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Sodium azide

PubChem CID
33557
Structure
Sodium azide_small.png
Sodium azide__Crystal_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • sodium azide
  • 26628-22-8
  • Azide, sodium
  • Natriumazid
  • SMITE
Molecular Weight
65.010 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-08-01
  • Modify:
    2025-01-18
Description
Sodium azide appears as a colorless crystalline solid. Density 1.85 g / cm3. Burns in air and may explode if large quantities are involved. Toxic by ingestion. Toxic oxides of nitrogen are produced in fires.
Sodium azide is the sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid). It has a role as a mutagen, an antibacterial agent, an explosive and a mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor. It contains an azide anion.
A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed)

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Sodium azide.png

1.2 3D Status

Conformer generation is disallowed since MMFF94s unsupported element, mixture or salt

1.3 Crystal Structures

1 of 4
View All
COD Number
Associated Article
Hendricks, S B; Pauling, L. The Crystal Structures of Sodium and Potassium Trinitrides and Potassium Cyanate and the Nature of the Trinitride Group. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1925;47:2904-2920. DOI: 10.1021/ja01689a008
Crystal Structure Depiction
Crystal Structure Depiction
Hermann-Mauguin space group symbol
R -3 m :R
Hall space group symbol
-P 3* 2
Space group number
166
a
5.481 Å
b
5.481 Å
c
5.481 Å
α
38.72 °
β
38.72 °
γ
38.72 °
Z
1
Z'
0.0833333333333333
Component
1 x [N-]=[N+]=[N-] (Azide ion)
Component
1 x [Na+] (Sodium ion)

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

sodium;azide
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/N3.Na/c1-3-2;/q-1;+1
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

PXIPVTKHYLBLMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

[N-]=[N+]=[N-].[Na+]
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

N3Na
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
NaN3

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

26628-22-8

2.3.2 Deprecated CAS

108592-00-3, 12136-89-9, 157302-08-4, 20828-18-6, 503002-54-8, 575502-02-2

2.3.3 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.4 UNII

2.3.5 UN Number

2.3.6 ChEBI ID

2.3.7 ChEMBL ID

2.3.8 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.9 ICSC Number

2.3.10 RTECS Number

2.3.11 Wikidata

2.3.12 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

  • Azide, Sodium
  • NaN3
  • Sodium Azide

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
65.010 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
2
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
64.99899129 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
64.99899129 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
3 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
4
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
15.5
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
2
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Sodium azide appears as a colorless crystalline solid. Density 1.85 g / cm3. Burns in air and may explode if large quantities are involved. Toxic by ingestion. Toxic oxides of nitrogen are produced in fires.
Dry Powder
Colorless to white, odorless, crystalline solid. [pesticide] [Note: Forms hydrazoic acid (HN3) in water.]; [NIOSH]
COLOURLESS HEXAGONAL CRYSTALS.
Colorless to white, odorless, crystalline solid.
Colorless to white, odorless, crystalline solid. [pesticide] [Note: Forms hydrazoic acid (HN3) in water.]
Colorless to white hexagonal crystalline solid.

3.2.2 Color / Form

Colorless hexagonal crystals
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 1594
Colorless to white, crystalline solid [Note: Forms hydrazoic acid (HN3) in water]
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg

3.2.3 Odor

Odorless (with traces of water fishy smelling because of HN3 formation)
Brase S et al; Hydrazoic Acid and Azides. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 7th ed. (1999-2018). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 30 Sept 2015

3.2.4 Boiling Point

Decomposes in vacuum (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
decomposes

3.2.5 Melting Point

Decomposes at 527 °F to sodium and nitrogen (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
275 °C (decomp)
Brase S et al; Hydrazoic Acid and Azides. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 7th ed. (1999-2018). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 30 Sept 2015
527 °F (decomposes to sodium and nitrogen)
527 °F (Decomposes)

3.2.6 Flash Point

Not flammable (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

3.2.7 Solubility

50 to 100 mg/mL at 72 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
In water, 41.0 g/100 mL at 17 °C
Brase S et al; Hydrazoic Acid and Azides. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 7th ed. (1999-2018). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 30 Sept 2015
Highly soluble in water. Rapidly converted to hydrazoic acid ... Solubility in water: 40.16% at 10 °C; 41.7% at 17 °C
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 1594
Slightly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in ethyl ether
Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999., p. 4-85
Slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether; soluble in liquid ammonia
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 1594
Solubility in water, g/100ml at 17 °C: 41.7 (good)
(63 °F): 42%

3.2.8 Density

1.846 at 68 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
1.846 at 20 °C
Larranaga, M.D., Lewis, R.J. Sr., Lewis, R.A.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016., p. 1233
Relative density (water = 1): 1.85
1.85

3.2.9 Vapor Pressure

1 Pa at 20 °C
Brase S et al; Hydrazoic Acid and Azides. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 7th ed. (1999-2018). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 30 Sept 2015
Vapor pressure, Pa at 20 °C: 1

3.2.10 Stability / Shelf Life

Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Sodium azide. Product Number: S2002, Version 6.13 (Revision Date 09/13/2017). Available from, as of January 23, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Heat and shock sensitive.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 1594
... Stable in water in the absence of light ... .
USEPA; Chemical Hazard Information Profile: Sodium Azide p.242 (1977) EPA 560/11-80-011

3.2.11 Decomposition

Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions - Sodium oxides.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Sodium azide. Product Number: S2002, Version 6.13 (Revision Date 09/13/2017). Available from, as of January 23, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
On heating decomposes into sodium and nitrogen.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 1594
Sodium azide decomposes at 275 °C.
National Fire Protection Association; Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 14TH Edition, Quincy, MA 2010, p. 491-177
Rapid heating above 275 °C can cause rapid decomposition and explosion.
Pohanish, R.P. (ed). Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemical Carcinogens 6th Edition Volume 1: A-K,Volume 2: L-Z. William Andrew, Waltham, MA 2012, p. 2386
... Appears to be susceptible to photodecomposition by solar radiation. Photolysis ... may result in metal nitrides initially, with the eventual formation of the free metal and nitrogen gas.
USEPA; Chemical Hazard Information Profile: Sodium Azide p.242 (1977) EPA 560/11-80-011
When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides and disodium oxide/.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3232
275 °C

3.2.12 Corrosivity

Very corrosive to aluminum, moderate to copper and lead
Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 4th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Science Society of America, 1979. of America, 1979., p. 412

3.2.13 Ionization Potential

11.70 eV

3.2.14 Dissociation Constants

pKb = 9.3
Brase S et al; Hydrazoic Acid and Azides. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 7th ed. (1999-2018). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 30 Sept 2015
pK = 4.8, aqueous solutions contain NH3 which escapes readily at 37 °C.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 1594

3.2.15 Other Experimental Properties

Decomposes at 275 °C to sodium and nitrogen. Decomposes in vacuum.
Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. B-124
Sodium azide decomposes fast or explosively at 300 °C, forming sodium metal and nitrogen gas. ... sensitive to shock, friction and moisture.
Brase S et al; Hydrazoic Acid and Azides. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 7th ed. (1999-2018). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 30 Sept 2015

3.3 Chemical Classes

Other Uses -> Explosives

4 Spectral Information

4.1 1D NMR Spectra

4.1.1 15N NMR Spectra

Copyright
Copyright © 2016-2024 W. Robien, Inst. of Org. Chem., Univ. of Vienna. All Rights Reserved.
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4.2 IR Spectra

4.2.1 FTIR Spectra

1 of 2
Technique
KBr WAFER
Source of Sample
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy & Science, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Technique
Mull
Source of Spectrum
Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.
Source of Sample
Aldrich
Catalog Number
199931
Copyright
Copyright © 2018-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2018-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.2.2 ATR-IR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Bio-Rad FTS
Technique
ATR-Neat (DuraSamplIR II) ground
Source of Spectrum
Forensic Spectral Research
Source of Sample
Matheson Company, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio
Copyright
Copyright © 2012-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
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2 of 2
Source of Sample
Aldrich
Catalog Number
199931
Copyright
Copyright © 2018-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2018-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.3 Raman Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Bio-Rad FTS 175C with Raman accessory
Technique
FT-Raman
Source of Sample
Fluka Chemie AG, Buchs, Switzerland
Catalog Number
71290
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Instrument Name
Bio-Rad FTS 175C with Raman accessory
Technique
FT-Raman
Source of Sample
Fluka Chemie AG, Buchs, Switzerland
Catalog Number
71290
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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6 Chemical Vendors

7 Drug and Medication Information

7.1 Reported Fatal Dose

... The body of a laboratory assistant, was discovered by his colleagues in the laboratory, seated on a chair located near a digital computer displaying information about sodium azide. Moreover, a half empty 99% sodium azide flask was found near the corpse. ... The elevated sodium azide concentration found in the gastric sample and the amount of gastric content allowed to conclude that sodium azide intake was more than 6 g which was above the lethal dose, i.e. approximately 1 g. ...
Le Blanc-Louvry I et al; Forensic Sci Int 221 (1-3): e17-20 (2012)

8 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

8.1 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Indicators and Reagents
Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant and Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499) (See all compounds classified as Indicators and Reagents.)
Enzyme Inhibitors
Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. (See all compounds classified as Enzyme Inhibitors.)
Mutagens
Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. (See all compounds classified as Mutagens.)
Vasodilator Agents
Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels. (See all compounds classified as Vasodilator Agents.)

8.2 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

... Sodium azide appeared in rat plasma 5 minutes after a single oral dose at 40 mg/kg and ... by 24 hours, no azide could be detected in either blood or peripheral tissues. A small fraction (7.9 ug) of the administered dose was eliminated in rat urine, but no azide was detected in expired air or feces.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs with Other World Wide Occupational Exposure Values. 7th Ed. CD-ROM Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634 2013., p. 2-3
When rats were given daily doses of 23 mg/kg sodium azide in their drinking water for 147 days, no azide could be found in their blood.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs with Other World Wide Occupational Exposure Values. 7th Ed. CD-ROM Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634 2013., p. 3
... For treatment of foot rot /in the bovine hoof/ ... the penetration rate ... of sodium azide /is/ less than 0.05 to 0.24 mm per hr. ... Inclusion of sodium lauryl sulfate in treatments enhanced the penetration rate of ... azide approx 6-fold.
Malecki JC, McCausland IP; Res Vet Sci 3(2): 192-7 (1982)

8.3 Metabolism / Metabolites

... Hepatic biotransformation was considered to be the primary route of detoxification based on in vitro data.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs with Other World Wide Occupational Exposure Values. 7th Ed. CD-ROM Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634 2013., p. 2-3

8.4 Biological Half-Life

A case of fatal sodium azide poisoning induced by suicidal ingestion was reported. When the patient arrived, her vital signs such as consciousness and blood pressure, were normal. But 25 hours after ingestion, she died from metabolic acidosis, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) and acute cardiac failure. We detected the azide ion in patient's serum using GCMS method and measured the blood concentration of sodium azide using the GC/NPD method. The half-life period of sodium azide in blood was calculated as about 2.5 hours.
Senda T et al; Chudoku Kenkyu 14 (4): 339-42 (2001)

8.5 Mechanism of Action

Sodium azide /is/ an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATPase. ...
Doucet A, Katz AI; Am J Physiol 242 (4): F346-52 (1982)

9 Use and Manufacturing

9.1 Uses

EPA CPDat Chemical and Product Categories
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
Sources/Uses
Used as a propellant in airbags and an intermediate to produce lead azide, detonators, pesticides, preservatives, and other chemicals; [ACGIH]
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.
For sodium azide (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 107701) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./
National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's Database on Sodium Azide (26628-22-8). Available from, as of February 22, 2018: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
In organic synthesis; in the preparation of hydrazoic acid, lead azide, pure sodium. In the differential selection of bacteria; in automatic blood counters; as preservative for laboratory reagents. Propellant for inflating automotive safety bags. Agricultural nematocide; herbicide; in fruit rot control.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 1594
Sodium azide is the starting material for the synthesis of other metal azides like Pb(N3)2, important for the explosive industries, as well as for many organic azides, such as tosyl azide or tertiary alkyl azides, which are essential in fine chemical syntheses.
Brase S et al; Hydrazoic Acid and Azides. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2018). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: September 30, 2015
Sodium azide is also utilized in all areas where sterile laboratory equipment is necessary, since it is able to destroy different microorganisms by blocking the oxygen-binding pocket in the active center of cytochrome oxidase.
Brase S et al; Hydrazoic Acid and Azides. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2018). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: September 30, 2015
For more Uses (Complete) data for Sodium azide (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Sodium azide exists as an odorless white solid. When mixed with water or an acid it changes rapidly to a toxic gas with a sharp odor as well as releasing hydrazoic acid (HN3). The odor of the gas may not provide sufficient warning of exposure. Persons who work on automobiles regularly are at an increased risk of exposure to sodium azide, which is used as a propellant in airbags. Sodium azide is also used in the preparation of various chemicals; in agriculture, as a preservative and as a microorganism fumigant; in clinical and research laboratories; in sponge rubber; in detonators; and as an intermediate in explosives manufacturing. Exposure to sodium azide can be fatal.

9.1.1 Use Classification

Hazard Classes and Categories -> Reactive - 3rd degree
-> NIOSH Emergency Response Categories
HERBICIDES

9.1.2 Industry Uses

  • Intermediate
  • Other (specify)

9.1.3 Consumer Uses

Other (specify)

9.2 Methods of Manufacturing

Prepared from NaNH2 + N2O ... .
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 1594
... Ammonia is fed into molten sodium metal, which is contained in a closed steel vessel at 350 °C ... the resulting liquid sodium amide is converted to sodium azide, sodium hydroxide, and ammonia by reaction with dinitrogen monoxide at approximately 230 °C in a horizontal nickel reactor. ... To isolate sodium azide, the crude azide is dissolved in water and the resulting solution is clarified and then evaporated. The separated residual crystalline material is dried at 110 °C and may be used or shipped after the agglomerates have been broken up.
Brase S et al; Hydrazoic Acid and Azides. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2018). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: September 30, 2015

9.3 U.S. Production

Aggregated Product Volume

2019: <1,000,000 lb

2018: <1,000,000 lb

2017: <1,000,000 lb

2016: <1,000,000 lb

(1978) NO EVIDENCE OF COMMERCIAL PRODN IN U.S.
SRI
(1982) NO EVIDENCE OF COMMERCIAL PRODN IN U.S.
SRI

Non-confidential 2016 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: Sodium azide:

Table: National Aggregate Production Volume (pounds)

2011
613,572
2012
500,000 - 1,000,000
2013
500,000 - 1,000,000
2014
100,000 - 500,000
2015
100,000 - 500,000

USEPA; 2016 Chemical Data Reporting Database. Sodium Azide (26628-22-8). Available from, as of February 20, 2018: https://www.epa.gov/chemical-data-reporting

9.4 U.S. Imports

(1977) AT LEAST 9.08X10+6 G
SRI

9.5 General Manufacturing Information

Industry Processing Sectors
  • Explosives Manufacturing
  • All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Sodium azide (Na(N3)): ACTIVE
Sodium azide is insensitive but highly toxic. Contact must be avoided with acid, with which it forms the dangerous hydrazoic acid, and with copper, lead, cadmium, silver, mercury, or their alloys, with which sensitive azides may be formed. Nucleating agents may be added during precipitation to produce free flowing crystals or rounded agglomerates required for the large-scale, automatic loading of detonators. The presence of hydrophilic polymeric substances also tends to eliminate the small possibility of spontaneous explosions occurring during the precipitation process. Wetting agents may also be added.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V10 19

10 Identification

10.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

Method: OSHA ID-211; Procedure: ion chromatograph equipped with a UV detector; Analyte: sodium azide; Matrix: air; Detection Limit: 0.004 ppm as HN3 or 0.011 mg/cu m as NaN3 (5-L air sample).
U.S. Department of Labor/Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Index of Sampling and Analytical Methods. Sodium Azide (26628-22-8). Available from, as of February 21, 2018: https://www.osha.gov/dts/sltc/methods/toc.html
Sodium azide is toxic and widely used in agricultural, commercial products, and research laboratories. Thus it is of a significant environmental concern and there is a need for the development of a rapid detection method. A fluorogenic dibenzylcyclooctyne derivative (Fl-DIBO) is herein described as a fluorescent probe for the rapid detection of inorganic azide via Strain-Promoted Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition (SPAAC). Fl-DIBO was found to be highly selective toward NaN3 in comparison to other common anions with good sensitivity and detection limit of 10 uM.
Wang K et al; Bioorg Med Chem Lett 26 (7): 1651-4 (2016)
A convenient method for determination of sodium azide in beverages using ion chromatography is described. This method combines the specificity for azide with a simple sample preparation using a bubble and trap apparatus that removes any interferences. Sodium azide in a sample was acidified, and the azide was converted to the volatile hydrazoic acid, which was trapped in 2.5 mM sodium hydroxide solution. Determination was performed by isocratic ion chromatography using suppressed conductivity detection. Calibration curves were linear for 0.5 to 20 ug/mL sodium azide and the detection limit was 0.05 ug/mL. Recoveries of sodium azide from spiked samples (10.0 ug/g) were more than 82.6%. The method was then used to analyze various beverages.
Oshima H et al; J AOAC Int 83 (6): 1410-4 (2000)
A quantitative methemoglobin diffusion method /is used/ for determining sodium azide in wine ... /using/ a Widmark apparatus ... the optical density of /methemoglobin/ is read on a spectrophotometer at 572 and 700 nm and the difference is plotted on a diagram with a /sodium azide/ scale from 0-3 mg/L. ...
Villa P et al; Ig, Mod 72(3): 321-35 (1979)

10.2 Clinical Laboratory Methods

Azide in human blood and plasma samples was derivatized with propionic anhydride in a headspace vial without prior sample preparation. The reaction proceeds quickly at room temperature to form propionyl azide. A portion of the headspace was assayed by gas chromatography with a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. In the heated injector of the gas chromatograph, the propionyl azide undergoes thermal rearrangement, forming ethyl isocyanate, which is subsequently chromatographed and detected. Propionitrile was used as the internal standard. The method is linear to at least 20 ug/mL. Limit of quantitation was 0.04 ug/mL, and the within-run coefficient of variation was 5.6% at 1 ug/mL. There was no interference from cyanide. A fatality report in which blood and plasma azide concentrations from a 59-year-old man were monitored for 24 hr following the ingestion of an unknown amount of sodium azide is presented. The patient became critically ill after his self-inflicted sodium azide ingestion. He was intubated and treated with vasopressors and aggressive supportive care, including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy, in the intensive care facility but died from neurological brain damage secondary to anoxia. On admission, 1.4 hr after ingestion, his azide level was 5.6 ug/mL (blood); shortly thereafter, it had risen to 13.7 ug/mL (plasma) and, subsequently, was projected to have been eliminated by 16.7 hr. No azide was detected in the postmortem blood and vitreous humor.
Meatherall R, Palatnick W; J Anal Toxicol 33 (8): 525-31 (2009)
Sodium azide (NaN3) is an inorganic matrix compound with a very high toxicity. Mechanism of action is not clarified, and it is assumed to interfere with the processes of oxidative phosphorylation. The acute intoxications with sodium azide are extremely rare. We described a case of 19-year-old man who was found dead. In the course of prosecution the empty container, with label "NaN3, 20 g", was found near the body. There were traces of white powder detected in the container. Azide ions were determined by derivatization, i.e. they were transformed to pentafluorobenzaldehyde azide compound. Analysis of the final extract after derivatization was performed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry GC/MS. The largest concentration of azide ions were determined in the stomach content and vitreous humor, and much less one in whole blood, urine and kidney fluid.
Wiergowski M et al; Przegl Lek 69 (8): 568-71 (2012)
A 35-year-old man ingested an unknown amount of sodium azide and died within 2 hr. The postmortem interval was 3 days. No alcohol or drugs were found in the blood and urine. Azide was derivatized in the peripheral blood, urine, and vitreous fluid with propionic anhydride. A portion of the headspace was injected onto a gas chromatograph with a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. Azide was quantitated in the peripheral blood (1.1 ug/mL), urine (7.5 ug/mL), and vitreous (43 ug/mL). The vitreous appears to be a better fluid for azide screening because of slower degradation.
Meatherall R, Oleschuk C; J Forensic Sci 60 (6): 1666-7 (2015)
Sodium azide, used for stabilization of aqueous prealbumin fractions (isolated from human serum) during storage, was detected in lyophilized prealbumin fractions by high-performance liquid chromatography. The mobile phase was o-phthalic acid (1x10-3 M) in distilled, deionized water (> or + 2 M omega resistivity) adjusted with pyridine to pH 3.5. ... The detection limit was 0.2 ug/injection and the correlation coefficient was 0.9996. This assay procedure is specific for azide ion and proteins do not interfere in the detection.
Mackie H et al; J Chromatog 242 (1): 177-80 (1982)

11 Safety and Hazards

11.1 Hazards Identification

11.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 6
View All
Note
Pictograms displayed are for 99.8% (408 of 409) of reports that indicate hazard statements. This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.2% (1 of 409) of reports.
Pictogram(s)
Acute Toxic
Health Hazard
Environmental Hazard
Signal
Danger
GHS Hazard Statements

H300+H310 (16.4%): Fatal if swallowed or in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal]

H300 (99.5%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (41.6%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H373 (23%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (96.3%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (99.5%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P260, P262, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P316, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P405, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 409 reports by companies from 26 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 409 reports by companies. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

There are 25 notifications provided by 408 of 409 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

11.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Acute Tox. 2 (99.5%)

Acute Tox. 1 (41.6%)

STOT RE 2 (23%)

Aquatic Acute 1 (96.3%)

Aquatic Chronic 1 (99.5%)

Acute toxicity - category 2

Hazardous to the aquatic environment (acute) - category 1

Hazardous to the aquatic environment (chronic) - category 1

11.1.3 NFPA Hazard Classification

NFPA 704 Diamond
4-1-3
NFPA Health Rating
4 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can be lethal.
NFPA Fire Rating
1 - Materials that must be preheated before ignition can occur. Materials require considerable preheating, under all ambient temperature conditions, before ignition and combustion can occur.
NFPA Instability Rating
3 - Materials that in themselves are capable of detonation or explosive decomposition or explosive reaction but that require a strong initiating source or must be heated under confinement before initiation.

11.1.4 Health Hazards

Can cause death by affecting the central nervous system. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
ERG 2024, Guide 153 (Sodium azide)

· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.

· Methyl bromoacetate (UN2643) is an eye irritant/lachrymator (causes flow of tears).

· Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.

· Avoid any skin contact.

· Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.

· Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause environmental contamination.

11.1.5 Fire Hazards

When heated to decomposition, it emits very toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides; explosive. Forms explosive-sensitive materials with some metals such as lead, silver, mercury or copper. May form toxic hydrazoic acid fumes in fire. Containers may explode in fire. Avoid acids, benzoyl chloride and potassium hydroxide; bromine; carbon disulfide; copper; lead; nitric acid; barium carbonate; sulfuric acid; chromium (II) hypochlorite, dimethyl sulfate, water, dibromomalononitrile, lead, silver, copper, mercury. Hazardous polymerization may not occur. (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
ERG 2024, Guide 153 (Sodium azide)

· Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.

· When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards.

· Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.

· Corrosives in contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.

· Containers may explode when heated.

· Runoff may pollute waterways.

· Substance may be transported in a molten form.

Combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Risk of fire and explosion on contact with acids or metals. Heating will cause rise in pressure with risk of bursting.

11.1.6 Explosion Hazards

- Sodium azide may explode when heated above its melting point, especially if heated rapidly.

- It may decompose explosively with shock, concussion, or friction.

- It reacts explosively with bromine, carbon disulfide, and chromyl chloride.

- It forms explosive compounds with phosgene, brass, zinc, trifluoroacrylol fluoride, and nitrogen-diluted bromine vapor.

- Reacts with copper, lead, silver, mercury, and carbon disulfide to form shock-sensitive compounds.

- Reacts with acids to form explosive hydrazoic acid.

- When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air, presenting an explosion hazard indoors, outdoors, and in sewers.

- Containers may explode when heated.

11.1.7 Hazards Summary

Azide is a potent vasodilator that has been used as an antihypertensive drug. Disposal of sodium azide in drain pipes can cause an explosive hazard for plumbers. [ACGIH] See Merck Index # 8581. In high-dose animal studies, sodium azide causes increased fetal loss. [Frazier, p. 361-2] As used in automobile airbags, sodium azide reacts at impact to produce nitrogen gas and to fill the air bag. When poured down a drain, sodium azide reacts with water to form hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid). It can also react with lead pipes or lead solder to form lead azide. Both of these compounds are highly explosive. The azide group (N3) has an affinity for ferric iron in mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase. Like cyanide poisoning, azide poisoning disrupts cellular aerobic metabolism. Azide solutions are alkaline and corrosive to the eyes. Patients contaminated with liquids or solid material should be washed with soap and water after removal of clothing. There are no specific antidotes for azide poisoning. [AHLS, p. 202, 218-20] Doses of 0.65-3.9 mg/day were given as an experimental hypertensive drug--hypotensive effect within 1 minute and headache was only complaint; Ingestion of several grams causes death within 1-2 hours. Sodium azide is a respiratory irritant, and dust or fumes can induce pulmonary edema. [Olson, p. 148] See AZIDES.
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.
Frazier - Frazier LM, Hage ML (eds). Reproductive Hazards of the Workplace. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998., p. 361-2
AHLS - AHLS Walter FG (ed). Advanced HAZMAT Life Support Provider Manual, 3rd Ed. Tucson: University of Arizona, 2003., p. 202, 218-20
Olson - Olson KR (ed). Poisoning & Drug Overdose, 7th Ed. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 2018., p. 148

11.1.8 Fire Potential

Combustible solid (if heated above 300 °C).
Pohanish, R.P. (ed). Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemical Carcinogens 6th Edition Volume 1: A-K,Volume 2: L-Z. William Andrew, Waltham, MA 2012, p. 2385

11.1.9 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

Potential symptoms of overexposure are irritation of eyes, skin ... .
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 1594

11.1.10 EPA Hazardous Waste Number

P105; An acute hazardous waste when a discarded commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate.

11.2 Safety and Hazard Properties

11.2.1 Flammable Limits

Flammability
Combustible Solid (if heated above 572 °F).

11.2.2 Physical Dangers

- Sodium azide will initially sink in water.

- Sodium azide is decomposed by sunlight and irradiation.

11.2.3 Explosive Limits and Potential

May explode when heated above its melting point, especially if heating is rapid.
Pohanish, R.P. (ed). Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemical Carcinogens 6th Edition Volume 1: A-K,Volume 2: L-Z. William Andrew, Waltham, MA 2012, p. 2385
Insensitive to impact, it decomposes, sometimes explosively, above mp, particularly if heated rapidly.
Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990, p. 1360

11.2.4 OSHA Standards

Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL Ceiling limit 0.1 ppm (as HN3), skin designation; Ceiling limit 0.3 mg/cu m (as NaN3), skin designation, is still enforced in some states.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 371

11.2.5 NIOSH Recommendations

Recommended Exposure Limit: Ceiling Value: 0.1 ppm (as HN3), skin.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg
Recommended Exposure Limit: Ceiling Value: 0.3 ppm (as NaN3), skin.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg

11.3 First Aid Measures

Inhalation First Aid
Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer immediately for medical attention.
Skin First Aid
Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.
Eye First Aid
First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.
Ingestion First Aid
Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer immediately for medical attention.

11.3.1 First Aid

Warning: Effects may be delayed. Caution is advised. Vital signs should be monitored closely.

Signs and Symptoms of Sodium Azide (Na(N3)) Exposure: Ingestion or inhalation of sodium azide may cause dizziness, weakness, blurred vision, dyspnea (shortness of breath), hypotension (low blood pressure), slowed heart rate, and abdominal pain. Spasms, convulsions, and loss of consciousness may also occur. Dermal or eye exposure to sodium azide may result in pain and redness of exposed areas. Eye exposure may also lead to blurred vision.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to sodium azide (Na(N3)) may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to sodium azide (Na(N3)).

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to sodium azide (Na(N3)).

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas thoroughly with water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of sodium azide (Na(N3)) is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

4. Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age. Warning: Ingestion of sodium azide (Na(N3)) may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

4. The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

4. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

5. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
ERG 2024, Guide 153 (Sodium azide)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingestedor inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuouscompressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(See general first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water flush immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

11.4 Fire Fighting

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing dusts and fumes from burning material. Avoid bodily contact with the material. Wear boots, protective gloves and goggles. Do not handle broken packages without protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame, evacuate for a radius of 2500 feet. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing.

If material is on fire or involved in fire, use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical. Small fires: dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. Large fires: water spray, fog, or foam. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk. Spray cooling water on containers that are exposed to flames until well after fire is out. For massive fire in cargo area, use unmanned hose holder or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (EPA, 1998)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Use dry sand, special powder. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

- Sodium azide is combustible.

- The agent may burn, but it does not ignite readily.

- Fire may produce irritating, corrosive, and/or toxic gases.

- The agent may be transported in a molten form.

- For small fires, use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or water spray.

- For large fires, use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, alcohol-resistant foam, or water spray. Move containers from the fire area if it is possible to do so without risk to personnel. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

- For fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads, fight the fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after the fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tanks. Always stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

- Run-off from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic, and it may cause pollution.

- If the situation allows, control and properly dispose of run-off (effluent).

11.4.1 Fire Fighting Procedures

Suitable extinguishing media: Dry powder.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Sodium azide. Product Number: S2002, Version 6.13 (Revision Date 09/13/2017). Available from, as of January 23, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Sodium azide. Product Number: S2002, Version 6.13 (Revision Date 09/13/2017). Available from, as of January 23, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 811
If material is on fire or involved in fire, use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical. Small fires: dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. Large fires: water spray, fog, or foam. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk. For massive fire in cargo area, use unmanned hose holder or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. ... The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.
Pohanish, R.P. (ed). Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemical Carcinogens 6th Edition Volume 1: A-K,Volume 2: L-Z. William Andrew, Waltham, MA 2012, p. 2386-7

11.5 Accidental Release Measures

Public Safety: ERG 2024, Guide 153 (Sodium azide)

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

Spill or Leak: ERG 2024, Guide 153 (Sodium azide)

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

11.5.1 Isolation and Evacuation

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Evacuation: ERG 2024, Guide 153 (Sodium azide)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

Spill

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

Fire

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

11.5.2 Spillage Disposal

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered plastic containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

11.5.3 Cleanup Methods

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Do not flush with water. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Sodium azide. Product Number: S2002, Version 6.13 (Revision Date 09/13/2017). Available from, as of January 23, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do so without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Small spills: absorb with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal. Small dry spills: with clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover; move containers from spill area. Large spills: dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. Ventilate area after cleanup is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.
Pohanish, R.P. (ed). Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemical Carcinogens 6th Edition Volume 1: A-K,Volume 2: L-Z. William Andrew, Waltham, MA 2012, p. 2386
ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
CAMEO Chemicals; Office of Response and Restoration, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Sodium Azide (26628-22-8). Available from, as of August 12, 2018: https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov

11.5.4 Disposal Methods

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P105, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.
40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of April 2, 2015: https://www.ecfr.gov
Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Sodium azide. Product Number: S2002, Version 6.13 (Revision Date 09/13/2017). Available from, as of January 23, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.
Disposal may be accomplished by reaction with sulfuric acid solution and sodium nitrate in a hard rubber vessel. Nitrogen dioxide is generated by this reaction and the gas is run through a scrubber before it is released to the atmosphere. Controlled incineration is also acceptable (after mixing with other combustible wastes) with adequate scrubbing and ash disposal facilities.
Pohanish, R.P. (ed). Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemical Carcinogens 6th Edition Volume 1: A-K,Volume 2: L-Z. William Andrew, Waltham, MA 2012, p. 2387
Put into approved storage containers and ship to an approved disposal area.
DLA/DOD; Hazardous Materials Info System #6810-01-003-1078 (1982)

11.5.5 Preventive Measures

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Sodium azide. Product Number: S2002, Version 6.13 (Revision Date 09/13/2017). Available from, as of January 23, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Sodium azide. Product Number: S2002, Version 6.13 (Revision Date 09/13/2017). Available from, as of January 23, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Sodium azide. Product Number: S2002, Version 6.13 (Revision Date 09/13/2017). Available from, as of January 23, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Sodium azide. Product Number: S2002, Version 6.13 (Revision Date 09/13/2017). Available from, as of January 23, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Sodium azide (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.6 Handling and Storage

11.6.1 Nonfire Spill Response

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

11.6.2 Safe Storage

Separated from food and feedstuffs, acids and metals. See Chemical Dangers. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

11.6.3 Storage Conditions

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Never allow product to get in contact with water during storage. Do not store near acids.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Sodium azide. Product Number: S2002, Version 6.13 (Revision Date 09/13/2017). Available from, as of January 23, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Store in a secure poison location. Prior to working with this chemical you should be trained on its proper handling and storage. Sodium azide must be stored to avoid contact with benzoyl chloride, potassium hydroxide, bromine, copper, and lead, since violent reactions can occur. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from water, heat, and acids. On contact with water it forms hydrazoic acid which is explosive. Danger of explosion exists from friction, heat, or contamination. Where possible, automatically transfer material from drums or other storage containers to process containers. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where this chemical is handled, used, or stored. Metal containers involving transfer of this chemical should be grounded and bonded. Wherever this chemical is used, handled, manufactured, or stored, use explosion-proof electrical equipment and fittings.
Pohanish, R.P. (ed). Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemical Carcinogens 6th Edition Volume 1: A-K,Volume 2: L-Z. William Andrew, Waltham, MA 2012, p. 2386

11.7 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

Protective Clothing: ERG 2024, Guide 153 (Sodium azide)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAK)
0.2 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

11.7.2 Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)

11.7.3 Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)

N.D.

See: IDLH INDEX

11.7.4 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)

TLV-Ceiling
0.29 [mg/m3], as NaN3
Ceiling Limit: 0.29 mg/cu m. /As sodium azide/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH 2017, p. 53
Ceiling Limit: 0.11 ppm. /As hydrazoic acid vapor/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH 2017, p. 53
A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /As sodium azide or as hydrazoic acid vapor/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH 2017, p. 53
0.29 mg/m
TLV-C (Ceiling)
0.29 mg/m³ (as Sodium azide), 0.11 ppm (as Hydrazoic acid vapor) [1992]

11.7.5 Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL)

EU-OEL
0.1 mg/m
MAK (Maximale Arbeitsplatz Konzentration)
0.2 mg/m

11.7.6 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines

Emergency Response: ERG 2024, Guide 153 (Sodium azide)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

11.7.7 Other Standards Regulations and Guidelines

Australia: peak limitation 0.3 mg/cu m, as sodium azide; peak limitation 0.1 ppm as hydrazoic acid (1990); Federal Republic of Germany: for sodium azide, 0.2 mg/cu m, short-term exposure values in preparation; for hydrazoic acid, 0.1 ppm, short-term level 0.2 ppm, 5 min, 8 times per shift (1992); United Kingdom: 10-min STEL 0.3 mg/cu m as sodium azide; 10-min STEL 0.1 ppm as hydrazoic acid vapor (1991).
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 1405

11.7.8 Inhalation Risk

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed, especially if powdered.

11.7.9 Effects of Short Term Exposure

The substance is mildly irritating to the eyes and upper respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the cardiovascular system and central nervous system. This may result in lowering of blood pressure, cardiac disorders and central nervous system disorders. Ingestion of large amounts could cause death. Inhalation of dust may cause asthma-like reactions (RADS).
Sodium azide is not classifiable as a human carcinogen. It is unknown whether chronic or repeated exposure to sodium azide increases the risk of reproductive toxicity or developmental toxicity. Studies report that loss of the sheath around the nerves (demyelination) can occur with chronic large doses.

11.7.10 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Sodium azide:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Provide:

• EYEWASH - Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substances; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

• QUICK DRENCH - Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2024)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Sodium azide. Product Number: S2002, Version 6.13 (Revision Date 09/13/2017). Available from, as of January 23, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Skin protection: Handle with gloves.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Sodium azide. Product Number: S2002, Version 6.13 (Revision Date 09/13/2017). Available from, as of January 23, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Sodium azide. Product Number: S2002, Version 6.13 (Revision Date 09/13/2017). Available from, as of January 23, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Sodium azide. Product Number: S2002, Version 6.13 (Revision Date 09/13/2017). Available from, as of January 23, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for Sodium azide (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(See personal protection and sanitation codes)

Skin: Prevent skin contact - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: Prevent eye contact - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: When contaminated

Remove: When wet or contaminated

Change: Daily - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Provide: Eyewash, Quick drench

GENERAL INFORMATION

First Responders should use a NIOSH-certified Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear (CBRN) Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) with a Level A protective suit when entering an area with an unknown contaminant or when entering an area where the concentration of the contaminant is unknown. Level A protection should be used until monitoring results confirm the contaminant and the concentration of the contaminant.NOTE:Safe use of protective clothing and equipment requires specific skills developed through training and experience.

LEVEL A: (RED ZONE)

Select when the greatest level of skin, respiratory, and eye protection is required. This is the maximum protection for workers in danger of exposure to unknown chemical hazards or levels above the IDLH or greater than the AEGL-2.

- A NIOSH-certified CBRN full-face-piece SCBA operated in a pressure-demand mode or a pressure-demand supplied air hose respirator with an auxiliary escape bottle.

- A Totally-Encapsulating Chemical Protective (TECP) suit that provides protection against CBRN agents.

- Chemical-resistant gloves (outer).

- Chemical-resistant gloves (inner).

- Chemical-resistant boots with a steel toe and shank.

- Coveralls, long underwear, and a hard hat worn under the TECP suit are optional items.

LEVEL B: (RED ZONE)

Select when the highest level of respiratory protection is necessary but a lesser level of skin protection is required. This is the minimum protection for workers in danger of exposure to unknown chemical hazards or levels above the IDLH or greater than AEGL-2. It differs from Level A in that it incorporates a non-encapsulating, splash-protective, chemical-resistant splash suit that provides Level A protection against liquids but is not airtight.

- A NIOSH-certified CBRN full-face-piece SCBA operated in a pressure-demand mode or a pressure-demand supplied air hose respirator with an auxiliary escape bottle.

- A hooded chemical-resistant suit that provides protection against CBRN agents.

- Chemical-resistant gloves (outer).

- Chemical-resistant gloves (inner).

- Chemical-resistant boots with a steel toe and shank.

- Coveralls, long underwear, a hard hat worn under the chemical-resistant suit, and chemical-resistant disposable boot-covers worn over the chemical-resistant suit are optional items.

LEVEL C: (YELLOW ZONE)

Select when the contaminant and concentration of the contaminant are known and the respiratory protection criteria factors for using Air Purifying Respirators (APR) or Powered Air Purifying Respirators (PAPR) are met. This level is appropriate when decontaminating patient/victims.

- A NIOSH-certified CBRN tight-fitting APR with a canister-type gas mask or CBRN PAPR for air levels greater than AEGL-2.

- A NIOSH-certified CBRN PAPR with a loose-fitting face-piece, hood, or helmet and a filter or a combination organic vapor, acid gas, and particulate cartridge/filter combination or a continuous flow respirator for air levels greater than AEGL-1.

- A hooded chemical-resistant suit that provides protection against CBRN agents.

- Chemical-resistant gloves (outer).

- Chemical-resistant gloves (inner).

- Chemical-resistant boots with a steel toe and shank.

- Escape mask, face shield, coveralls, long underwear, a hard hat worn under the chemical-resistant suit, and chemical-resistant disposable boot-covers worn over the chemical-resistant suit are optional items.

LEVEL D: (GREEN ZONE)

Select when the contaminant and concentration of the contaminant are known and the concentration is below the appropriate occupational exposure limit or less than AEGL-1 for the stated duration times.

- Limited to coveralls or other work clothes, boots, and gloves.

11.7.11 Respirator Recommendations

11.7.12 Preventions

Fire Prevention
NO contact with acids or heavy metals. Do NOT expose to heat, friction or shock.
Exposure Prevention
PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! STRICT HYGIENE!
Inhalation Prevention
Use local exhaust or breathing protection.
Skin Prevention
Protective gloves.
Eye Prevention
Wear safety spectacles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.
Ingestion Prevention
Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

11.8 Stability and Reactivity

11.8.1 Air and Water Reactions

Soluble in water. Addition of water to sodium azide which was heated caused a violent reaction, [Angew. Chem. 1952, 64, 169]. Dust may form an explosive mixture in air.

11.8.2 Reactive Group

Azo, Diazo, Azido, Hydrazine, and Azide Compounds

11.8.3 Reactivity Alerts

Explosive
11.8.3.1 CSL Reaction Information
1 of 16
CSL No
Reactants/Reagents
DICHLOROMETHANE + SODIUM AZIDE
Warning Message
Formation of diazidomethane which can explode. Azide reactions should not be performed in hologenated solvents.
GHS Category
Explosive
Reaction Class
Substitution
Reference Source
C&EN
Modified Date
6/29/18
Create Date
10/2/17
2 of 16
CSL No
Reactants/Reagents
1H-Benzotriazole-1-sulfonyl azide + Hydrazoic acid + Sodium azide
Warning Message
acidic workup should be avoided because of the possibility that trace amounts of residual sodium azide could be converted to highly explosive hydrazoic acid
GHS Category
Explosive
Functional Group
Azide
Reaction Scale
Not Available
Additional Information
Two comments were published as safety letters about this incident: 1. Frurip, David J.; Gorman, David B. Chemical Safety: Benzotriazole-1-Sulfonyl Azide. Chem. Eng. News 2012, 90 (15), 4. DOI: 10.1021/cen-09015-letters. (Letters: chemical safety). 2. Buske, Gary R. Chemical Safety: Benzotriazole-1-Sulfonyl Azide. Chem. Eng. News 2012, 90 (15), 4-5. DOI: 10.1021/cen-09015-letters. (Letters: chemical safety).
Reference Source
Literature Reference
Modified Date
10/19/2022
Create Date
2/13/17
3 of 16
CSL No
Reactants/Reagents
SODIUM AZIDE + CHLOROTRIMETHYLSILANE
Warning Message
explosion hazard
GHS Category
Explosive
Reference Source
ACS Safety Letters
Modified Date
7/8/18
Create Date
2/14/17
4 of 16
CSL No
Reactants/Reagents
Warning Message
This reaction should NOPT be conducted in excess of 5 mg and then only with extreme care to prevent explosion
GHS Category
Explosive,Toxic
Functional Group
AZIDE
Reaction Scale
Not Available
Reaction Class
Azide
Reference Source
User-Reported
Modified Date
5/31/18
Create Date
4/17/17
5 of 16
CSL No
Reactants/Reagents
CARBON DISULFIDE + SODIUM AZIDE
Warning Message
Potentially explosive
GHS Category
Explosive
Reference Source
User-Reported
Modified Date
7/8/18
Create Date
6/27/17
6 of 16
CSL No
Reactants/Reagents
Warning Message
highly explosive
GHS Category
Explosive
Reference Source
User-Reported
Modified Date
7/8/18
Create Date
6/27/17
7 of 16
CSL No
Reactants/Reagents
SODIUM AZIDE + OXALYL CHLORIDE
Warning Message
highly explosive
GHS Category
Explosive
Reference Source
User-Reported
Modified Date
7/8/18
Create Date
6/27/17
8 of 16
CSL No
Reactants/Reagents
PHOSPHORUS OXYCHLORIDE + SODIUM AZIDE
Warning Message
highly explosive
GHS Category
Explosive
Reference Source
User-Reported
Modified Date
7/8/18
Create Date
6/27/17
9 of 16
CSL No
Reactants/Reagents
SODIUM AZIDE + THIONYL CHLORIDE
Warning Message
highly explosive
GHS Category
Explosive
Reference Source
User-Reported
Modified Date
7/8/18
Create Date
6/27/17
10 of 16
CSL No
Reactants/Reagents
SODIUM AZIDE + Chlorinated solvents
Warning Message
highly explosive
GHS Category
Explosive
Reference Source
User-Reported
Modified Date
7/8/18
Create Date
6/27/17
11 of 16
CSL No
Reactants/Reagents
DICHLOROMETHANE + SODIUM AZIDE
Warning Message
highly explosive
GHS Category
Explosive
Reference Source
User-Reported
Modified Date
7/8/18
Create Date
8/8/17
12 of 16
CSL No
Reactants/Reagents
SODIUM AZIDE + CHLOROFORM
Warning Message
highly explosive
GHS Category
Explosive
Reference Source
User-Reported
Modified Date
7/8/18
Create Date
8/8/17
13 of 16
CSL No
Reactants/Reagents
SODIUM AZIDE + SULFURIC ACID
Warning Message
Hydrogen azide is generated which is very explosive. Concentration on a rotary evaporator may lead to an explosion.
GHS Category
Explosive
Functional Group
AZIDE
Reference Source
ACS Safety Letters
Modified Date
7/8/18
Create Date
2/20/18
14 of 16
CSL No
Reactants/Reagents
Warning Message
Chemical & Engineering News (14 Mar 1994) Vol. 72, No. 11, pp. 4. Peter G. Urben pointed out that "eschewing halogenated solvents will not eliminate azide explosions" (C&EN, Dec. 13, 1993, page 4). And if we stop reading his letter at this point, he is correct; however, the remainder of the statement and the letter are either incorrect or inappropriate to the facts we described (C&EN, April 19, 1993, page 4). We cannot speak to the specifics of the explosion described by Victor J. Hruby, Lakmal Boteju, and Guigen Li (C&EN, Oct. 11, 1993, page 2), but in our case, we used a catalytic amount of sulfuric acid and a large excess of sodium azide. The reaction was poured into water and extracted with methylene chloride. After drying and filtering the organic layer, we concentrated it on a rotary evaporator. The explosion took place after all the solvent had been removed and the flask was being detached from the steam tube. The detonation occurred in the flask; the evaporator was destroyed by the conclusive force of the explosion. We again point to the articles by A. Hassner et al. [Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 25, 479 (1986), and J. Org. Chem., 55, 2304 (1990)] describing the synthesis and explosive potential of polyazidomethanes. We believe strongly that diazidomethane and not hydrogen azide was the culprit in our explosion and that Urben should not attempt to change our conclusion. Our intent is to warn our colleagues of the dangers of producing this explosive chemical. We reiterate that because of this incident we no longer permit any chemical reactions with azide to be performed in the presence of a halogenated solvent in our laboratories.
GHS Category
Explosive
Functional Group
AZIDE
Reaction Scale
Not Available
Reaction Class
Azide
DOI Link
ACS letters
Reference Source
ACS Safety Letters
Modified Date
2/28/18
Create Date
2/23/18
15 of 16
CSL No
Reactants/Reagents
Azidotrimethylsilane + Hydrazoic acid + Polyethylene glycol (PEG) + Sodium azide
Warning Message
"We recently conducted a synthesis of azidotrimethylsilane (TMS-N3) that resulted in an explosion, significant damage to the reaction hood, and injuries to a student researcher. Although it is still not entirely clear what caused the explosion, it seems likely that the reaction and isolation conditions generated hydrazoic acid (HN3) that detonated within the reaction flask. We write to recommend extra precautions when conducting larger-scale syntheses of TMS-N3. We do not know what caused the explosion, but there are many possible explanations. The explosion hazard of azide-containing compounds has been the subject of previous safety letters in C&EN and other publications, and many of these warn of the explosive hazard of hydrazoic acid that may be generated from proton sources. We used a newly opened bottle of PEG as the solvent, and although the supplier data indicated that the PEG was dry, PEG itself is protic and can lead to the formation of hydrazoic acid. It is also possible that unreacted azide salts that had settled to the bottom of the still were overheated to detonation when the stirrer failed. Given our accident, and the potential for hazard in the synthesis of TMS-N3, we encourage researchers to take special precautions in carrying out any large-scale preparation of TMS-N3 by any method. We recommend researchers follow these procedures: Reduce the scale of the synthesis so that any possible detonation can reasonably be contained; use mechanical stirring to ensure better heat transfer throughout the heterogeneous mixture; and test the apparatus, solvent, and reagents for moisture. We are extremely fortunate that the student has recovered from his injuries, but we are also convinced that those injuries could have been avoided if these practices had been followed in our lab." (reprint of the full-text)
GHS Category
Explosive
Reaction Scale
Medium (up to 100g)
Additional Information
"Comment on this letter: This incident was discussed within the American Chemical Society Division of Chemical Health & Safety shortly after it happened. Although I am disappointed that Taton and Partlo have not identified the direct cause of the explosion, I concur that the generation of HN3 is a likely culprit. “Bretherick’s Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards,” entry 1310, discusses the potential of this chemical to detonate and other possible mechanisms. Neal Langerman San Diego"
Reference Source
Literature Reference
Modified Date
10/15/2022
Create Date
10/14/2022
16 of 16
CSL No
Reactants/Reagents
Sodium azide + Methanol
Warning Message
"Robert Seibert's letter contains an interesting account of an explosion that involved sodium azide (NaN3) in the late 1940s (C&EN, Nov. 9, 2009, page 8). Following the dreadful accident, Seibert remembers remarking that the explosion must have been caused by wet methanol and warns about the dangers of adding sodium azide to wet methanol. Because no further details about the contents of the reactor are given, there is nothing I can say about it but to clarify that NaN3 does not form explosive compounds when dissolved in water. Besides its toxicity, the danger associated with NaN3 is its ability to form explosive azides when reacted with heavy metals such as lead, copper, zinc, cadmium, or nickel." (reprint of the full-text)
GHS Category
Explosive
Functional Group
Azide
Reaction Class
Azide
Reference Source
Literature Reference
Modified Date
10/15/2022
Create Date
10/15/2022

11.8.4 Reactivity Profile

SODIUM AZIDE is unstable. Decomposes rapidly or explosively at about 300 °C [Hawley]. May explode if shocked. Forms violently explosive products if exposed to carbon disulfide. Can be sensitized toward decomposition by metal salts (especially heavy metal salts such as silver chloride) or by traces of strong acids [Sax, 9th ed., 1996, p. 298].

11.8.5 Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities

Incompatible materials: Halogenated hydrocarbon, metals, acids, acid chlorides, hydrazine, dimethyl sulfate, inorganic acid chlorides.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Sodium azide. Product Number: S2002, Version 6.13 (Revision Date 09/13/2017). Available from, as of January 23, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Violent reaction with benzoyl chloride combined with /potassium hydroxide/, bromine, barium carbonate, /carbon disulfide/, Cr(OCl)2, /copper, lead, nitric acid/, ... sulfuric acid, hot water, (CH3)2SO4, dibromomalononitrile ... . Incompatible with acids, ammonium chloride + trichloroacetonitrile, phosgene, cyanuric chloride, 2,5-dinitro-3-methylbenzoic acid + oleum, trifluororoacryloyl chloride. Reacts with heavy metals (e.g., brass, copper, lead) to form dangerously explosive heavy metal azides, a particular problem in laboratory equipment and drain traps.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3231-2
Reacts with acids and heavy metals to form explosive compounds.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 1594
Bromine vapor diluted with some nitrogen plus silver or sodium azides formed bromoazide; explosions often occurred.
National Fire Protection Association; Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 14TH Edition, Quincy, MA 2010, p. 491-35
For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for Sodium azide (22 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.9 Transport Information

11.9.1 DOT Emergency Guidelines

/GUIDE 153 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2016 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2016
/GUIDE 153 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2016 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2016
/GUIDE 153 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Ventilate enclosed areas.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2016 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2016
/GUIDE 153 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2016 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2016
For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Sodium azide (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.9.2 DOT ID and Guide

11.9.3 Shipping Name / Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO

UN 1687; Sodium azide
IMO 6.1; Sodium azide

11.9.4 Standard Transportation Number

49 234 65; Sodium azide

11.9.5 Shipment Methods and Regulations

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
49 CFR 171.2 (USDOT); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 20, 2018: https://www.ecfr.gov
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Sodium azide is included on the dangerous goods list.
International Air Transport Association. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 59th Edition. Montreal, Quebec Canada. 2018., p. 340
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Sodium azide is included on the dangerous goods list.
International Maritime Organization. IMDG Code. International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code Volume 2 2016, p. 79

11.9.6 DOT Label

Poison

11.9.7 Packaging and Labelling

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

11.9.8 EC Classification

Symbol: T+, N; R: 28-32-50/53; S: (1/2)-28-45-60-61

11.9.9 UN Classification

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II

11.10 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: Sodium azide (Na(N3))
REACH Registered Substance
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Sodium azide: HSNO Approval: HSR003078 Approved with controls

11.10.1 DHS Chemicals of Interest (COI)

Chemicals of Interest(COI)
Sodium azide
Theft: Minimum Concentration (%)
A Commercial Grade
Theft: Screening Threshold Quantities (in pounds unless otherwise noted)
400
Security Issue: Theft - EXP/IEDP
Explosive/Improvised Explosive Device Precursor material that, if stolen or diverted, can be converted into weapons using simple chemistry, equipment, or techniques.

11.10.2 CERCLA Reportable Quantities

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1000 lb or 454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).
40 CFR 302.4 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 16, 2018: https://www.ecfr.gov
Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Sodium Azide is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 500 lbs.
40 CFR 355 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 16, 2018: https://www.ecfr.gov

11.10.3 RCRA Requirements

P105; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when sodium azide, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)).
40 CFR 261.33 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 16, 2018: https://www.ecfr.gov

11.11 Other Safety Information

Chemical Assessment
IMAP assessments - Sodium azide (Na(N3)): Human health tier I assessment
Methods of Dissemination

- Indoor Air: Sodium azide can be released into indoor air as fine particles (aerosol).

- Water: Sodium azide can be used to contaminate water.

- Food: Sodium azide can be used to contaminate food.

- Outdoor Air: Sodium azide can be released into outdoor air as fine particles (aerosol).

- Agricultural: If sodium azide is released into the air as fine particles (aerosol), it has the potential to contaminate agricultural products.

11.11.1 Toxic Combustion Products

Poisonous gases are produced in fire, included nitrogen oxides.
Pohanish, R.P. (ed). Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemical Carcinogens 6th Edition Volume 1: A-K,Volume 2: L-Z. William Andrew, Waltham, MA 2012, p. 2386

11.11.2 Special Reports

NIOSH Profile, SRI, 2/77
NIOSH Profile (Azides, Inorganic) SRC, 10/81
NIOSH Current Intelligence Bulletin 13, (1976)
USEPA Chemical Hazard Information Profile (1977) EPA 560/11-80-011
DHHS/NTP; Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies of Sodium Azide in F344/N Rats (Gavage Studies) (1991) Technical Report Series No. 389 NIH Publication No. 91-2844[Available from, as of January 24, 2018: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/lt_rpts/tr389.pdf]

12 Toxicity

12.1 Toxicological Information

12.1.1 Toxicity Summary

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Sodium azide is a colorless to white crystalline solid, forming hydrazoic acid in water. It is used in organic synthesis, and in the preparation of hydrazoic acid, lead azide, and pure sodium. Other uses include the differential selection of bacteria, in automatic blood counters, and as a preservative for laboratory reagents. It is also a propellant for inflating automotive safety bags. Agricultural uses including nematocide, herbicide, and fruit rot control. HUMAN STUDIES: Potential symptoms of overexposure include irritation of eyes and skin, nausea, vomiting, restlessness, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, weakness, blurred vision, dyspnea, hypotension, tachycardia, bradycardia, tachypnea, hypothermia, acidosis, convulsions, and kidney changes. Cases of fatal sodium azide poisoning induced by suicidal ingestion have been reported. Death occurs rapidly when significant doses are absorbed, either due to the direct effect of sodium azide or an indirect effect due to nitric oxide, cyanide ions or hydrazoic acid production from sodium azide. The minimal hypotensive dose in humans lies between 0.2 and 0.4 ug/kg. Neuropsychological and psychological tests, a questionnaire, and hematological and cardiac measurements were gathered from 41 exposed workers and 42 unexposed workers in a chemical production plant yearly for 3 years. The exposed workers presented significantly more acute symptoms of exposure (headache, vertigo, nausea, fatigue, cardiac palpitations, irritated or red eyes) than did the unexposed workers. However, only one chronic symptom was repeatedly and more significantly reported, namely trembling of the hands. Azide is one of the few known potent mutagens that does not increase sister-chromatid exchanges SCEs and/or break chromosomes. ANIMAL STUDIES: Sodium azide inhibits respiration of bovine cornea, presumably by poisoning cytochrome oxidase. Repeated intraperitoneal injections in rats (5 to 10 mg/kg every 15 to 30 min for 3 to 6 hr) resulted in severe intoxication; some survivors showed injury and demyelination of nerve fibers in the central nervous system and testicular damage, but no lesions of liver or kidney. Intramuscular injection of 8 to 10 mg/kg in monkeys produced convulsions and apnea and resulted in the deaths of many of these animals. Among those who survived, ataxia developed secondary to the lesions in the cerebellar cortex; repeated administration caused necrosis and demyelination of the optic nerves and destruction of the caudate nucleus and putamen of the lenticular nucleus. In a chronic rat study in which the maximum tolerated dose and half that level were given in the diet or by gastric intubation twice weekly for 18 months, sodium azide was determined to be noncarcinogenic. Sterility has been produced in male mice given sodium azide. Sodium azide effectively reverts S. typhimurium strain TA1530, indicating that it is a base substitution mutagen. It is ineffective on strains which are frameshift mutants. It is highly mutagenic in barley, rice, peas, yeast and Chinese hamster V79 cells. However, azide apparently does not produce chromosome breaks in barley or Vicia. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Sodium azide is a potent mutagen of salmon sperm DNA in an acidic environment. Heritable translocation noted in insects after oral mutation dose 100 mg/L. Sodium azide induced a high frequency of mutations in barley seeds. Sodium azide does not induce somatic crossing over and chromosome breaks in soybeans.

12.1.2 EPA IRIS Information

Substance
Toxicity Summary
EPA IRIS Summary PDF (Update: Mar-31-1987 )
Reference Dose (RfD), chronic
4 x 10 ^-3 mg/kg-day

12.1.3 RAIS Toxicity Values

Oral Chronic Reference Dose (RfDoc) (mg/kg-day)
0.004
Oral Chronic Reference Dose Reference
IRIS Current

12.1.4 NIOSH Toxicity Data

12.1.5 Evidence for Carcinogenicity

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /As sodium azide or as hydrazoic acid vapor/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH 2017, p. 53

12.1.6 Carcinogen Classification

Substance
NTP Technical Report
TR-389: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Sodium Azide (CASRN 26628-22-8) in F344 Rats (Gavage Studies) (1991 )
Peer Review Date
Conclusion for Male Rat
No Evidence No Evidence
Conclusion for Female Rat
No Evidence No Evidence
Conclusion for Male Mice
Chemical Not Tested in Species/Sex Chemical Not Tested in Species/Sex
Conclusion for Female Mice
Chemical Not Tested in Species/Sex Chemical Not Tested in Species/Sex
Summary

Under the conditions of these 2-year gavage studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of sodium azide in male or female F344/N rats administered 5 or 10 mg/kg.

Sodium azide induced necrosis in the cerebrum and the thalamus of the brain in both male and female rats.

12.1.7 Exposure Routes

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.
inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact
Sodium azide can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, or eye contact. Ingestion is an important route of exposure to solid sodium azide. Inhalation is an important route of exposure to the vapor, hydrazoic acid.

12.1.8 Symptoms

Inhalation Exposure
Cough. Headache. Nasal congestion. Fall in blood pressure. Shortness of breath.
Eye Exposure
Redness. Pain.
Ingestion Exposure
Abdominal pain. Nausea. Sweating. Fall in blood pressure. Increased heart rate. Weakness. Blurred vision. Shock or collapse. See Effects of short-term exposure
irritation eyes, skin; headache, dizziness, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), blurred vision; low blood pressure, bradycardia; kidney changes
Eye Exposure
- Irritation and inflammation of the membranes (conjunctivitis), blurred vision, and dilated pupils (mydriasis).
Ingestion Exposure

- Mild to moderate: Mild low blood pressure (hypotension), headache, general feeling of apprehension and being unwell, temporary loss of consciousness (syncope), nausea, vomiting (emesis), diarrhea, abdominal pain, and excessive thirst (polydipsia).

- Severe: Severe low blood pressure (hypotension), sometimes preceded by high blood pressure (hypertension), reduced level of consciousness (CNS depression), seizures, coma, chest discomfort, slow or rapid heart rate (bradycardia or tachycardia), abnormal or disordered heart rhythms (atrial and ventricular dysrhythmias), difficulty breathing or shortness of breath (dyspnea), accumulation of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema), exceptionally high body temperature (hyperthermia) or lower than normal body temperature (hypothermia), profuse sweating (diaphoresis), and blurred vision. Seizures, coma, and death.

Inhalation Exposure

- Inhalation exposure and ingestion exposure may cause similar adverse health effects (see Ingestion Exposure).

- Gastrointestinal effects (nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea) may be less severe with inhalation exposure.

- In addition, exposure to sodium azide vapors (hydrazoic acid) can cause:

- Irritation of the eyes and the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract (nose and throat), possible inflammation of the airways (bronchitis), and fluid build up in the lungs (pulmonary edema).

Skin Exposure

- Local effects: Irritation and inflammation. Possible blistering of skin.

- Whole-body (systemic) effects: Low blood pressure (hypotension).

- See ingestion for more comprehensive information.

12.1.9 Target Organs

Eyes, skin, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, kidneys

12.1.11 Adverse Effects

Other Poison - Chemical Asphyxiant

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

12.1.12 Acute Effects

12.1.13 Interactions

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is used in industrial and domestic applications, including as a biocide and a wood preservative. Metabolism of PCP undergoes oxidative dechlorination, forming tetrachlorocatechol (TCC) and tetrachlorohydroquinone (TCHQ). Both sodium azide (NaN(3)) and TCC appear naturally in soil. None of them are cytotoxic by themselves or facilitate autooxidation. Here, we show that their combination leads to synergistic cytotoxicity (>6 log bacterial killing) to Escherichia coli. The rate of oxygen consumption in a cell-free system showed that NaN(3) increases TCC oxidation by 520-fold. The synergism coefficient to cells was calculated as 96 or greater, and we have shown the formation of a new compound. It is suggested that the intermediate species, o-tetrachlorosemiquinine, and an unknown, nitrogen-centered free radical, both visualized by electron-spin resonance, are harmful species responsible for the synergistic cytotoxicity of TCC/NaN(3), rather than the endproduct formed during the reaction. Desferrioxamine and 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide offered nearly complete protection, but through radical scavenging rather than through chelating properties. The mechanism of damage for TCC compared to its analogue, TCHQ, were investigated, and whereas the cellular damage of TCHQ/NaN(3) is through a site-specific mechanism, in the case of TCC/NaN(3) it is through the accumulation of the component(s) in the bacterial cell membrane, eventually leading to dysfunction, as evidenced by electron microscopy.
Levy S, Chevion M; Environ Toxicol Chem 28 (7): 1380-9 (2009)
The current study aims to determine the antimutagenic potential of five newly synthesized cyclic compounds against the genotoxic agents sodium azide (NaN3) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). The mutant bacterial tester strains were NaN3-sensitive Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 and MNNG-sensitive Escherichia coli WP2uvrA. According to the results, all the test compounds showed significant antimutagenic activity. The inhibition rates ranged from 26.05% (Compound 4-1 ug/plate) to 68.54% (Compound 5-0.01 ug/plate) for NaN3 and from 32.44% (Compound 3-1 ug/plate) to 60.77% (Compound 5-1 ug/plate) for MNNG genotoxicity. Moreover, the mutagenic potential of the test compounds was investigated using the same strains. The results showed that all the test compounds do not have mutagenic potential on the bacterial strains at the tested concentrations. Thus, the findings of the present study give valuable information about chemical prevention from NaN3 and MNNG genotoxicity.
Turhan K et al; Toxicol Ind Health 28 (7): 605-13 (2012)
Sodium azide (SA) is used as an active ingredient to control a broad spectrum of soil borne pathogens including insects, weeds, nematodes, fungi, and bacteria. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ameliorator property of vitamin E (Vit E) or/and selenium (Se) against SA-induced injury in male mice at the biochemical, immunological and histological levels. The mice were divided into nine groups (10/group). The first three groups were served as control, Vit E and Se while, the second three groups were treated with three different doses of SA. The last three groups were treated with high dose of SA with Vit E or Se or Vit E and Se and all animals were treated for a period of 30 days. Exposure to SA at the three doses to mice led to an alteration of liver and kidney functions, decrease the testosterone concentration, decreased IgG and IgM levels as well as the increasing the TNF-alpha. The effects of SA on the biochemical parameters of mice were dose-dependent. Administration of Se or/and Vit E to SA-treated mice attenuates the toxicity of this compound, objectified by biochemical and histological improvement of liver, kidney and testis. But, the alleviation is more pronounced with the both antioxidants. Thus, the synergistic effect of Se and Vit E is most powerful in reducing the toxicity induced by SA and improving the humoral immune response of mice.
El-Shenawy NS et al; Exp Toxicol Pathol 67 (1): 65-76 (2015)
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Although the primary cause of the disease is presently unknown, to date several risk factors have been described. Evidence suggests that one of these risk factors could be chronic stress. The aim of this work is to demonstrate that chronic stress is able to induce Alzheimer's disease features after the administration of nontoxic doses of sodium azide. We found that chronic stress increases the levels of several proteins involved in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, such as presenilin 1, presenilin 2, and S100beta, besides inducing the aggregation of Tau, ubiquitin, and beta-amyloid proteins in the hippocampus. More important, our work shows a synergistic effect of stress and sodium azide treatment leading to significant neuronal death in the mouse hippocampus. Our results point out that chronic stress is a risk factor contributing to amplify and accelerate Alzheimer's disease features in the hippocampus.
Delgado-Cortes MJ et al; Chem Res Toxicol 28 (4): 651-61 (2015)
For more Interactions (Complete) data for Sodium azide (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.1.14 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Sodium Azide (NaN3) and Related Compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3rd revised edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2007, p. 187
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist respirations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Sodium Azide (NaN3) and Related Compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3rd revised edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2007, p. 187-8
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation, at the first sign of upper airway obstruction, may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Sodium Azide (NaN3) and Related Compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3rd revised edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2007, p. 188
If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least 15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention. If victim is conscious, administer water or milk. Do not induce vomiting. Medical observation is recommended for 24-48 hr after breathing overexposure, as pulmonary edema may be delayed. As first aid for pulmonary edema, a doctor or authorized paramedic may consider administering a corticosteroid spray.
Pohanish, R.P. (ed). Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemical Carcinogens 6th Edition Volume 1: A-K,Volume 2: L-Z. William Andrew, Waltham, MA 2012, p. 2386

12.1.15 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Potential symptoms of overexposure are irritation of eyes, skin; nausea, vomiting, restlessness, diarrhea; headache, dizziness, weakness, blurred vision; dyspnea; hypotension, tachycardia, bradycardia, tachypnea; hypothermia; acidosis; convulsions; kidney changes.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 1594
/CASE REPORTS/ The advent and incorporation of the air bag into motor vehicles has resulted in the mitigation of many head and truncal injuries in motor vehicle collisions. However, air bag deployment is not risk free. We present a case of sodium azide-induced laryngospasm after air bag deployment. An unrestrained male driver was in a moderate-speed motor vehicle collision with air bag deployment. Medics found him awake, gasping for air with stridorous respirations and guarding his neck. The patient had no external signs of trauma and was presumed to have tracheal injury. The patient was greeted by the Anesthesiology service, which intubated him using glidescope-assisted laryngoscopy. The patient was admitted for overnight observation and treatment of alkaline ocular injury and laryngospasm. Although air bags represent an important advance in automobile safety, their use is not without risk. Bruising and tracheal rupture secondary to air bag deployment have been reported in out-of-position occupants. Additionally, alkaline by-products from the combustion of sodium azide in air bags have been implicated in ocular injury and facial burns. Laryngospasm after sodium azide exposure presents another diagnostic challenge for providers. Therefore, it is incumbent to maintain vigilance in the physical examination and diagnosis of occult injuries after air bag deployment.
Francis D et al; J Emerg Med 39 (3): e113-5 (2010)
/CASE REPORTS/ A case of fatal sodium azide poisoning induced by suicidal ingestion was reported. When the patient arrived, her vital signs such as consciousness and blood pressure, were normal. But 25 hours after ingestion, she died from metabolic acidosis, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) and acute cardiac failure. We detected the azide ion in patient's serum using GCMS method and measured the blood concentration of sodium azide using the GC/NPD method. The half-life period of sodium azide in blood was calculated as about 2.5 hours.
Senda T et al; Chudoku Kenkyu 14 (4): 339-42 (2001)
/CASE REPORTS/ Sodium azide poisonings occur very rarely. The mechanism of sodium azide toxic effect has not yet been fully explained. Despite the lack of an explicit procedure for the cases of sodium azide poisonings, in vitro tests and rare case reports suggest that treatment with antidotes for cyanide poisoning victims can be effective. This study describes two cases of suicidal sodium azide ingestion. Case 1. 30-year-old male ingested ca. 180 mg of sodium azide. On admission to hospital, within 4 hours from poisoning, the man complained of dizziness and anxiety. Physical examination revealed horizontal nystagmus, flapping tremor, HR 135/min. In laboratory tests, higher blood concentration of lactates (3 mmol/L) was detected, as well as lower potassium concentration (3.4 mmol/L) and increased transaminase activity (ALT 74 U/l, AST 90 U/l). Electrocardiographic tests showed a negative T wave in limb lead III. Other results were within normal. As the patient ingested a toxic dose of sodium azide, he was treated according to the therapy prescription for cyanide poisoning (amyl nitrite inhalation followed by intravenous administration of sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulphate). ECG record of the last day of hospitalization (7th day of treatment) showed negative T waves in lead III, V4-V6. He was discharged from hospital in good condition. Case 2.23-year-old male ingested 10 g of sodium azide 1.5 hours prior to admission to hospital. At the beginning, the patient's condition was good, but it changed to critical state within the first hours of hospitalization. He developed a deep coma, respiratory and circulatory insufficiency, metabolic acidosis, cardiac dysrrhythmias and anuria. Cardiac activity monitoring showed alternating tachycardia (140 beats per minute) and bradycardia (48 beats per minute), numerous additional supraventricular and ventricular extrasystoles and sinus dysrrhythmia. Cardiac arrest (asystolia) occurred twice, the second incident with fatal outcome. The patient received supportive therapy, he was also treated according to the therapy prescription for cyanide poisoning. Circulatory disturbances observed in both cases have been described in literature as symptoms of sodium azide poisoning. However, available literature data are scarce and lack systematization, most of them coming from several decades ago. The lack of patient's consent for detailed examination of circulatory system and liver made it impossible to gather further knowledge on the subject. The efficacy of treatment with antidotes for cyanide poisoning has not been unequivocally determined for this kind of intoxication.
Lopacinski B et al; Przegl Lek 64 (4-5): 326-30 (2007)
For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Sodium azide (23 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.1.16 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Sodium azide, a salt of hydrazoic acid, inhibits respiration of bovine cornea, presumably by poisoning cytochrome oxidase.
Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 828
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Repeated intraperitoneal injections in rats (5 to 10 mg/kg every 15 to 30 min for 3 to 6 hr) result in severe intoxication; some survivors show injury and demyelination of nerve fibers in the central nervous system and testicular damage, but no lesions of liver or kidney.
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V4 1272
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Intramuscular injection of 8 to 10 mg/kg in monkeys produced convulsions and apnea and resulted in the deaths of many of these animals. Among those who survived, ataxia developed secondary to the lesions in the cerebellar cortex; repeated administration caused necrosis and demyelination of the optic nerves and destruction of the caudate nucleus and putamen of the lenticular nucleus.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs with Other World Wide Occupational Exposure Values. 7th Ed. CD-ROM Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634 2013., p. 2
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Deficits in oxidative phosphorylation have been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, cytochrome oxidase activity was inhibited following a 28 day systemic administration of nonlethal sodium azide via subcutaneous osmotic pumps /filled with 2 mL solution of sodium azide in physiological saline. The concentration of sodium azide was varied per individual such that the final dose would yield approximately 0.86 mg/kg/hr/. Quantitative enzyme histochemistry was performed on tissue sections from brain, skeletal muscle, and heart to localize cytochrome oxidase activity both globally and in regions within each tissue. Significant decreases of cytochrome oxidase activity were found in the brain and skeletal muscle but not heart. In addition, regions within each tissue were also analyzed, such as cortex and striatum in the brain and red and white fibers in skeletal muscle. The tissue specific inhibition of cytochrome oxidase by sodium azide could serve as a positive control for studies of other mitochondrial toxins in aerobically compromised cells. Therefore, chronic nonlethal sodium azide administration may provide a potential rat model for the study of mitochondrial dysfunction and the role of environmental pollutants in brain and muscle tissues affected in certain neurodegenerative diseases.
Berndt JD et al; J Toxicol Environ Health A 63 (1): 67-77 (2001)
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Sodium azide (35 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.1.17 Human Toxicity Values

DNA inhibition human fibroblast 50 mg/L.
NIOSH; Current Awareness Listing (1984)

12.1.18 Non-Human Toxicity Values

LD50 Mouse sc 23 mg/kg
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs with Other World Wide Occupational Exposure Values. 7th Ed. CD-ROM Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634 2013., p. 2
LD50 Rat sc 45 mg/kg
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs with Other World Wide Occupational Exposure Values. 7th Ed. CD-ROM Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634 2013., p. 2
LD50 Rat oral 45 mg/kg
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 1594
LD50 Rat oral 27 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3231
For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Sodium azide (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.1.19 Ongoing Test Status

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Status of Agents Search page, which tabulates the results and current status of tests such as "Short-Term Toxicity Studies", "Long-term Carcinogenicity Studies", "Developmental Studies", "Genetic Toxicology Studies", etc., performed with this chemical. Testing status for sodium azide is available.[Available from, as of March 27, 2018: https://ntpsearch.niehs.nih.gov/?e=True&ContentType=Testing+Status]
EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of March 27, 2018: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

12.1.20 National Toxicology Program Studies

Toxicology and carcinogenicity studies were conducted by administering sodium azide (greater than 99% pure) in distilled water by gavage to groups of male and female F344/N rats ... 5 days per week for ... 2 years. ... Two year studies were conducted by administering 0, 5, or 10 mg/kg sodium azide to groups of 60 male and 60 female rats. ... Under the conditions of these 2 yr gavage studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of sodium azide in male or female F344/N rats administered 5 or 10 mg/kg.
DHHS/NTP; Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies of Sodium Azide in F344/N Rats (Gavage Studies) (1991) Technical Report Series No. 389 NIH Publication No. 91-2844. Available from, as of January 24, 2018: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/lt_rpts/tr389.pdf

12.1.21 TSCA Test Submissions

Sodium azide (CAS # 26628-22-8) was evaluated for subchronic toxicity and neurotoxicity in dogs (breed, number unspecified) administered oral doses of 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg/day (duration unspecified). On 27th and terminal (unspecified) weeks of study ataxia was reported in 2 high-dose females and 1 mid-dose male. Treatment was also associated with altered clinical chemistry values including depressed alkaline phosphatase levels in all male and most female groups, decreased LDH in all treated males, and decreased serum glutamic oxalocetic transaminase in most treated animals. Bodyweights, relative organ weights, food consumption, ophthalmic and neurological examinations, hematology, urinalysis, and gross pathology showed no toxic effects. A draft pathology report subsequently documented compound-related histomorphologic changes in mid and anterior cerebrum of affected females, characterized by gliosis, conspicuous vasculature from endothelial swelling and condensation of the neuropil, and demyelination with degenerative changes in the caudate nucleus. This submission included a summarized version of this study only; no further information or data was provided.
PPG Indus Inc; Results of Toxicity Studies on Sodium Azide & Potassium Azide; 10/11/83; EPA Document No. 888400557; Fiche No. OTS0503918

12.2 Ecological Information

12.2.1 Ecotoxicity Values

EC50; Species: Simocephalus, first instar; Concentration: 8.4 mg/L for 96 hr at 15 °C (95% confidence limit: 6.1-12.2 mg/L) /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/ /Technical material, 98%/
U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Resource Publication No. 137. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980., p. 12
LC50; Species: G fasciatus, mature; Concentration: 6.4 mg/L for 96 hr at 21 °C (95% confidence limit: 4.6-8.9 mg/L) /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/ /Technical material, 98%/
U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Resource Publication No. 137. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980., p. 12
LC50; Species: Pteronarcys, second year class; Concentration: 8.0 mg/L for 96 hr at 15 °C (95% confidence limit: 5.7-11.0 mg/L) /Technical material, 98%/
U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Resource Publication No. 137. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980., p. 12
LC50; Species: /Oncorhynchus mykiss/ (Rainbow trout) weight 1.4 g; Concentration: 0.8-1.6 mg/L for 96 hr at 13 °C /Technical material, 98%/
U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Resource Publication No. 137. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980., p. 12
For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Sodium azide (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.2.2 Ecotoxicity Excerpts

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ /Sodium azide is/ effective in controlling stickleback, but not toxic to sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), chinook salmon (O. tschawytscha), steelhead (Salmo gairdneri), and other marketable fish.
MacPhee C, Cheng FF; US Patent No. 4,221,782 (1980)
/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Sodium azide is a potent mutagen of salmon sperm DNA in an acidic environment.
USEPA; Chemical Hazard Information Profile: Sodium Azide p.239 (1977) EPA 560/11-80-011
/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The mutagenic effect was observed /in Scenedesmus acutus (green algae)/ at exposure (1-2 hr) to 0.05-0.8% sodium azide.
Nikolov N, Khubavenska N; Genetika (Moscow) 18 (11): 1803-5 (1982)
/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... Through disruption of the energy transfer enzymes, sodium azide inhibited cilia movement and phagocytosis in Tetrahymena pyriformis.
USEPA; Chemical Hazard Information Profile: Sodium Azide p.240 (1977) EPA 560/11-80-011
For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Sodium azide (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.2.3 US EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants

Resident Soil (mg/kg)
3.10e+02
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
4.70e+03
Tapwater (ug/L)
8.00e+01
MCL (ug/L)
4.00e+00
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
4.00e-03
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1

12.2.4 US EPA Regional Removal Management Levels for Chemical Contaminants

Resident Soil (mg/kg)
9.40e+02
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
1.40e+04
Tapwater (ug/L)
2.40e+02
MCL (ug/L)
4.00e+00
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
4.00e-03
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1

12.2.5 ICSC Environmental Data

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal.

12.2.6 Environmental Fate / Exposure Summary

Sodium azide's production and use as an airbag and airline safety chute inflator, in organic synthesis; in the preparation of hydrazoic acid, lead azide, pure sodium, in the differential selection of bacteria; in automatic blood counters; and as a preservative for laboratory reagents may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its former use as a biocide and soil fumigant, agricultural nematocide, herbicide and in fruit rot control resulted in its direct release to the environment. Sodium azide is a reactive, polar compound. As a result, adsorption, volatilization and biodegradation are not expected to be important fate processes in soil. Aqueous sodium azide is readily hydrolyzed to yield hydrazoic acid. Adsorption to suspended solids and sediment, bioconcentration, volatilization and biodegradation are not expected to be important fate processes in aquatic systems. Occupational exposure to sodium azide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where sodium azide is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to sodium azide via inhalation and dermal contact when automotive airbags are deployed. (SRC)

12.2.7 Natural Pollution Sources

... Sodium azide (NaN3) ... appears naturally in soil. ...
Levy S, Chevion M; Environ Toxicol Chem 28(7): 1380-9 (2009)

12.2.8 Artificial Pollution Sources

Sodium azide's production and use as an airbag and airline safety chute inflator, in organic synthesis; in the preparation of hydrazoic acid, lead azide, pure sodium, in the differential selection of bacteria; in automatic blood counters; and as a preservative for laboratory reagents(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its former use as a biocide and soil fumigant, agricultural nematocide, herbicide and in fruit rot control(1) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).
(1) O'Neil MJ, ed; The Merck Index. 15th ed., Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, p. 1594 (2013)

12.2.9 Environmental Fate

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Sodium azide is a reactive, polar compound(1). As a result, adsorption, volatilization and biodegradation are not expected to be important fate processes in soil(SRC).
(1) Radding SB et al; Review of the Environmental Fate of Selected Chemicals. Stanford Research Inst., Menlo Park, CA EPA/560/5-77-003. NTIS PB 267 pp 121 (1977)
AQUATIC FATE: Aqueous sodium azide is readily hydrolyzed to yield hydrazoic acid(1). As a result, adsorption to suspended solids and sediment, bioconcentration, volatilization and biodegradation are not expected to be important fate processes in aquatic systems(SRC).
(1) Betterton EA; Crit Rev Environ Sci 33: 423-58 (2003)
Aquatic Fate: Photolysis of sodium azide may result in metal nitrides initially, with the eventual formation of the free metal and nitrogen gas.
USEPA; Chemical Hazard Information Profile: Sodium Azide p.242 (1977) EPA-560/11-80-011

12.2.10 Environmental Abiotic Degradation

Aqueous sodium azide is readily hydrolyzed to yield hydrazoic acid(1). The photodegradation half-life of azide in the air is estimated to be 52 hours(1).
(1) Betterton EA; Crit Rev Environ Sci 33: 423-58 (2003)
The dissipation of azides in soil is not by microbial action but is strictly a chemical process accelerated by increasing acidity and elevated temperature. ... dissipates ... rapidly in soils by oxidation or by reaction of hydrazoic acid with soil organic acids to form azides of these acids which ... decompose by the Curtius rearrangement.
Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois: Weed Science Society of America, 1983., p. 440
Sodium azide is stable in water in the absence of light but appears to be susceptible to photo-decomposition by solar radiation. Photolysis of sodium azide may result in metal nitrides initially, with the eventual formation of the free metal and nitrogen gas.
USEPA; Chemical Hazard Information Profile: Sodium Azide p.242 (1977) EPA-560/11-80-011

12.2.11 Environmental Bioconcentration

Sodium azide is a reactive, polar compound that should not bioaccumulate(1).
(1) Radding SB et al; Review of the Environmental Fate of Selected Chemicals. Stanford Research Inst., Menlo Park, CA EPA/560/5-77-003. NTIS PB 267 pp 121 (1977)

12.2.12 Soil Adsorption / Mobility

Sodium azide is a reactive, polar compound(1); therefore, adsorption to soil and soil mobility are not expected to be important environmental fate processes(SRC).
(1) Radding SB et al; Review of the Environmental Fate of Selected Chemicals. Stanford Research Inst., Menlo Park, CA EPA/560/5-77-003. NTIS PB 267 pp 121 (1977)

12.2.13 Volatilization from Water / Soil

Aqueous sodium azide is readily hydrolyzed to yield hydrazoic acid, a volatile substance that partitions strongly to the gas phase(1).
(1) Betterton EA; Crit Rev Environ Sci 33: 423-58 (2003)

12.2.14 Other Environmental Concentrations

Sodium azide concentration is typically 60% of compressed disks or pellets blended with other ingredients, and packed into sealed canisters in airbags(1).
(1) Betterton EA; Crit Rev Environ Sci 33: 423-58 (2003)

12.2.15 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

According to the 2016 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, one reporting facility estimates the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the manufacturing, processing, or use of sodium azide in the United States is 50-100 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).
(1) US EPA; Chemical Data Reporting (CDR). Non-confidential 2016 Chemical Data Reporting information on chemical production and use in the United States. Available from, as of Feb 21, 2018: https://java.epa.gov/chemview
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 54,959 workers (38,370 of these are female) were potentially exposed to sodium azide in the US(1). Occupational exposure to sodium azide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where sodium azide is produced or used(SRC). Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to sodium azide via inhalation and dermal contact when automotive airbags are deployed(SRC).
(1) CDC; International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC) 2012. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Prevention & Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH). Ed Info Div. Available from, as of Feb 21, 2018: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcs/default.html
The largest potential exposure is that to automotive workers, repairmen and wreckers if inflatible airbags are installed on all passenger cars(1) and if sodium azide is used as the inflation chemical(1,2).
(1) Sittig M; Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals p.602 (1981)
(2) O'Neil MJ, ed; The Merck Index. 15th ed., Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, p. 1594 (2013)

13 Associated Disorders and Diseases

14 Literature

14.1 Consolidated References

14.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

14.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

14.4 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

14.5 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

15 Patents

15.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

15.2 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

15.3 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

15.4 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

16 Interactions and Pathways

16.1 Chemical-Target Interactions

17 Biological Test Results

17.1 BioAssay Results

18 Classification

18.1 MeSH Tree

18.2 ChEBI Ontology

18.3 ChemIDplus

18.4 CAMEO Chemicals

18.5 ChEMBL Target Tree

18.6 UN GHS Classification

18.7 EPA CPDat Classification

18.8 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

18.9 EPA DSSTox Classification

18.10 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

18.11 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

19 Information Sources

  1. Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS)
  2. CAMEO Chemicals
    LICENSE
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    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/help/reference/terms_and_conditions.htm?d_f=false
    CAMEO Chemical Reactivity Classification
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
  3. CAS Common Chemistry
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    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
  4. ChemIDplus
    ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
  5. DHS Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS) Chemicals of Interest
  6. EPA Chemical Data Reporting (CDR)
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    https://www.epa.gov/web-policies-and-procedures/epa-disclaimers#copyright
  7. EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
    EPA TSCA Classification
    https://www.epa.gov/tsca-inventory
  8. EPA DSSTox
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
  9. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
  10. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
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    https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/legal-notice
  11. FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS)
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    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  12. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  13. ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
  14. New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
    LICENSE
    This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International licence.
    https://www.epa.govt.nz/about-this-site/general-copyright-statement/
  15. NJDOH RTK Hazardous Substance List
  16. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
    LICENSE
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    https://www.dol.gov/general/aboutdol/copyright
  17. Risk Assessment Information System (RAIS)
    LICENSE
    This work has been sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Environmental Management, Oak Ridge Operations (ORO) Office through a joint collaboration between United Cleanup Oak Ridge LLC (UCOR), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), and The University of Tennessee, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The Institute for Environmental Modeling (TIEM). All rights reserved.
    https://rais.ornl.gov/
  18. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    LICENSE
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    https://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html
  19. Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)
  20. Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
    LICENSE
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    https://haz-map.com/About
  21. ChEBI
  22. ChEMBL
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    http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html
  23. Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD)
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    It is to be used only for research and educational purposes. Any reproduction or use for commercial purpose is prohibited without the prior express written permission of NC State University.
    http://ctdbase.org/about/legal.jsp
  24. Drug Gene Interaction database (DGIdb)
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    http://www.dgidb.org/downloads
  25. Crystallography Open Database (COD)
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    https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
  26. EPA Chemical and Products Database (CPDat)
  27. EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants at Superfund Sites
  28. Hazardous Chemical Information System (HCIS), Safe Work Australia
  29. NITE-CMC
    Sodium azide - FY2009 (Revised classification)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/09-mhlw-2058e.html
    Sodium azide (Na(N3)) - FY2006 (New/original classication)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/06-imcg-0555e.html
  30. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council
    LICENSE
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    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/legal-notice/legal-notice.html
  31. USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center
  32. NTP Technical Reports
  33. Pistoia Alliance Chemical Safety Library
    DICHLOROMETHANE + SODIUM AZIDE
    https://safescience.cas.org/
  34. SpectraBase
  35. Wikidata
  36. Wikipedia
  37. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
  38. PubChem
  39. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  40. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
    LICENSE
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    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  41. EPA Substance Registry Services
CONTENTS