes/
Refrigerant 114 can affect the body if it is inhaled or if the liquid comes in contact with the eyes or skin. It can also affect the body if it is swallowed.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1

12.2.14 Average Daily Intake

AIR: (assume 10.5 - 32 parts per trillion(1,2)) 1.5 - 4.5 ug/day(SRC).
(1) Fabian P et al; J Geophys Res 90: 13091-3 (1985)
(2) Brodzinsky R, Singh HB; pp. 23 and 184 in Volatile Organic Chemicals in the Atmosphere: An Assessment of Available Data Menlo Park, CA: SRI International (1982)

13 Associated Disorders and Diseases

Associated Occupational Diseases with Exposure to the Compound

Solvents, acute toxic effect [Category: Acute Poisoning]

Asphyxiation, simple [Category: Acute Poisoning]

14 Literature

14.1 Consolidated References

14.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

14.3 Springer Nature References

14.4 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

14.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

14.6 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

15 Patents

15.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

15.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

15.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

15.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

15.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

16 Biological Test Results

16.1 BioAssay Results

17 Classification

17.1 MeSH Tree

17.2 NCI Thesaurus Tree

17.3 ChemIDplus

17.4 CAMEO Chemicals

17.5 UN GHS Classification

17.6 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

17.7 EPA DSSTox Classification

17.8 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

17.9 PFAS and Fluorinated Organic Compounds in PubChem

17.10 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

17.11 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

18 Information Sources

  1. Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS)
    Ethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-
    https://services.industrialchemicals.gov.au/search-inventory/
  2. CAMEO Chemicals
    LICENSE
    CAMEO Chemicals and all other CAMEO products are available at no charge to those organizations and individuals (recipients) responsible for the safe handling of chemicals. However, some of the chemical data itself is subject to the copyright restrictions of the companies or organizations that provided the data.
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/help/reference/terms_and_conditions.htm?d_f=false
    1,2-DICHLORO-1,1,2,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/3168
    CAMEO Chemical Reactivity Classification
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
  3. ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
  4. CAS Common Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
  5. ChemIDplus
    ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
  6. DTP/NCI
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise indicated, all text within NCI products is free of copyright and may be reused without our permission. Credit the National Cancer Institute as the source.
    https://www.cancer.gov/policies/copyright-reuse
  7. EPA Chemical Data Reporting (CDR)
    LICENSE
    The U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce these documents, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. These documents may be freely distributed and used for non-commercial, scientific and educational purposes.
    https://www.epa.gov/web-policies-and-procedures/epa-disclaimers#copyright
    Ethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-
    https://www.epa.gov/chemical-data-reporting
  8. EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
    Ethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-
    https://www.epa.gov/chemicals-under-tsca
    EPA TSCA Classification
    https://www.epa.gov/tsca-inventory
  9. EPA DSSTox
    1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID8026434
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
  10. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
    LICENSE
    Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: "Source: European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/". Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice page.
    https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/legal-notice
  11. FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS)
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  12. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
    1,2-DICHLORO-1,1,2,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/146
  13. New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
    LICENSE
    This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International licence.
    https://www.epa.govt.nz/about-this-site/general-copyright-statement/
  14. NJDOH RTK Hazardous Substance List
  15. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
    LICENSE
    Materials created by the federal government are generally part of the public domain and may be used, reproduced and distributed without permission. Therefore, content on this website which is in the public domain may be used without the prior permission of the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL). Warning: Some content - including both images and text - may be the copyrighted property of others and used by the DOL under a license.
    https://www.dol.gov/general/aboutdol/copyright
    DICHLOROTETRAFLUOROETHANE
    https://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/608
  16. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    LICENSE
    The information provided using CDC Web site is only intended to be general summary information to the public. It is not intended to take the place of either the written law or regulations.
    https://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html
    Ethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-
    https://www.cdc.gov/niosh-rtecs/KI10CCC8.html
  17. Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)
    1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/erg/
  18. Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
    LICENSE
    Copyright (c) 2022 Haz-Map(R). All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials from Haz-Map are copyrighted by Haz-Map(R). No part of these materials, either text or image may be used for any purpose other than for personal use. Therefore, reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly prohibited without prior written permission.
    https://haz-map.com/About
    Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
    https://haz-map.com/Agents/450
  19. ChEMBL
    LICENSE
    Access to the web interface of ChEMBL is made under the EBI's Terms of Use (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html). The ChEMBL data is made available on a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/).
    http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html
  20. NITE-CMC
    Dichlorotetrafluoroethane - FY2006 (New/original classication)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/06-imcg-0392e.html
    Ethane, 1,2-dichlorotetrafluoro- - FY2006 (New/original classication)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/06-imcg-0767e.html
    Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (isomer mixture) - FY2019 (Revised classification)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/19-mhlw-2112e.html
  21. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
  22. KEGG
    LICENSE
    Academic users may freely use the KEGG website. Non-academic use of KEGG generally requires a commercial license
    https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/legal.html
  23. NCI Thesaurus (NCIt)
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise indicated, all text within NCI products is free of copyright and may be reused without our permission. Credit the National Cancer Institute as the source.
    https://www.cancer.gov/policies/copyright-reuse
  24. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods
    LICENSE
    The information provided using CDC Web site is only intended to be general summary information to the public. It is not intended to take the place of either the written law or regulations.
    https://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html
  25. NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
    LICENSE
    Data covered by the Standard Reference Data Act of 1968 as amended.
    https://www.nist.gov/srd/public-law
    Ethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-
    http://www.nist.gov/srd/nist1a.cfm
  26. SpectraBase
    ETHANE, 1,2-DICHLORO-1,1,2,2-TETRAFLUORO-
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/KnUTWq8lv5s
    Ethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/ElNIEv9xsNE
    1,1,2,2-TETRAFLUORO-1,2-DICHLOROETHANE
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/6TCqGdkdeTG
    1,2-DICHLOROTETRAFLUOROETHANE (F114)
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/5nptSoMj0vI
    1,2-DICHLORO-1,1,2,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/J1gvwCun0Wy
  27. NMRShiftDB
  28. Springer Nature
  29. SpringerMaterials
  30. USGS Health-Based Screening Levels for Evaluating Water-Quality Data
    1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
    https://water.usgs.gov/water-resources/hbsl/index.html
  31. Wikidata
    dichlorotetrafluoroethane
    https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420380
  32. Wikipedia
  33. PubChem
  34. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
    LICENSE
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    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
  35. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  36. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
    LICENSE
    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  37. EPA Substance Registry Services
  38. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  39. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
  40. NCBI
CONTENTS