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Sodium tungstate

PubChem CID
26052
Structure
Sodium tungstate_small.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • SODIUM TUNGSTATE
  • 13472-45-2
  • Disodium tungstate
  • Sodium wolframate
  • Sodium tungstate(VI)
Molecular Weight
293.82 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-08-08
  • Modify:
    2024-12-28
Description
Sodium tungstate is an inorganic sodium salt having tungstate as the counterion. Combines with hydrogen peroxide for the oxidation of secondary amines to nitrones. It has a role as a reagent and a NMR chemical shift reference compound. It contains a tungstate.

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Sodium tungstate.png

1.2 3D Status

Conformer generation is disallowed since MMFF94s unsupported element, mixture or salt

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

disodium;dioxido(dioxo)tungsten
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/2Na.4O.W/q2*+1;;;2*-1;
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

XMVONEAAOPAGAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

[O-][W](=O)(=O)[O-].[Na+].[Na+]
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.2 Molecular Formula

Na2O4W
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

13472-45-2

2.3.3 Deprecated CAS

1290611-51-6, 1373772-04-3, 1446344-33-7, 1708934-19-3, 2076459-16-8, 2244760-56-1, 2470257-54-4, 44142-66-7
1290611-51-6, 1373772-04-3, 1446344-33-7, 1708934-19-3, 2076459-16-8, 2244760-56-1, 2470257-54-4, 2640844-21-7, 2920363-58-0, 44142-66-7

2.3.4 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.5 UNII

2.3.6 ChEBI ID

2.3.7 Wikidata

2.3.8 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

  • sodium tungstate
  • sodium tungstate dihydrate
  • sodium tungstate(VI)
  • sodium tungstate(VI) dihydrate
  • sodium tungstate(VI), 181W-labeled

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
293.82 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
4
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
293.910130 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
293.910130 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
80.3Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
7
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
62.2
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
3
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Water or Solvent Wet Solid; Dry Powder, Liquid
White solid; [HSDB] White powder; [MSDSonline] Soluble in water; [Hawley]

3.2.2 Color / Form

WHITE, RHOMBIC
Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. B-129
White crystalline powder or granules
Ashford, R.D. Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals. London, England: Wavelength Publications Ltd., 1994., p. 827

3.2.3 Melting Point

698 °C
Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. B-129

3.2.4 Solubility

Colorless crystals or white crystalline powder; loses its water @ 100 °C; aq soln is slightly alkaline, pH 8-9; effloresces in dry air; sol in about 1.1 parts water; insol in alc /Dihydrate/
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1485
SLIGHTLY SOL IN AMMONIA; INSOL IN ACID /DIHYDRATE/
Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. B-129
SOL 57.5 G/100 CC WATER @ 0 °C; 73.2 G @ 21 °C; 96.9 G @ 100 °C
Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. B-129

3.2.5 Density

4.179
Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. B-129

3.2.6 Decomposition

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /sodium oxide/.
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 3002

3.2.7 Other Experimental Properties

White orthorhombic crystals; molecular weight: 329.85; MP: decomposes at 100 °C; density: 3.25; very sol in water, insol in ethanol /Dihydrate/
Lide, DR (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 81st Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2000, p. 4-89

3.3 Chemical Classes

Metals -> Metals, Inorganic Compounds

4 Spectral Information

4.1 IR Spectra

4.1.1 FTIR Spectra

Technique
KBr WAFER
Source of Sample
Gallard-Schlesinger Chemical Manufacturing Corporation, Carle Place, Long Island, New York, Exclusive U.S. Distributor For British Drug Houses Ltd., Poole, England
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
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4.2 Raman Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Bio-Rad FTS 175C with Raman accessory
Technique
FT-Raman
Source of Sample
Gallard-Schlesinger Chemical Manufacturing Corporation, Carle Place, Long Island, New York, Exclusive U.S. Distributor For British Drug Houses Ltd., Poole, England
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Instrument Name
Bio-Rad FTS 175C with Raman accessory
Technique
FT-Raman
Source of Sample
Gallard-Schlesinger Chemical Manufacturing Corporation, Carle Place, Long Island, New York, Exclusive U.S. Distributor For British Drug Houses Ltd., Poole, England
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

6 Chemical Vendors

7 Drug and Medication Information

7.1 Clinical Trials

7.1.1 ClinicalTrials.gov

7.1.2 EU Clinical Trials Register

7.2 Reported Fatal Dose

3. 3= MODERATELY TOXIC: PROBABLE ORAL LETHAL DOSE (HUMAN) IS 0.5-5 G/KG, BETWEEN 1 OUNCE & 1 PINT (OR 1 POUND) FOR 70 KG PERSON (150 LB). /TUNGSTEN & ITS SALTS/
Gosselin, R.E., H.C. Hodge, R.P. Smith, and M.N. Gleason. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1976., p. II-102

8 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

8.1 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

RATS...FED...100 DAYS ON DIETS /INCL SODIUM TUNGSTATE/... PRINCIPAL SITES OF DEPOSITION WERE BONE & SPLEEN WITH TRACE QUANTITIES (LESS THAN 1.0 MG %...) IN KIDNEY & LIVER, & IN SOME ANIMALS IN BLOOD, LUNG, MUSCLE & TESTES.
Friberg, L., G.R. Nordberg, and V.B. Vouk. Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. New York: Elsevier North Holland, 1979., p. 640
...AFTER ORAL ADMIN OF SODIUM TUNGSTATE...AFTER 1 DAY, GREATEST CONCN IN SPLEEN FOLLOWED BY KIDNEY, PELT, BONE & LIVER. ...FOLLOWING ADMIN...BY GASTRIC INTUBATION IN RATS...HIGHEST CONCN IN KIDNEY FOLLOWED BY BONE & SPLEEN.
Friberg, L., G.R. Nordberg, and V.B. Vouk. Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. New York: Elsevier North Holland, 1979., p. 640
ALMOST 1/2 OF INGESTED DOSE...OF A SOL SALT...RAPIDLY ABSORBED IN...ANIMAL MODELS... MOST OF ABSORBED TUNGSTEN...RAPIDLY EXCRETED IN URINE. SMALL AMT... RETAINED WAS TRANSFERRED IN PART FROM PLASMA TO RED BLOOD CELLS & DISTRIBUTED MAINLY TO SPLEEN, KIDNEY, & BONE. /SOL W SALT/
Friberg, L., G.R. Nordberg, and V.B. Vouk. Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. New York: Elsevier North Holland, 1979., p. 637
FOLLOWING IV ADMIN (181)W SODIUM TUNGSTATE IN 2 BEAGLE DOGS, MOST OF ACTIVITY WAS FOUND IN PLASMA DURING 1ST 24 HR, WITH AVG PLASMA TO RED CELL RATIO 3:1, SUGGESTING BINDING OF TUNGSTEN TO CELL SURFACE RATHER THAN PENETRATION OF CELL MEMBRANE. ...SUGGESTED THAT W INCORPORATION INTO RED CELLS OCCURS @ SITES OF HEMATOPOIESIS.
Friberg, L., G.R. Nordberg, and V.B. Vouk. Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. New York: Elsevier North Holland, 1979., p. 641
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for SODIUM TUNGSTATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

9 Use and Manufacturing

9.1 Uses

Sources/Uses
Used to make fire and water resistant fabrics, metallic tungsten, and other tungsten compounds; Also used as a biological reagent, a precipitant for alkaloids, and a catalyst for the oxidation of maleic acid; [HSDB]
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure
Fireproofing and waterproofing fabrics; preparing complex compd, such as phosphotungstate, silicotungstate; as a reagent for biological products; precipitant for alkaloids
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1485
CHEM INT FOR METALLIC TUNGSTEN & TUNGSTEN COMPOUNDS; CHEM INT FOR PHOSPHOTUNGSTIC ACID, A DYE COMPONENT; COMPONENT OF NON- & SEMI-DURABLE TEXTILE FLAME RETARDANTS
SRI
Flame retardant textile treatment agent
Ashford, R.D. Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals. London, England: Wavelength Publications Ltd., 1994., p. 827
Catalyst used in the oxidation of maleic acid
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V15 (1995) 904

9.1.1 Industry Uses

  • Other (specify)
  • Intermediates

9.2 Methods of Manufacturing

By dissolving tungsten trioxide or the ground ore in caustic soda soln, concn and crystallization. /Dihydrate/
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 1031
4TH 377 (1974)] A MIXT OF SOFT & HARD TUNGSTEN CARBIDE IS REACTED WITH A MIXT OF NANO3 & NAOH TO YIELD SODIUM TUNGSTATE IN A FUSION PROCESS WHICH OVERCOMES THE HIGH EXOTHERMICITY OF THE REACTION INVOLVED.[POWERS JA, RECOVERY OF SODIUM TUNGSTATE FROM SCRAP TUNGSTEN CARBIDE, PROC MINER WASTE UTIL SYMP
PAP
Ashford, R.D. Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals. London, England: Wavelength Publications Ltd., 1994., p. 827

9.3 Formulations / Preparations

Grades: technical; CP; crystalline /Dihydrate/
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 1031

9.4 U.S. Production

Aggregated Product Volume

2019: 20,000,000 lb - <100,000,000 lb

2018: 20,000,000 lb - <100,000,000 lb

2017: 20,000,000 lb - <100,000,000 lb

2016: 20,000,000 lb - <100,000,000 lb

(1977) No Data
SRI
(1979) No Data
SRI

9.5 U.S. Imports

(1976) 1.59X10+7 GRAMS
SRI
(1979) No Data
SRI

9.6 U.S. Exports

(1977) No Data
SRI
(1979) No Data
SRI

9.7 General Manufacturing Information

Industry Processing Sectors
  • Primary Metal Manufacturing
  • Miscellaneous Manufacturing
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Sodium tungsten oxide (Na2WO4): ACTIVE
SODIUM TUNGSTATE IS DERIVED FROM TUNGSTEN CARBIDE AFTER IT IS REACTED WITH MIXT OF NANO3 & NAOH.
POWERS JA; RECOVERY OF SODIUM TUNGSTATE FROM SCRAP TUNGSTEN CARBIDE; PROC MINER WASTE UTIL SYMP, (PAP), 4TH, 1974, 377-380

10 Identification

10.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

NIOSH Method 7074. Determination of Tungsten by Flame Atomic Absorption. This method is applicable to air samples. Detection limit = 0.100 mg/cu m (insoluble). Detection limit = 0.050 mg/cu m (soluble).
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 4th ed. Methods A-Z & Supplements. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Aug 1994.
EAD Method 1620-D. Metals by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. This method is applicable to 42 elements for semiquantitative ICP screen. Detection limit = 1.0 mg/l.
USEPA; EMMI. EPA's Environmental Monitoring Methods Index. Version 1.1. PC# 4082. Rockville, MD: Government Institutes (1997)
PHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR DETERMINING TUNGSTEN & ITS COMPD IN AIR.
SALYAMON GS, KRASHENITSYNA LA; DETERMINATION OF TUNGSTEN & ITS COMPD IN AIR; GIG SANIT 37 (2): 78-9 (1972)
ANALYTE: TUNGSTEN; MATRIX: AIR; RANGE: 5-2000 UG/CU M; PROCEDURE: FILTER COLLECTION, ACID DIGESTION, ICP-AES ANALYSIS. /TUNGSTEN/
U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present., p. V7 351-1
For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for SODIUM TUNGSTATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.2 Clinical Laboratory Methods

Spectrophotometric method for quant determination of tungsten and molybdenum in presence of each other in trace amt expected in biol samples.
Cardenas S, Morton LE; Anal Biochem 60: 372 (1974)

11 Safety and Hazards

11.1 Hazards Identification

11.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 3
View All
Pictogram(s)
Irritant
Signal
Warning
GHS Hazard Statements
H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]
Precautionary Statement Codes

P264, P270, P301+P317, P330, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 666 reports by companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

11.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Acute Tox. 4 (100%)

Acute toxicity (Oral) - Category 4

Serious eye damage/eye irritation - Category 2B

11.1.3 Hazards Summary

In high-dose animal experiments, sodium tungstate is the most toxic form of tungsten; Oral LD50 (rat) = 223-255 mg/kg; [ACGIH] May cause irritation; [MSDSonline] See Tungsten.
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.

11.2 Safety and Hazard Properties

11.2.1 NIOSH Recommendations

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 1 mg/cu m. /Tungsten, soluble compounds, as W/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 324

11.3 Accidental Release Measures

11.3.1 Disposal Methods

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

11.4 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

11.4.1 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)

3.0 [mg/m3], as W, respirable particulate matter
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 1 mg/cu m; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 3 mg/cu m. /Tungsten, soluble compounds, as W/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 59

11.5 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: Tungstic acid (H2WO4), disodium salt
REACH Registered Substance
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Disodium tungstate: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

12 Toxicity

12.1 Toxicological Information

12.1.1 EPA Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values

Chemical Substance
Reference Dose (RfD), Chronic
8 x 10^-4 mg/kg-day
Reference Dose (RfD), Subchronic
8 x 10^-3 mg/kg-day
PPRTV Assessment
Weight-Of-Evidence (WOE)
Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential
Last Revision
2015

12.1.2 RAIS Toxicity Values

Oral Chronic Reference Dose (RfDoc) (mg/kg-day)
0.0008
Oral Chronic Reference Dose Reference
PPRTV Current
Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose (RfDos) (mg/kg-day)
0.008
Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose Reference
PPRTV Current

12.1.3 Acute Effects

12.1.4 Interactions

DIETARY TUNGSTATE AT 5 PPM REDUCES THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF SELENIUM IN MAMMALS. /TUNGSTATE/
Venugopal, B. and T.D. Luckey. Metal Toxicity in Mammals, 2. New York: Plenum Press, 1978., p. 259

12.1.5 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poison A and B/
Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 139
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poison A and B/
Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 139

12.1.6 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

...YOUNG RATS WERE FED FOR...70 DAYS...SODIUM TUNGSTATE EQUIV TO 2% W... MARKEDLY TOXIC, CAUSING INITIAL WT LOSS...DEATHS OF ALL ANIMALS...WITHIN 10 DAYS. IN DIETS HAVING EQUIV 0.5% W...DEATH IN 3/4 RATS.
Friberg, L., G.R. Nordberg, and V.B. Vouk. Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. New York: Elsevier North Holland, 1979., p. 644
SODIUM TUNGSTATE ANTAGONIZES THE NORMAL METABOLIC ACTION OF MOLYBDATE IN ITS ROLE AS METAL CARRIER FOR XANTHINE DEHYDROGENASE. ...SODIUM TUNGSTATE ADDED TO DIET INHIBITED THE INTESTINAL DEPOSITION OF XANTHINE OXIDASE IN RAT & REDUCED...XANTHINE DEHYDROGENASE & MOLYBDENUM CONCN IN LIVER OF CHICKEN.
Friberg, L., G.R. Nordberg, and V.B. Vouk. Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. New York: Elsevier North Holland, 1979., p. 645
...SODIUM TUNGSTATE /FED/ TO GOATS & COWS...SHOWED REDN IN XANTHINE OXIDASE SECRETED IN MILK... POSTULATED THAT TUNGSTATE CAN PREFERENTIALLY OCCUPY ENZYME SITES NORMALLY OCCUPIED BY MOLYBDATE.
Friberg, L., G.R. Nordberg, and V.B. Vouk. Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. New York: Elsevier North Holland, 1979., p. 645
SOL SODIUM TUNGSTATE...INJECTED SC IN...RATS... VERY YOUNG RATS (30 DAYS OLD) SURVIVED A DOSE THAT PROVED LETHAL TO OLD RATS.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 1663
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for SODIUM TUNGSTATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.1.7 Non-Human Toxicity Values

LD50 Rat oral 1190 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 3002
LD50 Rat sc 240 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 3002
LD50 Mouse oral 240 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 3002
LD50 Cat iv 139 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 3002
For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for SODIUM TUNGSTATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.2 Ecological Information

12.2.1 US EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants

1 of 2
Resident Soil (mg/kg)
3.90e+02
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
5.80e+03
Resident Air (ug/m3)
2.10e+01
Industrial Air (ug/m3)
8.80e+01
Tapwater (ug/L)
1.00e+02
MCL (ug/L)
5.00e+01
Risk-based SSL (mg/kg)
5.20e-01
MCL-based SSL (mg/kg)
2.60e-01
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
5.00e-03
Chronic Inhalation Reference Concentration (mg/m3)
2.00e-02
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
2 of 2
Resident Soil (mg/kg)
6.30e+01
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
9.30e+02
Tapwater (ug/L)
1.60e+01
MCL (ug/L)
4.00e+03
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
8.00e-04
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1

12.2.2 US EPA Regional Removal Management Levels for Chemical Contaminants

1 of 2
Resident Soil (mg/kg)
3.80e+00
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
4.90e+01
Tapwater (ug/L)
1.20e+00
MCL (ug/L)
4.00e+03
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
2e-05
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed Dermally from Soil
0.1
2 of 2
Resident Soil (mg/kg)
1.90e+02
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
2.80e+03
Tapwater (ug/L)
4.80e+01
MCL (ug/L)
4.00e+03
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
8.00e-04
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1

12.2.3 Natural Pollution Sources

Tungsten deposits occur in association with metamorphic rocks and granitic igneous rocks throughout the world.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V23 414

12.2.4 Artificial Pollution Sources

The production and use of tungsten compounds as cutting tools, abrasion resistant surfaces, and forming tools (e.g., tungsten carbide); filaments (e.g., tungsten metal and alloys); catalysts (e.g., tungsten oxides, sulfides, and heteropoly complexes); thin films (e.g., tungsten disulfide); and dyes and pigments (e.g., organic tungsten)(1) may result in the release of tungsten to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Tungsten may be released to soil as a contaminate in phosphate fertilizers and manure(2,3). Only small concns of tungsten have been released into the atmosphere primarily by industrial emissions and nuclear fall-out(4).
(1) Penrise TW; Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Technol. 4th ed. NY, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 24: 585, 599 (1997)
(2) Charter RA et al; Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 26: 3051-62 (1995)
(3) Sensi N et al; Environ Technol Let 9: 1011-20 (1988)
(4) Hartung M; pp. 1269-73 in Metals and their Compounds in the Environment. Merian E, ed. Weinheim, Germany: VCH (1991)

12.2.5 Environmental Fate

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Tungsten compounds in soils are in the form of tungstate (i.e., WO4-2) and other tungsten polyanions(1). There are no reports of tungsten organic complexes(1). The sorption coefficient for tungsten increases with decreasing pH(2). It ranges from 100-50,000 at about pH 5, 10-6,000 at about pH 6.5, and 5-90 at between pH 8-9(2). These sorption coefficients values suggest that tungsten compounds will have moderate to no mobility in soils(SRC). Tungsten compounds will exist as ions or insoluble solids in the environment(3) and therefore volatilization from moist soil surfaces will not be an important fate process(SRC). Tungsten compounds are also will not volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon their ionic character and low vapor pressures(SRC).
(1) Tanizaki Y et al; Wat Res 26: 55-63 (1992)
(2) Meijer A et al; Environmental Effects of Tungsten and Tantalum Alloys. Elgin AFB, FL: Air Force Res Lab. AFRL-MN-EG-TR-2000-7017 (1998)
(3) Cotton FA, Wilkinson G; pp. 844-883 in Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. NY, NY: John Wiley and Sons (1980)
AQUATIC FATE: Tungsten in natural waters is in the form of tungstate (i.e., WO4-2) and other tungsten polyanions(1). There are no reports of tungsten organic complexes(1). The sorption coefficient for tungsten increases with decreasing pH(2). It ranges from 100-50,000 at about pH 5, 10-6,000 at about pH 6.5, and 5-90 between pH 8-9(2). These sorption coefficients values suggest that tungsten compounds will adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Tungsten compounds will exist as ions or insoluble solids in the environment(3) and therefore volatilization from water surfaces will not be an important fate process(SRC).
(1) Tanizaki Y et al; Wat Res 26: 55-63 (1992)
(2) Meijer A et al; Environmental Effects of Tungsten and Tantalum Alloys. Elgin AFB, FL: Air Force Res Lab AFRL-MN-EG-TR-2000-7017 (1998)
(3) Cotton FA, Wilkinson G; pp. 844-883 in Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. NY, NY: John Wiley and Sons (1980)
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Most tungsten compounds have low pressures at 25 °C and are expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase tungsten compounds may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition. (SRC)

12.2.6 Environmental Abiotic Degradation

Tungsten exists in several oxidation states, 0, 2+, 3+, 4+, 5+, and 6+(1,2). The most stable is 6+ with the lower states being relatively unstable(2). Tungsten exist as ions in combination with one or more elements, e.g., oxygen(1). Tungsten in natural waters is in the form of tungstate (i.e., WO4- 2) and other tungsten polyanions(3). There are no reports of tungsten organic complexes(3). Bivalent tungsten exists only as halogen compounds(1). Tungsten has a strong tendency to form complexes exemplified by a large series of heteropoly acids formed with oxides of phosphorus, arsenic, vanadium, and silicon, among others (e.g., phosphotungstic acid)(2). In addition, compounds of tungsten exist in which tungsten occurs in more than one valence state(2). Tungsten forms a series of oxyhalides (e.g., WOCl4, WO2Cl2, and WOBr4)(2).
(1) Cotton FA, Wilkinson G; pp. 844-883 in Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. NY, NY: John Wiley and Sons (1980)
(2) Bingham E et al, eds; Patty's Toxicology. 5th ed. NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc 3: 106-28 (2001)
(3) Tanizaki Y et al; Wat Res 26: 55-63 (1992)

12.2.7 Soil Adsorption / Mobility

The sorption coefficient for tungsten increases with decreasing pH(1). The sorption coefficient ranges from 100-50,000 at about pH 5, 10-6,000 at about pH 6.5, and 5-90 at between pH 8-9(1). The sorption behavior of tungsten is due to changes in the surface charge of the soil as the contact solution becomes more acidic or alkaline(1). These sorption coefficients suggest that tungsten compounds are expected to have moderate to no mobility in soil under normal environmental conditions(SRC).
(1) Meijer A et al; Environmental Effects of Tungsten and Tantalum Alloys. Elgin AFB, FL: Air Force Res Lab. AFRL-MN-EG-TR-2000-7017 (1998)

12.2.8 Volatilization from Water / Soil

Tungsten compounds are expected to exist as ions or insoluble solids in the environment(1) and therefore volatilization from moist soil and water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Tungsten compounds are not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon their ionic character and low vapor pressures(SRC).
(1) Cotton FA, Wilkinson G; pp. 844-883 in Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. NY, NY: John Wiley and Sons (1980)

12.2.9 Environmental Water Concentrations

...TRACES ARE FOUND IN SEAWATER.
Venugopal, B. and T.D. Luckey. Metal Toxicity in Mammals, 2. New York: Plenum Press, 1978., p. 257
SURFACE WATER: The concn of tungsten in the waters of the Mississippi river and its tributaries was <0.2 ug/l for sampling dates, Jul-Aug 1987, Nov-Dec 1987, and May-Jun 1988(1). Seawater analysis performed in the United Kingdom showed that tungsten concns were of the order of 0.1 ug/l(2). The concn of tungsten in Pacific Ocean waters is much lower, ca 0.008 ppb, since tungsten is removed more rapidly by adsorption onto ferric hydroxide, manganese oxide, and clay minerals(2).
(1) Taylor HE et al; Sci Total Environ 97/98: 369-84 (1990)
(2) Hartung M; pp. 1269-73 in Metals and their Compounds in the Environment. Merian E, ed. Weinheim, Germany: VCH (1991)

12.2.10 Sediment / Soil Concentrations

The range of tungsten concns in surface soils was from 0.68-2.7 mg/kg(1). Agricultural soils from New Zealand had mean concns of tungsten ranging from 1.9 to 21.4 mg/kg(2). The mean tungsten concn in Iowa agricultural soils was 0.89 mg/kg (range, 0-2 mg/kg)(2).
(1) Sensi N et al; Environ Technol Let 9: 1011-20 (1988)
(2) Fu MH, Tabatabai MA; J Environ Qual 17: 146-8 (1988)

12.2.11 Food Survey Values

The mean concn of tungsten in onions from Danish agricultural crops was 16.7 ug/kg (fresh weight; range, 6.3-39 ug/kg)(1).
(1) Bibak A et al; J Agric Food Chem 46: 3139-45 (1998)

12.2.12 Plant Concentrations

The range of tungsten concns in plants ranged from <0.001-100 mg/kg (dry wt)(1). The mean concn of tungsten in agricultural plants from Iowa was 0.18 mg/kg (samples = 22; range, 0-0.35 mg/kg)(2). Tree leaves from New Zealand contained tungsten at a mean concns of 2.2 to 3.5 mg/kg (range, 0.1-13 mg/kg)(2).
(1) Sensi N et al; Environ Technol Let 9: 1011-20 (1988)
(2) Fu MH, Tabatabai MA; J Environ Qual 17: 146-8 (1988)

12.2.13 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

LARGE AMT OF DUST...RELEASED FROM CRUSHING AND MILLING OF ORES... IN LOADING AND EMPTYING FROM FURNACES OF GRAPHITE BOATS... DUST MAY BE PRODUCED DURING MIXING OF COMPONENTS AND ALSO IN SHAPING AND GRINDING OF PRODUCTS.
Friberg, L., G.R. Nordberg, and V.B. Vouk. Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. New York: Elsevier North Holland, 1979., p. 639

12.2.14 Body Burden

Serum concns of tungsten in healthy subjects are of the order of 6 ug/l(1). The mean concn of tungsten in urine samples from 14 unexposed persons was 0.21 +/- 0.09 ug/l(2).
(1) Hartung M; pp. 1269-73 in Metals and their Compounds in the Environment. Merian E, ed. Weinheim, Germany: VCH (1991)
(2) Schramel P et al; Int Arch Occup Environ Health 69: 219-223 (1997)

13 Associated Disorders and Diseases

14 Literature

14.1 Consolidated References

14.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

14.3 Springer Nature References

14.4 Thieme References

14.5 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

14.6 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

14.7 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

15 Patents

15.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

15.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

15.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

15.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

15.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

16 Interactions and Pathways

16.1 Chemical-Target Interactions

17 Biological Test Results

17.1 BioAssay Results

18 Classification

18.1 MeSH Tree

18.2 ChEBI Ontology

18.3 ChemIDplus

18.4 UN GHS Classification

18.5 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

18.6 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

18.7 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

18.8 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

19 Information Sources

  1. Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS)
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    Sodium tungsten oxide (Na2WO4)
    https://www.epa.gov/chemical-data-reporting
  4. EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
    Sodium tungsten oxide (Na2WO4)
    https://www.epa.gov/chemicals-under-tsca
    EPA TSCA Classification
    https://www.epa.gov/tsca-inventory
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  12. ClinicalTrials.gov
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    https://haz-map.com/About
  15. EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants at Superfund Sites
  16. EU Clinical Trials Register
  17. NITE-CMC
    Sodium tungstate - FY2015 (New/original classication)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/15-mhlw-0125e.html
  18. SpectraBase
  19. Springer Nature
  20. Thieme Chemistry
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  27. EPA Substance Registry Services
  28. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
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  29. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
  30. NCBI
CONTENTS