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1,1-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE

Hazardous Substances DataBank Number
528
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Related CIDs

1 Human Health Effects

1.1 Evidence for Carcinogenicity (Complete)

Cancer Classification: Group B2 Probable Human Carcinogen
USEPA Office of Pesticide Programs, Health Effects Division, Science Information Management Branch: "Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential" (April 2006)
Evaluation: No epidemiological data on the carcinogenicity of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine were available. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine. Overall evaluation: 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V71 1433 (1999)
A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH 2010, p. 27
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine: reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.
DHHS/National Toxicology Program; Eleventh Report on Carcinogens: 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine (57-14-7) (January 2005). Available from, as of July 31, 2009: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s077umdh.pdf

1.2 Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete)

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Potential symptoms of overexposure are irritation of eyes and skin; choking, chest pain and dyspnea; lethargy; nausea; anoxia; convulsions; liver injury.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 571
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Several incidents of human inhalation exposure to UDMH /1,1-dimethylhydrazine/ have occurred. Exposure levels were not determined. Symptoms of exposure included respiratory effects, nausea, vomiting, neurological effects, pulmonary edema, and increased SGPT.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 3
/CASE REPORTS/ ...6 cases of fatty liver associated with a rise in SGPT levels in 26 personnel working with liquid rocket fuels for up to 5 years /were described/.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V4 141 (1974)
/CASE REPORTS/ /A case history/ is presented /regarding/ extensive burns associated with 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) toxicity in a 31-year-old man. Neurological symptoms dominated early developments. Specific treatment with pyridoxine, while begun late, effected a quite rapid resolution and the subsequent progression of treatment was straightforward.
Dhennin C et al; Burns Ind Thrm Inj 14 (2): 130-4 (1988)
/CASE REPORTS/ Laboratory findings that indicate liver changes were seen in 11 individuals exposed to UDMH, but no clinical symptoms of liver damage were seen. A weak correlation between liver biopsy findings and liver function (indicating possible liver damage) was reported in those working with liquid rocket propellants, including UDMH.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V4 1301
/CASE REPORTS/ Inhalation (approximately 90-min duration) by two workers of Aerozine-50 (a 1:1 (weight/weight) mixture of hydrazine and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine) resulted in odor detection followed by a complaint of headache, nausea, weakness, burning of the skin, tightness in the chest, and soreness of the throat by one man. Pyridoxine successfully ameliorated all symptoms except the tightness in the chest; bilateral pulmonary edema, wet rales, and tachypnea were later detected upon clinical examination. Subsequent examination some weeks later revealed no hematologic, pulmonary, hepatic, or renal sequelae. The second worker, although donning an air supply upon recognition of exposure, suffered severe dyspnea that forced egress from the situation. This individual developed pulmonary edema but recovered after pyridoxine and oxygen therapy and rest. An additional four workers were exposed to high levels of Aerozine-50 (no specific concentration values available) for about 2 hr experienced severe nausea and vomiting, which was also successfully treated with intravenous pyridoxine.
CLS/NAS; Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 1; Dimethylhydrazine p.161 (2000)
/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ There are no data on human exposures that would serve to identify a critical effect of exposure to either 1,1-dimethylhydrazine or 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Judging from animal experiments, the critical effect of both substances is cancer. Acute exposure can have effects on breathing and on the nervous system. Dimethylhydrazine (both isomers) is readily absorbed through the skin.
Criteria group for occupational standards; Arbete och H71sa(37 (Issue 1993:36 in Swedish): 31-40 (1993)

1.3 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

Based on accidental human exposure, irritation of the eyes and mucous membranes would be expected at 600 ppm for 5 min, at 200 ppm for 15 min, at 100 ppm for 30 min, and at 50 ppm for 60 min.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V4 1301
Highly corrosive and irritating to skin, eyes, mucous membranes.
Armour, M.A. Hazardous Laboratory Chemicals Disposal Guide. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1991., p. 154

1.4 Medical Surveillance (Complete)

Consider the point of attack /CNS, liver, gastrointestinal system, blood, respiratory system, eyes, skin/ in placement and periodic physical exam.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985., p. 366

1.5 Populations at Special Risk (Complete)

Biological half-lives were significantly different among the three acetylation phenotypes (analysis of variance, P < 0.05): 3.94+/-1.70 hours for slow acetylators, 2.25+/-0.37 hours for intermediate acetylators, and 1.86+/-0.67 hours for rapid acetylators. /Hydrazine/
Koizumi A et al; J Occup Environ Med. 40 (3): 217-22 (1998)

2 Emergency Medical Treatment

2.1 Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete)

Specific treatment for exposure consists of thorough washing of all exposed skin areas with soap and water, copious irrigation of the eyes, and prompt removal of the patient from the source of exposure. /Hydrazines/
Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990., p. 1287
After inhalation, observation for progressive respiratory distress is necessary. Chest X-ray and arterial blood gases should be monitored. Administration of oxygen, intubation, and assisted ventilation may become necessary. Pneumonia and bronchitis need to be excluded. /Hydrazines/
Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990., p. 1287
Pyridoxine may be antidotal. ... Seizures should be controlled with diazepam, phenytoin, or phenobarbital. Blood sugar levels should be monitored for severe hypoglycemia, which may appear with or without preceding significant hyperglycemia. The patient should be observed for evidence of intravascular hemolysis, methemoglobinemia, and consequent deterioration of renal function. Patients who are symptomatic or who demonstrate a methemoglobin level greater than 30 per cent should be treated with methylene blue slowly IV every 4 hours as needed. Improvement is dramatic if diagnosis is correct. Liver function should be monitored because hydrazines are known hepatotoxins. /Hydrazines/
Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990., p. 1287
Elimination is enhanced by forced diuresis and acidification of the urine. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis should be effective, but insufficient human data exist on the use of these modalities. Treatment is otherwise symptomatic and supportive. /Hydrazines/
Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990., p. 1287
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Hydrazine and Related Compounds/
Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 177-8
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors for hypotension with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam ... . Monitor for signs of hypoglycemia (decreased level of consciousness, tachycardia, pallor, dilated pupils, diaphoresis, and/or a dextrose strip or glucometer reading less than 50 mg/dl) and administer 50% dextrose if necessary. Draw blood sample before administration ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Hydrazine and Related Compounds/
Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 178

3 Animal Toxicity Studies

3.1 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete)

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Mild conjunctivitis and slight erythema that cleared within 5 days were seen in rabbit eyes exposed to UDMH. No permanent ocular damage was seen in the rodent eye following direct instillation.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V4 1297
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Dogs exposed for approximately 3 hr to a vapor concentration of 111 ppm of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine showed salivation, vomiting, respiratory distress, and convulsions. All 3 died on the day of exposure. Similar symptoms ... observed in 2 of 3 dogs exposed to 52 ppm for 4 hours; 1 of these died.
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 2802
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Ip injections of 80-100 mg/kg of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine produced diuresis in rats. Injections of 10 mg resulted in diuresis only when given by intracerebral route.
Barth ML et al; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 11 (1): 26-34 (1967)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ...When /1,1-dimethylhydrazine/ was applied to dogs over a large area of the chest it was absorbed, passed into the aqueous humor, and caused opacity of the cornea.
Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 349
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ UDMH is moderately toxic when given to animals as a single dose. At lethal or near-lethal doses, convulsions are seen, and death is attributed to respiratory paralysis. Fatty degeneration has been seen in liver and kidneys. Slight erythema is seen following application of small amounts of UDMH to rabbit or guinea pig skin. Single applications of 1200 to 1800 mg/kg to the skin of dogs produced a number of reversible biochemical changes and mild tonic convulsions seen only at lethal concentrations. A slight reddening of the skin accompanied these effects, so UDMH is at worst a mild skin irritant. ...The main target tissue, other than the nervous system, affected by single doses of UDMH was the liver in a variety of species.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V4 1297
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Toxic effects from acute exposure /to 1,1-dimethylhydrazine/ include vomiting, convulsions, other neurological effects, pulmonary edema and hemorrhage, and hyperglycemia. /Species not specified/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 1
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ...Convulsions were seen in dogs exposed twice a week to 400 ppm for 2 hr, 400 ppm, for 15 min, or 1200 ppm for 5 min. They were not seen when these regimens were reduced by a factor of 2.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V4 1297
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Acute toxicity assays using groups of 20 mice (strain not specified) exposed to 1,1-dimethylhydrazine for 4 hr were conducted. During the exposure the mice were restless and exhibited dyspnea, convulsions, and exophthalmos. ...Post-mortem examination of the mice revealed no significant histopathologic findings other than pulmonary edema and occasional, localized pulmonary hemorrhage. The hemorrhaging was, however, considered to be secondary to the observed convulsions and not a direct effect of dimethylhydrazine in those tissues. The exposure-response curve was steep (slope=8.52; SE=1.9), suggesting little variability among the test groups. Analytical concentrations of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine averaged 75% of nominal, which suggested that there were difficulties in accurately maintaining or measuring test article concentrations.
CLS/NAS; Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 1; Dimethylhydrazine p.161 (2000)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ .../Dimethylhydrazine/ produced no toxic response in dogs exposed for 8.5 weeks to 5 ppm, although liver damage was seen in a sample contaminated with 1200 ppm dimethylnitrosamine. Only minimal signs of response (slight lethargy, anemia) were produced in dogs that breathed 5 ppm, 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk for 26 weeks. Inhalation of 25 ppm for 13 weeks produced toxic signs, including lethargy, salivation, diarrhea, ataxia, convulsions, and hematologic effects.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V4 1297
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Daily injections of 70, 50, 30 or 10 mg 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH)/kg into rats resulted in the death of 90, 60, 50, and 0, respectively, of the animals within first 3 days. Animals surviving first 3 days began to gain weight even though daily dosing was continued. Animals receiving more than 10 mg/kg/day were markedly diuretic throughout the 21-day test period. Blood urea nitrogen and serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase SGOT levels were significantly elevated in the 50 mg/kg group at 21 days and slightly elevated in the 30 mg/kg/day group. Histopathologic studies showed some evidence of early lipid infiltration in the tubular epithelium of the kidney. Thus, although some animals apparently adjust to relatively high daily doses of UDMH, biochemical and histologic evidence indicates mild kidney damage in these animals.
Cornish HH, Hartung R; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 15 (1): 62-8 (1969)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Hematological effects were studied in rabbits and mice administered 1,1-dimethylhydrazine ip (10 mg/kg/day) for 20 days. It decreased the apparent half-life of red blood cells from 15 days to 6 days in rabbits.
Cier A et al; Cr Seances Soc Biol Ses Fil 161 (4): 854-8 (1967)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Rats, mice, and dogs were exposed by inhalation to vapors of UDMH /1,1-dimethylhydrazine/ for 6 hours/day, 5 days/wk. The exposure conc for both rats and mice were 75 ppm for 7 wk or 140 ppm for 6 wk. Dogs were exposed at 5 ppm for 26 wk or 25 ppm for 13 weeks. Mortality, neurological, and respiratory effects were observed in rats and mice exposed at either 75 or 140 ppm; however, no morphological tissue changes were observed. At the 25 ppm exposure level, one dog died, and the remaining dogs exhibited neurological effects, decreased body weight, hemolytic anemia, and hemosiderosis of the reticuloendothelial system. At 5 ppm exposure, dogs had slightly decreased body weight, hemolytic anemia, and hemosiderosis of the spleen.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 2
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Only minimal signs of response (slight lethargy, anemia) were produced in dogs that breathed 5 ppm, 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk for 26 weeks. Inhalation of 25 ppm for 13 weeks produced toxic signs, including lethargy, salivation, diarrhea, ataxia, convulsions, and hematologic effects.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V4 1297
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Animals were exposed for 6 months to 1,1-dimethylhydrazine at concentrations of 0.05, 0.5, and 5 ppm. Mice exposed to highest concentrations had increased incidence of hemangiosarcomas and Kupffer cell sarcomas. Skin, lung, pancreas, pituitary, and liver tumors were increased significantly in rats. Tumor incidence was higher than in controls.
Haun CC et al; Iss AMRL-TR-79-68 Proc Conf Environ Toxicol 141-53 (1979)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ In a study of chronic intoxication (inhalation and ip /injection/) of mice, rats and cats by 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, morphologic exam showed that the nervous tissue and the bronchopulmonary system were damaged, especially in the case of inhalation intoxication.
Chevrier JP, Pfister A; Eur J Toxicol Environ Hyg 7 (4): 242-6 (1974)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Induction of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors by 1,1-dimethylhydrazine was studied in hamsters. MHH:EPH hamsters were injected subcutaneously with 0 or 37.3 mg/kg UDMH (males) and 32.5 mg/kg (females) once a week for life. All animals were necropsied. UDMH induced malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in 43% males and 40% females. The tumors consisted of neurofibrosarcomas and melanotic and unpigmented schwannomas. The schwannomas originated mainly from the cranial nerves whereas the neurofibrosarcomas originated mostly in the thoracic and lumbrosacral nerves. ...Tumor multiplicity was 1.5 in males and 1.33 in females. Malignant dermal melanomas, hepatocellular carcinomas, and adenocarcinomas of the stomach were also found in the treated animals, especially in the females. No peripheral nerve tumors were found in the controls. The authors conclude that UDMH when given sc continuously, induces peripheral nerve sheath tumors in hamsters. Since these findings support other evidence of UDMH carcinogenicity, efforts should be made to curtail the widespread use of UDMH.
Ernst H et al; Cancer Letters 35 (3): 303-11 (1987)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Ninety male and 90 female Charles River CD-1 mice (Charles River Breeding Laboratories, approximately 6 weeks old at the beginning of the study) were given UDMH at concentrations of 0, 1 or 5 ppm in deionized tap water (with 25% citrate buffer to neutralize acidic pH) equal to 0, 0.19, 0.97 mg/kg bw/day for males and 0, 0.27, 1.4 mg/kg bw/day for females (calculated as average daily intake throughout the duration of the study) for 24 months. Another 90 mice/group received UDMH at concentrations of 10 ppm (males) and 20 ppm (females), equal to 1.9 and 2.7 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. Test article (100 mg/mL in 1 N HCl) was supplied by the producer in 26 different specimens containing 93-115% of the claimed concentration... . Test article solutions were prepared and offered to the animals three times a week (stable up to three days at all concentrations). The actual content of UDMH in the solutions was checked twice monthly and showed 102%, 100%, 100%, 101% of nominal concentrations (mean of 51 determinations) for 1, 5, 10, 20 ppm, respectively. Food and water were available ad libitum. No consistent dose-related differences in body weight were detected throughout the study in any group which corresponded to similar daily food and water intakes. At 6, 12, 18, 24 months from the beginning of the study, the following hematological tests were performed in 10 animals/sex group; leukocyte count, erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC, platelets, differential leukocyte count. At 24 months from the beginning of the study the following biochemical tests were performed in 10 animals/sex/group: total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate amino-transferase, alanine amino-transferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase. Statistically but not biologically significant differences of some hematological parameters were detected at the 18 month interval in female mice at 5 and 20 ppm. At 24 months these differences disappeared. There were no toxic effects detectable on biochemical tests at the 24 month interval. At the end of treatment the mortality rate was 48%, 54%, 52% and 68% in males in the 0, 1, 5, 10 ppm dose groups and 60%, 50%, 64% and 76% in females in the 0, 1, 5, 20 ppm dose groups. The mortality rate was significantly increased only in males at 10 ppm. Pathology was performed at spontaneous death and at 8 and 12 months (20 mice/sex/group) and at 24 months (remaining animals) from the beginning of the study. Gross pathology showed an increased incidence of macroscopic masses/nodules in the lung for the 12 to 24 month period in males at 5 ppm (47%) but not at 10 ppm (26%) in comparison to controls (21%) and in females at 20 ppm (43%) in comparison to controls (12%). Histopathological examination showed a variety of non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions in both sexes across dose levels. A dose-related increase of brown pigment in the liver was noted in both sexes. Although special stains were not performed to determine the specific type of pigment, it appeared to be of the ceroid or lipofuscin pigment type, sometimes hemosiderin or bile pigment. Brown pigment was also present in some male mice at the highest dose at the 8 and 12 month sacrifice but not in other groups. The incidence of pulmonary neoplasms in females at the 20 ppm concentration was increased. Alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas were found in 20/49 dosed mice versus 5/49 in controls and alveolar/bronchiolar carcinomas were 7/49 versus 1/49. These differences were statistically significant and a positive statistical trend for pulmonary neoplasms was found. The incidence of these neoplasms in female controls was in the range of historical controls /SRP: at the testing facility/ (for adenomas 6/69 and for carcinomas 2/69). The incidence of pulmonary neoplasms was not increased in male mice up to 10 ppm UDMH. The statistically significant increase of mortality rate in males at 10 ppm may be incidental because other clinical or morphological signs of toxicity were lacking in these animals. The mortality rate is not different from that calculated in controls in a subsequent study performed in the same strain of animals... .
FAO/WHO Joint Meeting on Pesticie Residues; Daminozide (Pesticide Residues in Food: 1991 Evalualtions). Available from, as of April 15, 2004: https://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v91pr09.htm
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Preneoplastic mucosal changes were studied at six different time-points during dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colorectal carcinogenesis in the rat. After 40 weeks of treatment, seven of 10 animals were bearing a total of 11 colorectal adenocarcinomas. The crypt cell production rate in the normal mucosa of DMH treated animals was greatly increased in the left colon and rectum and further rose with the duration of the experiment. Focal disturbances of the mucosal architecture could be detected as early as 4 weeks after the initiation of DMH-treatment using a stereo microscope. Their incidence was greatest in the left colon and rectum and increased strongly with the duration of carcinogen exposure. Characterization of these mucosal alterations, by means of conventional histology, morphometry after microdissection, cell kinetics, mucin histochemistry and quantitative enzyme histochemistry performed with serial sections, revealed mild epithelial dysplasia, a considerable elongation and dilation of the crypts and a marked increase of the crypt cell production, including a shift of the main proliferative compartment from the basal to the medial crypt segment as well as the occurrence of mitotic figures in the luminal epithelium. In affected crypts, the goblet cells completely lacked sulfomucins and exclusively contained sialomucins. The activities of the enzymes diaminopeptidase IV (brushborder), succinate dehydrogenase (mitochondria) and acid beta-galactosidase (lysosomes) were markedly reduced. ...Early mucosal alterations are indeed preneoplastic lesions and indicate the existence of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence in this animal model. The easy detection of these microadenomas under the stereo microscope and the existence of similar findings in man suggest possible clinical applications. /Dimethylhydrazine, not otherwise specified/
Sandforth F et al; Eur J Clin Invest 18 (6): 655-62 (1988)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Nine Macaca fascicularis monkeys were treated with 16 mg/kg /1,1-dimethylhydrazine/ by sc injection 3 times/month for 2 yrs. Adenocarcinomas of the colon were produced in two monkeys and a fibromyoma of the uterus developed in one female.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 2
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Changes in the intestinal mucosa during carcinogenesis were investigated in 36 rats after ... sc injection of 20 mg dimethylhydrazine/kg bw. More changes were seen in the large than in the small intestine. In the first week, 60% of colonic lymphoid plaques displayed various crypt abscesses and glandular regenerations. These mucosal changes correspond to the glands covering the lymph follicles, in direct contact with lymphoid cells. Beginning in week 8, dysplastic glands developed in these mucosal areas above the lymph follicles. The number of lymphoid plaques with dysplastic glands in the large intestine increased week by week, attaining 75% in week 20. At the end of week 12 the first adenocarcinoma was detected in the cecum by light microscopy, and classified as a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with signet ring cells infiltrating the lymph follicles which contained endocrine cells. The majority of adenocarcinomas (10 cases) occurred in week 20. Of these, 7 were localized above the lymphatic plaques in the intestine. Endocrine cells were found in varying numbers in 6 of 10 adenocarcinomas. Three endocrine cell carcinomas, corresponding to human adenocarcinoids or goblet cell carcinoids, developed within the intestinal mucosa; all were identified as poorly differentiated intestinal adenocarcinomas, two of them situated above lymph follicles. These suprafollicular tumors developing from the glandular base were composed of mucoid cells, endocrine cells, and undifferentiated cells. Microacarcinomas are considered as initial stages of endocrine cell carcinoma. The trend of tumor development above colonic lymph follicles, and the histogenesis of endocrine cell carcinomas and de novo carcinomas is discussed. /Dimethylhydrazine, not otherwise specified/
Shimamoto F; Vollmer E; J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 113 (1): 41-50 (1987)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Syrian golden hamsters were treated throughout their lifespan by weekly sc injections of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (1,1-DMA) at doses of 0, 8, 17 and 35 mg/kg bw. In contrast to /a/ previous study using European hamster, no treatment-related tumors occurred in this study.
Jeong JY, Kamino K; Exp Toxicol Pathol 45 (1): 61-3 (1993)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ To clarify the suitability of a newborn-mouse carcinogenesis assay to detect tumor-promoting activities of carcinogens, the non-genotoxic hydroquinone (HQ) and genotoxic 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) were administered to mice during the promotion stage after treatment with 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (MNU) (20 mg/kg bw, single ip injection) at day 9 after birth. Initiated males and females thus received either HQ at 0.8% in basal diet, or UDMH, at 20 mg/kg bw once weekly by sc injection, from day 14 until the end of the experiment at 30 weeks of age. Uninitiated newborn mice, given an injection of the vehicle (0.01 M citrate buffer (pH 5.5), 20 mg/kg bw), also received HQ or UDMH in the same way. Histopathologically, focal proliferative lesions were found in the livers of male mice and in the lungs of both male and female mice in the MNU-treated groups. HQ significantly increased the incidence and multiplicity of altered hepatocellular foci, the combined incidence of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas in males and the incidence and multiplicity of lung adenomas and the combined incidence of lung adenomas and carcinomas in female mice. In addition, 4 out of 11MNU plus HQ-treated male mice developed lung carcinomas, showing a significant elevation in multiplicity. UDMH also exhibited a tendency to increase the incidence and multiplicity of lung adenomas in female mice. Thus tumor-promoting effects of HQ or UDMH were apparently exerted in the target organs and the MNU-initiated two-stage newborn-mouse carcinogenesis assay may be useful for detection of genotoxic or non-genotoxic carcinogenicity.
Tamura T et al; Cancer Letters 143 (1): 71-80 (1999)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Ninety male and 90 female Charles River CD-1 mice (Charles River Breeding Laboratories, approximately 6 weeks old at the beginning of the study) were given UDMH at concentration of 0, 40 and 80 ppm in deionized tap water (with 25% citrate buffer to neutralize acidic pH) equal to 0, 7.34, 13.01 mg/kg bw/day for males and 0, 11.59, 21.77 mg/kg bw/day for females (calculated as average daily intake throughout the duration of the study) for 24 months. ...Test article solutions were prepared and offered to the animals three times a week and was found to be stable at all concentrations. The actual content of UDMH in the solutions was checked twice monthly and resulted 103% and 102% of nominal mean of 54 determinations) for 20 and 40 ppm, respectively. Food and water were available ad libitum. The small number of surviving animals in the highest dose groups and the great variability of data between weeks hampered evaluation of mean body weight, water and food consumption. No consistent dose-related differences in body weight were detected throughout the duration of the study at 40 ppm for either sex nor at 80 ppm in males. Body weight was reduced approximately 10% in females at 80 ppm during the last 6 months of UDMH administration. Scattered significant reductions in daily food intake suggests reduced average food consumption for both sexes at the highest dose during the last months of the study. Water consumption was reduced at both UDMH concentrations for the duration of the study in males and during the first 13 weeks only in females. A dose-related effect on some hematological parameters was detected in males, but not in females (except at 24 months when the small number of survivors hampered statistical evaluation), starting 6 months (80 ppm) and 12 months (40 ppm) from the beginning of the study. A significant but not dose-related increase of alanine amino-transferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase was measured at 12 months in both sexes at both concentrations. At the end of the treatment the mortality rate was 70%, 76%, 98% in males and 58%, 92%, 92% in females in the 0, 40, 80 ppm dose groups, respectively. The mortality rate was significantly increased in both sexes at the highest dose. Gross pathology showed accentuated liver lobulation in male mice but not in females at both dose levels. Macroscopic nodules in the lungs and nodules/masses in the liver were increased in males from 8 months onwards and in females from 12 months onwards at both dose levels. Histopathological examinations showed several signs of hepatotoxicity as: multifocal chronic inflammation (in males at both dose levels prevalent in the 12-24 month section of the study), cell hypertrophy and necrosis (in males at both dose levels detectable in all months of the study), brown pigment (in both sexes detectable from 0-8 month section up to the end of the study at both dose levels). Special stains were performed to identify pigments. Hemosiderin, bile pigments, ceroid and lipofuscin, the amount of collagen and reticulum were all increased. Increased extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen of both species occurred from 12 months onwards. At the end of the study the incidence of vascular neoplasms (hemangioma and hemangiosarcoma) in the liver was 9%, 67% and 81% at 0, 40, 80 ppm in males and 4%, 26% and 82% at 0, 40 and 80 ppm in females. In mice sacrificed/dead during the 8-12 months period of the study, the incidence of alveolar/ bronchiolar neoplasms was 18%, 45% and 55% at 0, 40 and 80 ppm in males and 14%, 50% and 48% at 0, 40 and 80 ppm in females. At the end of the study the incidence of these neoplasms was 54%, 73% and 51% at 0, 40 and 80 ppm in males and 31%, 53% and 56% at 0, 40 and 80 ppm in females. High mortality and severe toxicity observed in treated animals suggest that MTD was exceeded in both high and low dose group animals.
FAO/WHO Joint Meeting on Pesticie Residues; Daminozide (Pesticide Residues in Food: 1991 Evalualtions). Available from, as of April 15, 2004: https://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v91pr09.htm
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Seventy male and 70 female Charles River Fischer 344 rats (Charles River Breeding Laboratories, 6 weeks old at the beginning of the study) were given UDMH at concentrations of 0, 1, 50, 100 ppm in deionized tap water (with 25% citrate buffer to neutralize acidic pH) equal to 0, 0.07, 3.2, 6.2 mg/kg bw/day for males and 0, 0.1, 4.5, 7.9 mg/kg bw/day for females (calculated as average daily intake throughout the duration of the study) for 24 months. Test article (100 mg/mL in 1 N HCl) was supplied by the producer in 26 different specimens containing 93-115% of the target concentration. Test article solutions were prepared and offered to the animals three times a week (stable up to three days at all concentrations). Food and water were available ad libitum. Statistically significant but trivial reductions in body weight (range 2-5%) were detected at 100 ppm in males and at both 50 and 100 ppm in females. No differences in food intake were detected. Scattered reductions in water intake were noted in UDMH treated rats at all concentrations; reduced water intake was more consistent at 50 and 100 ppm, in males during the last 20 weeks of the study and in females throughout the entire study. No hematological effects were detected at any time. No signs of UDMH related toxicity were noted in any treated group during the study. At the end of the treatment the mortality rate was 36%, 36%, 28%, 18% (males) and 32%, 24%, 28%, 10% (females) at 0, 1, 50, 100 ppm UDMH, respectively. At the 12-month sacrifice, there were no macroscopic or microscopic treatment-related lesions. At the 24-month sacrifice, gross pathological effects were comparable between groups except for the incidence of cloudy corneas (slightly increased in females at 50 and 100 ppm with respect to controls (37% and 41% instead of 27%)). This macroscopic alteration corresponded histologically to higher incidence of corneal mineralisation. There was no morphological evidence of treatment-related hepatotoxicity. The incidence of pituitary adenoma was increased in females at 100 ppm (56%) in comparison to that in controls (32%). The incidence of total hepatocellular neoplasms was increased in female rats at 50 ppm (10%) and 100 ppm (10%) with respect to controls (0%) but not in male rats. In female rats the incidence was 0%, 2%, 4% and 2% for hepatocellular adenoma and 0%, 0%, 6% and 8% for hepatocellular carcinomas at 0, 1, 50 and 100 ppm UDMH, respectively. The historical incidence of hepatocellular neoplasms in female Fischer rats /SRP: at the testing facility/ in 2-year chronic studies is 0.5% (2 adenomas/370 rats) which agrees with the low incidence observed in the present study. The increase in hepatocellular carcinomas, a rare neoplasm in female F344 rats at doses almost devoid of other toxic effects strongly suggests an oncogenic effect of UDMH in female rats. The NOAEL level in this study is 1 ppm UDMH in drinking water corresponding to 0.09 mg/kg/day.
FAO/WHO Joint Meeting on Pesticie Residues; Daminozide (Pesticide Residues in Food: 1991 Evalualtions). Available from, as of April 15, 2004: https://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v91pr09.htm
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Administration of 0.01% of /1,1-dimethylhydrazine/ in the drinking water of 50 male and 50 female Swiss mice resulted in a high incidence of angiosarcomas (79%), located in various organs. Besides these angiosarcomas, tumors of lungs (71%), kidneys (10%) and liver (6%) were observed. Average latent period... 42 to 61 weeks for various tumors. /No data on controls given/
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V4 140 (1974)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ Exposure to concentrations of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine in excess of 10 mg/L during neurulation was teratogenic to Xenopus laevis /(African clawed frog)/ embryos. Abnormalities: kinky tails, abnormal notochord, microcephaly, cyclopia, shortening of trunks, and edema. Exposure during later or earlier periods affected only viability.
Greenhouse G; Teratology 13 (2): 167-77 (1976)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ The Friedman-Staub assay was used to study the inhibition of testicular DNA synthesis by 100 compounds. Male mice were administered compounds ip or orally. Of the 100 tested substances approx 86% of the known carcinogens and/or mutagens show up positively in this test, whereas only 10% of noncarcinogenic and nonmutagenic compounds depress DNA-synthesis activity significantly. Hydrazine and most of its derivatives inhibited DNA synthesis. 71.3% inhibition of thymidine incorportion into testicular DNA occurred with N,N-dimethylhydrazine (200 mg/kg, orally).
Seiler JP; Mutat Res 46 (4): 305-10 (1977)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ Pregnant rats were administered ip doses of 10, 30, or 60 mg/kg UDMH /1,1-dimethylhydrazine/ on days 6 through 15 of gestation. UDMH was embryotoxic but not teratogenic in pregnant rats. Maternal bw was also depressed as a result of the treatment.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 2
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ The embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of methylhydrazine, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine were investigated with pregnant Fischer-344 rats. The compounds were administered ip on d 6-15 of pregnancy. A dose-dependent reduction in maternal weight gains occurred for all three compounds. A dose-related teratogenic effect did not occur for any of the three compounds. Embryotoxicity, manifested as reduced 20-d fetal weights, occurred only in the 1,1-dimethylhydrazine and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine high-dose treatment groups. The results indicate that none of the three methylated hydrazine derivatives are selectively embryotoxic or teratogenic in the rat.
Keller WC et al; J Toxicol Environ Health 13 (1): 125-31 (1984)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ Use of murine spermatogenesis as a test system for hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine (MMH), and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) toxicities was investigated. BC3F1-mice were injected ip with 10% of the median lethal dose (LD50) of hydrazine, MMH, or UDMH for 5 days in time dependent studies. In dose dependent studies, mice were given UDMH at doses of 10, 25, 40, 55, or 70% of the LD50. At 0.8 and 3 weeks postexposure animals were sacrificed. The effects of 25 and 40% LD50 of MMH and 25% LD50 of hydrazine were determined 3.5 weeks after the insult. Body weight, testis to body weight ratios, hematocrits, histopathology of organs, and abnormal sperms were recorded. In the time studies, the percent of abnormally shaped sperm increased to a maximum of twice the control value for hydrazine and MMH. There was a 5 fold increase in abnormally shaped sperm with UDMH, followed by a rapid decrease to <1.5 times control values after 6 wk. Sperm number, testicular histology, and testis to body weight ratio did not change over the test period. For 5 weeks immediately after the end of exposure, mean body weight of each test group was less than controls. There was a clear response to increasing doses of UDMH in the percent of abnormally shaped sperm 3 weeks after exposure. There was no increase over the control percentages at 0.8 weeks. The percent of abnormally shaped sperm increased with increasing doses of MMH. The number of sperm produced with UDMH was reduced at the higher doses.
Wyrobek AJ, London SA; Proceed 4th Ann Conf Environ Toxicol Rpt No. AMRL-TR-73-125: 417-46 (1973)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Neurotoxicity/ Monkeys given injections of UDMH showed performance decrements that lasted 6-9 hr. Normal shock avoidance was seen in several experiments in monkeys, and injected doses of >30 mg/kg were needed to alter learned behavior.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V4 1297
/GENOTOXICITY/ The genotoxicity of a variety of hydrazine derivatives was examined in the DNA repair test on rat or mouse hepatocytes. Out of 32 hydrazine derivatives, 6 chemicals, ie, N'-acetyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)phenylhydrazine, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride, 1-hydrazinophthalazine hydrochloride, methylhydrazine.sulfate, p,p-oxybisbenzene disulfonylhydrazide and phenylhydrazine hydrochloride, elicited positive DNA repair responses in the test on rat hepatocytes. In the test on mouse hepatocytes, 4 more hydrazine derivatives, ie, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, hydrazine hydrate, hydrazine sulfate and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid hydrazide hydrochloride also generated positive responses, in addition to the 6 positive compounds in the rat assay. /Hydrazine derivatives/
Mon H et al; Jpn J Cancer Res 79 (2): 204-11 (1988)
/GENOTOXICITY/ By using differential staining technique for simultaneous visualization of mitotic spindle and chromosomes, the mitotic spindle damage induced by unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine (UDMH) in Chinese hamster fibroblast cell line (CHL) was studied. Experimental results showed that with increasing UDMH concentrations the number of metaphase with normal morphology of spindles decreased obviously. ... At the concentration <232 mg various types of abnormal spindle damage could be observed. There were two kinds of abnormal spindle metaphase with higher incidence, of which one is non-congression and another is apolar (ball metaphase). The incidence of ball metaphase was 100% at the highest UDMH concentration. It is likely that spindle damage by UDMH during mitosis is related to carcinogenicity of UDMH.
Qiong W, Pei-Yong G; Zhongguo Yaolixue Yu Dulixue Zazhi 12 (3): 239-40 (1998)
/GENOTOXICITY/ In mammalian cells treated in vitro, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine induced gene mutations in Chinese hamster lung V79 cells and in mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells, chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells and unscheduled DNA synthesis in mouse hepatocytes but not in rat hepatocytes. In a single study, it induced somatic mutations in Drosophila melanogaster. There is conflicting evidence as to its mutagenicity to bacteria.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V71 1428 (1999)
/GENOTOXICITY/ 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine was mutagenic in vitro using bacterial and mammalian cell cultures. Responses were positive after microsomal enzyme activation, suggesting formation of active metabolite. Dominant lethal test was negative in mice.
Brusick D, Matheson DW; US NTIS, Ad Rep; 27 pp (1976) Iss AD-A035475
/GENOTOXICITY/ Dimethylhydrazines gave negative results in Ames tests. In host mediated assays, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine was also negative. Evidently, mutagenic actions of various hydrazine derivatives although chemically closely related, depend on different reaction mechanisms.
Von Wright A, Tikkanen L; Mutat Res 78 (1): 17-23 (1980)
/GENOTOXICITY/ Hydrazine sulfate was more mutagenic in the histidine requiring auxotroph of Salmonella typhimurium, strain TA1530, than 1,1-dimethylhydrazine.
Tosk J et al; Mutat Res 66 (3): 247-52 (1979)
/GENOTOXICITY/ UDMH /1,1-dimethylhydrazine/ is active in S. typhimurium. Mutations were produced by UDMH in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells and V-79 liver cells. Nutritional-deficient strains of E. coli were altered, but UDMH did not induce lambda prophage mutation in this organism. Unscheduled DNA synthesis was increased in hepatocytes. ... In vivo animal tests, including production of micronuclei in dogs and dominant lethals in mice, were negative, and sperm abnormalities were not produced in mice. ... DNA interactions can be demonstrated as single-strand breaks in rat hepatocytes and were seen following exposure to UDMH. Hepatocyte damage was seen in vivo using alkaline elution techniques, and fragmentation was seen in liver and lung DNA of mice treated with ip doses.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 2
/ALTERNATIVE IN VITRO TESTS/ The toxicity of monomethylhydrazine, hydrazine, and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine was determined for mixed and uniculture cultures of nitrifying, denitrifying, and anaerobic methanogenic bacteria. Monomethylhydrazine was more toxic than hydrazine, which was more toxic than dimethylhydrazine.
KANE DA, WILLIAMSON KJ; ARCH ENVIRON CONTAM TOXICOL 12 (4): 447-53 (1983)
/ALTERNATIVE IN VITRO TESTS/ The chemical carcinogen hydrazine is a potent stimulator of guanylate cyclase. 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine and hydrazine sulfate, two chemical carcinogens, structurally related to hydrazine decrease guanylate cyclase activity in rat tissues. Hydrazine increased DNA synthesis, but 1,1-dimethylhydrazine and hydrazine sulfate decreased DNA synthesis. The relationship, if any, linking the guanylate cyclase cyclic GMP system to DNA synthesis and carcinogenesis remains to be explored.
Vesely DL et al; Enzyme 23 (5): 289-94 (1979)
/ALTERNATIVE IN VITRO TESTS/ Hydrazine derivatives were tested for their ability to inhibit pentobarbital and carisoprodol oxidation and aminopyrine n-demethylation by rat liver microsomal systems in vitro or in vivo. 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine was a weak or non-inhibitor. The inhibitory action of the compounds generally paralleled their lipid solubility.
Kato R et al; Jpn J Pharmacol 19 (2): 315-22 (1969)
/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Immunological responsiveness of guinea pigs was decreased by 1,1-dimethylhydrazine but less than that caused by 6-mercaptopurine, a known immunosuppressive agent. Both depressed humoral and cellular responses to tuberculin.
Pangburn MK; US NTIS, Ad Rep; p.13 (1976) Iss AD-A024165
/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ The effects of l,l-dimethylhydrazine on several early events associated with lymphocyte activation were examined. The concentration of intracellular calcium ((Ca2+)i) and membrane potential of murine lymphocytes were found to be altered upon exposure to 1,1-dimethylhydrazine; intracellular calcium was increased in murine thymocytes, while splenocytes exhibited membrane hyperpolarization. In addition, interleukin-2 receptor expression induced by in-vitro concanavalin A stimulation of murine splenocytes at 24 and 48 hr /in the presents of UMDH was affected. UMDH may interfere with the ability of these two distinct lymphocyte populations to regulate normal/ ionic fluctuations, thus contributing to altered immune responsiveness.
Frazier D E JR et al; Toxicol Lett (AMST) 61 (l): 27-37 (1992)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ ...Male Syrian golden hamsters were administered eight weekly injections of 20 mg/kg diethylnitrosamine, 20 mg/kg dimethylhydrazine, or 300 mg/kg dibutylnitrosamine. One group of treated animals was maintained after the eight weeks on basal diet, the second group received diet supplemented with 1% butylated hydroxyanisole, and the third group received repeat treatment with the carcinogen, but now in the drinking water. ... Butylated hydroxyanisole had no significant effect on tumorigenesis, with the exception of diethylnitrosamine initiated hepatocellular lesions, which were inhibited. ...Butylated hydroxyanisole tended to enhance the phenotypic instability and was associated with a slight induction of glutathione-S-transferase placental form protein in the hepatocytes of periportal zone one. /Dimethylhydrazine, not otherwise specified/
Moore MA et al; JNCI 78 (2): 295-301 (1987)

3.2 Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete)

LC50 Rat inhalation 252 ppm/4 hr
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 1
LC50 Mouse inhalation 172 ppm/4 hr
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 1
LC50 Hamster inhalation 392 ppm/4 hr
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 1
LD50 Mouse ip 113-290 mg/kg /from table/
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V4 1298
LD50 Mouse iv 119 mg/kg /from table/
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V4 1298
LD50 Cats intraperitoneal 30-40 mg/kg
Chevrier JP et al; Eur J Toxicol Environ Hyg 7 (4): 238-41 (1974)
LD50 Mouse oral 265 mg/kg /from table/
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V4 1298
LD50 Rat iv 119 mg/kg /from table/
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V4 1298
LD50 Rat ip 104-131 mg/kg /from table/
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V4 1298
LD50 Rat oral 122 mg/kg /from table/
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V4 1298
LD50 Dog iv 60 mg/kg /from table/
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V4 1298
LD50 Dogs dermal 1200-1680 mg/kg
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 1
LD50 Guinea pig dermal 1329 mg/kg
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 1
LD50 Rabbit dermal 1060 mg/kg /without occlusion/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 1
LD50 Rabbit dermal 156 mg/kg /with occlusion/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 1
LC50 Dog inhalation 3850 ppm/15 min
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 1330
LC50 Rat inhalation 1,410 ppm/1 hr /from table/
CLS/NAS; Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 1; Dimethylhydrazine p.163 (2000)
LC50 Rat inhalation 4,010 ppm/30 min /from table/
CLS/NAS; Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 1; Dimethylhydrazine p.163 (2000)
LC50 Rat inhalation 8,230 ppm/15 min /from table/
CLS/NAS; Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 1; Dimethylhydrazine p.163 (2000)
LC50 Rat inhalation 24,500 ppm/5 min /from table/
CLS/NAS; Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 1; Dimethylhydrazine p.163 (2000)
LC50 Dog inhalation 981 ppm/1 hr /from table/
CLS/NAS; Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 1; Dimethylhydrazine p.163 (2000)
LC50 Dog inhalation 22,300 ppm/5 min /from table/
CLS/NAS; Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 1; Dimethylhydrazine p.163 (2000)

3.3 Ecotoxicity Values (Complete)

LC50 Daphnia 38 mg/L/24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
USEPA; Health and Environmental Effects Profile for 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine (Draft) p.30 (1984) ECAO-CIN-026
LC50 Ictalurus punctatus (Channel catfish) 11.35 mg/L/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
USEPA; Health and Environmental Effects Profile for 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine (Draft) p.30 (1984) ECAO-CIN-026
LC50 Poecilia reticulata (Guppy) 78 mg/L/24 hr; 30 mg/L/48 hr; 17 mg/L/72 hr; 10 mg/L/96 hr; in hard water /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. 920
LC50 Poecilia reticulata (Guppy) 82 mg/L/24 hr; 45 mg/L/48 hr; 32 mg/L/72 hr; 26 mg/L/96 hr; in soft water /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. 920
LC50 Asellus sp. (Aquatic sowbug) 12,400 ug/L/48 hr (95% confidence interval: 7,200-21,100 ug/L); static
Fisher JW et al; AMRL-TR-79-93, Tech.Rep.Aerosp.Med.Res.Lab., Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH: 25 (1980)
EC50 Dunaliella tertiolecta (Green algae; decreased abundance) 0.92 uL/L/6 days, 0.96 uL/L/8 days, 0.98 uL/L/10 days; static
Harrah CB; CEEDO-TR-78-14, Proc.Conf.Environ.Chem.Hydrazine Fuels, Sept.13, 1977, Tyndall AFB, FL: 167-176 (1978)
EC50 Selenastrum capricornutum (Green algae; decreased abundance) 4.7 uL/L/6 days, 6.6 uL/L/8 days, 8.0 uL/L/10 days; static
Harrah CB; CEEDO-TR-78-14, Proc.Conf.Environ.Chem.Hydrazine Fuels, Sept.13, 1977, Tyndall AFB, FL: 167-176 (1978)
LC50 Hyalella azteca (Scud) 4700 ug/L/48 hr (95% confidence interval: 2040-10,800 ug/L); static
Fisher JW et al; AMRL-TR-79-93, Tech.Rep.Aerosp.Med.Res.Lab., Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH: 25 (1980)
LC50 Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow, 30 day old) 7.85 mg/L/96 hr (confidence limit: 7.16-8.62 mg/L); flow-through, 24.5 °C, 7.4 mg/L dissolved O2, hardness 46.4 mg CaCO3/L, alkalinity 42.8 mg CaCO3/L
Geiger D.L., D.J. Call, L.T. Brooke. (eds.). Acute Toxicities of Organic Chemicals to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales- Promelas). Vol. V. Superior WI: University of Wisconsin-Superior, 1990., p. 41

3.4 Ongoing Test Status

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=57-14-7]

4 Metabolism / Pharmacokinetics

4.1 Metabolism / Metabolites (Complete)

Formaldehyde was formed by oxidative demethylation of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine by rat liver microsomes. Phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene pretreatment enhanced demethylase activity.
Wittkop JA et al; Arch Biochem Biophys 134 (2): 308-15 (1969)
Rats admin low dose of (14)C 1,1-dimethylhydrazine metabolized approx 30% to (14)C labeled carbon dioxide in 10 hr. Conversion of convulsive dose to carbon dioxide amounted to slightly more than 13% at end of 20 hr. At least 50% of administered radioactivity appeared in urine in 2-day period.
Dost FN et al; Biochem Pharmacol 15 (9): 1325 (1966)
N-oxidation of alkylhydrazines was catalyzed by mouse liver microsomal mixed function oxidase. At pH 7.7 and 25 °C, methylhydrazine and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine have nearly the same maximal n-oxidation rate as dimethylaniline.
Prough RA; Arch Biochem Biophys 158 (1): 442-4 (1973)
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine when added to suspension of rat liver microsomes exhibited binding spectra like those seen for nitrogenous ligands to cytochrome P450.
Hines RN, Prough RA; J Pharmacol Exp Ther 214 (1): 80-86 (1980)
The enzyme systems in rat liver and lung responsible for the oxidative metabolism of hydrazine derivatives were studied to determine whether these enzymes, cytochrome P450 and monoamine oxidase, were responsible for metabolically activating hydrazines to carcinogenic/toxic metabolites. Cytochrome P450 preferentially oxidized the nitrogen to nitrogen bond of 1,2-disubstituted hydrazines and hydrazides, while monoamine oxidase oxidized the nitrogen to nitrogen bond of all the classes of hydrazine derivatives that were tested. Oxidation of the nitrogen to nitrogen bond led to the formation of stable azo intermediates in the case of 1,2-disubstituted hydrazines and to unstable monoazo (diazene) metabolites in the case of monosubstituted hydrazines and hydrazides. /Substituted hydrazines/
Erikson JM, Prough RA; J Biochem Toxicol 1 (1): 41-52 (1986)
A fatty acid stimulated, NADPH-independent pathway for the N-demethylation of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine with the generation of formaldehyde was demonstrated in 10,000 g soluble fractions of colonic mucosal homogenates. ...Isolated superficial colonic epithelial cells metabolized 1,1-DMH at a faster rate than proliferative epithelial cells. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase activity, and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA), an inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activities, suppressed formaldehyde production from 1,1-dimethylhydrazine by 50 and 80%. However, in the presence of indomethacin or 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic, acid arachidonate hydroperoxide stimulated formaldehyde formation. This suggested a peroxidative mechanism for 1,1-dimethylhydrazine metabolism, related in part to prostaglandin synthesis. A possible role for lipoxygenase activity in mediating 1,1-dimethylhydrazine metabolism was suggested by the ability of linoleate, which did not increase prostaglandin synthesis, to stimulate 1,1-dimethylhydrazine metabolism and by the fact that 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid was more effective than indomethacin as an inhibitor of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine metabolism. The fatty acid stimulated pathway for N-demethylation was clearly distinct from the mixed function oxidase activities. NADPH did not stimulate 1,1-dimethylhydrazine metabolism to formaldehyde. 7,8-Benzoflavone or SKF-525A, inhibitors of cytochrome P450, and methimazole, an inhibitor of N-demethylation catalyzed by the hepatic microsomal FAD-containing monooxygenase, did not suppress formaldehyde formation. To the extent that 1,1-dimethylhydrazine .../reaches/ the colon unchanged, the results suggest that fatty acid stimulated cooxidation pathways in colonic mucosa may contribute to the metabolism of /this agent/. Metabolism by superficial cells which are destined to slough may be an important defense mechanism against the toxic and carcinogenic actions of these hydrazines in colon.
Craven PA et al; Biochem Pharmacol 34 (17): 3101-6 (1985)

4.2 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete)

Dimethylhydrazine administered by injection to a variety of species, including rat, rabbit, cat, dog, and monkey was rapidly absorbed into the blood and quite rapidly excreted via the kidneys. No preferential organ of storage was seen, and the urinary concentration was considered a more sensitive indication of exposure than blood levels. In rats given low doses (0.78 mg/kg), 30% of the injected radioactivity appeared as respiratory CO2 in 10 hr. Again, urine was the major excretory route. The urinary product was unchanged dimethylhydrazine. Other compounds identified in the urine of both rats and dogs following injections of dimethylhydrazine include a glucose hydrazine of dimethylhydrazine (3-10%) and an undetermined hydrazine (20-25%), and dimethylhydrazine accounted for 50-60%. Dogs and rats showed the same absorption and excretion patterns.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V4 1298
Dimethylhydrazine showed first order absorption processes when applied /dermally/. Subcutaneous administration resulted in much higher blood levels and almost complete absorption. In vitro application to rabbit skin showed evaporation of 85% of the dose, thus accounting for the low observed absorption. Elimination of dimethylhydrazine was rapid, and the terminal elimination half-life was 0.3-1.5 hours. From 3-19% of the dose was eliminated in urine.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V4 1299
Approximately 50% of the absorbed dose is excreted in 24 hr.
International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 1070
Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine is /biotransformed/ ...to carbon dioxide and unknown metabolites which are excreted with free... /1,1-dimethylhydrazine/ into the urine.
Thienes, C., and T.J. Haley. Clinical Toxicology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1972., p. 140
After 5-30 mmole/kg was applied to canine skin it was detectable in blood within 30 seconds. Blood level was no higher at 5-10 min sampling time. Blood levels increase slowly to broad peak followed by slow decline and was dose related.
Smith EB, Clark DA; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 18 (3): 649-59 (1971)
UDMH /1,1-dimethylhydrazine/ was absorbed rapidly through the skin of dogs and was detectable in the blood within 30 sec following application.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH. 2001., p. 1
Various aspects of the disposition of (14C)1,1-dimethylhydrazine were measured in monkeys, dogs, cats, rabbits, or rats following iv or ip administration. ...Based on the tissues examined, dimethylhydrazine was not preferentially concentrated or sequestered in tissues of rabbits. ...At 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, and 24 hr, plasma concentrations represented 4.18%, 2.23%, 0.17%, 0.65%, 0.85%, and 0.46% of the administered dose (iv). Total recovery of administered radioactivity from the rabbits never exceeded 28.3%. However, ...tissues representing the bulk of the body weight (e.g., skeletal muscle, bone, adipose tissue, and cutaneous tissue) were not examined and ...these were probably substantial reservoirs for the radioactive label. Peak plasma concentrations in cats and dogs were attained at 15-60 min but varied depending on the analytical technique. Urinary excretion in cats and dogs was dose-related; 30-50% of the administered dose was excreted by 5 hr. Generally, absorption of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine is very rapid following ip administration and is widely distributed throughout the body. Plasma concentration did not correlate well with dose, but this may have been a function of the analytical techniques. Urinary excretion of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine was rapid, regardless of the route of administration. In cats and dogs, 30-50% of the administered dose (ip or iv) was excreted in the urine within 5 hr.
CLS/NAS; Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 1; Dimethylhydrazine p.172 (2000)
The metabolic fate of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH)... was studied in rats using radiotracer methods. Male Sprague-Dawley-rats received ip injections of 0.013, 0.33, 1.0, or 1.33 mmol/kg carbon-14 (C-14) labeled UDMH... . Median lethal dose values were reported as 1.8 mmol/kg... . ...After administration of 0.013 mmol/kg, metabolism of C-14-UDMH in rats was rapid; 27.0% of the C-14 appeared as respiratory C-14-oxygen (O2) in 9 hr. Metabolism proceeded more slowly after administration of 0.33, 1.0, and 1.33 mmol/kg UDMH; 16.9, 11.4, and 13.4% of the C-14, respectively, appeared as respiratory C-14-O2 after 20 hr. For rats receiving the lower doses of C-14-UDMH, 48.5-57.5% of C-14 radioactivity was detected in the urine after 53 hr. In rats receiving 1.33 mmol/kg, approximately 70% of radioactivity was excreted in the urine. ...UDMH .../is/ metabolized by treated animals and... the metabolites appear in the blood. The dose of UDMH affects the metabolic capability of the animals to which it is administered.
Dost FN et al; Biochem Pharmacol 15 (9): 1325-32 (1966)

4.3 Biological Half-Life (Complete)

Elimination of dimethylhydrazine was rapid, and the terminal elimination half-life was 0.3-1.5 hours.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V4 1299

4.4 Mechanism of Action (Complete)

The precise mechanism of dimethylhydrazine toxicity is uncertain. In addition to the contact irritant effects, the acute effects of dimethylhydrazine exposure may involve the central nervous system as exemplified by tremors and convulsions and behavioral changes at sublethal doses. /It was/... noted that the deaths probably involve respiratory arrest and cardiovascular collapse. The central nervous system as a target is consistent with the delayed latency in response reported for dimethylhydrazine. There is some evidence that 1,1-dimethylhydrazine may act as an inhibitor of glutamic acid decarboxylase, thereby adversely affecting the aminobutyric acid shunt, and could explain the latency of CNS effects. Furthermore, vitamin B6 analogues that act as coenzymes in the aminobutyric acid shunt have been shown to be effective antagonists to 1,1-dimethylhydrazine toxicity.
CLS/NAS; Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 1; Dimethylhydrazine p.173 (2000)

5 Pharmacology

5.1 Interactions (Complete)

This study investigates the influence of two formula diets containing 20 g/100 g diet of either whey protein concentrate or casein or Purina mouse chow, on the humoral immune responsiveness and dimethylhydrazine induced colon carcinogenesis in A/J mice. After 20 weeks of dimethylhydrazine treatment, the number of plaque forming cells per spleen, following intravenous inoculation with 5 cells, was nearly three times greater in the whey protein-fed group than in the casein-fed mice although both values were substantially below normal. After 24 weeks of dimethylhydrazine treatment the incidence of tumors in the whey protein-fed mice was substantially lower than that in mice fed either the casein or Purina diet. Similarly, the tumor area was less in the whey protein group in comparison to either the casein or Purina groups, with some difference between casein and Purina groups. Body weight curves were similar in all dietary groups. In conclusion, a whey protein diet appears to significantly inhibit the incidence and growth of chemically induced colon tumors in mice.
Bounous G et al; Clin Invest Med 11 (3): 213-17 (1988)
The effects of multiple dietary influences of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine induced colon cancer in rats were studied. A 24 factorial experimental design was used to examine the main and interactive effects of 15% wheat bran (WB), 1% cholesterol (CH) with cholic acid, 20% beef tallow (BT), and 0.1% indole-3-carbinol (IC) on 160 male F344 rats treated ip with DMH (10 mg/kg) weekly for 16 weeks. The test diets were fed for 3 weeks before, 16 weeks during, and 12 weeks after DMH administration. At necropsy, total weight gain, liver and spleen weights, serum cholestrol levels, liver aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity, and the size, number, incidence, and location of intestinal tumors were analyzed for dietary factor effects. The most significant inducer to tumors was the combination of cholesterol+beef tallow+indole-3-carbinol acting in synergism. The single main effect most responsible for tumor morbidity was indole-3-carbinol, which appeared to enhance tumorigenesis via its role as an inducer of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. The wheat bran decreased tumor incidence and burden when added to diets also containing cholesterol, but it otherwise increased tumor burden per tumor-bearing animal and incidence in all other diets. This study demonstrated the need for examining synergistic and antagonist interactions among dietary initiators and/or promoters of colon carcinogenesis, as well as implicating indole-3-carbinol as a significant factor in the development of DMH-induced tumors in rats.
Pence BC et al; JNCI 77 (1): 269-76 (1986)
DNA damage induced by methylhydrazines (monomethylhydrazine, l,l-dimethylhydrazine, and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine) in the presence of metal ions was investigated by a DNA sequencing technique. 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine plus manganese(III) caused DNA cleavage at every nucleotide without marked site specificity. ...In the presence of copper(II), DNA cleavage was caused by the three methylhydrazines frequently at thymine residues, especially of the GTC sequence. The order of copper(II)-mediated DNA damage (1,2-dimethylhydrazine greater than monomethylhydrazine approximately l,l-dimethylhydrazine) was not correlated with the order of methyl free radical (.CH3) generation during copper(II)-catalyzed autoxidation (monomethylhydrazine greater than l,l-dimethylhydrazine much greater than 1,2-dimethylhydrazine). Catalase and bathocuproine, a Cu(I)-specific chelating agent, inhibited DNA damage while catalase did not inhibit the methyl free radical generation. The order of DNA damage was correlated with the order of ratio of H202 production to 02 consumption observed during copper(II)-catalyzed autoxidation of methylhydrazines. These results suggest that the copper(I)-peroxide complex rather than the methyl free radical plays a more important role in methylhydrazine plus copper(II)-induced DNA damage.
Kawanishi S, Yamamoto K; Biochemistry 30 (12): 3069-75 (1991)
Iron-enriched diets caused an increase of tumor rate in two models of dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon tumorigenesis in mice. The effect was independent of the time the iron-diet was fed, ie, during dimethylhydrazine-treatment or following the dimethylhydrazine-treatment period. The increase of tumor rate depended on the iron concentration in the diet (0.5-3.5%). The concentration-dependent iron accumulation in the colonic mucosa of mice was paralleled by increments of malonaldehyde contents indicating lipid peroxidation, another factor known to be involved in tumor development. It is suggested that iron exerts cocarcinogenic activity in the dimethylhydrazine-model by stimulating cell proliferation and inducing oxidative stress in the colonic mucosa. This effect of iron is independent of the time of tumor-initiation by dimethylhydrazine, as it is also observed in the period of tumor-promotion/progression after dimethylhydrazine-treatment.
Siegers C-P et al; Cancer Lett 65 (3): 245-9 (1992)
...The aim of the present study was to assess the carcinogenicity of daminozide alone and in combination with 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH), its major contaminant, in a novel medium-term bioassay in Fischer 344 rats, the diethylnitrosamine-hepatectomy model. Rats were given diethylnitrosamine (DEN) at 200 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally and then 2 weeks later were given daminozide at 20,000 ppm or daminozide plus 1,1-dimethylhydrazine at 75, 150, or 300 ppm in the diet for 6 weeks and were then killed; all rats underwent a partial (two-thirds) hepatectomy (PH) at week 3. Hepatocarcinogenic potential was assessed by comparing the number and area of preneoplastic foci positive for the glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P+) in the liver of treated rats, with those in controls given diethylnitrosamine alone. Daminozide, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, and the combination were not carcinogenic in this model.
Cabral R et al; Teratogenesis Carcinogenesis And Mutagenesis 15 (6): 307-12 (1995-6)
These studies further investigate the immunoenhancement properties of UDMH by utilizing Corynebacterium parvum-induced immunosuppressed mice as well as evaluating activated macrophage production of reactive oxygen intermediates or their effects. 48 hr Con A-induced lymphoblastogenic responses from splenocytes isolated from C. parvum and UDMH-treated Balb/C mice were significantly increased compared with C. parvum alone, although less than normal control mice (no treatment). In vitro bioassay of IL-2 production in cell culture supernatant isolated from these same treatment groups exhibited a pattern of stimulation similar to that of lymphocyte blastogenesis. In addition, UDMH did not interfere with H2O2-mediated suppression of either Con A- or LPS-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis and actually enhanced suppression of Con A-induced lymphocyte cultures at 25 ug/mL. ...Production of superoxide anion from TPA-activated peritoneal macrophages exposed to various concentrations of UDMH in vitro was not affected. Although in vivo exposure to UDMH partially reversed C. parvum-induced immunosuppression in mice, the exact mechanism by which UDMH acts to reverse this immune suppression is not clear. UDMH does not appear to interfere with either activated peritoneal macrophage production of superoxide anion or H2O2-induced suppression of lymphocyte blastogenesis to elicit immune enhancement.
Frazier DE et al; Int J Immunopharmacol 14 (1): 27-34 (1992)
In order to study the influence of fiber supplements on dimethylhydrazine induction of colon tumorigenesis 6-wk-old CD1 (ICR): Crj mice were injected im at a dimethylhydrazine (DMH) dose 10 mg/kg bw once weekly for 10 weeks with or without dietary supplementation with 3% polydextrose, lactosucrose or cellulose, or 3% polydextrose and 3% cellulose in combination. There were no significant differences in colon tumor induction among the groups. However, microadenomas were observed 10 weeks after the first treatment of DMH so that this protocol may be useful for studies of the early phase of colon carcinogenesis in mice.
Kumemura M et al; Oncology Rpts 5 (3): 621-4 (1998)
Male Syrian golden hamsters were administered eight weekly injections of 20 mg/kg diethylnitrosamine, 20 mg/kg dimethylhydrazine, or 300 mg/kg dibutylnitrosamine. One group of treated animals was maintained after the eight weeks on basal diet, the second group received diet supplemented with 1% butylated hydroxyanisole ... Butylated hydroxyanisole had no significant effect on tumorigenesis, with the exception of diethylnitrosamine initiated hepatocellular lesions, which were inhibited.
Moore Ma et al; JNCI 78 (2) : 295-301 (1987)

6 Environmental Fate & Exposure

6.1 Environmental Fate / Exposure Summary

1,1-Dimethylhydrazine's production and use as a component of jet and rocket fuels, in chemical synthesis, as a stabilizer for organic fuel additives, as an absorbent for acid gases, and in photography may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine is also formed as a degradation product of daminozide, a plant growth regulator. If released to the atmosphere, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine will exist solely in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere, based on a measured vapor pressure of 167 mm Hg at 25 °C. 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine is expected to react very quickly with ozone in the troposphere with an estimated half-life of 16.5 minutes. Vapor-phase 1,1-dimethylhydrazine is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of about 6 days. If released to soil, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine is expected to have very high mobility based on an estimated Koc of 20. 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine is a weak base with pKa of 7.21, suggesting that it will partially exist in the protonated form in water and moist soils and the protonated form may adsorb to soils more than the free base. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected for the protonated species since cations do not volatilize. Volatilization may occur for the neutral species based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.3X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. The potential for volatilization of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine from dry soil surfaces may exist based on its vapor pressure. 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine degrades in soils through a combination of biotic and abiotic processes; however, at high concentrations 1,1-dimethylhydrazine is toxic to microbial organisms. 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine was degraded 0, 11, 11, and 50% in cleaned sand (100% sand), sandy soil, organic soil, and clay soil, respectively in a 1 hour soil column study. If released to water, the neutral species is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based on the estimated Koc value; however, the protonated form may have greater adsorption. The protonated form will not volatilize, but the neutral species may volatilize based on the estimated Henry's Law constant. Volatilization half-lives of 36 hours and 19 days were estimated for a model pond and lake, respectively for the free base. The half-life of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine in pond water ranged from 16 to 22 days and the half-life in sea water was about 13 days. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure to 1,1-dimethylhydrazine occurs through inhalation and dermal contact at workplaces where this compound is produced and used. Monitoring data suggest the general population may be exposed to 1,1-dimethylhydrazine through the inhalation of tobacco smoke or ingestion of food items containing this compound. (SRC)

6.2 Probable Routes of Human Exposure (Complete)

Occupational exposure to 1,1-dimethylhydrazine will most likely result through inhalation and dermal contact from its use as a component of aerospace propellants. NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has estimated that 2,917 workers (none of these are female) are exposed to 1,1-dimethylhydrazine in the US(1). Exposure of workers to 1,1-dimethylhydrazine at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal Hydrazine Facility was mainly through inhalation(2). The general population may be exposed to 1,1-dimethylhydrazine through the ingestion of food, and inhalation of tobacco smoke(SRC).
(1) NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983)
(2) Cook L, Glemm R; Evaluation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Hydrazine and Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine In and Around the Rocky Mountain Arsenal Hydrazine Facility, Denver, CO, 18-22 October 1976 and 17-21 January 1977. Industrial Hygiene Special Study No. 35-0101-77, AD-A285 332/2GEN, (1977)

6.3 Natural Pollution Sources (Complete)

/1,1-Dimethylhydrazine/ has not been reported to occur as such in nature.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V4 139 (1974)

6.4 Artificial Pollution Sources (Complete)

It may be present in the waste streams from plants where it is produced or used. One source has reported that the burning of rocket fuels based on dimethylhydrazine & hydrazine produces exhaust gases which contain only trace quantities of unchanged fuel.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V4 139 (1974)
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine's production and use as a component of jet and rocket fuels, in chemical synthesis, as a stabilizer for organic fuel additives, as an absorbent for acid gases, and in photography(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine is also formed as a degradation product of daminozide, a plant growth regulator(2).
(1) Lewis RJ; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. NY,NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., p. 417 (1991)
(2) Saxton WL et al; J Agric Food Chem 37: 570-3 (1989)

6.5 Environmental Fate (Complete)

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 20(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,1-dimethylhydrazine is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine is a weak base with a pKa of 7.21(3), which indicates that this compound will partially exist as a cation in moist soils, and cations may adsorb to soil more than neutral compounds(SRC). Volatilization of the protonated species from moist soils will not occur since cations do not volatilize. Volatilization of the free base may occur, based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.3X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), calculated from its vapor pressure, 167 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 1X10+6 mg/L(5). Volatilization from dry soils may occur based on the vapor pressure of this compound(4). 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine degrades in soils through a combination of biotic and abiotic processes. 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine was degraded 0, 11, 11, and 50% in cleaned sand (100% sand), Vandenburg Air Force Base soil (99.1% sand, 0.4% clay, pH 6.1), organic soil (96% sand, 1% clay, 1% carbon, pH 6.4), and clay (69.3% sand, 27.95% clay, pH 3.7), respectively(3).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992)
(3) Braun BA, Zirrolli JA; Environ Fate of Hydrazine Fuels in Aqueous and Soil Environ Air Force Report No. ESL-TR-82-45, NTIS AD-A125813 (1983)
(4) Schiessl HW; in Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Technol. 4th ed. NY, NY: John Wiley and Sons 13: 560-606 (1995)
(5) O'Neil MJ; Merck Index, 13th ed, Whitehouse Station, NJ Merck & Co. p 571 (2001)
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 20(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,1-dimethylhydrazine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine is a weak base with pKa of 7.21(3), which indicates that this compound will partially exist as a cation in water, and cations may adsorb to suspended solids and sediment more than neutral compounds(SRC). Volatilization of the protonated species will not occur since cations do not volatilize. Volatilization of the free base may occur(4), based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.3X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), calculated from its vapor pressure, 167 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 1X10+6 mg/L(6). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 36 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 19 days(SRC). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of -1.19(8) and a regression-derived equation(9), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). The estimated half lives of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, initially present in pond water at 6.5 and 13.1 mM, are 16.3 and 22.2 days, respectively, and in sea water at the same concentrations are both 12.6 days(3).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992)
(3) Braun BA, Zirrolli JA; Environ Fate of Hydrazine Fuels in Aqueous and Soil Environ Air Force Report No. ESL-TR-82-45, NTIS AD-A125813 (1983)
(4) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(5) Schiessl HW; in Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Technol. 4th ed. NY, NY: John Wiley and Sons 13: 560-606 (1995)
(6) O'Neil MJ; Merck Index, 13th ed, Whitehouse Station, NJ Merck & Co. p 571 (2001)
(7) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
(8) Meylan WM, Howard PH; J Pharm Sci 84: 83-92 (1995)
(9) Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999)
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, which has a measured vapor pressure of 167 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine is expected to react very quickly with ozone in the troposphere; assuming an ozone concentration of 7X10+11 molecules/cu cm, a minimum rate constant of 1X10-15 cu cm/molecule sec(3) translates into a half-life of about 16.5 min for the reaction between vapor phase 1,1-dimethylhydrazine and ozone(SRC). Vapor-phase 1,1-dimethylhydrazine is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.5X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(4). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 6 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm. 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine is not expected to undergo direct photolysis since it does not absorb UV light in the environmentally significant range (> 290 nm)(SRC).
(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988)
(2) Schiessl HW; in Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Technol. 4th ed. NY, NY: John Wiley and Sons 13: 560-606 (1995)
(3) Tuazon EC et al; Atmos Reaction Mechanisms of Amine Fuels NTIS AD-A118267 (1982)
(4) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993)

6.6 Environmental Biodegradation (Complete)

Contaminated wastewater from the NASA Kennedy Space station was studied in batch cultures and trickle bed reactors to monitor the degradation rates of hydrazine containing rocket fuels(1,2). The half-life of structurally similar methylhydrazine in batch cultures (Rhodococcus B30 or Achromobacter sp.) and trickle bed reactors was about 2.5 and 12 days, respectively(1). Biodegradation may be a significant removal process at low concentrations in soils or ambient waters, but at higher concentrations hydrazines are toxic to microorganisms(2). Concentrations of hydrazine and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine that reduced bacterial metabolism by 50% ranged from 14.6 to 145 mg/L and from 19.2 to 9,060 mg/L, respectively(3).
(1) Nwankwoala AU et al; Amer Chem Soc, Div Environ Chem Preprint Extend Abstr, 217th ACS Nat Meet, 39: 43-44 (1999)
(2) Nwankwoala AU et al; Biodegradation 10: 105-112 (1999)
(3) ATSDR; Agency For Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxicological Profile For Hydrazines. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Atlanta, GA.

6.7 Environmental Abiotic Degradation (Complete)

The kinetics of oxidation of methylhydrazine and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) by dissolved oxygen in water was measured at various acidities as a function of catalyst (cupric ion) concentration. In dilute solutions the oxidation occurred through a cupric ion catalyzed process and by an uncatalyzed step. The extent of formation of the carcinogen nitrosodimethylamine depended on the initial UDMH concentration. In dilute solutions nitrosodimethylamine was not formed, but in more concentrated solutions, nitrosodimethylamine formation increased with increasing UDMH content, reached a maximum at 60-80% UDMH (by volume) and then decreased.
Banerjee S et al; Chemosphere 13 (4): 549-60 (1984)
The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.5X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 6 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine also reacts very rapidly with ozone in the ambient atmosphere(2). Reaction of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine with ozone occurred too rapidly to measure the rate constant experimentally(2,3). The rate constant of the reaction was estimated to be greater than 1X10-15 cu cm/molecule sec(2,3). Assuming an ozone concentration of 7X10+11 molecules/cu cm, this minimum rate constant translates into a half-life of about 16.5 minutes(SRC). 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine does not contain hydrolyzable functional groups, but may react with oxidants in water such as singlet oxygen, peroxy radicals, or trace metals found in natural waters or soils that catalyze the decomposition of hydrazines(4). The estimated half lives of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, initially present in pond water at 6.5 and 13.1 mM, are 16.3 and 22.2 days, respectively, and in sea water at the same concentrations are both 12.6 days(4). Aqueous oxidation of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine occurred with half-lives of 3.9-630 hr at pH values of 9-5(5).
(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993)
(2) Atkinson R, Carter WPL; Chem Rev 84: 437-70 (1984)
(3) Tuazon EC et al; Environ Sci Technol 15: 823-28 (1981)
(4) Braun BA, Zirrolli JA; Environ Fate of Hydrazine Fuels in Aqueous and Soil Environ. Air Force Report No. ESL-TR-82-45, NTIS AD-054-194 (1983)
(5) Banerjee S et al; Proc Conf Env Chem Hydrazine Fuels NTIS AD-054-194 (1978)

6.8 Environmental Bioconcentration (Complete)

An estimated BCF value of 3 was calculated for 1,1-dimethylhydrazine(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of -1.19(1) and a recommended regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF value suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).
(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; J Pharm Sci 84: 83-92 (1995)
(2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999)
(3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)

6.9 Soil Adsorption / Mobility (Complete)

Of the initial amount of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine in cleaned sand (100% sand), Vandenburg Air Force Base (VAFB) soil (99.1% sand, 0.4% clay, pH 6.1), organic soil (96.1% sand, 1% clay, 1% carbon, pH 6.4), and clay (69.3% sand, 27.95% clay, pH 3.7), 5%, 20%, 15%, and 30% was adsorbed, respectively. Passage of 2 liters of distilled, deionized water at 5 ml/min through columns containing sand, VAFB soil, organic soil and clay (10% clay soil plus 90% pure sand) in equilibrium with 10 ml of a 0.1 v/v solution of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine resulted in 99.9%, 42.5%, 21.9%, and 7.2% recovery of this compound, respectively(1). As the hydrazines are all very basic chemicals, adsorption to acidic, clay soils is expected(1).
(1) Braun BA, Zirrolli JA; Environ Fate of Hydrazine Fuels in Aqueous and Soil Environ Air Force Report No. ESL-TR-82-45, NTIS AD-A125813 (1983)
Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for 1,1-dimethylhydrazine can be estimated to be 20(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,1-dimethylhydrazine is expected to have very high mobility in soil. The pKa of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine is 7.21(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist as a cation in moist soils(SRC). The protonated species is expected to adsorb strongly to soils and clays by replacing sodium ions in cation exchange sites of the soil or clay(4).
(1) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992)
(2) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(3) Braun BA, Zirrolli JA; Environ Fate of Hydrazine Fuels in Aqueous and Soil Environ Air Force Report No. ESL-TR-82-45, NTIS AD-A125813 (1983)
(4) Doucette WJ; pp. 141-188 in Handbook of Property Estimation Methods for Chemicals. Boethling RS, Mackay D, eds. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publ (2000)

6.10 Volatilization from Water / Soil (Complete)

1,1-Dimethylhydrazine is a weak base with pKa of 7.21(1), which indicates that this compound will partially exist in the protonated form in moist soils and water, and cations do not volatilize. The Henry's Law constant for the free base of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine is estimated as 1.3X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) from its vapor pressure, 167 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 1X10+6 mg/L(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(4) is estimated as 36 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(4) is estimated as 19 days(SRC). 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine's Henry's Law constant indicates that the free base of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine may volatilize from moist soil surfaces(SRC). The potential for volatilization of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based on its vapor pressure(2).
(1) Braun BA, Zirrolli JA; Environ Fate of Hydrazine Fuels in Aqueous and Soil Environ Air Force Report No. ESL-TR-82-45, NTIS AD-A125813 (1983)
(2) Schiessl HW; in Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Technol. 4th ed. NY, NY: John Wiley and Sons 13: 560-606 (1995)
(3) O'Neil MJ; Merck Index, 13th ed, Whitehouse Station, NJ Merck & Co. p 571 (2001)
(4) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)

6.11 Effluent Concentrations (Complete)

Methylhydrazine and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine were identified, not quantified, in wastewater from the NASA Kennedy Space Station in Florida(1,2).
(1) Nwankwoala AU et al; Amer Chem Soc, Div Environ Chem. Preprint Extend Abstr, 217th ACS Nat Meet, 39: 43-44 (1999)
(2) Nwankwoala AU et al; Biodegradation 10: 105-112 (1999)

6.12 Atmospheric Concentrations (Complete)

SOURCE DOMINATED: Atmospheric samples taken in and around the hydrazine facility at Rocky Mountain Arsenal in October 1976 and January 1977 contained 1,1-dimethylhydrazine at concentrations ranging from not detected (detection limit= 0.001 ppm) to 1.66 ppm(1).
(1) Cook L, Glemm R; Evaluation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Hydrazine and Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine In and Around the Rocky Mountain Arsenal Hydrazine Facility, Denver, CO, 18-22 October 1976 and 17-21 January 1977. Industrial Hygiene Special Study No. 35-0101-77, AD-A285 332/2GEN (1977)

6.13 Food Survey Values (Complete)

Maximum 1,1-dimethylhydrazine concentrations of 0.062 ppm in applesauce, 0.041 ppm in apple juice, 0.007 ppm in frozen cherries, and 0.60 ppm in the canned sour cherries. 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine was not detected in stored, fresh apples or grape juice products (detection limit= 0.1 ppm for all products except for grape juice which was 0.2 ppm)(1).
(1) Saxton WL et al; J Agric Food Chem 37: 570-73 (1989)

6.14 Other Environmental Concentrations (Complete)

1,1-Dimethylhydrazine has been detected in tobacco plants, processed US cigarettes, and snuff, in amounts ranging from 60 to 147 ppb(1). Its origin was not determined but it was speculated that the compound arises from bacterial enzymatic processes during curing(1).
(1) Schmeltz I et al; Cancer Lett 2: 125-31 (1977)

7 Environmental Standards & Regulations

7.1 CERCLA Reportable Quantities (Complete)

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).
40 CFR 302.4; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of July 1, 2004: https://www.ecfr.gov
Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 1,000 lbs.
40 CFR 355; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of July 1, 2004: https://www.ecfr.gov

7.2 RCRA Requirements (Complete)

U098; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).
40 CFR 261.33; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of July 1, 2004: https://www.ecfr.gov

7.3 Atmospheric Standards (Complete)

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.
40 CFR 60.489; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of July 1, 2004: https://www.ecfr.gov
Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine is included on this list.
Clean Air Act as amended in 1990, Sect. 112 (b) (1) Public Law 101-549 Nov. 15, 1990

8 Chemical / Physical Properties

8.1 Molecular Formula

C2-H8-N2
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 571

8.2 Molecular Weight

60.10
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 571

8.3 Color / Form (Complete)

CLEAR, COLORLESS LIQUID
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V4 137 (1974)
Colorless liquid
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control & Prevention. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2001-145 (CD-ROM) August 2001.

8.4 Odor

Characteristic ammonia like fishy odor of aliphatic hydrazines
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 571

8.5 Boiling Point

63.9 °C at 760 mm Hg
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 571

8.6 Melting Point

-58 °C
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 571

8.7 Critical Temperature & Pressure

Critical temperature: 250 °C; Critical pressure: 5.42 MPa
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V13 (1995) 564

8.8 Density

0.782 at 25 °C/25 °C; 0.791 at 22 °C/4 °C
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 571

8.9 Heat of Combustion

-1979 kJ/mol
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V13 (1995) 564

8.10 Heat of Vaporization

32.623 kJ/mol
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V13 (1995) 563

8.11 LogP

log Kow = -1.19 /Estimated/
US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver.3.11. June 10, 2003. Available from, as of April 26, 2004: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm

8.12 Dissociation Constants

pKa= 7.21 at 25 °C
Braun BA, Zirrolli JA; Environ Fate of Hydrazine Fuels in Aqueous and Soil Environ Air Force Report No. ESL-TR-82-45, NTIS AD-A125813 (1983)

8.13 Solubility (Complete)

Very sol in methanol and ethanol
Lide, D.R., G.W.A. Milne (eds.). Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volume I. 3rd ed. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton ,FL. 1994., p. V4 3177
>10% in water
Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985., p. V1 745
Miscible with dimethylformamide, hydrocarbons, alcohol, ether
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 571
Miscible in water at 25 °C
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 571

8.14 Surface Tension

24.09 dynes/cm at 25 °C
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V13 (1995) 564

8.15 Vapor Density

1.94 (Air= 1)
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 1330

8.16 Vapor Pressure

167 mm Hg at 25 °C
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V13 (1995) 564

8.17 Viscosity

0.492 millipascal second @ 25 °C
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V13 (1995) 564

8.18 Refractive Index

Index of refraction: 1.40753 @ 22.3 °C/D
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 571

8.19 Other Experimental Properties (Complete)

CONVERSION FACTORS: 1 MG/L= 4.07 PPM AND 1 PPM= 2.5 MG/CU M
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 795
CMPD IS HIGHLY REACTIVE; EASILY OXIDIZABLE AND FORMS SALTS
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V4 138 (1974)
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 571
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 571
Soluble in water, ethanol. Practically insoluble in ether. /1,1-Dimethylhydrazine hydrochloride/
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 571
Fumes in air and gradually turns yellow.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 571
DISSOLVES, SWELLS, AND DISINTEGRATES MANY PLASTICS
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.
Ionization potential: 7.46 eV
NIOSH. Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. 2nd Printing. DHHS (NIOSH) Publ. No. 85-114. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, NIOSH/Supt. of Documents, GPO, February 1987., p. 108
Heat of fusion: 10.07 kJ/mole; heat capacity: 2.045 J/g.deg C @ 25 °C; heat of formation: 51.63 kJ/mole; free energy of formation: 206.69 kJ/mole; entropy of formation: 197.99 J/mole.deg C
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V13 (1995) 564
Heat of sublimation: 8.37 kcal/mole @ 298 deg K
Dean, J.A. Handbook of Organic Chemistry. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1987., p. 5-55
Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 2.5X10-12 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C /Estimated/
US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver.3.11. June 10, 2003. Available from, as of April 26, 2004: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm

9 Spectral Information

9.1 1D NMR Spectra

1D NMR Spectra
NMR: 18721 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection)

9.2 Mass Spectrometry

9.2.1 Other MS

Other MS
MASS: 64423 (NIST/EPA/MSDC Mass Spectral Database, 1990 version)

9.3 IR Spectra

IR Spectra
IR: 7647 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Prism Collection)

9.4 Raman Spectra

Raman Spectra
Raman: 256 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection)

10 Chemical Safety & Handling

10.1 DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete)

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY. /1,1-Dimethylhydrazine; Dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical/

Table: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine; Dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical

Small Spills (from a small package or small leak from a large package)
First ISOLATE in all Directions 30 meters (100 feet)
Then PROTECT persons Downwind during DAY: 0.1 kilometers (0.1 miles)
Then PROTECT persons Downwind during NIGHT: 0.2 kilometers (0.1 miles)
Small Spills (from a small package or small leak from a large package)
Large Spills (from a large package or from many small packages)
Small Spills (from a small package or small leak from a large package)
First ISOLATE in all Directions 60 meters (200 feet)
Then PROTECT persons Downwind during DAY: 0.5 kilometers (0.4 miles)
Then PROTECT persons Downwind during NIGHT: 1.2 kilometers (0.8 miles)

U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004304
/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /1,1-Dimethylhydrazine; Dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004
/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /1,1-Dimethylhydrazine; Dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004
/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /1,1-Dimethylhydrazine; Dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004
/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /1,1-Dimethylhydrazine; Dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004
/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. /1,1-Dimethylhydrazine; Dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004
/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Fire: CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam. Large fires: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. /1,1-Dimethylhydrazine; Dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004
/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Spill or Leak: Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire. ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Small spills: Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material. Large spills: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. /1,1-Dimethylhydrazine; Dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004
/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ First Aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Wash skin with soap and water. Keep victim warm and quiet. In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves. /1,1-Dimethylhydrazine; Dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004

10.2 NFPA Hazard Classification

NFPA 704 Diamond
4-3-1
NFPA Health Rating
4 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can be lethal.
NFPA Fire Rating
3 - Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Materials produce hazardous atmospheres with air under almost all ambient temperatures or, though unaffected by ambient temperatures, are readily ignited under almost all conditions.
NFPA Instability Rating
1 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable but that can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures.

10.3 Odor Threshold (Complete)

12.0 mg/cu m (low); 20.0 mg/cu m (high)
Ruth JH; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 47: A-142-51 (1986)
Sharp, ammonia-like odor. Odor threshold: 0.3, 11.7, and 6-14 ppm.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V4 1296
The warning properties (irritation & odor) of the hydrazines are probably sufficient to prevent acute poisoning from short exposures. However, in view of the chronic toxicity properties, the warning properties should not be considered adequate for prolonged exposures. /Hydrazines/
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 2797

10.4 Fire Potential

It is flammable over a wide range of vapor air concentrations.
Association of American Railroads/Bureau of Explosives; Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads. Pueblo, CO. 2002., p. 357

10.5 Flammable Limits

Lower 2% by vol; Upper 95% by vol
Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 13 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2002., p. 325-51

10.6 Flash Point

-15 °C, 5 °F (closed cup)
Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 13 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2002., p. 325-51

10.7 Autoignition Temperature

249 °C (480 °F)
Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 13 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2002., p. 325-51

10.8 Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)

15 ppm; NIOSH considers 1,1-dimethylhydrazine to be a potential occupational carcinogen.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety& Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2004-103 (2003).

10.9 Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete)

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped or safely confined. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Association of American Railroads/Bureau of Explosives; Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads. Pueblo, CO. 2002., p. 358
Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame--consider evacuation of one (1) mile radius.
Association of American Railroads/Bureau of Explosives; Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads. Pueblo, CO. 2002., p. 358
To fight fire use alcohol foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical.
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 1330

10.10 Firefighting Hazards (Complete)

Prolonged exposure of containers of the material to fire or heat may result in their violent rupturing and rocketing due to the decomposition of the material. ... Vapors may travel to a source of ignition and a flame can flash back to the source of vapors.
Association of American Railroads/Bureau of Explosives; Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads. Pueblo, CO. 2002., p. 358

10.11 Explosive Limits and Potential (Complete)

Lower 2% by vol; Upper 95% by vol
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 1330
Vapor may explode if ignited in an enclosed area.
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

10.12 Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete)

Contact of dicyanofurazan, or its N-oxide (dicyanofuroxan), with ... dimethylhydrazine ... is instantaneously explosive.
Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990, p. 509
Spontaneous ignition can occur on contact with oxidants like hydrogen peroxide, and fuming nitric acid.
Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 13 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2002., p. 491-76
Combinations of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, aniline, or furfuryl alcohol as fuels with hydrogen peroxide or a mixture of nitric acid-nitrogen tetroxide- sulfuric acid as oxidizers ignite with little delay and are used as propellants.
Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 13 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2002., p. 491-76
Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 13 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2002., p. 491-128
Oxidizers, halogens, metallic mercury, fuming nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide [Note: May ignite SPONTANEOUSLY in contact with oxidizers].
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety& Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2004-103 (2003).
Vapor is inflammable in air and ignites spontaneously when in contact with oxidizing agents.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V4 138 (1974)
Ignites violently on contact with nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide and nitrogen dioxide among other oxidants.
Armour, M.A. Hazardous Laboratory Chemicals Disposal Guide. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1991., p. 154

10.13 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete)

Rubber gloves, boots, and apron; plastic face shield. Gas mask with ammonia canister protects for 30 min against 1% concentration; for longer periods or higher concentration, use self-contained breathing apparatus.
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.
Permeation measurements of hypergolic fuels and oxidants, including 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, through commercial protective clothing material is discussed.
ABERNATHY RN ET AL; AM IND HYG ASSOC J 44 (7): 505-13 (1983)
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... dispensers of liq detergent /should be available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering, & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8
For 1,1-dimethylhydrazine breakthrough times greater than one hour reported by (normally) two or more testers for butyl rubber; breakthrough times less (usually significantly less) than one hour reported by (normally two or more testers for neoprene and polyvinyl chloride some data (usually from immersion tests) suggesting breakthrough times greater than one hour are not likely for nitrile rubber.
ACGIH; Guidelines Select of Chem Protect Clothing Volume #1 Field Guide p.56 (1983)
All systems or equipment containing the hydrazines shall be designed to minimize the possibility of vapor or aerosol inhalation, skin or eye contact, and spill or leaks; such as full face shields, goggles, and full body protection clothing, including gloves and boots. /Hydrazines/
NIOSH; Criteria Document: Hydrazine p.7 (1978) DHEW Pub. NIOSH 78-172
Respirator Recommendations: At concentrations above the NIOSH REL, or where there is no REL, at any detectable concentration: (Assigned protection factor = 10,000) Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode/(Assigned protection factor = 10,000) Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained positive-pressure breathing apparatus.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety& Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2004-103 (2003).
Respirator Recommendations:Escape: (Assigned protection factor = 50) Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted canister providing protection against the compound of concern/Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety& Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2004-103 (2003).
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety& Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2004-103 (2003).
Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety& Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2004-103 (2003).
Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety& Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2004-103 (2003).
Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. (Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.)
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety& Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2004-103 (2003).
...Vinyl coated hand protection, natural or reclaimed rubber protection, rubber aprons, and plastic eye and face protection... used when working with small quantities. Where possibility of gross splashing exists, full protective clothing made of rubber, neoprene or vinyl-coated materials should be worn. For respiratory protection in situations where recommended tolerance limits are ... exceeded, respiratory protective equipment ... must be used. /Hydrazine and derivatives/
International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 1069

10.14 Preventive Measures (Complete)

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
The basic ventilation methods are local exhaust ventilation and dilution or general ventilation.
Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984., p. 17
If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to diperse vapors and dilute standing pools of liquid.
Association of American Railroads/Bureau of Explosives; Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads. Pueblo, CO. 2002., p. 358
Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.
Association of American Railroads/Bureau of Explosives; Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads. Pueblo, CO. 2002., p. 358
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... operations connected with synth & purification ... should be carried out under well ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar flow biological safety cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ... provided that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at the face opening of the cabinet, & contaminated air plenums that are under positive pressure are leak tight. Horizontal laminar flow hoods or safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area towards the operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or fume cupboard to be used ... should be tested before work is begun (eg, with fume bomb) & label fixed to it, giving date of test & avg air flow measured. This test should be repeated periodically & after any structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 9
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Principles that apply to chem or biochem lab also apply to microbiological & cell-culture labs ... Special consideration should be given to route of admin. ... Safest method of administering volatile carcinogen is by injection of a soln. Admin by topical application, gavage, or intratracheal instillation should be performed under hood. If chem will be exhaled, animals should be kept under hood during this period. Inhalation exposure requires special equipment. ... unless specifically required, routes of admin other than in the diet should be used. Mixing of carcinogen in diet should be carried out in sealed mixers under fume hood, from which the exhaust is fitted with an efficient particulate filter. Techniques for cleaning mixer & hood should be devised before expt begun. When mixing diets, special protective clothing, & possibly, respirators may be required. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 9
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When ... admin in diet or applied to skin, animals should be kept in cages with solid bottoms & sides & fitted with a filter top. When volatile carcinogens are given, filter tops should not be used. Cages which have been used to house animals that received carcinogens should be decontaminated. Cage cleaning facilities should be installed in area in which carcinogens are being used, to avoid moving of ... contaminated /cages/. It is difficult to ensure that cages are decontaminated, & monitoring methods are necessary. Situations may exist in which the use of disposable cages should be recommended, depending on type & amt of carcinogen & efficiency with which it can be removed. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 10
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": To eliminate risk that ... contamination in lab could build up during conduct of expt, periodic checks should be carried out on lab atmospheres, surfaces, such as walls, floors & benches, & ... interior of fume hoods & airducts. As well as regular monitoring, check must be carried out after cleaning up of spillage. Sensitive methods are required when testing lab atmospheres. ... Methods ... should ... where possible, be simple & sensitive. ... /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 10
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Rooms in which obvious contamination has occurred, such as spillage, should be decontaminated by lab personnel engaged in expt. Design of expt should ... avoid contamination of permanent equipment. ... Procedures should ensure that maintenance workers are not exposed to carcinogens. ... Particular care should be taken to avoid contamination of drains or ventilation ducts. In cleaning labs, procedures should be used which do not produce aerosols or dispersal of dust, ie, wet mop or vacuum cleaner equipped with high efficiency particulate filter on exhaust, which are avail commercially, should be used. Sweeping, brushing & use of dry dusters or mops should be prohibited. Grossly contaminated cleaning materials should not be re-used ... If gowns or towels are contaminated, they should not be sent to laundry, but ... decontaminated or burnt, to avoid any hazard to laundry personnel. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 10
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Doors leading into areas where carcinogens are used ... should be marked distinctively with appropriate labels. Access ... limited to persons involved in expt. ... A prominently displayed notice should give the name of the Scientific Investigator or other person who can advise in an emergency & who can inform others (such as firemen) on the handling of carcinogenic substances. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 11
Evacuation: If material leaking (not on fire), consider evacuation from downwind area based on amount of material spilled, location and weather conditions.
Association of American Railroads/Bureau of Explosives; Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads. Pueblo, CO. 2002., p. 358
The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety& Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2004-103 (2003).
Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to its flammability hazard.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety& Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2004-103 (2003).
SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.
SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

10.15 Stability / Shelf Life (Complete)

Solution stored in dark and cold are relatively stable in absence of oxidants
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V4 138 (1974)

10.16 Shipment Methods and Regulations (Complete)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
49 CFR 171.2; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 15, 2006: https://www.ecfr.gov
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.
International Air Transport Association. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 47th Edition. Montreal, Quebec Canada. 2006., p. 181
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.
International Maritime Organization. International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code. London, UK. 2004., p. 49

10.17 Storage Conditions (Complete)

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13

10.18 Cleanup Methods (Complete)

Activated carbon, polyurethane foam and polypropylene fibers are the most advantageous agents for cleanup of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine. Also Amberlite XAD resins and Dowex 50WX8 or Amberlite IRA 900 may be used.
Robinson JS; Haz Chem Spill Cleanup Pollut Technol Review 59: 67 (1979)
Wear butyl rubber gloves, laboratory coat, eye protection and self-contained breathing apparatus. Impervious clothing recommended. Eliminate all sources of ignition and flammables. On skin or clothing. Wash skin immediately. Remove contaminated clothing at once. Spills. Cover spill with a 1:1:1 mixture by weight of sodium carbonate or calcium carbonate, clay cat litter (bentonite) and sand. Scoop the solid into a container, transport to the fume hood and slowly add to water, allowing 20 ml of water for each 1 g of dimethylhydrazine. Filter off the clay and sand. For each 1 g of dimethylhydrazine, place 32 ml (approximately 25% excess) of commercial laundry bleach (containing approximately 5% sodium hypochlorite) into a 3-necked round-bottom flask equipped with a stirrer, thermometer and dropping funnel. Add the aqueous dimethylhydrazine dropwise to the stirred hypochlorite solution, monitoring the rate of addition by rise in temperature. The temperature is maintained at 45-50 °C and addition takes about 1 hour. Stirring continues for 2 hr until the temperature gradually falls to room temperature.
Armour, M.A. Hazardous Laboratory Chemicals Disposal Guide. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1991., p. 154
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is available commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 15

10.19 Disposal Methods (Complete)

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U098, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.
40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/2004)
Catalytic reductive destruction of hydrazines, including 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, as an approach to waste hazard control is discussed.
LUNN G ET AL; ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL 17 (4): 240-3 (1983)
Controlled incineration (oxides of nitrogen are removed from the effluent gas by scrubbers and/or thermal devices).
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985., p. 367
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 14
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas fired type, in which a first stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 15
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high efficiency particulate arrestor) filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator. ... LIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal should be carried out by incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their metabolites. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 15
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ...Small quantities of ... some carcinogens can be destroyed using chem reactions ... but no general rules can be given. ... As a general technique ... treatment with sodium dichromate in strong sulfuric acid can be used. The time necessary for destruction ... is seldom known ... but 1-2 days is generally considered sufficient when freshly prepd reagent is used. ... /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 16
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Carcinogens that are alkylating, arylating or acylating agents per se can be destroyed by reaction with appropriate nucleophiles, such as water, hydroxyl ions, ammonia, thiols, & thiosulfate. The reactivity of various alkylating agents varies greatly ... & is also influenced by sol of agent in the reaction medium. To facilitate the complete reaction, it is suggested that the agents be dissolved in ethanol or similar solvents. ... No method should be applied ... until it has been thoroughly tested for its effectiveness & safety on material to be inactivated. For example, in case of destruction of alkylating agents, it is possible to detect residual compounds by reaction with 4(4-nitrobenzyl)-pyridine. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 17
A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds.
USEPA; Engineering Handbook for Hazardous Waste Incineration p.3-13 (1981) EPA 68-03-3025
Small Quantities. Wear butyl rubber gloves, laboratory coat and eye protection. Work in the fume hood. Prepare a dilute (5%) aqueous solution of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine by adding slowly to the appropriate volume of water. For each 1 g of dimethylhydrazine, place 32 ml (approximately 25% excess) of commercial laundry bleach (containing approximately 5% sodium hypochlorite) into a 3-necked round-bottom flask equipped with a stirrer, thermometer and dropping funnel. Add the aqueous dimethylhydrazine dropwise to the stirred hypochlorite solution, monitoring the rate of addition by rise in temperature. The temperature is maintained at 45-50 °C and addition takes about 1 hour. Stirring continues for 2 hours until the temperature gradually falls to room temperature.
Armour, M.A. Hazardous Laboratory Chemicals Disposal Guide. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1991., p. 155
Liquid injection or fluidized bed incineration methods are acceptable disposal methods ... .
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Hydrazine PB/98/101025/AS (September 1997). Available from, as of July 1, 2004: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp100.html

11 Occupational Exposure Standards

11.1 OSHA Standards (Complete)

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time-Weighted Avg: 0.5 ppm (1 mg/cu m). Skin Designation.
29 CFR 1910.1000; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of July 1, 2004: https://www.ecfr.gov

11.2 Threshold Limit Values (TLV) (Complete)

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.01 ppm, skin
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 26
Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 5
A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 26

11.3 NIOSH Recommendations (Complete)

NIOSH considers 1,1-dimethylhydrazine to be a potential occupational carcinogen.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety& Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2004-103 (2003).
Recommended Exposure Limit: 2-Hr Ceiling Value: 0.06 ppm (0.15 mg/cu m).
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards & Other Databases CD-ROM. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety& Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2004-103 (2003).

11.4 Other Standards Regulations and Guidelines (Complete)

AEGLs

Table: AEGLs for 1,1-DIMETHYL HYDRAZINE (ppm)

Exposure Time
10 minutes
AEGL 1 (Discomfort)
NR
AEGL 2 (Impaired Escape)
18
AEGL 3 (Life Threatening/Death)
65
Exposure Time
30 minutes
AEGL 1 (Discomfort)
NR
AEGL 2 (Impaired Escape)
6.0
AEGL 3 (Life Threatening/Death)
22
Exposure Time
1 hour
AEGL 1 (Discomfort)
NR
AEGL 2 (Impaired Escape)
3.0
AEGL 3 (Life Threatening/Death)
11
Exposure Time
4 hours
AEGL 1 (Discomfort)
NR
AEGL 2 (Impaired Escape)
0.75
AEGL 3 (Life Threatening/Death)
2.7
Exposure Time
8 hours
AEGL 1 (Discomfort)
NR
AEGL 2 (Impaired Escape)
0.38
AEGL 3 (Life Threatening/Death)
1.4

U.S. EPA; Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) - Results for 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine. Available from, as of August 5, 2009: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/aegl/pubs/chemlist.htm

12 Manufacturing / Use Information

12.1 Uses (Complete)

For 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 600018) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pesticide Program's Chemical Ingredients Database on 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine (57-14-7)?. Available from, as of July 1, 2004: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
The base in rocket fuel formulations
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 571
Stabilizer for organic peroxide fuel additives; absorbent for acid gases; in photography; component of jet and rocket fuel; plant growth control agent
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 400
Chemical intermediate for succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide
SRI
As a modifer for 1-butene polymers to improve isotacticity
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V16 475 (1981)
Used as a chemical intermediate for the synthesis of daminozide.
Ashford, R.D. Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals. London, England: Wavelength Publications Ltd., 1994., p. 330
... Adsorbent for acid gases, a stabilizer for plant growth regulators, an intermediate for organic chemical synthesis, and in photography.
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Hydrazine PB/98/101025/AS (September 1997). Available from, as of July 1, 2004: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp100.html
Liquid-propellant motors often use Aerozine-50 (50:50 blend of hydrazine and unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine) as the fuel and N2O4 as the oxidizer.
NRC, Committee on Life Sciences; Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants p.91 (1998). Available from, as of July 28, 2004: https://books.nap.edu/books/030906144X/html/index.html

12.2 Manufacturers

Arch Chemicals Inc., 501 Merritt 7, PO Box 5204, Norwalk, CT 06856-5204 (203) 229-2900. Production site: Lake Charles, LA 70602
SRI Consulting. 2003 Directory of Chemical Producers. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. 2003, p. 554

12.3 Methods of Manufacturing (Complete)

Prepared industrially by the reaction of dimethylamine and chloramine; by reduction of nitrosodimethylamine (obtained by treating dimethylamine salt with sodium nitrite).
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 571
... By reductive catalytic alkylation of a hydrazide, probably acetic acid hydrazide, with formaldehyde & hydrogen, followed by basic hydrolysis of acetic acid dimethylhydrazide to remove the acetyl qroup ... .
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V12 744 (1980)
Catalytic oxidation of dimethylamine and ammonia.
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 816
Hydrazine + acetic anhydride + formaldehyde + hydrogen (amide formation/reductive methylation/amide hydrolysis).
Ashford, R.D. Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals. London, England: Wavelength Publications Ltd., 1994., p. 330

12.4 General Manufacturing Information (Complete)

N,N'-(methyl-(14)C)-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride having a specific activity of 112.5 microcurie/mmol was prepared in 2 steps from ethyl hydrazinedicarboxylate in dry 1,1-dimethylhydrazine and (14)C-methyl iodide with a specific activity of approx 58 microcurie/mmol.
KUMAR KS ET AL; J LABELLED CMPD RADIOPHARM 19 (6): 763-8 (1982)

12.5 Formulations / Preparations (Complete)

NRC, Committee on Life Sciences; Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants p.91 (1998). Available from, as of July 28, 2004: https://books.nap.edu/books/030906144X/html/index.html
1,1-dimethylhydrazine is available in the United States as a single grade containing 98% (minimum) active ingredient and normally having 1.9% (max) dimethylamine and 0.3% (max) water content.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V4 138 (1974)

12.6 U.S. Production (Complete)

(1977) 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine production volume was estimated to be at least 45 metric tons (99,000 pounds).
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Hydrazine PB/98/101025/AS (September 1997). Available from, as of July 1, 2004: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp100.html
(1982) /Estimated to be/ more than 4.5 metric tons (9,900 pounds).
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Hydrazine PB/98/101025/AS (September 1997). Available from, as of July 1, 2004: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp100.html

13 Laboratory Methods

13.1 Clinical Laboratory Methods (Complete)

... A COLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR MEASURING MICROGRAM QUANTITIES OF UNSYMMETRICAL 1,1-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE IN BLOOD ... USING TRISODIUM PENTACYANOAMINOFERROATE AS THE COLOR REAGENT; READINGS ARE TAKEN SPECTROPHOTOMETRICALLY AT 500 NM.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V4 140 (1974)
DETERMINATION OF 1,1-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE IN URINE & PLASMA BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION LIMIT AT 250 NG.
FIALA ES, KULAKIS C; J CHROMATOGR 214 (2): 229-33 (1981)

13.2 Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete)

CHEMILUMINESCENT REACTIONS OF OZONE WITH HYDRAZINE, METHYLHYDRAZINE AND DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE WERE USED TO DETERMINE METHYLHYDRAZINE, AEROZINE (50:50 METHYLHYDRAZINE-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE), AND NITROUS OXIDE IN AIR AT CONCN OF 0.1-100 PPM.
VOLLTRAUER HN; US NTIS, AD REP; 25 PAGES (1976) ISS AD-A032446
A SIMPLE THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY SYSTEM WHICH IS EFFECTIVE IN RESOLVING DIHYDROCHLORIDES OF HYDRAZINE, METHYLHYDRAZINE, 1,1-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE & 1,2-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE WAS REPORTED. THE SYSTEM IS APPLICABLE TO ANALYTICAL (THIN LAYER) AND PREPARATIVE (THICK LAYER) SEPARATIONS. THE FOLIN-CIOCALLTEAU REAGENT WAS A SENSITIVE TOOL FOR DETECTION. IN A STUDY OF LIMITS OF DETECTABILITY, 0.36 UG/SQ CM OF SEPARATED HYDRAZINES WAS EASILY VISIBLE & 0.12 UG/SQ CM WAS STILL DETECTABLE. THE COLOR DEVELOPED IS STABLE FOR AT LEAST A WK. /1,1-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE/
FIALA ES, WEISBURGER JH; J CHROMATOGR 105 (1): 189-92 (1975)
AN ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL CAPABLE OF DETECTING LEVELS OF 1,1-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE IN AIR IS DESCRIBED. IT IS COUPLED WITH A DYNAMIC AIR SAMPLING SYSTEM & ELECTRONIC CONTROL & AMPLIFICATION CIRCUITRY TO PROVIDE A DIRECT-READING PORTABLE ANALYZER.
STETTER JR ET AL; TALANTA 26 (9): 799-804 (1979)
RECOVERY RATES FOR AIRBORNE UNSYMMETRICAL DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE 0.588-15.68 UG, EQUIV ATMOSPHERIC CONCN OF 0.04-1.04 MG/CU M, ARE 93.74-93.93% USING A VENTABLE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY PRECOLUMN TRAP.
MAZUR JF ET AL; AM IND HYG ASSOC J 41 (1): 66-9 (1980)
... A COLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR MEASURING UG QUANTITIES OF UDMH /UNSYMMETRICAL 1,1-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE/ IN ... WATER AND AIR USING TRISODIUM PENTACYANOAMINOFERROATE AS THE COLOR REAGENT; READINGS ARE TAKEN SPECTROPHOTOMETRICALLY AT 500 NM /IS DISCUSSED.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V4 140 (1974)
Determination of hydrazine and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine after derivatization with salicylaldehyde was done using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Less than 5 ng of the two could be detected. The detection limits for hydrazine and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine solutions were estimated to be 0.025 and 0.20 ppm, respectively.
Kester PE, Danielson ND; Chromatography 18 (3): 125-8 (1984)
A procedure that simultaneously determines hydrazine, methylhydrazine, and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine in air utilizes a chilled acetone collection medium which quantitatively traps the hydrazines and converts them to stable derivatives in a single step. The acetone solution is then assayed directly for the derivatives by using a gas chromatograph with a nitrogen specific detector. The overall precision of the methodology is better than 5% for 90 ppb hydrazine. The minimum detectable concentration is estimated to be 4 ppb.
Holtzclaw JR et al; Anal Chem 56 (14): 2952-6 (1984)
The detection of hydrazine has been described down to 20 ppm in aqueous and alcoholic solutions via thin layer chromatography of the p-dimethylaminobenzalazine. The basic ASTM D 1385-78 procedure is adaptable to the determination of monomethylhydrazine & unsymmetrical 1,1-dimethylhydrazine as these also form colored hydrazones. For mixtures of the 3 hydrazines mentioned, the sample can be derivatized with salicylaldehyde and separated by high pressure liquid chromatography, using uv for detection. ... Gas chromatographic techniques for the propellant hydrazines (hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine, & unsymmetrical 1,1-dimethylhydrazine) have been developed for high concentrations as well as for dilute aqueous solutions.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V13 588 (1995)
Method: NIOSH 3515, Issue 1; Analyte: 1,1-dimethylhydrazine; Matrix: air; Detection Level: 1 ug/sample.
CDC; NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th ed. 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine (57-14-7). Available from, as of July 1, 2004: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine was detected in fruit and fruit products using GC/ECD following derivatization with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde. Detection limit= 1 ppm (2 ppm for grape juice).
Saxton WL et al; J Agric Food Chem 37: 570-73 (1989)
Method: gas chromatography/thermionic ionization detector; Analyte: 1,1-dimethylhydrazine; Matrix: soil; Detection Limit: 0.5 ppm. /From table/
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Hydrazine PB/98/101025/AS (September 1997). Available from, as of July 1, 2004: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp100.html
Method: gas chromatography/electron capture detection; Analyte: 1,1-dimethylhydrazine; Matrix: food; Detection Limit: 10 ppb. /From table/
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Hydrazine PB/98/101025/AS (September 1997). Available from, as of July 1, 2004: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp100.html
Method: gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy; Analyte: 1,1-dimethylhydrazine; Matrix: food; Detection Limit: 0.01 ppm. /From table/
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Hydrazine PB/98/101025/AS (September 1997). Available from, as of July 1, 2004: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp100.html

13.3 Sampling Procedures (Complete)

NIOSH S143: Matrix: air; analyte: 1,1-dimethylhydrazine; sampler: midget glass bubbler containing 0.1 M hydrochloric acid.
U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present., p. V3 S143-1
NIOSH 128: Matrix: air; analyte: 1,1-dimethylhydrazine; sampler: adsorption on sulfuric acid-coated silica gel.
U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present., p. V1 248-1

14 Special References

14.1 Special Reports (Complete)

Toth B; Teratogenic hydrazines: a review; In Vivo Jan-Feb 7 (1): 101-10 (1993). The review summarizes the results of 30 hydrazines, which were studied in humans and in six animal species for teratogenic activities.
National Toxicology Program. Eleventh Report on Carcinogens (2005). The Report on Carcinogens is an informational scientific and public health document that identifies and discusses substances (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may pose a carcinogenic hazard to human health. 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine (57-14-7) is listed as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.[Available from, as of July 31, 2009: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s077umdh.pdf]
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Hydrazine PB/98/101025/AS (September 1997). Available at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp100.html as of July 1, 2004.

15 Synonyms and Identifiers

Synonyms

57-14-7

1,1-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE

ASYMMETRIC DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE

DIMAZIN

DIMAZINE

DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE

ASYM DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE

N,N-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE

U-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE

UNSYM-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE

DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE UNSYMMETRICAL

1,1-DIMETHYLHYDRAZIN (GERMAN)

N,N-dimetilidrazina (Italian)

DMH

HYDRAZINE, 1,1-DIMETHYL-

NIESYMETRYCZNA DWU METYLOHYDRAZYNA (POLISH)

UDMH

UNSYMMETRICAL-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE

USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 600018

15.2 Substance Title

1,1-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE

15.3 Associated Chemicals (Complete)

15.4 Shipping Name / Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO (Complete)

UN 1163; Dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical
IMO 6.1; Dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical

15.5 Standard Transportation Number

49 062 10; Dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical

15.6 EPA Hazardous Waste Number

U098; A toxic waste when a discarded commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate.

16 Administrative Information

16.1 Hazardous Substances DataBank Number

528

16.2 Last Revision Date

20050624

16.3 Last Review Date

Reviewed by SRP on 9/16/2004

16.4 Update History

Field Update on 2010-09-07, 1 fields added/edited/deleted

Field Update on 2009-09-04, 1 fields added/edited/deleted

Field Update on 2009-08-12, 2 fields added/edited/deleted

Field Update on 2008-09-04, 1 fields added/edited/deleted

Field Update on 2008-09-02, 2 fields added/edited/deleted

Field Update on 2008-08-23, 1 fields added/edited/deleted

Field Update on 2008-08-21, 1 fields added/edited/deleted

Field Update on 2008-08-19, 1 fields added/edited/deleted

Field Update on 2008-08-15, 25 fields added/edited/deleted

Field Update on 2008-08-13, 1 fields added/edited/deleted

Field Update on 2007-06-07, 1 fields added/edited/deleted

Field Update on 2006-04-18, 2 fields added/edited/deleted

Field Update on 2006-04-17, 2 fields added/edited/deleted

Complete Update on 2005-06-24, 2 fields added/edited/deleted

Complete Update on 2005-01-31, 79 fields added/edited/deleted

Field Update on 2005-01-29, 2 fields added/edited/deleted

Complete Update on 2003-08-29, 0 fields added/edited/deleted

Complete Update on 02/14/2003, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 11/08/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 10/16/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 08/06/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 05/31/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 01/18/2002, 6 fields added/edited/deleted.

Field Update on 01/14/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 02/09/2001, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 02/11/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 02/08/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 11/18/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 07/20/1999, 9 fields added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 03/29/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 01/27/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 11/12/1998, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 10/07/1998, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 06/03/1997, 68 fields added/edited/deleted.

Field Update on 05/08/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Field Update on 01/24/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Field Update on 10/12/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 05/09/1996, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 03/01/1996, 7 fields added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 01/19/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 11/10/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 02/16/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 01/24/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 01/18/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 12/21/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 11/18/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 09/26/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 07/22/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 08/10/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 08/07/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Field update on 12/13/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 04/27/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 04/01/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 01/23/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 10/10/1990, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

Field Update on 08/23/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 04/23/1990, 80 fields added/edited/deleted.

Field Update on 01/15/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 01/11/1990, 77 fields added/edited/deleted.

Field Update on 05/05/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Field Update on 03/01/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 03/21/1988, 92 fields added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 06/04/1985

Created 19830401 by DS

CONTENTS