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DISPERSE BLUE 1

Hazardous Substances DataBank Number
4200
Related PubChem Records
Related CIDs

1 Human Health Effects

1.1 Evidence for Carcinogenicity (Complete)

Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of Disperse Blue 1 in experimental animals. No data were available from studies in humans on the carcinogenicity of Disperse Blue 1. Overall evaluation: Disperse Blue 1 is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V48 145 (1990)
Disperse Blue 1: reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.
DHHS/National Toxicology Program; Eleventh Report on Carcinogens: Disperse Blue 1 (2475-45-8) (January 2005). Available from, as of July 31, 2009: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s081disp.pdf

1.2 Medical Surveillance (Complete)

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 23

2 Emergency Medical Treatment

2.1 Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete)

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 160
/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 160
/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 160-1

3 Animal Toxicity Studies

3.1 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete)

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Disperse Blue 1 (containing 50% lignosulfonate dispersants) was fed to Fischer 344 rats at dietary levels of 0.01 and 0.1% for 19 months and at 1.0% for 6 months. Fischer 344 rats were also given the dye by gavage at 1 g/kg for 1-3 days or in the diet at 0.5 or 1% for 4 days, and corresponding dietary levels of the coloring without dispersant were also fed for 4 days. Bladders and kidneys were examined after the 1-4 day treatments, in animals dying or killed from month 6 to termination (19 months) in the chronic study and in those killed at wk 5, 9 and 17. At the latter three times, autoradiography following injection of tritiated thymidine showed increased DNA synthesis in the urothelium of high-dose rats, but no other increased labelling in any group. Bladder lesions were seen only at the 1.0% level, epithelial erosion with adhering dye particles being seen by day 4, calculi and hyperplasia by wk 5 and squamous metaplasia by wk 9. The calculi contained more dye in males than in females and more calcium in females. By month 6, dye particles were embedded in the bladder wall, with some evidence of histiocyte accumulation in their vicinity. Two papillomas and one carcinoma, but no leiomyosarcomas, were diagnosed. The earliest tumours, two papillomas, were detected at wk 17. Tumor incidence following surgical removal of calculus was about double that in rats not subjected to surgery and the incidence of normal bladders at month 19 was higher in the latter group. Compound-related effects in the kidneys--inflammation, pelvic epithelial hyperplasia and tubular degeneration and regeneration with interstitial fibrosis--were seen only in the high-dose group. Dye present in the tubules and renal pelvis persisted in many rats for a year after cessation of treatment.
Burnett CM, Squire RA; Food Chem Toxicol 24 (4): 269-76 (1986).
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Mouse: Groups of 50 male and 50 female B6C3F mice, 7 wk of age, were fed diets containing 0, 600, 1200 or 2500 ppm (mg/kg) diet Disperse Blue 1 (commercial grade without lignosulfonate dispersants, containing approximately 50% 1,4,5,8-tetraaminoanthraquinone, 19.5% water and approximately 30% other impurities, mainly an isomer of tetraaminoanthraquinone and a nitrotriaminoanthraquinone isomer) for 104 weeks to give doses in mg/kg bw per day of 0, 112, 239 and 540 in males and 0, 108, 235 and 520 in females. All animals were killed at 112-113 weeks of age. A significant trend to lower survival in higher dose males was observed when early deaths were excluded. The combined incidences of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas were increased in treated males (control, 9/50; low-dose, 21/50; mid-dose, 20/50; high-dose, 16/50) and in low-dose females (control, 3/50; low-dose, 13/49; mid-dose, 3/50; high-dose, 4/50). Group incidences did not indicate a dose-response effect, and survival-adjusted trends were not significant. The observed incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas and carcinomas in male mice were 4/50 in controls, 9/49 in low-dose animals, 5/50 in mid-dose animals and 11/50 in high-dose animals. When adjusted for survival, the increase was dose-related (p = 0.018, incidental tumor test for trend; adjusted rates, 15.0, 27.2, 13.9 and 49.3%, respectively). A high incidence of urinary bladder calculi was observed in mice of each sex. High-dose males and females also had a high incidence of transitional-cell hyperplasia of the bladder ...
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V48 142 (1990)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Rat: Groups of 50 male and 50 female Fischer 344/N rats, 7 wk of age, were fed diets containing 1, 1250, 2500 or 5000 ppm (mg/kg) diet Disperse Blue 1 (commercial grade without lignosulfonate dispersants, containing approximately 50% 1,4,5,8-tetraaminoanthraquinone, 19.5% water and approximately 30% other impurities, mainly an isomer of tetraaminoanthraquinone and a nitrotriaminoanthraquinone isomer) for 103 wk to give doses in mg/kg bw per day of 0, 45, 95 and 217 in males and 0, 56, 111 and 240 in females. All animals were killed at 111-112 wk of age. Survival in high-dose males and females and in mid-dose males was significantly reduced. Dose-related increases in the combined incidences of squamous-cell papillomas and carcinomas, transitional-cell papillomas and carcinomas, and leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas of the bladder were observed in males and females. In addition, urinary bladder calculi were observed in the groups of rats in which the incidence of bladder tumors was increased ... A dose-related increase in the incidence of pancreatic islet-cell adenomas and carcinomas combined was seen in males: control, 1/49; low-dose, 2/50; mid-dose, 5/50; high-dose, 3/50 (p = 0.042, incidental tumor test for trend ...).
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V48 142 (1990)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Disperse Blue 1 was administered to Fischer 344/N rats and B6C3F mice by oral administration in the diet for 14 days, 13 wk or 2 yr. In the 14-day studies, 2/5 female rats died after receiving 50,000 ppm (mg/kg), and all mice receiving 25,000 ppm or more died. In the 13-wk studies, diets containing concentrations up to 20,000 and 20,000 ppm were fed to rats and mice, respectively. No compound-related death occurred in rats, but deaths occurred with 10,000 ppm in mice of each sex. Pathological changes that occurred in rats and mice given diets containing 2500 ppm or more included urinary tract calculi, urinary bladder inflammation, hyperplasia of the urinary bladder transitional epithelium and nephrosis. In the 2-yr studies ... lesions related to treatment in rats included renal and urinary bladder calculi, renal casts, hydronephrosis and renal degeneration, renal and urinary bladder epithelial hyperplasia, urinary bladder squamous metaplasia and pigmentation of the urinary bladder and kidney. Lesions in mice that were considered to be related to treatment were inflammation, epithelial hyperplasia, calculi and fibrosis in the urinary bladder, casts in the renal tubular lumina and renal tubular degeneration ...
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V48 144 (1990)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Disperse Blue 1 was a carcinogen in both sexes of F344/N rats; the findings in B6C3F1 mice were equivocal. Clear evidence of carcinogenicity in the urinary bladder of F344/N rats was evidenced by increased incidences of transitional cell neoplasms, leiomyomas or leiomyosarcomas, and squamous cell neoplasms. Transitional cell and squamous cell tumors of the urinary bladder of male F344 rats receiving Disperse Blue 1 were also noted in another study.
DHHS/National Toxicology Program; Eleventh Report on Carcinogens: Disperse Blue 1 (2475-45-8) (January 2005). Available from, as of September 29, 2009: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s081disp.pdf
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ Oral administration of a commercial product (a composite of dyes and base components found in semipermanent hair dyes) containing 0.61% Disperse Blue 1 among other dyes had no effect on fertility, gestation, lactation or viability indices in rats and induced no teratogenicity in rats or rabbits ...
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V48 144 (1990)
/GENOTOXICITY/ 16 anthraquinones and one azo dye (Solvent Red 1) were selected for testing using the thymidine kinase (tk) locus and micronucleus (MN) analysis in L5178Y/TK(+/-)-3.7.2C mouse lymphoma cells ... Disperse Blue 7, 2-aminoanthraquinone, 1-amino-2-methylanthraquinone, Disperse Blue 3 and Disperse Red 11 were genotoxic (inducing 1814 mutants/10+6 survivors, 369 MN/1000 cells at 13% survival; 397 mutants/10+6 survivors, 196 MN/1000 cells at 21% survival; 178 mutants/10+6 survivors, 119 MN/1000 cells at 51% survival; 264 mutants/10+6 survivors, 109 MN/1000 cells at 15% survival, respectively). Reactive Blue 19 was weakly mutagenic (inducing 144 mutants/10+6 survivors, but only 8 MN/1000 cells at 13% survival). Vat Yellow 4 and Solvent Red 1, with exogenous activation, were also mutagenic (inducing 300 mutants/10+6 survivors, 18 MN/1000 cells at 57% survival, and 100 mutants/10+6 survivors and 16 MN/1000 cells at 22% survival, respectively). With activation 1-nitro-2-methylanthraquinone was judged to give an equivocal mutagenicity response. The maximum test concentration was limited for some compounds by their solubility. Those chemicals that did not induce mutation or cytotoxicity at the limits of solubility were classified separately. Compounds which were not evaluated without exogenous activation because of insolubility but were evaluated with activation include 1-nitro-2-methylanthraquinone, Solvent Red 1 and Vat Yellow 4. Compounds which were not evaluated either with or without S9 activation because of their insolubility in the culture medium include 1-amino-2,4-dibromoanthraquinone, D&C Green, Disperse Blue 1, Disperse Red 60, Vat Blue 4, Vat Blue 20, Vat Brown 1 and Vat Brown 3.
Harrington-Brock K et al; Mutagenesis 6 (1): 35-46 (1991).
/GENOTOXICITY/ Disperse Blue 1 was weakly mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA1537, in the presence and absence of an exogenous metabolic system from Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver; it was not mutagenic to several other strains ... In liquid preincubation assays, it was mutagenic to TA1535, TA97 and TA98 ...
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V48 144 (1990)
/GENOTOXICITY/ Data on the genotoxicity of Disperse Blue 1 indicate that it induced a weak positive response in Salmonella typhimurium, DNA damage (sister chromatid exchanges) and chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells, tk gene mutations in mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells, and morphological transformation in Balb/c 3T3 mouse cells.
DHHS/National Toxicology Program; Eleventh Report on Carcinogens: Disperse Blue 1 (2475-45-8) (January 2005). Available from, as of September 29, 2009: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s081disp.pdf

3.2 National Toxicology Program Studies (Complete)

C.I. Disperse Blue 1 ... was studied as a commercial grade product (minus lingnosulfate dispersants) for toxicity and carcinogenicity in single administration gavage for ... 104 wk ... All studies used F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice ... In the 2 yr studies in rats, groups of 5 animals of each sex were administered the /test cmpd/ at dietary concentrations of 0, 1,250, 2,500, or 5,000 ppm. These dietary concn corresponded to 0, 45, 95, and 217 mg/kg/day for males and 0, 56, 111, and 240 mg/kg/day for females ... In the 2 yr studies in mice, 50 animals of each sex were administered diets containing the /test cmpd/ at 0, 600, 1,200, or 2,500 ppm. The dietary concn corresponded to doses of 0, 112, 239, and 540 mg/kg/day for males and 0, 108, 235, and 520 mg/kg/day for females ... Under the conditions of these feed studies of C.I. Disperse Blue 1, there was clear evidence of carcinogenicity for male and female F344/N rats as shown by increased occurrence of transitional cell papillomas and carcinomas, of leiomyosarcomas, and of squamous cell papillomas and carcinomas of the urinary bladder. Urinary bladder calculi were observed in the groups of rats in which urinary bladder neoplasms were increased. Positive associations existed between the presence of calculi and transitional cell neoplasms in male and female rats, leiomyomas or leiomyosarcomas (combined) in female rats, and squamous cell neoplasms in male rats. A marginally increased occurrence of pancreatic islet cell adenomas or carcinomas (combined) was observed in male rats exposed to C.I. Disperse Blue 1. There was equivocal evidence of carcinogenicity of C.I. Disperse Blue 1 in male B6C3F1 mice as shown by marginally increased incidences of hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas (combined) in dosed male mice and a marginally increased occurrence of alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas or carcinomas (combined) in high dose male mice. There was no evidence of carcinogenicity of C.I. Disperse Blue 1 in female B6C3F1 mice.
Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies of C.I. Disperse Blue 1) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies). Technical Report Series No. 299 (1986) NIH Publication No. 86-2555 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

3.3 Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete)

The oral LD50 value for various dyes, including Disperse Blue 1, in rats ranged from 1.2 to >6.3 g/kg bw ... .
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V48 143 (1990)

3.4 Ongoing Test Status

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=2475-45-8]

4 Environmental Fate & Exposure

4.1 Environmental Fate / Exposure Summary

Disperse Blue 1's former US production and subsequent use in semipermanent hair color formulations, as a fabric dye for nylon, cellulose acetate and triacetate, polyester, and acrylate fibers and for surface dyeing of thermoplastics and as a solvent dye in cellulose acetate plastics may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.8X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates Disperse Blue 1 will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase Disperse Blue 1 will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.8 hours. Particulate-phase Disperse Blue 1 will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. Disperse Blue 1 has a maximum absorbance wavelength of 615 and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, Disperse Blue 1 is expected to have slight mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 3200. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.1X10-7 atm-cu m/mole. Biodegradation data were not available. If released into water, Disperse Blue 1 is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 10 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to Disperse Blue 1 may have occurred through inhalation of dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Disperse Blue 1 was produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may have been exposed to Disperse Blue 1 via dermal contact with consumer products containing Disperse Blue 1. (SRC)

4.2 Probable Routes of Human Exposure (Complete)

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 43,521 workers (32,059 of these were female) were potentially exposed to Disperse Blue 1 in the US(1). Occupational exposure to Disperse Blue 1 may have occurred through inhalation of dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Disperse Blue 1 was produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may have been exposed to Disperse Blue 1 via dermal contact with consumer products containing Disperse Blue 1(SRC).
(1) NIOSH; NOES. National Occupational Exposure Survey conducted from 1981-1983. Estimated numbers of employees potentially exposed to specific agents by 2-digit standard industrial classification (SIC). Available from, as of Sept 2009: https://www.cdc.gov/noes/

4.3 Artificial Pollution Sources (Complete)

Disperse Blue 1's former US production and subsequent use in semipermanent hair color formulations, as a fabric dye for nylon, cellulose acetate and triacetate, polyester, and acrylate fibers and for surface dyeing of thermoplastics and as a solvent dye in cellulose acetate plastics(1) may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).
(1) IARC; in IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Some Flame Retardants and Textile Chemicals, and Exposures in the Textile Manufacturing Industry. 48: 139 (1990)

4.4 Environmental Fate (Complete)

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 3200(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that Disperse Blue 1 is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of Disperse Blue 1 from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.1X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 1.8X10-8 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 0.03 mg/L(4). Disperse Blue 1 is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2009).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.0. Jan, 2009. Available from https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm as of Sept 2009.
(3) Baughman GL, Perenich TA; Environ Toxicol Chem 7:183-99 (1988)
(4) Kuroiwa S, Ogasawara S; Nippon Kagaku Kaishi 9:1738-43 (1973)
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 3200(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that Disperse Blue 1 is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.1X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.8X10-8 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 0.03 mg/L(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 10(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 2.98(7) and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Disperse Blue 1 is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2009).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.0. Jan, 2009. Available from https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm as of Sept 2009.
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9, 7-4, 7-5, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(4) Baughman GL, Perenich TA; Environ Toxicol Chem 7:183-99 (1988)
(5) Kuroiwa S, Ogasawara S; Nippon Kagaku Kaishi 9:1738-43 (1973)
(6) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
(7) Meylan WM, Howard PH; J Pharm Sci 84: 83-92 (1995)
(8) Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999)
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), Disperse Blue 1, which has a vapor pressure of 1.8X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase Disperse Blue 1 is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.8 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.4X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase Disperse Blue 1 may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Disperse Blue 1 has a maximum absorbance wavelength of 615 nm(4) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988)
(2) Baughman GL, Perenich TA; Environ Toxicol Chem 7: 183-99 (1988)
(3) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993)
(4) Kuroiwa S, Ogasawara S; Nippon Kagaku Kaishi 9: 1738-43 (1973)

4.5 Environmental Abiotic Degradation (Complete)

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of Disperse Blue 1 with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.4X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2.8 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Disperse Blue 1 is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Disperse Blue 1 has a maximum absorbance wavelength of 615 nm(3) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993)
(2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5, 8-12 (1990)
(3) Kuroiwa S, Ogasawara S; Nippon Kagaku Kaishi 9:1738-43 (1973)

4.6 Environmental Bioconcentration (Complete)

An estimated BCF of 10 was calculated in fish for Disperse Blue 1(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 2.98(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).
(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; J Pharm Sci 84: 83-92 (1995)
(2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999)
(3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)

4.7 Soil Adsorption / Mobility (Complete)

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of Disperse Blue 1 can be estimated to be 3200(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that Disperse Blue 1 is expected to have slight mobility in soil. Disperse Blue 1 may bind strongly to organic matter in the soil as the aromatic amino group is indicated as a highly reactive group with an affinity for organic matter(3).
(1) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.0. Jan, 2009. Available from https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm as of Sept 2009.
(2) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(3) Adrian P et al; Toxicol Environ Chem 20-21: 109-120 (1989)

4.8 Volatilization from Water / Soil (Complete)

The Henry's Law constant for Disperse Blue 1 is estimated as 2.1X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 1.8X10-8 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 0.03 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that Disperse Blue 1 is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(3). Disperse Blue 1 is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).
(1) Baughman GL, Perenich TA; Environ Toxicol Chem 7: 183-99 (1988)
(2) Kuroiwa S, Ogasawara S; Nippon Kagaku Kaishi 9: 1738-43 (1973)
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)

5 Chemical / Physical Properties

5.1 Molecular Formula

C14-H12-N4-O2

5.2 Molecular Weight

268.271
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 3-222

5.3 Color / Form (Complete)

Black powder
Green FJ; p. 282 The Sigma-Aldrich Handbook of Stains, Dyes, and Indicators. Milwaukee, WI: Aldrich Chem Co. (1990)
Blue-black microcrystalline powder
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V48 139 (1990)
Red-brown needles
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 3-222

5.4 Melting Point

331 °C
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 3-222

5.5 Solubility (Complete)

Soluble in acetone, ethanol, and cellosolve; slightly soluble in benzene and linseed oil
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V48: 139 (1990)
In ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, 30 mg/mL; in ethanol, 2 mg/mL
Green FJ; p. 28 The Sigma-Aldrich Handbook of Stains, Dyes, and Indicators. Milwaukee, WI: Aldrich Chem Co. (1990)
Insoluble in water /Dyes, disperse/
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 486
In water, 0.03 mg/L at 25 °C
Kuroiwa S, Ogasawara S; Nippon Kagaku Kaishi 9: 1738-43 (1973)

5.6 Vapor Pressure

1.8X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C
Baughman GL, Perenich TA; Environ Toxic Chem 7: 183-99 (1988)

6 Spectral Information

6.1 UV Spectra

lambda max is 615 nm, E1=1.8X10-4
Kuroiwa S, Ogasawara S; Dispersed State of Dyes and Their Dyeing Properties. VIII. Solubilities of Disperse Dyes in Water. Nippon Kagaku Kaishi. p. 1738-43 (1973)
lambda max: 620 nm in 50% ethanol + 1 drop 1N NaOH
Green FJ; p. 282 The Sigma-Aldrich Handbook of Stains, Dyes, and Indicators. Milwaukee, WI: Aldrich Chem Co. (1990)

6.2 Other Spectra

NIST Mass Spectra Number = 245765
NIST; Chemistry WebBook. National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Database Number 69 - March 2003 Release, Available from, as of March 22, 2010: https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry

7 Chemical Safety & Handling

7.1 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete)

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Dispensers of liq detergent /should be available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... Gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8

7.2 Preventive Measures (Complete)

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... Clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Operations connected with synth & purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological safety cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ... provided that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at the face opening of the cabinet, & contaminated air plenums that are under positive pressure are leak-tight. Horizontal laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area towards the operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or fume cupboard to be used ... should be tested before work is begun (eg, with fume bomb) & label fixed to it, giving date of test & avg air-flow measured. This test should be repeated periodically & after any structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 9
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Principles that apply to chem or biochem lab also apply to microbiological & cell-culture labs ... Special consideration should be given to route of admin. ... Safest method of administering volatile carcinogen is by injection of a soln. Admin by topical application, gavage, or intratracheal instillation should be performed under hood. If chem will be exhaled, animals should be kept under hood during this period. Inhalation exposure requires special equipment. ... Unless specifically required, routes of admin other than in the diet should be used. Mixing of carcinogen in diet should be carried out in sealed mixers under fume hood, from which the exhaust is fitted with an efficient particulate filter. Techniques for cleaning mixer & hood should be devised before expt begun. When mixing diets, special protective clothing &, possibly, respirators may be required. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 9
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When ... admin in diet or applied to skin, animals should be kept in cages with solid bottoms & sides & fitted with a filter top. When volatile carcinogens are given, filter tops should not be used. Cages which have been used to house animals that received carcinogens should be decontaminated. Cage-cleaning facilities should be installed in area in which carcinogens are being used, to avoid moving of ... contaminated /cages/. It is difficult to ensure that cages are decontaminated, & monitoring methods are necessary. Situations may exist in which the use of disposable cages should be recommended, depending on type & amt of carcinogen & efficiency with which it can be removed. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 10
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": To eliminate risk that ... contamination in lab could build up during conduct of expt, periodic checks should be carried out on lab atmospheres, surfaces, such as walls, floors & benches, & ... interior of fume hoods & airducts. As well as regular monitoring, check must be carried out after cleaning-up of spillage. Sensitive methods are required when testing lab atmospheres. ... Methods ... should ... where possible, be simple & sensitive. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 10
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Rooms in which obvious contamination has occurred, such as spillage, should be decontaminated by lab personnel engaged in expt. Design of expt should ... avoid contamination of permanent equipment. ... Procedures should ensure that maintenance workers are not exposed to carcinogens. ... Particular care should be taken to avoid contamination of drains or ventilation ducts. In cleaning labs, procedures should be used which do not produce aerosols or dispersal of dust, ie, wet mop or vacuum cleaner equipped with high-efficiency particulate filter on exhaust, which are avail commercially, should be used. Sweeping, brushing & use of dry dusters or mops should be prohibited. Grossly contaminated cleaning materials should not be re-used ... If gowns or towels are contaminated, they should not be sent to laundry, but ... decontaminated or burnt, to avoid any hazard to laundry personnel. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 10
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Doors leading into areas where carcinogens are used ... should be marked distinctively with appropriate labels. Access ... limited to persons involved in expt. ... A prominently displayed notice should give the name of the Scientific Investigator or other person who can advise in an emergency & who can inform others (such as firemen) on the handling of carcinogenic substances. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 11

7.3 Stability / Shelf Life (Complete)

Degrades at >-20 °C
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V48 140 (1990)

7.4 Shipment Methods and Regulations (Complete)

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13

7.5 Storage Conditions (Complete)

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13

7.6 Cleanup Methods (Complete)

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 15

7.7 Disposal Methods (Complete)

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 14
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 15
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arrestor) filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator. ... LIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal should be carried out by incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their metabolites. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 15
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Small quantities of ... some carcinogens can be destroyed using chem reactions ... but no general rules can be given. ... As a general technique ... treatment with sodium dichromate in strong sulfuric acid can be used. The time necessary for destruction ... is seldom known ... but 1-2 days is generally considered sufficient when freshly prepd reagent is used. ... Carcinogens that are easily oxidizable can be destroyed with milder oxidative agents, such as saturated soln of potassium permanganate in acetone, which appears to be a suitable agent for destruction of hydrazines or of compounds containing isolated carbon-carbon double bonds. Concn or 50% aqueous sodium hypochlorite can also be used as an oxidizing agent. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 16
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Carcinogens that are alkylating, arylating or acylating agents per se can be destroyed by reaction with appropriate nucleophiles, such as water, hydroxyl ions, ammonia, thiols & thiosulfate. The reactivity of various alkylating agents varies greatly ... & is also influenced by sol of agent in the reaction medium. To facilitate the complete reaction, it is suggested that the agents be dissolved in ethanol or similar solvents. ... No method should be applied ... until it has been thoroughly tested for its effectiveness & safety on material to be inactivated. For example, in case of destruction of alkylating agents, it is possible to detect residual compounds by reaction with 4(4-nitrobenzyl)-pyridine. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 17

8 Manufacturing / Use Information

8.1 Uses (Complete)

DYE FOR SHEEPSKINS, FURS, THERMOPLASTIC RESINS, ACETATE, NYLON & OTHER SYNTHETIC FIBERS
SRI
Disperse Blue 1 is used in the USA in semipermanent hair color formulations at concentrations of less than 1%. Disperse Blue 1 has been used as a fabric dye for nylon, cellulose acetate and triacetate, polyester, and acrylate fibers. It has also been used for surface dyeing of thermoplastics and as a solvent dye in cellulose acetate plastics. /SRP: Former US/
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V48 139 (1990)
Dye for cellulose acetate, nylon, polyester, and other synthetic fibers, and for thermoplastics /Dye, disperse/
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 486

8.2 Methods of Manufacturing (Complete)

Disperse Blue 1 has been prepared by acylation of 1,5-diaminoanthraquinone with oxalic acid, then nitration in sulfuric acid, followed by hydrolysis and reduction to the tetraamino compound; and by the reduction of mixed 1,5- and 1,8-dinitroanthraquinone to the corresponding diamino compounds, followed by acetylation, nitration, reduction, and hydrolysis.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V48 139 (1990)

8.3 General Manufacturing Information (Complete)

Anthraquinone dye. Dye whose molecular structure is based on anthraquinone (C6H4(CO)2C6H4). ...Benzene ring structure is important in development of color. /Anthraquinone dye/
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 88

8.4 Formulations / Preparations (Complete)

One US distributor markets Disperse Blue 1 with a dye content of approximately 30% ... /SRP: Former/
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V48 140 (1990)
Commercial preparations of Disperse Blue 1 (approximately 50% 1,4,5,8-tetraaminoanthraquinone, 30% structurally related compounds and 20% water) contain approximately equal amounts of dyestuff and lignosulfonate dispersants (Burnett & Squire, 1986; National Toxicology Program, 1986).
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V48 139 (1990)
Acetate blue 6
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3366
Acetoquinone blue L
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3366
Acetoquinone blue R
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3366
Acetylon fast blue G
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3366
Amacel blue GG
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3366
Amacel pure blue B
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3366
Artisil blue SAP
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3366
Artisil blue SAP conc
Brasilazet blue GR
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3366
Celanthrene pure blue BRS
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3366
Celliton blue G
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3366
Celliton blue BB-CF
Celliton blue extra
Celliton blue GA-CF
Cibacet sapphire blue G
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3366
Cilla blue extra
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3366
Diacelliton fast blue R
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3366
Dracet sapphire blue G
Duranol brilliant blue CB
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3366
Fenacet blue G
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3366
Grasol blue 2GS
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3366
Kayalon fast blue BR
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3366
Microsetile blueEB
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3366
Miketon fast blue
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3366
Miketon fast blue B
Nacelan blue G
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3366
Neosetile blue EB
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3366
Nyloquinone blue 2J
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3366
Oracet sapphire blue G
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3366
Perliton blue B
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3366
Serinyl blue 2G
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3366
Serinyl blue 3G
Serinyl blue 3GN
Setacyl blue 2GS
Setacyl blue 2GS II
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3366
Supracet deep blue R

8.5 U.S. Production (Complete)

(1976) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 4.54X10+6 GRAMS
SRI
(1979) NOT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN US
SRI
US production of Disperse Blue 1 was reported to be 159 tons in 1972 ... Separate figures were not reported after 1972, but production of all Disperse Blue dyes was approximately 6030, 9940 and 5740 tons in 1975, 1980 and 1985, respectively. ...
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V48 141 (1990)

8.6 U.S. Imports (Complete)

(1977) 3.40X10+6 GRAMS (PRINCPL CUSTMS DISTS)
SRI
(1979) 1.01X10+7 GRAMS (PRINCPL CUSTMS DISTS)
SRI
... approximately 4-6 tons of the material are imported annually (NTP, 1986).
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V48 141 (1990)
Approximately 4-6 tons of Disperse Blue 1 are imported annually.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V48 139 (1990)

9 Laboratory Methods

9.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete)

A method has been described for the spectrophotometric determination of Disperse Blue 1 sorbed on polyethylene terephthalate fibers by dye extraction in mixed solvent systems (Madan & Khan, 1978).
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V48 139 (1990)
A polarographic method for the determination of aminoanthraquinones, including 1,4,5,8-tetraaminoanthraquinone, in environmental and biological samples can be used to determine concentrations as low as 0.1-0.5 mg/ml (Popescu & Barbacaru, 1985).
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V48 139 (1990)

10 Special References

10.1 Special Reports (Complete)

DHHS/NTP; Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies of C.I. Disperse Blue 1 in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies) Technical Report Series No. 299 (1986) NIH Publication No. 86-2555
National Toxicology Program. Eleventh Report on Carcinogens (2005). The Report on Carcinogens is an informational scientific and public health document that identifies and discusses substances (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may pose a carcinogenic hazard to human health. Disperse Blue 1 (2475-45-8) is listed as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.[Available from, as of July 31, 2009: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s081disp.pdf]

11 Synonyms and Identifiers

Synonyms

2475-45-8

DISPERSE BLUE 1

9,10-anthracenedione, 1,4,5,8-Tetraamino-

anthraquinone, 1,4,5,8-Tetraamino-

C.I. 64500

CI Disperse blue 1

CI solvent blue 18

NCI-C54900

1,4,5,8-Tetraaminoanthraquinone

1,4,5,8-Tetraminoanthraquinone

1,4,5,8-Tetraamino-9,10-anthracenedione

11.1 Substance Title

DISPERSE BLUE 1

12 Administrative Information

12.1 Hazardous Substances DataBank Number

4200

12.2 Last Revision Date

20100430

12.3 Last Review Date

Reviewed by SRP on 1/21/2010

12.4 Update History

Complete Update on 2010-04-30, 27 fields added/edited/deleted

Field Update on 2009-08-12, 2 fields added/edited/deleted

Field Update on 2008-08-23, 1 fields added/edited/deleted

Field Update on 2008-08-22, 1 fields added/edited/deleted

Field Update on 2008-08-21, 1 fields added/edited/deleted

Complete Update on 2003-08-29, 0 fields added/edited/deleted

Complete Update on 02/14/2003, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 11/08/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 08/06/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 05/31/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 01/14/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 05/15/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 06/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 02/11/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 02/08/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 08/27/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 03/08/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 11/26/1997, 3 fields added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 10/31/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 04/23/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 01/28/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 05/13/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 03/06/1996, 41 fields added/edited/deleted.

Field Update on 01/27/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 12/30/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 08/30/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Field update on 01/01/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 09/03/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 09/26/1991, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 10/02/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 09/23/1988, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Created 19830401 by GCF

CONTENTS