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Rhenium

PubChem CID
23947
Structure
Rhenium_small.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • RHENIUM
  • 7440-15-5
  • RE
  • rhenium atom
  • Rhenium, elementar
Molecular Weight
186.207 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Element Name
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-03-26
  • Modify:
    2025-01-11
Description
Rhenium atom is a manganese group element atom.
rhenium is a mineral.
A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Rhenium.png

1.2 Crystal Structures

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

rhenium
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/Re
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

[Re]
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

Re
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

7440-15-5
22541-28-2

2.3.2 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.3 UNII

2.3.4 ChEBI ID

2.3.5 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.6 HMDB ID

2.3.7 Nikkaji Number

2.3.8 Wikidata

2.3.9 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

Rhenium

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
186.207 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
186.955752 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
186.955752 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
0 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Liquid, Other Solid
Black to silver-grey solid; [Merck Index]
Liquid

3.3 SpringerMaterials Properties

3.4 Chemical Classes

Metals -> Elements, Metallic

5 Chemical Vendors

6 Drug and Medication Information

6.1 FDA National Drug Code Directory

6.2 Clinical Trials

6.2.1 ClinicalTrials.gov

6.2.2 EU Clinical Trials Register

7 Food Additives and Ingredients

7.1 Associated Foods

8 Minerals

1 of 5
Formula
Na2Si2O5.5H2O
System
Anorthic (triclinic)
2 of 5
Formula
Re
System
Hexagonal (?)
3 of 5
Name
rhenium
Link
5 of 5
Mineral Description
Rhenium (Re), the last naturally-occurring element to be discovered, was discovered in Germany in 1925. The process was so complicated and the cost so high that production was discontinued until early 1950 when tungsten-rhenium and molybdenum-rhenium alloys were prepared. These alloys found important applications in industry that resulted in a great demand for the rhenium produced from the molybdenite fraction of porphyry copper ores. Important uses of rhenium have been in platinum-rhenium catalysts, used primarily in producing lead-free, high-octane gasoline and in high-temperature superalloys used for jet engine components.
USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries (PDF links)
2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024
USGS Mineral Yearbook (PDF links)
2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019

9 Use and Manufacturing

9.1 Uses

Sources/Uses
Found in gadolinite, molybdenite, columbite, rare earth minerals, and some sulfide ores; Used in electron tubes, semiconductors, electrical contacts, catalysts, jewelry plating, medical instruments, high-vacuum equipment, and mirror backings; [Merck Index] Used in tungsten and molybdenum alloys, electronic filaments, high-temperature thermocouples, igniters for flash bulbs, and refractory materials in missiles; [Hawley]
Merck Index - O'Neil MJ, Heckelman PE, Dobbelaar PH, Roman KJ (eds). The Merck Index, An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, 15th Ed. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013.
Hawley - Lewis RJ. _Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, _15th Ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure

Metal Preparation and Pouring [Category: Foundry]

Semiconductor Manufacturing [Category: Industry]

Activities with risk of exposure
Jewelry making [Category: Hobbies]

9.1.1 Industry Uses

  • Intermediate
  • Catalyst

9.2 U.S. Production

Aggregated Product Volume

2019: <1,000,000 lb

2018: <1,000,000 lb

2017: <1,000,000 lb

2016: <1,000,000 lb

9.3 General Manufacturing Information

Industry Processing Sectors
  • All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing
  • Miscellaneous Manufacturing
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Rhenium: ACTIVE

10 Safety and Hazards

10.1 Hazards Identification

10.1.1 GHS Classification

Note
Pictograms displayed are for 62.8% (255 of 406) of reports that indicate hazard statements. This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 37.2% (151 of 406) of reports.
Pictogram(s)
Flammable
Signal
Danger
GHS Hazard Statements
H228 (61.6%): Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]
Precautionary Statement Codes

P210, P240, P241, P280, and P370+P378

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 406 reports by companies from 9 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 151 of 406 reports by companies. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

There are 6 notifications provided by 255 of 406 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

10.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Flam. Sol. 2 (61.6%)

10.1.3 Hazards Summary

Powdered form is flammable; [Hawley] Not an essential mineral in living organisms; No reported toxicity in workers handling perrhenic acid or ammonium perrhenate; [Ullmann]
Hawley - Lewis RJ. _Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, _15th Ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2007.

10.2 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: Rhenium
REACH Registered Substance
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Rhenium: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

10.3 Other Safety Information

Chemical Assessment

IMAP assessments - Rhenium: Human health tier I assessment

IMAP assessments - Rhenium: Environment tier I assessment

11 Toxicity

11.1 Toxicological Information

11.1.1 Acute Effects

12 Literature

12.1 Consolidated References

12.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

12.3 Springer Nature References

12.4 Thieme References

12.5 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

12.6 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

12.7 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

13 Patents

13.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

13.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

13.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

13.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

13.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

14 Interactions and Pathways

14.1 Protein Bound 3D Structures

15 Classification

15.1 MeSH Tree

15.2 ChEBI Ontology

15.3 ChemIDplus

15.4 UN GHS Classification

15.5 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

15.6 EPA DSSTox Classification

15.7 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

15.8 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

15.9 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

16 Information Sources

  1. Athena Minerals
    LICENSE
    Copyright (c) ATHENA - Pierre Perroud. All Rights Reserved
  2. Handbook of Mineralogy
  3. RRUFF Project
  4. USGS National Minerals Information Center
  5. Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS)
  6. CAS Common Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
  7. ChemIDplus
    ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
  8. EPA Chemical Data Reporting (CDR)
    LICENSE
    The U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce these documents, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. These documents may be freely distributed and used for non-commercial, scientific and educational purposes.
    https://www.epa.gov/web-policies-and-procedures/epa-disclaimers#copyright
  9. EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
    EPA TSCA Classification
    https://www.epa.gov/tsca-inventory
  10. EPA DSSTox
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
  11. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
    LICENSE
    Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: "Source: European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/". Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice page.
    https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/legal-notice
  12. FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS)
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  13. Human Metabolome Database (HMDB)
    LICENSE
    HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications.
    http://www.hmdb.ca/citing
  14. New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
    LICENSE
    This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International licence.
    https://www.epa.govt.nz/about-this-site/general-copyright-statement/
  15. ChEBI
  16. ClinicalTrials.gov
    LICENSE
    The ClinicalTrials.gov data carry an international copyright outside the United States and its Territories or Possessions. Some ClinicalTrials.gov data may be subject to the copyright of third parties; you should consult these entities for any additional terms of use.
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/about-site/terms-conditions#Use
  17. Crystallography Open Database (COD)
    LICENSE
    All data in the COD and the database itself are dedicated to the public domain and licensed under the CC0 License. Users of the data should acknowledge the original authors of the structural data.
    https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
  18. Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
    LICENSE
    Copyright (c) 2022 Haz-Map(R). All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials from Haz-Map are copyrighted by Haz-Map(R). No part of these materials, either text or image may be used for any purpose other than for personal use. Therefore, reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly prohibited without prior written permission.
    https://haz-map.com/About
  19. EU Clinical Trials Register
  20. FooDB
    LICENSE
    FooDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (FooDB) and the original publication.
    https://foodb.ca/about
  21. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
  22. National Drug Code (NDC) Directory
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  23. PubChem Elements
  24. RCSB Protein Data Bank (RCSB PDB)
    LICENSE
    Data files contained in the PDB archive (ftp://ftp.wwpdb.org) are free of all copyright restrictions and made fully and freely available for both non-commercial and commercial use. Users of the data should attribute the original authors of that structural data.
    https://www.rcsb.org/pages/policies
  25. Springer Nature
  26. SpringerMaterials
  27. Thieme Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The Thieme Chemistry contribution within PubChem is provided under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
  28. Wikidata
  29. Wikipedia
  30. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
    LICENSE
    Works produced by the U.S. government are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any such works found on National Library of Medicine (NLM) Web sites may be freely used or reproduced without permission in the U.S.
    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
  31. PubChem
  32. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  33. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
    LICENSE
    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  34. EPA Substance Registry Services
  35. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  36. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
CONTENTS