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Potassium

PubChem CID
5462222
Structure
Potassium_small.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • POTASSIUM
  • 7440-09-7
  • K
  • Kalium
  • Potassium, metal
Molecular Weight
39.0983 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Element Name
Dates
  • Create:
    2004-09-16
  • Modify:
    2025-01-18
Description
Potassium is a soft silvery metal though normally grayish white due to oxidation.
Potassium, metal alloys is potassium mixed with some other metal, usually sodium. It is a liquid under normal conditions. It reacts vigorously with water to form potassium hydroxide, a corrosive material and hydrogen, a flammable gas. The heat from this reaction may be sufficient to ignite the hydrogen. Potassium alloy may ignite spontaneously in contact with air. Once ignited, potassium burns quite violently. It is used as a heat exchange fluid.
Potassium atom is an alkali metal atom. It has a role as a macronutrient and a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite.
See also: Broccoli (part of).

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Potassium.png

1.2 Crystal Structures

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

potassium
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/K
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

[K]
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

K
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

7440-09-7

2.3.2 Deprecated CAS

31079-13-7

2.3.3 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.4 UNII

2.3.5 UN Number

2.3.6 ChEBI ID

2.3.7 DrugBank ID

2.3.8 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.9 ICSC Number

2.3.10 NCI Thesaurus Code

2.3.11 RXCUI

2.3.12 Wikidata

2.3.13 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

Potassium

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
39.0983 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
38.96370648 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
38.96370648 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
0 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Potassium is a soft silvery metal though normally grayish white due to oxidation.
Potassium, metal alloys is potassium mixed with some other metal, usually sodium. It is a liquid under normal conditions. It reacts vigorously with water to form potassium hydroxide, a corrosive material and hydrogen, a flammable gas. The heat from this reaction may be sufficient to ignite the hydrogen. Potassium alloy may ignite spontaneously in contact with air. Once ignited, potassium burns quite violently. It is used as a heat exchange fluid.
Liquid; Other Solid
Silver-white solid; [CHRIS]
WHITE-TO-GREY LUMPS.

3.2.2 Color / Form

Soft, silvery-white metal; body centered cubic structure
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1366

3.2.3 Boiling Point

1425 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
1420
759 °C
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 4-79
765.5 °C

3.2.4 Melting Point

145 °F (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
770
63.5 °C
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 4-79
63.2 °C

3.2.5 Flash Point

Not Applicable. Combustible solid. (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

3.2.6 Solubility

340 g/L
Soluble in liquid ammonia, ethylenediamine, aniline; soluble in several metals; forms liquid alloys with other alkali metals
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1366
SOL IN ACID, MERCURY
Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. B-108
Solubility in water: reaction

3.2.7 Density

0.86 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
0.862 at 20 °C
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 479
0.856 g/cm³

3.2.8 Vapor Density

1.4 (Air = 1)
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V3: 584

3.2.9 Vapor Pressure

8 mm Hg at 432 °C
Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V3: 584
Vapor pressure at 20 °C: negligible

3.2.10 LogP

3.2.11 Stability / Shelf Life

Stable, if protected from air or moisture.
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Manual Two. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct., 1978.
Tarnishes on exposure to air
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1366

3.2.12 Corrosivity

Direct contact with metal may be corrosive and cause skin and eye burns
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1366

3.2.13 Heat of Combustion

-2,003 btu/lb= -1,113 cal/g= -46.57X10+5 J/kg
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Manual Two. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct., 1978.

3.2.14 Heat of Vaporization

2.075 kJ/g
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V19: 1047 (1996)

3.2.15 Surface Tension

86 dyn/cm at 100 °C
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V19: 1057 (1996)

3.2.16 Dissociation Constants

3.2.17 Other Experimental Properties

Potassium is never found free in nature... It is one of the most reactive and electropositive of metals; except for lithium, it is the lightest known metal.
Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. B-40
Atomic number 19; valence 1. Group IA (1). Alkali metal; becomes brittle at low temps; specific heat (0 °C): 0.176 cal/g deg; Thermal conductivity (cal/sec °C cm): 0.23 (21 °C); 0.956 (400 °C). One of the most reactive metals; E(0) (AQ) K/K+ 2.922 Volt
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1366
Potassium and its salts impart a violet color to flames
Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. B-18
Heat of soln: -2,106 btu/lb= -1,169 cal/g= -48,91x10+5 J/kg
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Manual Two. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct., 1978.
For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for POTASSIUM, ELEMENTAL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

3.3 SpringerMaterials Properties

3.4 Chemical Classes

Metals -> Elements, Metallic
Major ion

5 Chemical Vendors

6 Drug and Medication Information

6.1 Drug Indication

**General uses of potassium** Potassium is indicated to treat a variety of conditions. Firstly, it used to replenish potassium that has been depleted by conditions including but not limited to malabsorption, decreased intake, or excess sodium intake. The causes of potassium deficiency are numerous. The following indications for potassium are not comprehensive, but include the main indications for which this nutrient is used. Various products and preparations contain potassium. **Potassium chloride** Potassium chloride is one of the main preparations of potassium used in a clinical setting. The oral solution is indicated for the prevention and treatment of hypokalemia presenting with or without metabolic alkalosis, in patients who have failed conservative management with potassium-rich foods or diuretic dose titrations. The injection form of potassium chloride is indicated to replenish potassium in patients who are not feasible candidates for oral potassium. Highly concentrated potassium is intended for the treatment of potassium deficiency in fluid restricted individuals who cannot tolerate fluid volumes normally associated with injected potassium solutions that contain lower concentrations. Finally, the extended-release tablet preparation of potassium chloride is used to treat hypokalemia with or without metabolic alkalosis, to treat digitalis intoxication, and to manage patients with hypokalemic familial periodic paralysis. It is also used in the prevention of hypokalemia in those who are at a high risk of negative clinical outcomes if hypokalemia occurs; patients on digitalis or those with cardiac arrhythmias would be at particular risk of negative outcomes. **Potassium chloride with dextrose and sodium chloride** This liquid preparation is is indicated in a clinical setting as a source of water, calories and electrolytes. Potassium acetate solution is meant as an alternative to potassium chloride, replenishing potassium and added to large volume infusion fluids for intravenous injection. **Potassium citrate** The potassium citrate preparation is used for the management of renal tubular acidosis (RTA) with calcium stones (nephrolithiasis); calcium oxalate stones by any cause, and uric acid nephrolithiasis (with or without calcium stones). This regimen also includes adequate water intake (leading to a urine out put of 2 L/day or more) and sodium restriction.

6.2 FDA National Drug Code Directory

6.3 Drug Labels

Active ingredient and drug

6.4 Clinical Trials

6.4.1 ClinicalTrials.gov

6.4.2 NIPH Clinical Trials Search of Japan

7 Minerals

8 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

8.1 Pharmacodynamics

Potassium maintains an electrolyte gradient on cell surfaces, keeping at specific concentrations inside and outside of the cell; this impacts fluid and electrolyte balance, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, as well as cardiac and kidney function. Clinical evidence has associated potassium intake with lower blood pressure in adults, reducing the risk stroke and heart disease. Dietary potassium may exert beneficial effects on bone loss in the elderly and kidney stones. Consumption of white vegetables, which are normally high in potassium, is associated with a lower risk of stroke. **A note on gastrointestinal lesions** Potassium in solid oral preparations (for example, tablets) can cause ulcerative or stenotic lesions in the esophagus and stomach. Use diluted liquid potassium preparations or injection preparations if there are concerns about gastrointestinal health.

8.2 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Absorption
When taken orally from a dietary source, potassium is mainly absorbed via passive diffusion in the small intestine. Approximately 90% of potassium is absorbed, and maintains concentrations both inside and outside cells. The kidneys can adapt to variable potassium intake in healthy individuals, but a minimum of 5 mmol (about 195 mg) dietary potassium is measured to be excreted in the urine. Some studies have measured the absorption various forms of potassium from dietary supplements. Results from a clinical trial in 2016 showed that potassium gluconate supplements are 94% absorbed, which is similar to the absorption rate from potatoes. An older study advised that liquid forms of potassium are absorbed a few hours post-administration. Enteric coated tablets of potassium chloride are not absorbed as rapidly as liquid forms, due to their delayed release design.
Route of Elimination
Potassium is excreted primarily in the urine, excreted in small amounts in the stool, and negligibly in perspiration (sweat). The renal system regulates potassium excretion according to dietary intake. Potassium excretion rises quickly in healthy patients after ingestion unless body stores have been depleted. Potassium undergoes glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and distal tubular secretion. Renal clearance of potassium shifts between net tubular secretion and reabsorption, depending on the clinical circumstances.
Volume of Distribution
Potassium is present in almost all body tissues. Approximately 98% of potassium is maintained intracellularly in muscular tissue, the liver, and red blood cells. The remainder is distributed extracellularly.
Clearance
Potassium is freely filtered in the kidney with most of an ingested amount being reabsorbed into the circulation (70%–80%) by the proximal tubule and loop of Henle. Secretion of potassium by the distal nephron in the kidney varies and dependent on the intracellular potassium concentration, luminal potassium concentration concentration, in addition to cellular permeability.

8.3 Metabolism / Metabolites

Potassium is absorbed and excreted in unchanged form.

8.4 Biological Half-Life

In one clinical study, the apparent half-life of oral potassium was between 1.6 and 14 hours. A radio tracer study determined that the biological half-life of radiolabeled potassium ranges from 10 to 28 days.

8.5 Mechanism of Action

Potassium ion is the primary intracellular cation found in virtually all body tissues. The total amount of body potassium in adults is estimated at 45 millimole (mmol)/kg body weight (about 140 g for an adult weighing 175 pounds; 1 mmol = 1 milliequivalent or 39.1 mg of potassium). Potassium mainly stays in cells, and a small amount can be found in the extracellular fluid. The amount of potassium that stays in the cell (intracellular) is 30 times that of extracellular concentration, creating a transmembrane gradient, regulated by the sodium-potassium (Na+/K+) ATPase transporter. This is an important gradient for nerve conduction, muscle contractions, and renal function. Vomiting, diarrhea, renal disease, medications, and other conditions that alter potassium excretion or shift it inside or outside of cells. In healthy patients individuals with normal renal function, markedly high or low potassium levels are rare. **Effect on blood pressure** Potassium decreases reduces intravascular volume, by reducing sodium reabsorption through an increase in urinary sodium excretion. This short-term effect, however, does not explain the long-term effects of potassium on blood pressure. Increased plasma potassium levels that occur through intake are associated with vasodilation occurring via stimulation of the sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase pump (Na+/-K+ATPase) and opening of potassium channels of the sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase pump. Other possible mechanisms of action for potassium may include alterations in barroreflex sensitivity and hormone sensitivity in vascular smooth muscle and cells of the sympathetic nervous system. **Effect on electrolyte balance and body systems** The potassium gradient across the membrane of a cell regulates cell membrane potential, maintained predominantly by the sodium-potassium (Na+/-K+ ATPase pump). Transmembrane electro-chemical gradients encourage diffusion of Na+ extracellularly and K+ intracellularly. Potassium supplementation prevents hypokalemia to maintain this balance and is often used in an oral solution or injection form in the clinical setting, preventing harmful effects such as arrhythmias, abnormal muscle function, and neurological disturbances. When activated, the Na+/-K+ ATPase pump exchanges two extracellular K+ ions for three intracellular sodium (Na+) ions, impacting membrane potential via either excitation or inhibition. This is especially important in the homeostasis of the nervous system, kidney, and cardiac muscle tissue. The body and cell distributions of potassium in normal conditions are known as internal and external balance, respectively. Reduced serum potassium (or imbalance) increases the risk of ventricular arrhythmia, heart failure and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH).

9 Use and Manufacturing

9.1 Uses

EPA CPDat Chemical and Product Categories
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
In synthesis of inorganic potassium compds; inorganic syntheses involving condensation, dehalogenation, reduction, and polymerization reactions.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1366
Laboratory reagent; seeding of combustion gases in magnetohydrodynamic generators
Hawley, G.G. The Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 10th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1981., p. 844
Use of the vaporized metal in turbines has been reported
CONSIDINE. CHEMICAL AND PROCESS TECHNOL ENCYC 1974 p.921

9.1.1 Use Classification

Hazard Classes and Categories -> Flammable - 3rd degree, Reactive - 2nd degree

9.1.2 Industry Uses

  • Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
  • Intermediates

9.2 Methods of Manufacturing

A continuous process currently in use depends upon the equilibrium that is rapidly established at high temperatures between sodium and potassium metals and sodium and potassium chlorides. The potassium is removed by distillation and, with a constant feed of molten potassium chloride, a continuous process results
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V18: 914

9.3 Impurities

Impurities: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, alkali metals, aluminum, calcium, copper, boron and silicon, along with iron, nickel and chromium which are leached from container materials
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V18: 916
High purity potassium /potentially/ has the following impurities: <30 ppm O2, <100 ppm transition metals and <50 ppm other alkali metals
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V18: 916

9.4 Formulations / Preparations

Grades: Technical; 99.95% pure
Hawley, G.G. The Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 10th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1981., p. 844
High purity potassium /potentially/ has the following impurities: <30 ppm O2, <100 ppm transition metals and <50 ppm other alkali metals
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V19: 912 (1982)

9.5 Consumption Patterns

Primary use for potassium metal is NaK-78 /a sodium-potassium alloy/ (78% potassium) (1982)
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V18: 917

9.6 U.S. Production

Aggregated Product Volume

2019: <1,000,000 lb

2018: <1,000,000 lb

2017: <1,000,000 lb

2016: <1,000,000 lb

(1982) <5.00X10+8 g
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V18: 915
(1986) No Data

9.7 U.S. Imports

(1984) 1.04X10+8 g /Cesium, Potassium & Sodium/
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION AND GENERAL IMPORTS 1984 p.1-345

9.8 U.S. Exports

(1986) No Data

9.9 General Manufacturing Information

Industry Processing Sectors
  • Petrochemical Manufacturing
  • All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Potassium: ACTIVE
First prepd in free form by Davy in 1807 by electrolysis of fused potassium hydroxide.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1366

10 Identification

10.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

Emission spectrographic methods; Direct current are excitation method and alternating current spark excitation method /For detection of potassium compounds/.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 10th ed. and supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1965. New editions through 13th ed. plus supplements, 1982., p. 13/871 49.001
Method: EPA-NERL 200.7; Procedure: inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry; Analyte: potassium; Matrix: water, wastewater, and solid wastes; Detection Limit: 0.3 mg/L. /Potassium compounds/
National Environmental Methods Index; Analytical, Test and Sampling Methods. Potassium (7440-09-7). Available from, as of March 30, 2006: https://www.nemi.gov
Method: Standard Methods 3120B; Procedure: inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry; Analyte: potassium; Matrix: water; Detection Limit: 0.3 mg/L. /Potassium compounds/
National Environmental Methods Index; Analytical, Test and Sampling Methods. Potassium (7440-09-7). Available from, as of March 30, 2006: https://www.nemi.gov
Method: EPA-NERL 258.1; Procedure: flame atomic absorption spectrometry; Analyte: potassium; Matrix: water; Detection Limit: 10 mg/L. /Potassium compounds/
National Environmental Methods Index; Analytical, Test and Sampling Methods. Potassium (7440-09-7). Available from, as of March 30, 2006: https://www.nemi.gov
For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for POTASSIUM, ELEMENTAL (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.2 NIOSH Analytical Methods

11 Safety and Hazards

11.1 Hazards Identification

11.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 5
View All
Pictogram(s)
Flammable
Corrosive
Signal
Danger
GHS Hazard Statements

H260 (100%): In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously [Danger Substances and mixtures which in contact with water, emit flammable gases]

H314 (100%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (15%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P223, P231+P232, P260, P264, P264+P265, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P335+P334, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P363, P370+P378, P402+P404, P405, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 253 reports by companies from 7 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

11.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Water-react. 1 (100%)

Skin Corr. 1B (100%)

Eye Dam. 1 (15%)

Substance or mixture which in contact with water emits flammable gas - category 1

Skin corrosion - category 1B

11.1.3 NFPA Hazard Classification

NFPA 704 Diamond
3-1-2- ̵W̵
NFPA Health Rating
3 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause serious or permanent injury.
NFPA Fire Rating
1 - Materials that must be preheated before ignition can occur. Materials require considerable preheating, under all ambient temperature conditions, before ignition and combustion can occur.
NFPA Instability Rating
2 - Materials that readily undergo violent chemical changes at elevated temperatures and pressures.
NFPA Specific Notice
W - No water: Materials that react violently or explosively with water.

11.1.4 Health Hazards

SOLID: Will burn skin and eyes. (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 138 [Substances - Water-Reactive (Emitting Flammable Gases)]:

Inhalation or contact with vapors, substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death. May produce corrosive solutions on contact with water. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause environmental contamination. (ERG, 2024)

ERG 2024, Guide 138 (Potassium)

· Inhalation or contact with vapors, substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death.

· May produce corrosive solutions on contact with water.

· Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.

· Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause environmental contamination.

11.1.5 Fire Hazards

Combustible. IGNITES WHEN EXPOSED TO WATER OR MOISTURE. Flammable gas is produced on contact with water. Reacts violently with water, forming flammable and explosive hydrogen gas. May ignite spontaneously in air. (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 138 [Substances - Water-Reactive (Emitting Flammable Gases)]:

Produce flammable gases on contact with water. May ignite on contact with water or moist air. Some react vigorously or explosively on contact with water. May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. Some are transported in highly flammable liquids. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. (ERG, 2024)

ERG 2024, Guide 138 (Potassium)

· Produce flammable gases on contact with water.

· May ignite on contact with water or moist air.

· Some react vigorously or explosively on contact with water.

· May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames.

· May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.

· Some are transported in highly flammable liquids.

· Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.

Highly flammable. Many reactions may cause fire or explosion. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Risk of fire and explosion on contact with acids, halogens or water.

11.1.6 Hazards Summary

Skin contact can cause severe burns. [CHRIS]

11.1.7 Fire Potential

Extremely dangerous in contact with moisture or water, releasing hydrogen with sufficient heat to cause ignition or explosion. May ignite spontaneously in air or oxygen. Burns violently, accompanied by explosions which cause spattering...
National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 7th ed. Boston, Mass.: National Fire Protection Association, 1978., p. 49-243
Air contact causes spontaneous ignition. Violent reaction with water, forming heat, spattering, corrosive potassium hydroxide and explosive hydrogen. The heat from the reaction can ignite the hydrogen that is generated.
Pohanish, R.P. (2002). Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens (4th Edition). William Andrew Publishing/Noyes. Online version Available from: https://www.knovel.com/knovel2/Toc.jsp?BookID=421&VerticalID=0
May ignite combustible materials if they are damp.
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Manual Two. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct., 1978.

11.1.8 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

Direct contact with metal may be corrosive and cause skin and eye burns
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1366

11.1.9 EPA Hazardous Waste Number

D003; A solid waste containing Potassium, elemental hydride may become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to testing for reactivity as stipulated in 40 CFR 261.23, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste.[40 CFR 261.32; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of September 28, 2006: http://www.ecfr.gov]

11.2 Safety and Hazard Properties

11.2.1 Explosive Limits and Potential

EXPLOSION HAZARD: MODERATE, BY CHEMICAL REACTION. K METAL WILL FORM PEROXIDE (K2O2) & SUPEROXIDE (KO2 & K2O4) @ ROOM TEMP EVEN WHEN STORED UNDER MINERAL OIL. METAL WHICH HAS OXIDIZED ON STORAGE UNDER OIL MAY EXPLODE VIOLENTLY WHEN HANDLED OR CUT.
Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 4th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1975., p. 1039
Mixture of solid forms of potassium & carbon dioxide (as dry ice) explodes when subjected to shock. ... Potassium & its alloys form explosive mixtures with carbon tetrachloride /and/...chlorinated hydrocarbons.
National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 7th ed. Boston, Mass.: National Fire Protection Association, 1978., p. 491M-331

11.3 First Aid Measures

Inhalation First Aid
Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.
Skin First Aid
Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .
Eye First Aid
First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.
Ingestion First Aid
Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

11.3.1 First Aid

EYES or SKIN: flush with water; treat caustic burns. (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 138 [Substances - Water-Reactive (Emitting Flammable Gases)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: In case of contact with substance, wipe from skin immediately; flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. (ERG, 2024)

ERG 2024, Guide 138 (Potassium)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingestedor inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuouscompressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· In case of contact with substance, wipe from skin immediately; flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

11.4 Fire Fighting

Excerpt from ERG Guide 138 [Substances - Water-Reactive (Emitting Flammable Gases)]:

DO NOT USE WATER OR FOAM.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, soda ash, lime or sand.

LARGE FIRE: DRY sand, dry chemical, soda ash or lime or withdraw from area and let fire burn. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING METALS OR POWDERS (ALUMINUM, LITHIUM, MAGNESIUM, ETC.): Use dry chemical, DRY sand, sodium chloride powder, graphite powder or class D extinguishers; in addition, for Lithium you may use Lith-X® powder or copper powder. Also, see ERG Guide 170.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use special powder, dry sand. NO other agents. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

11.4.1 Fire Fighting Procedures

DO NOT USE WATER, CARBON DIOXIDE OR CARBON TETRACHLORIDE. USE DRY GRAPHITE, SODA ASH, POWDERED SODIUM CHLORIDE OR APPROPRIATE DRY POWDER. PERSONAL PROTECTION: WEAR FULL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 7th ed. Boston, Mass.: National Fire Protection Association, 1978., p. 49-243

11.5 Accidental Release Measures

Public Safety: ERG 2024, Guide 138 (Potassium)

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

Spill or Leak: ERG 2024, Guide 138 (Potassium)

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers.

Small Spill

· Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.

· Dike for later disposal; do not apply water unless directed to do so.

Powder Spill

· Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading and keep powder dry.

· DO NOT CLEAN-UP OR DISPOSE OF, EXCEPT UNDER SUPERVISION OF A SPECIALIST.

11.5.1 Isolation and Evacuation

Excerpt from ERG Guide 138 [Substances - Water-Reactive (Emitting Flammable Gases)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Evacuation: ERG 2024, Guide 138 (Potassium)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

Large Spill

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

Fire

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

11.5.2 Spillage Disposal

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Cover the spilled material with dry powder.

11.5.3 Cleanup Methods

Spill Handling: Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until clean-up is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after clean-up is complete. Keep potassium out of a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the build-up of explosive concentrations. ...
Pohanish, R.P. (2002). Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens (4th Edition). William Andrew Publishing/Noyes. Online version Available from: https://www.knovel.com/knovel2/Toc.jsp?BookID=421&VerticalID=0
OXIDE COATED K SHOULD BE DESTROYED BY BURNING. ... LARGE QUANTITIES OF K CAN BE DISPOSED OF BY SIMPLY CUTTING IT INTO SMALL PIECES & PLACING IT IN OPEN WASTE SPACE TO REACT WITH MOISTURE IN AIR & GRADUALLY TURN TO POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE. POTASSIUM MAY BE REACTED WITH ETHANOL TO GIVE STABLE PRODUCT. DO NOT DISPOSE OF IT... IT SHOULD BE STORED IN DETACHED BUILDING WHICH IS FIREPROOF & NOT WHERE IT CAN COME IN CONTACT WITH MOISTURE, POWERFUL OXIDIZING MATERIALS OR HIGH TEMP.
Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 4th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1975., p. 1039

11.5.4 Disposal Methods

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

11.5.5 Preventive Measures

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
... All protective clothing (suits, gloves, footwear, headgear) should be clean, available each day, and put on before work ... . Employees should wash immediately with soap when skin is wet or contaminated. Provide emergency showers and eyewash.
Pohanish, R.P. (2002). Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens (4th Edition). William Andrew Publishing/Noyes. Online version Available from: https://www.knovel.com/knovel2/Toc.jsp?BookID=421&VerticalID=0

11.6 Handling and Storage

11.6.1 Nonfire Spill Response

Excerpt from ERG Guide 138 [Substances - Water-Reactive (Emitting Flammable Gases)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers.

SMALL SPILL: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Dike for later disposal; do not apply water unless directed to do so.

POWDER SPILL: Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading and keep powder dry. DO NOT CLEAN-UP OR DISPOSE OF, EXCEPT UNDER SUPERVISION OF A SPECIALIST. (ERG, 2024)

11.6.2 Safe Storage

Fireproof. Keep under mineral oil. Dry. Well closed.

11.6.3 Storage Conditions

PROTECT AGAINST PHYSICAL DAMAGE. KEEP AWAY FROM WATER OR LOCATION WHERE WATER MAY BE NEEDED FOR FIGHTING FIRE... AVOID HIGH TEMP. STORE UNDER NITROGEN OR KEROSINE. NEVER STORE UNDER HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS. DETACHED FIRE-RESISTIVE BUILDING RECOMMENDED FOR QUANTITY STORAGE.
National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 7th ed. Boston, Mass.: National Fire Protection Association, 1978., p. 49-243
Potassium must be stored to avoid contact with carbon monoxide and moisture, compounds of heavy metals (such as silver oxide and silver chloride) and carbon tetrachloride since violent reactions occur. Store under nitrogen, mineral oil, or kerosene. Sources of ignition such as smoking and create a potential fire or explosion hazard. Protect containers against physical damage. Wherever potassium is used, handled, manufactured, or stored, use explosion-proof electrical equipment and fittings.
Pohanish, R.P. (2002). Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens (4th Edition). William Andrew Publishing/Noyes. Online version Available from: https://www.knovel.com/knovel2/Toc.jsp?BookID=421&VerticalID=0
Keep under liquid containing no oxygen, e.g., liquid petrolatum, petroleum, etc.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1366

11.7 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

Protective Clothing: ERG 2024, Guide 138 (Potassium)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

11.7.1 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines

Emergency Response: ERG 2024, Guide 138 (Potassium)

· DO NOT USE WATER OR FOAM.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, soda ash, lime or sand.

Large Fire

· DRY sand, dry chemical, soda ash or lime or withdraw from area and let fire burn.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Metals or Powders (Aluminum, Lithium, Magnesium, etc.)

· Use dry chemical, DRY sand, sodium chloride powder, graphite powder or class D extinguishers; in addition, for Lithium you may use Lith-X® powder or copper powder. Also, see GUIDE 170.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

11.7.2 Effects of Short Term Exposure

See ICSC 0357 (potassium hydroxide).

11.7.3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 138 [Substances - Water-Reactive (Emitting Flammable Gases)]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

Personal Protective Methods: Wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin contact. ... Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. Wear dust-proof chemical goggles and face shield unless full facepiece respiratory protection is worn...
Pohanish, R.P. (2002). Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens (4th Edition). William Andrew Publishing/Noyes. Online version Available from: https://www.knovel.com/knovel2/Toc.jsp?BookID=421&VerticalID=0
Goggles or face shield, rubber gloves.
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Manual Two. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct., 1978.

11.7.4 Preventions

Fire Prevention
NO contact with water, acids or halogens. NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking.
Inhalation Prevention
Use closed system or ventilation.
Skin Prevention
Protective gloves. Protective clothing.
Eye Prevention
Wear face shield.
Ingestion Prevention
Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

11.8 Stability and Reactivity

11.8.1 Air and Water Reactions

Reacts vigorously with oxygen. Reacts very vigorously with water [Merck 11th ed. 1989]. Water (to give a caustic solution and gaseous hydrogen). The oxidation of potassium in air is so rapid that the heat generated by the reaction melts and ignites the metal. This is particularly the case when pressure is applied at ordinary temperatures [Sidgwick 1950]. Potassium burns in moist air at room temperature [Mellor 2:468. 1946-47]. The higher oxides of potassium formed in air react explosively with pure potassium, sodium, sodium-potassium alloys, or organic matter [Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1559. 1963].
Reacts vigorously with oxygen. Reacts vigorously with water even at less than 100 °C [Merck, 11th ed., 1989]. Water (caustic solution, H2) The oxidation of potassium in air is so rapid that the heat generated by the reaction melts and ignites the metal. This is particularly the case when pressure is applied at ordinary temperatures [Sidgwick 1. 1950]. Potassium burns in moist air at room temperature [Mellor 2:468. 1946-47]. The higher oxides of potassium, formed in air, react explosively with pure potassium, sodium, sodium-potassium alloys, and organic matter [Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1559. 1963].

11.8.2 Reactive Group

Metals, Alkali, Very Active

11.8.3 Reactivity Alerts

Strong Reducing Agent

Water-Reactive

Pyrophoric

11.8.3.1 CSL Reaction Information
1 of 2
CSL No
Reactants/Reagents
POTASSIUM + Petroleum Ether
Warning Message
Potassium metal may be covered with a very hazardous crust of either KO2 or KOHH2O. KOHH2O may release water upon melting, which can then react (explosively) with the molten potassium metal
GHS Category
Explosive
Reference Source
ACS Safety Letters
Modified Date
7/8/18
Create Date
2/20/18
2 of 2
CSL No
Reactants/Reagents
Warning Message
Explosion Hazard for Carbon Disulfide Reaction To the Editor: We would like to call attention to the danger of explo- sion of carbon disulfide in contact with potassium met- al. On following a recently published procedure (1) for the reduction of carbon disulfide with alkali metals, violent det- onations have occurred in laboratories in France and the United States resulting, in one case, in hospitalization of the personnel involved. The threat of explosion of mixtures of carbon disulfide and potassium or potassium-sodium alloys has previously been noted (2). The Steimecke et al. procedure affords various 1,3-dith- iole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate salts which have proven to be versatile intermediates in organo-sulfur chemistry. Follow- ing their procedure, no explosions have occurred when sodi- um is substituted as the dissolving metal reductant although we advise caution when handling these dangerous reagents.
Reaction Scale
Not Available
Reference Source
Literature Reference
Modified Date
07/01/2022
Create Date
07/01/2022

11.8.4 Reactivity Profile

Very reactive. A strong reducing agent. Boron trifluoride reacts with incandescence when heated with potassium [Merck 11th ed. 1989]. Maleic anhydride decomposes explosively in the presence of potassium[Chem Safety Data Sheet SD-88. 1962]; [Chem. Haz. Info. Series C-71. 1960]. Sodium peroxide oxidizes potassium with incandescence [Mellor 2:490-93. 1946-47]. May catalyze rearrangement and polymerization of ethylene oxide liberating heat [J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 68:179. 1949]. A mixture of potassium and any of the following metallic halides produces a strong explosion on impact: aluminum chloride, aluminum fluoride, ammonium fluorocuprate, antimony tribromide, antimony trichloride, antimony triiodide, cadmium bromide, cadmium chloride, cadmium iodide, chromium tetrachloride, cupric bromide, cupric chloride, cuprous bromide cuprous chloride, cuprous iodide, manganese chloride, mercuric bromide, mercuric chloride, mercuric fluoride, mercuric iodide, mercurous chloride, nickel bromide, nickel chloride, nickel iodide, silicon tetrachloride, silver fluoride, stannic chloride, stannic iodide (with silver), stannous chloride, sulfur dibromide, thallous bromide, vanadium pentachloride, zinc bromide, zinc chloride, and zinc iodide [Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1571. 1963]. A mixture of potassium and any of the following compounds produces a weak explosion on impact: ammonium bromide, ammonium iodide, cadmium fluoride, chromium trifluoride, manganous bromide, manganous iodide, nickel fluoride, potassium chlorocuprate, silver chloride, silver iodide, strontium iodide, thallous chloride, and zinc fluoride [Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1571. 1963]. A mixture of potassium and any of the following compounds may explode on impact: boric acid, copper oxychloride, lead oxychloride, lead peroxide, lead sulfate, silver iodate, sodium iodate, and vanadium oxychloride [Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1571. 1963]. A mixture of potassium with any of the following compounds produces a very violent explosion on impact: boron tribromide, carbon tetrachloride, cobaltous bromide, cobaltous chloride, ferric bromide, ferric chloride, ferrous bromide, ferrous chloride, ferrous iodide, phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorus tribromide, and sulfur dichloride [Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1571. 1963]. Mixture of solid potassium and solid carbon dioxide (Dry Ice) explodes when subjected to shock [Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1568. 1963]. Potassium and its alloys form explosive mixtures with chlorinated hydrocarbons [Chem. Eng. News 26:2604. 1948]. Potassium in contact with the following oxides causes an explosive reaction: potassium ozonide, potassium peroxide, or potassium superoxide [Mellor 2, Supp. 3:157. 1963].
Boron trifluoride reacts with incandescence when heated with alkali metals or alkaline earth metals except magnesium [Merck 11th ed. 1989]. Maleic anhydride decomposes explosively in the presence of alkali metals [Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD-88. (96)]; [Chem. Haz. Info. Series C-71. 1960]. Sodium peroxide oxidizes antimony, arsenic, copper, potassium, tin, and zinc with incandescence [Mellor 2:490-93. 1946-47]. Alkali metal hydroxides, acids, anhydrous chlorides of iron, tin, and aluminum, pure oxides of iron and aluminum, and metallic potassium are some of the catalysts that may cause ethylene oxide to rearrange and polymerize, liberating heat [J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 68:179. 1949]. Explosions occur, although infrequently, from the combination of ethylene oxide and alcohols or mercaptans [Chem. Eng. News 20:1318. 1942]. A mixture of potassium and any of the following metallic halides produces a strong explosion on impact: aluminum chloride, aluminum fluoride, ammonium fluorocuprate, antimony tribromide, antimony trichloride, antimony triiodide, cadmium bromide, cadmium chloride, cadmium iodide, chromium tetrachloride, cupric bromide, cupric chloride, cuprous bromide cuprous chloride, cuprous iodide, manganese chloride, mercuric bromide, mercuric chloride, mercuric fluoride, mercuric iodide, mercurous chloride, nickel bromide, nickel chloride, nickel iodide, silicon tetrachloride, silver fluoride, stannic chloride, stannic iodide (with silver), stannous chloride, sulfur dibromide, thallous bromide, vanadium pentachloride, zinc bromide, zinc chloride, and zinc iodide [Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1571. 1963]. A mixture of potassium and any of the following compounds produces a weak explosion on impact: ammonium bromide, ammonium iodide, cadmium fluoride, chromium trifluoride, manganous bromide, manganous iodide, nickel fluoride, potassium chlorocuprate, silver chloride, silver iodide, strontium iodide, thallous chloride, and zinc fluoride [Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1571. 1963]. A mixture of potassium and any of the following compounds may explode on impact: boric acid, copper oxychloride, lead oxychloride, lead peroxide, lead sulfate, silver iodate, sodium iodate, and vanadium oxychloride [Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1571. 1963]. A mixture of potassium with any of the following compounds produces a very violent explosion on impact: boron tribromide, carbon tetrachloride, cobaltous bromide, cobaltous chloride, ferric bromide, ferric chloride, ferrous bromide, ferrous chloride, ferrous iodide, phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorus tribromide, and sulfur dichloride [Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1571. 1963]. Mixture of solid potassium and carbon dioxide(as dry ice) explodes when subjected to shock [Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1568. 1963]. Potassium and its alloys form explosive mixtures with chlorinated hydrocarbons [Chem. Eng. News 26:2604. 1948]. Ethylene oxide is dangerously reactive with metallic potassium [Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD-38:11. 1951]. Potassium in contact with the following oxides causes an explosive reaction: potassium ozonide, potassium peroxide, or potassium superoxide [Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1577. 1963].

11.8.5 Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities

Reacts violently with water, carbon dioxide or carbon tetrachloride.
National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 7th ed. Boston, Mass.: National Fire Protection Association, 1978., p. 49-243
Molten potassium ignites in acetylene.
National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 7th ed. Boston, Mass.: National Fire Protection Association, 1978., p. 491M-329
Violent reaction with oxidizers, organic materials, carbon dioxide, heavy metal compounds, carbon tetrachloride, halogenated hydrocarbons, easily oxidized materials, and many other substances. ... Potassium metal containing an oxide coating is an extremely dangerous explosion hazard and should be removed and destroyed.
Pohanish, R.P. (2002). Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens (4th Edition). William Andrew Publishing/Noyes. Online version Available from: https://www.knovel.com/knovel2/Toc.jsp?BookID=421&VerticalID=0

11.8.6 Peroxide Forming Chemical

Chemical
Potassium Metal
Class (* = UMN Designation)
A: Compounds that form explosive levels of peroxides without concentration
Reference(s)
Prudent Practices, Clark
Incident Involved
Can form shock-sensitive peroxides on the metal and under container lids upon extended storage and in contact with air. See Bretherick's.
Additional Reference(s)

http://www.sfasu.edu/safety/documents/Reactive_Materials_Guidance_Document.pdf if mixed with combustible materials

Gilbert, H. N., Chem. Eng. News, 1948, 26, 2604

Johnson, W. S. et al., Org. Synth., 1963, Coll. Vol. 4,134–135

Taylor, D. A. H., Chem. Brit., 1974, 10, 101

Diaper, D. G. M., Chem. Brit., 1974, 10, 312

Anon., Fire Precaut., 1988, (213), 46

Houben-Weyl, 1970, Vol. 13.1, 264

Burfield, D. R. et al., Chem. & Ind., 1979, 89

Davis, A. C., Chem. Brit., 1979, 15, 179

Levy,J.etal.,Angew.Chem.(Int.Ed.),1981,20,1033

Mellor, 1941, Vol. 2, 468; 1963, Vol. 2, Suppl. 2.2, 1559

Mellor, 1941, Vol. 2, 493

Short, J. F., Chem. & Ind., 1964, 2132

Brazier, A. D., Chem. & Ind., 1965, 220; Balfour, A. E., ibid., 353; Bil, M. S., ibid., 812; Cole, R. J., ibid., 944

March, R. G., Chem. Brit., 1979, 15, 65

Brock, T. H. et al., Nachr. Chem. Tech. Lab., 1998, 46(1), 16

Brandsma, 1971, 10, 21

Klapoetke, T. et al., Chem. Brit., 2002, 38(9), 21; Chem. Eng. News, 2002, 80(37), 4

Grubelnik, A. et al., Chem in Lab. & Biotech., 2007, 58(11/12), 424

11.9 Transport Information

11.9.1 DOT Emergency Guidelines

/GUIDE 138: SUBSTANCES - WATER-REACTIVE (EMITTING FLAMMABLE GASES)/ Fire or Explosion: Produce flammable gases on contact with water. May ignite on contact with water or moist air. Some react vigorously or explosively on contact with water. May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. Some are transported in highly flammable liquids. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. /Potassium; Potassium, metal/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004
/GUIDE 138: SUBSTANCES - WATER-REACTIVE (EMITTING FLAMMABLE GASES)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with vapors, substance, or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death. May produce corrosive solutions on contact with water. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution. /Potassium; Potassium, metal/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004
/GUIDE 138: SUBSTANCES - WATER-REACTIVE (EMITTING FLAMMABLE GASES)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meter (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate the area before entry. /Potassium; Potassium, metal/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004
/GUIDE 138: SUBSTANCES - WATER-REACTIVE (EMITTING FLAMMABLE GASES)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Potassium; Potassium, metal/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004
For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for POTASSIUM, ELEMENTAL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.9.2 Shipping Name / Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO

UN 2257; Potassium
IMO 4.3; Potassium

11.9.3 Standard Transportation Number

49 164 45; Potassium, metal or metallic
49 164 46; Potassium, metallic liquid alloy

11.9.4 Shipment Methods and Regulations

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
49 CFR 171.2; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 15, 2006: https://www.ecfr.gov
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.
International Air Transport Association. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 47th Edition. Montreal, Quebec Canada. 2006., p. 240
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.
International Maritime Organization. International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code. London, UK. 2004., p. 106

11.9.5 DOT Label

Dangerous When Wet

11.9.6 Packaging and Labelling

Airtight. Unbreakable packaging. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container.

11.9.7 EC Classification

Symbol: F, C; R: 14/15-34; S: (1/2)-5-8-45

11.9.8 UN Classification

UN Hazard Class: 4.3; UN Pack Group: I

11.10 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: Potassium
REACH Registered Substance
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Potassium: HSNO Approval: HSR001290 Approved with controls

11.11 Other Safety Information

Chemical Assessment

IMAP assessments - Potassium: Environment tier I assessment

IMAP assessments - Potassium: Human health tier I assessment

11.11.1 Toxic Combustion Products

FUMES FROM BURNING POTASSIUM ARE HIGHLY IRRITATING TO SKIN, EYES & MUCOUS MEMBRANES.
National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 7th ed. Boston, Mass.: National Fire Protection Association, 1978., p. 49-243

12 Toxicity

12.1 Toxicological Information

12.1.1 USGS Health-Based Screening Levels for Evaluating Water-Quality

Chemical
Potassium
Chemical Classes
Major ion
Reference
Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

12.1.2 Exposure Routes

Serious by all routes of exposure.

12.1.3 Symptoms

Inhalation Exposure
Cough. Sore throat. Burning sensation.
Skin Exposure
Pain. Blisters. Serious skin burns.
Eye Exposure
Severe deep burns. Loss of vision.
Ingestion Exposure
Burning sensation. Shock or collapse.

12.1.4 Adverse Effects

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

12.1.5 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 160
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 160-1

12.1.6 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Harmful Effects and Symptoms Short Term Exposure: Potassium can affect you when breathed in. Inhalation of dusts or mists can irritate the eyes, nose, throat and lungs with sneezing, coughing and sore throat. Higher exposures may cause a build-up of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema). This can cause death. Skin and eye contact can cause severe burns leading to permanent damage. Long Term Exposure: Prolonged exposure to fumes can cause sores of the inner nose and nasal septum. Fumes can irritate the lungs; bronchitis may develop.
Pohanish, R.P. (2002). Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens (4th Edition). William Andrew Publishing/Noyes. Online version Available from: https://www.knovel.com/knovel2/Toc.jsp?BookID=421&VerticalID=0

12.2 Ecological Information

12.2.1 Natural Pollution Sources

... does not occur in nature as a free metal
Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA22: 31 (1993)
The abundance of potassium in the earth's crust is 2.59% ... Its extent in seawater is almost as great due to the weathering of potassium-containing minerals. /Potassium in nature/
Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA22: 31 (1993)
Potassium is present in the composition of the kernel of Black Walnut /Potassium in nature/
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V16: 261 (1981)
Potassium in seawater at a concentration of 3.8X10-5 ug/L /Potassium in nature/
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V16: 279 (1981)
For more Natural Pollution Sources (Complete) data for POTASSIUM, ELEMENTAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13 Associated Disorders and Diseases

14 Literature

14.1 Consolidated References

14.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

14.3 Wiley References

14.4 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

14.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

14.6 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

15 Patents

15.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

15.2 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

15.3 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

15.4 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

16 Interactions and Pathways

16.1 Chemical-Target Interactions

16.2 Drug-Drug Interactions

16.3 Pathways

17 Taxonomy

The LOTUS Initiative for Open Natural Products Research: frozen dataset union wikidata (with metadata) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.5794106

18 Classification

18.1 MeSH Tree

18.2 NCI Thesaurus Tree

18.3 ChEBI Ontology

18.4 CAMEO Chemicals

18.5 UN GHS Classification

18.6 EPA CPDat Classification

18.7 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

18.8 EPA DSSTox Classification

18.9 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

18.10 LOTUS Tree

18.11 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

18.12 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

19 Information Sources

  1. Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS)
  2. CAMEO Chemicals
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    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/help/reference/terms_and_conditions.htm?d_f=false
    CAMEO Chemical Reactivity Classification
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
  3. CAS Common Chemistry
    LICENSE
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    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
  4. ChemIDplus
  5. DrugBank
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    https://www.drugbank.ca/legal/terms_of_use
  6. EPA Chemical Data Reporting (CDR)
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    https://www.epa.gov/web-policies-and-procedures/epa-disclaimers#copyright
  7. EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
    EPA TSCA Classification
    https://www.epa.gov/tsca-inventory
  8. EPA DSSTox
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
  9. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
    LICENSE
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    https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/legal-notice
  10. FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS)
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    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  11. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  12. ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
  13. New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
    LICENSE
    This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International licence.
    https://www.epa.govt.nz/about-this-site/general-copyright-statement/
  14. NJDOH RTK Hazardous Substance List
  15. Risk Assessment Information System (RAIS)
    LICENSE
    This work has been sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Environmental Management, Oak Ridge Operations (ORO) Office through a joint collaboration between United Cleanup Oak Ridge LLC (UCOR), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), and The University of Tennessee, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The Institute for Environmental Modeling (TIEM). All rights reserved.
    https://rais.ornl.gov/
  16. Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)
  17. Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
    LICENSE
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    https://haz-map.com/About
  18. ChEBI
  19. E. coli Metabolome Database (ECMDB)
    LICENSE
    ECMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource.
    https://ecmdb.ca/citations
  20. LOTUS - the natural products occurrence database
    LICENSE
    The code for LOTUS is released under the GNU General Public License v3.0.
    https://lotus.nprod.net/
  21. NCI Thesaurus (NCIt)
    LICENSE
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    https://www.cancer.gov/policies/copyright-reuse
  22. RRUFF Project
  23. Yeast Metabolome Database (YMDB)
    LICENSE
    YMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource.
    http://www.ymdb.ca/downloads
  24. ClinicalTrials.gov
    LICENSE
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    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/about-site/terms-conditions#Use
  25. Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD)
    LICENSE
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    http://ctdbase.org/about/legal.jsp
  26. Therapeutic Target Database (TTD)
  27. Crystallography Open Database (COD)
    LICENSE
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    https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
  28. DailyMed
  29. EPA Chemical and Products Database (CPDat)
  30. Hazardous Chemical Information System (HCIS), Safe Work Australia
  31. NITE-CMC
    potassium - FY2006 (New/original classication)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/06-imcg-1145e.html
  32. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council
    LICENSE
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    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/legal-notice/legal-notice.html
  33. USGS Health-Based Screening Levels for Evaluating Water-Quality Data
  34. Lab and Research Safety, University of Minnesota
    Potassium Metal
  35. National Drug Code (NDC) Directory
    LICENSE
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    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  36. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods
    LICENSE
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    https://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html
  37. NIPH Clinical Trials Search of Japan
  38. NLM RxNorm Terminology
    LICENSE
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    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/rxnorm/docs/termsofservice.html
  39. Pistoia Alliance Chemical Safety Library
    POTASSIUM + Petroleum Ether
    https://safescience.cas.org/
  40. PubChem Elements
  41. SpringerMaterials
  42. Wikidata
  43. Wikipedia
  44. Wiley
  45. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
  46. PubChem
  47. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  48. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
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    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  49. EPA Substance Registry Services
  50. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
CONTENTS