An official website of the United States government

Phosmet

PubChem CID
12901
Structure
Phosmet_small.png
Phosmet_3D_Structure.png
Phosmet__Crystal_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • Phosmet
  • Fosmet
  • 732-11-6
  • Decemthion
  • Phthalophos
Molecular Weight
317.3 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-03-27
  • Modify:
    2025-01-11
Description
Phosmet is an off-white crystalline solid with an offensive odor. Used as an insecticide and acaricide. (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Phosmet is an organic thiophosphate, an organothiophosphate insecticide and a member of phthalimides. It has a role as an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor, an acaricide and an agrochemical. It is functionally related to a N-(hydroxymethyl)phthalimide.
Phosmet is a phthalimide-derived organophosphate. It is a non-specific insecticide. It is mainly used on apple trees to control codling moths. It is also used on other fruit crops, ornamentals, and vines to control aphids, suckers, mites, and fruit flies.

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Phosmet.png

1.2 3D Conformer

1.3 Crystal Structures

1 of 2
View All
CCDC Number
Crystal Structure Data
Crystal Structure Depiction
Crystal Structure Depiction

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

2-(dimethoxyphosphinothioylsulfanylmethyl)isoindole-1,3-dione
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C11H12NO4PS2/c1-15-17(18,16-2)19-7-12-10(13)8-5-3-4-6-9(8)11(12)14/h3-6H,7H2,1-2H3
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

LMNZTLDVJIUSHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

COP(=S)(OC)SCN1C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2C1=O
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

C11H12NO4PS2
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
C11H12NO4PS2

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

732-11-6

2.3.2 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.3 UNII

2.3.4 UN Number

2.3.5 ChEBI ID

2.3.6 ChEMBL ID

2.3.7 DrugBank ID

2.3.8 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.9 HMDB ID

2.3.10 ICSC Number

2.3.11 KEGG ID

2.3.12 Metabolomics Workbench ID

2.3.13 NCI Thesaurus Code

2.3.14 Nikkaji Number

2.3.15 Wikidata

2.3.16 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

  • Imidan
  • N-(Mercaptomethyl)phthalimide S-(O,O-dimethyl phosphorothionate)
  • Phosmet
  • Phthalophos
  • Prolate

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
317.3 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
XLogP3
Property Value
2.8
Reference
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
6
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
5
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
316.99453721 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
316.99453721 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
113 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
19
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
399
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Phosmet is an off-white crystalline solid with an offensive odor. Used as an insecticide and acaricide. (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Colorless to off-white solid; [ICSC] Technical product is off-white or pink solid with an offensive odor; [HSDB] Colorless solid; [MSDSonline]
COLOURLESS-TO-OFF-WHITE CRYSTALS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

3.2.2 Color / Form

Off-white crystalline solid
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1315
Colorless crystals
Tomlin CDS, ed; Phosmet (732-11-6). In: The e-Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition Version 3.1 (2004-05). Surrey UK, British Crop Protection Council.

3.2.3 Odor

OFFENSIVE ODOR
Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection. 7th ed. Publication 1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada: Information Canada, 1982., p. 456

3.2.4 Boiling Point

Decomposes below boiling point (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

3.2.5 Melting Point

161 °F (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
72-72.7 °C
Tomlin CDS, ed; Phosmet (732-11-6). In: The e-Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition Version 3.1 (2004-05). Surrey UK, British Crop Protection Council.
72 °C

3.2.6 Solubility

Worthing, C. R. (ed.). Pesticide Manual. 6th ed. Worcestershire, England: British Crop Protection Council, l979., p. 423
At 25 °C: 25 mg/L water; 650 g/L acetone; 600 g/L benzene; 5 g/L kerosene; 50 g/L methanol; 300 g/L toluene, methyl isobutyl ketone; 250 g/L xylene.
Tomlin CDS, ed; Phosmet (732-11-6). In: The e-Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition Version 3.1 (2004-05). Surrey UK, British Crop Protection Council.
In water, 24.4 mg/L at 20 °C
Wauchope RD et al; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 123: 1-35 (1991)
Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.003

3.2.7 Density

1.03 at 20 °C/4 °C
Purdue University; National Pesticide Information Retrieval System, Phosmet Fact Sheet No. 101 (1986)
1.03 g/cm³

3.2.8 Vapor Pressure

0.001 mmHg at 122 °F (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
0.00000049 [mmHg]
4.9X10-7 mm Hg at 20-25 °C
Tomlin CDS, ed; Phosmet (732-11-6). In: The e-Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition Version 3.1 (2004-05). Surrey UK, British Crop Protection Council.
Vapor pressure at 20 °C: negligible

3.2.9 LogP

log Kow = 2.95
Tomlin CDS, ed; Phosmet (732-11-6). In: The e-Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition Version 3.1 (2004-05). Surrey UK, British Crop Protection Council.
2.83

3.2.10 Stability / Shelf Life

Stable under normal storage conditions.
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 4822
IN BUFFERED SOLN (20 MG/L) @ 20 °C, 50% HYDROLYZED 13 DAYS AT PH 4.5, IN LESS THAN 12 HR AT PH 7, IN LESS THAN 4 HR AT PH 8.3.
Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987., p. 666
STORAGE ABOVE 45 °C MAY LEAD TO DECOMPOSITION.
Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection. 7th ed. Publication 1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada: Information Canada, 1982., p. 456
... Rapidly decomposed with hypochlorite.
Sittig, M. (ed.) Pesticide Manufacturing and Toxic Materials Control Encyclopedia. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation. 1980., p. 617
Relatively stable in acidic conditions. Decomposes rapidly above 100 °C.
Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987., p. A325/Aug 87

3.2.11 Decomposition

When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides, phosphorus oxides, and sulfur oxides./
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 2698
100 °C

3.2.12 Corrosivity

SLIGHTLY CORROSIVE TO METALS
Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987., p. A325/Aug 87

3.2.13 Collision Cross Section

159.32 Ų [M+H]+

167.89 Ų [M+Na]+

S61 | UJICCSLIB | Collision Cross Section (CCS) Library from UJI | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3549476

3.2.14 Kovats Retention Index

Standard non-polar
2375 , 2424 , 2378.7 , 2408.7 , 2393.7 , 2431.9 , 2381.6 , 2375.8 , 2416.4 , 2379.5
Semi-standard non-polar
2452 , 2466 , 2445.5 , 2456 , 2445.2 , 2449 , 2439.9 , 2440.6 , 2432.3 , 2400.6

3.2.15 Other Experimental Properties

Off-white or pink solid, with an offensive odor. MP of technical grade (92% pure): 66-69 °C /technical imidan/
Tomlin CDS, ed; Phosmet (732-11-6). In: The e-Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition Version 3.1 (2004-05). Surrey UK, British Crop Protection Council.
Decomposes below its BP
Tomlin CDS, ed; Phosmet (732-11-6). In: The e-Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition Version 3.1 (2004-05). Surrey UK, British Crop Protection Council.

3.3 SpringerMaterials Properties

3.4 Chemical Classes

3.4.1 Drugs

3.4.1.1 Animal Drugs
Active Ingredients (Phosmet) -> FDA Greenbook

3.4.2 Pesticides

Insecticides
Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved
Pesticides -> Organophosphate Insecticides
Environmental transformation -> Pesticides (parent, predecessor)
S60 | SWISSPEST19 | Swiss Pesticides and Metabolites from Kiefer et al 2019 | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3544759
Pesticide (Phosmet) -> USDA PDB
Pesticide

4 Spectral Information

4.1 1D NMR Spectra

1D NMR Spectra

4.2 Mass Spectrometry

4.2.1 GC-MS

1 of 8
View All
NIST Number
408738
Library
Main library
Total Peaks
90
m/z Top Peak
160
m/z 2nd Highest
161
m/z 3rd Highest
77
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 8
View All
NIST Number
14995
Library
Replicate library
Total Peaks
101
m/z Top Peak
160
m/z 2nd Highest
77
m/z 3rd Highest
76
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.2.2 MS-MS

1 of 6
View All
Spectra ID
Ionization Mode
Positive
Top 5 Peaks

133.0284 100

95.0492 89.11

105.0336 68.38

160.0393 67.25

105.0447 17.56

Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 6
View All
Spectra ID
Ionization Mode
Positive
Top 5 Peaks

160.0393 100

133.0285 6.51

105.0336 1.03

Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.2.3 LC-MS

1 of 9
View All
Authors
Beck B, Stravs M, Schymanski E, Singer H, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Eawag
Instrument
Q Exactive Orbitrap Thermo Scientific
Instrument Type
LC-ESI-QFT
MS Level
MS2
Ionization Mode
POSITIVE
Ionization
ESI
Collision Energy
15 (nominal)
Fragmentation Mode
HCD
Column Name
XBridge C18 3.5um, 2.1x50mm, Waters
Retention Time
9.5 min
Precursor m/z
318.0018
Precursor Adduct
[M+H]+
Top 5 Peaks

160.0393 999

178.05 5

113.0596 1

Thumbnail
Thumbnail
License
CC BY
2 of 9
View All
Authors
Beck B, Stravs M, Schymanski E, Singer H, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Eawag
Instrument
Q Exactive Orbitrap Thermo Scientific
Instrument Type
LC-ESI-QFT
MS Level
MS2
Ionization Mode
POSITIVE
Ionization
ESI
Collision Energy
30 (nominal)
Fragmentation Mode
HCD
Column Name
XBridge C18 3.5um, 2.1x50mm, Waters
Retention Time
9.5 min
Precursor m/z
318.0018
Precursor Adduct
[M+H]+
Top 5 Peaks

160.0393 999

133.0283 5

178.05 5

142.9931 1

105.0335 1

Thumbnail
Thumbnail
License
CC BY

4.3 IR Spectra

4.3.1 FTIR Spectra

1 of 2
Technique
KBr WAFER
Source of Sample
U.S. Epa Repository, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Technique
KBr WAFER
Source of Sample
Riedel-De Haen AG
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.4 Other Spectra

Intense mass spectral peaks: 160 m/z (100%), 77 m/z (34%), 161 m/z (33%), 93 m/z (29%)
Hites, R.A. Handbook of Mass Spectra of Environmental Contaminants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1985., p. 329

6 Chemical Vendors

7 Drug and Medication Information

7.1 FDA Green Book

7.2 Therapeutic Uses

MEDICATION (VET): Psoroptic Mange ... caused by Psoroptes ovis ... is seen in range and feedlot beef cattle from the central and western states of the USA, with the largest numbers of outbreaks reported from Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and Nebraska. ... Treatment can be done by spray dipping or vat dipping; topical application of nonsystemic acaricides; and oral, topical, or injectable formulations of systemic drugs. ... In the USA, ... 0.20-0.25% phosmet, 2 dippings (21-day withdrawal time); ... can be used for dipping. ...
Kahn, C.M. (Ed.); The Merck Veterinary Manual 9th ed. Merck & Co. Whitehouse Station, NJ. 2005, p. 743
MEDICATION (VET): Psoroptes ovis infestation is a reportable disease. No cases have been reported in the USA since 1970, but sheep scab is still present in many countries, including some in western Europe. ... Approved treatments for mange in sheep are ... 0.15-0.25% phosmet ... .
Kahn, C.M. (Ed.); The Merck Veterinary Manual 9th ed. Merck & Co. Whitehouse Station, NJ. 2005, p. 744
MEDICATION (VET): ... Phosmet, ... spray may be used on beef cattle and swine /for control of lice/.
Kahn, C.M. (Ed.); The Merck Veterinary Manual 9th ed. Merck & Co. Whitehouse Station, NJ. 2005, p. 741

7.3 Drug Warnings

NOTE TO PHYSICIAN/VETERINARIAN: PROLATE/LINTOX-HD is an organophosphate insecticide and a cholinesterase inhibitor. If signs of cholinesterase inhibition are present, atropine is antidotal. 2-PAM is also antidotal and may be administered in conjunction with atropine. If ingested, do not induce vomiting. May present aspiration hazard. Usual symptoms of organophosphate poisoning in humans include: headache, blurred vision, weakness, nausea, discomfort in the chest, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, salivation, sweating, pin-point pupils. Usual symptoms of poisoning in animals include: salivation, labored breathing, gastrointestinal disturbance, tremors, staggering, and pinpoint pupils. /Prolate-Lintox-HD/
EPA; Pesticide Product Label System (PPLS) - Search for ZOECON RF-43 EMULSIFIABLE LIQUID, company no. 2724; product no. 262. Approval date April 16, 2002. Database Available from, as of June 20, 2007: https://oaspub.epa.gov/pestlabl/ppls.home
SWINE WARNINGS: 1. PROLATE/LINTOX-HD is a cholinesterase inhibitor. Do not use this product on animals simultaneously or within a few days before or after treatment with or exposure to cholinesterase inhibiting drugs, pesticides, or chemicals. Atropine is antidotal. Consult veterinarian at first sign of adverse reaction. 2. Do not treat sick, convalescent, or stressed animals. Do not apply directly to suckling pigs. 3. SWINE MAY BE SLAUGHTERED ONE DAY AFTER TREATMENT. 4. In swine, single applications for lice and sarcoptic mange control are usually effective; however, should a second application be necessary, it may be made 14 days following first treatment. /Prolate-Lintox-HD/
EPA; Pesticide Product Label System (PPLS) - Search for ZOECON RF-43 EMULSIFIABLE LIQUID, company no. 2724; product no. 262. Approval date April 16, 2002. Database Available from, as of June 20, 2007: https://oaspub.epa.gov/pestlabl/ppls.home
CATTLE WARNINGS: 1. PROLATE/LINTOX-HD is a cholinesterase inhibitor. Do not use this product on animals simultaneously or within a few days before or after treatment with or exposure to cholinesterase inhibiting drugs, pesticides, or chemicals. ... Consult veterinarian at first sign of adverse reaction. 2. Do not treat sick, convalescent, stressed, or animals less than 3 months old. 3. CATTLE MAY BE SLAUGHTERED 3 DAYS AFTER TREATMENT. 4. Do not treat non-lactating dairy cattle within 28 days of freshening. If freshening should occur within the 28 day period after treatment, that milk must not be used as human food. 5. IMPORTANT: In cattle, repeat treatment as necessary, but not more often than every 7 to 10 days. Treatment for lice, ticks, sarcoptic mange, and horn flies may be made any time of the year except when cattle grub larvae are in the gullet or spinal canal. Consult your veterinarian, extension livestock specialist, or extension entomologist regarding timing of treatment. /Prolate-Lintox-HD/
EPA; Pesticide Product Label System (PPLS) - Search for ZOECON RF-43 EMULSIFIABLE LIQUID, company no. 2724; product no. 262. Approval date April 16, 2002. Database Available from, as of June 20, 2007: https://oaspub.epa.gov/pestlabl/ppls.home

8 Agrochemical Information

8.1 Agrochemical Category

Insecticide
Pesticide active substances -> Insecticides

8.2 Agrochemical Transformations

Phosmet has known environmental transformation products that include Phthalic acid, PaAMSO3H, PIMOH (N-Hydroxymethyl phthalimide acid, Oxoa, PIMSH, PIMS(O)M (N-methylsulfinylmethyl phthalimide), PIMS(O2)M (N-methylsulfonylmethyl phthalimide), PIMSM (N-Methylthiomethyl phthalimide), PaAmOH (N-Hydroxymethyl phthalamic), PIMOM (N-Methoxymethyl phthalimide, PIMSO2H, O,O-Dimethyl hydrogen phosphorodithioate, PaAMS(O)M (N-Methylsulfinylmethyl phthalamic acid), PaAMS(O2)M (N-Methylsufonylmethyl phtalmic acid, Phthalimide, PaAMOM, Dimethyl phosphite, Phthalamic acid, and PaAMSM (N-Mehylthiomethyl phthalamic acid).
S60 | SWISSPEST19 | Swiss Pesticides and Metabolites from Kiefer et al 2019 | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3544759

8.3 EU Pesticides Data

Active Substance
phosmet
Status
Not approved [Reg. (EC) No 1107/2009]
Date
Approval: 01/10/2007 Expiration: 01/02/2022
Legislation
07/25/EC, Reg. (EU) 2018/917, Reg. (EU) 2019/707, Reg. (EU) 2020/869, Reg. (EU) 2021/745, Reg. (EU) 2022/94, Reg. (EU) No 540/2011
ADI
0.001 mg/kg bw/day [Reg. (EU) 2022/94]
ARfD
0.001 mg/kg bw [Reg. (EU) 2022/94]
AOEL
0.001 mg/kg bw/day [Reg. (EU) 2022/94]
AAOEL
0.001 mg/kg bw [Reg. (EU) 2022/94]

8.4 USDA Pesticide Data Program

9 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

9.1 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Insecticides
Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. (See all compounds classified as Insecticides.)

9.2 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

After dermal application, imidan was moderately absorbed by skin of steer. Approx 9.6% ... was recovered in excreta within 7 days and less than 2% from blood. Principal route of elimination was via urine in which almost 8% of ... dose was recovered within 7 days. ... in rats, 79% of admin dose was eliminated via urine and 19% via feces. About 2% remained in tissues.
Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Publication 127. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969., p. 225
Excretion of oral dose of (14C)-Imidan ... was nearly complete within 48 hr in rats. In 72 hr, 79% was excreted in urine, 16% in feces, and 3% was retained, maximally in blood and kidneys.
The Chemical Society. Foreign Compound Metabolism in Mammals. Volume 1: A Review of the Literature Published Between 1960 and 1969. London: The Chemical Society, 1970., p. 79

9.3 Metabolism / Metabolites

After dermal application, Imidan was moderately absorbed by skin of steer. ... Paper chromatography and electrophoresis indicated that primary metabolic products were phthalamic & phthalic acids. ... after oral admin of labeled
Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Publication 127. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969., p. 225
... Imidan to rats, the aq fraction remaining after extraction of urine with benzene contained 98% of the labeled Imidan metabolites excreted in urine. Using paper chromatography, the following metabolites were found: phthalic acid and a derivative, phthalamic acid, and about 8 other unidentified cmpd. In benzene fraction, imidoxon, n-hydroxymethylphthalimide and phthalimide were observed. ... in rat feces, imidoxon and unchanged Imidan were found.
Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Publication 127. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969., p. 225
In plants & mammals the initial step in metabolism appears to proceed via cleavage of the sulfur-methylene or nitrogen-methylene bond. Cleavage at sulfur-methylene bond is supported by tentative identification of n-hydroxymethyl-phthalimide ... from cotton plants.
White-Stevens, R. (ed.). Pesticides in the Environment: Volume 1, Part 1, Part 2. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1971., p. 174
Excretion-retention studies of Imidan ... in rats ... in all cases major metabolite was phthalamic acid, prodn of which involved amidase cleavage & removal of phosphorus-containing n-substituent group of Imidan.
The Chemical Society. Foreign Compound Metabolism in Mammals. Volume 1: A Review of the Literature Published Between 1960 and 1969. London: The Chemical Society, 1970., p. 285
For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for PHOSMET (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

9.4 Mechanism of Action

OPs including Phosmet exert their neurotoxicity by binding to and phosphorylating the enzyme acetylcholinesterase in both the central (brain) and peripheral nervous systems. There are laboratory animal data on OPs for cholinesterase activity in plasma, red blood cell (RBC) and brain, as well as behavioral or functional neurological effects ... Measures of acetylcholinesterase inhibition in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are very limited for the OP pesticides. As a matter of /EPA/ science policy, blood cholinesterase data (plasma and RBC) are considered appropriate surrogate measures of potential effects on PNS acetylcholinesterase activity and of potential effects on the central nervous system (CNS) when brain cholinesterase data are lacking.
EPA/OPP; Organophosphorus Cumulative Risk Assessment - 2006 Update. p 40. (August 2006) Downloadable as a zipped pdf file from https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/cumulative/2006-op/index.htm as of June 20, 2007

9.5 Transformations

10 Use and Manufacturing

10.1 Uses

EPA CPDat Chemical and Product Categories
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
Sources/Uses
Used as non-systemic acaricide and insecticide for fruits, nuts, berries, cotton, ornamentals, other crops, and livestock; [HSDB]
Restricted Notes
Cancelled--no longer registered for residential pesticide uses (domestic pets and home gardens) in the US; [HSDB]
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure
Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]
For phosmet (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 59201) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./
National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's USEPA/OPP Chemical Ingredients Database on Phosmet (732-11-6). Available from, as of May 23, 2007: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
Presently registered in the U.S. for application to kiwifruit, green peas, lowbush blueberries, sweet cherries, tart cherries, pears, grapes, pistachios, peacans, walnuts, filberts, brazil nuts, beechnuts, butternuts, cashew, chestnut, chinquapin, hickory nuts, and macadamia nuts. Residential uses - domestic pets, household ornamentals, household fruit trees - cancelled.
EPA/OPP; Organophosphorus Cumulative Risk Assessment - 2006 Update. p 40. (August 2006) Downloadable as a zipped pdf file from https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/cumulative/2006-op/index.htm as of June 20, 2007
Prolate/Lintox -HD Insecticidal Spray & Backrubber for Livestock (contains phosmet) controls horn flies, lice, mange, and ticks on cattle, and lice and mange on swine.
EPA; Pesticide Product Label System (PPLS) - Search for ZOECON RF-43 EMULSIFIABLE LIQUID, company no. 2724; product no. 262. Approval date April 16, 2002. Database Available from, as of June 20, 2007: https://oaspub.epa.gov/pestlabl/ppls.home
Non-systemic acaricide and insecticide for the control of lepidopterous larvae, aphids, suckers, fruit flies, and spider mites on pome fruit, stone fruit, citrus fruit, ornamentals and vines; Colorado beetles on potatoes; boll weevils on cotton; olive moths and olive thrips on olives; blossom beetles on oilseed rape; leaf beetles and weevils on alfalfa; European corn borers on maize and sorghum; sweet potato weevils on sweet potatoes in storage. Also used as an animal ectoparasiticide.
Tomlin CDS, ed; Phosmet (732-11-6). In: The e-Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition Version 3.1 (2004-05). Surrey UK, British Crop Protection Council.

10.1.1 Use Classification

Animal Drugs -> FDA Approved Animal Drug Products (Green Book) -> Active Ingredients
Hazard Classes and Categories ->
Environmental transformation -> Pesticides (parent, predecessor)
S60 | SWISSPEST19 | Swiss Pesticides and Metabolites from Kiefer et al 2019 | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3544759
INSECTICIDES

10.2 Methods of Manufacturing

Phosmet is produced by reaction of N-chloromethylphthalimide with dimethyldithiophosphoric acid.
Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 6th ed.Vol 1: Federal Republic of Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 2003 to Present, p. V1 97 (2003)
Phthalimide is condensed with formaldehyde and the product converted to chloride which is reacted with sodium dimethylphosphorodithioate.
Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection. 7th ed. Publication 1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada: Information Canada, 1982., p. 456
Prepn: Fancher, US 2767194 (1956 to Stauffer)
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 1264

10.3 Formulations / Preparations

ZOECON RF-43 EMULSIFIABLE LIQUID Active Ingredient 11.75% N-(Mercaptomethyl)phthalimide S-(O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate)
National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's USEPA/OPP Chemical Ingredients Database on Phosmet (732-11-6). Available from, as of May 23, 2007: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
IMIDAN 5 DUST Active Ingredient 5.0% N-(Mercaptomethyl)phthalimide S-(O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate); IMIDAN 70-WP AGRICULTURAL INSECTICIDE Active Ingredient 70.0% N-(Mercaptomethyl)phthalimide S-(O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate); IMIDAN 1-E INSECTICIDE Active Ingredient 11.7% N-(Mercaptomethyl)phthalimide S-(O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate); IMIDAN TECHNICAL ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDE Active Ingredient 94.0% N-(Mercaptomethyl)phthalimide S-(O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate); FIREBAN FIRE ANT INSECTICIDE Active Ingredient 12.4% N-(Mercaptomethyl)phthalimide S-(O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate); IMIDAN 50-WSB Active Ingredient 50.0% N-(Mercaptomethyl)phthalimide S-(O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate); IMIDAN 70-WSB Active Ingredient 70.0% N-(Mercaptomethyl)phthalimide S-(O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate); IMIDAN 2.5-EC Active Ingredient 27.5% N-(Mercaptomethyl)phthalimide S-(O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate)
National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's USEPA/OPP Chemical Ingredients Database on Phosmet (732-11-6). Available from, as of May 23, 2007: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE 29.5 AND 20.2% WT/WT; 50% WETTABLE POWDER.
Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection. 7th ed. Publication 1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada: Information Canada, 1982., p. 456
... AVAILABLE AS A ...GRANULAR FORMULATION (10G, 10% IMIDAN BY WT) & EMULSIFIABLE LIQUID (3E, 3 LB/GAL).
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-298
'Prolate E', emulsifiable concentrate (120 g ai/L); 'Prolate 8-OS', soluble concentrate (80 g/L); 'Imidan WP', wettable powder (125 or 500 g/kg); 'Imidan 5 Dust', 'Prolate 5 Dust', dustable powder (50 g/kg).
Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987., p. 666

10.4 Consumption Patterns

Approximately 1,250,000 pounds active ingredient (a.i.) of phosmet /were/ used annually, according to /EPA in 2001/ and registrant estimates /supplied to EPA for their 2001 report/.
USEPA/Office of Pesticide Programs; Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision - Phosmet p.5. EPA 738-R-01-010 (October 2001) Available from, as of May 18, 2007: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm
Annual US usage 1990-1999.
Crop
Alfalfa
Use (active ingredient pounds)
35,000
Crop
Almonds
Use (active ingredient pounds)
75,000
Crop
Apples
Use (active ingredient pounds)
440,000
Crop
Apricots
Use (active ingredient pounds)
13,000
Crop
Beef Cattle
Use (active ingredient pounds)
-
Crop
Blueberries
Use (active ingredient pounds)
19,000
Crop
Canine
Use (active ingredient pounds)
10,000
Crop
Cattle/swine
Use (active ingredient pounds)
19,000
Crop
Cherries
Use (active ingredient pounds)
35,000
Crop
Cotton
Use (active ingredient pounds)
2,000
Crop
Dairy herd
Use (active ingredient pounds)
-
Crop
Grapes
Use (active ingredient pounds)
21,000
Crop
Kiwi fruit
Use (active ingredient pounds)
54
Crop
Nectarine
Use (active ingredient pounds)
13,000
Crop
Other crops
Use (active ingredient pounds)
5,000
Crop
Peaches
Use (active ingredient pounds)
110,000
Crop
Pears
Use (active ingredient pounds)
54,000
Crop
Peas, green
Use (active ingredient pounds)
7,000
Crop
Peas, dry
Use (active ingredient pounds)
12,000
Crop
Pecans
Use (active ingredient pounds)
30,000
Crop
Plumbs and prunes
Use (active ingredient pounds)
15,000
Crop
Potatoes
Use (active ingredient pounds)
28,000
Crop
Sweet potatoes
Use (active ingredient pounds)
14,000
Crop
Walnuts
Use (active ingredient pounds)
87,000
Crop
Woodland
Use (active ingredient pounds)
-
USEPA; EPA Interim Registration Eligibility Decision Document. Phosmet. Case Number 0242. July, 31, 2006. Available from, as of July 22, 2007: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm
50% AS AN INSECTICIDE FOR WEEVILS ON ALFALFA, ON FRUIT, ON POTATOES & FOR CATTLE GRUBS & HORN FLIES ON BEEF CATTLE; 50% AS AN INSECTICIDE FOR WEEVILS ON SWEET POTATOES IN STORAGE, AND ON WOODY SHRUBS, TREES & VINES (1976)
SRI

10.5 U.S. Production

(1974) 1.14X10+9 GRAMS (CONSUMPTION)
SRI

10.6 General Manufacturing Information

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies Phosmet (technical grade) as Class II: moderately hazardous; Main Use: insecticide, acaricide.
WHO (2005) The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2004, International Programme on Chemical Safety, p.23
Phosmet was first registered in the United States in 1966 as a broad-spectrum insecticide for control of a wide variety of pests including the alfalfa weevil, boll weevil, codling moth, grape berrymoth, leafrollers, plum curculio, and oriental fruit moth. In addition, phosmet is registered for direct animal treatments to control fleas, lice, hornflies, sarcoptic mange, and ticks on cattle, swine and dogs. There are other uses such as in forestry and for ornamental plants, including residential sites that can be treated by professional applicators. ...
USEPA/Office of Pesticide Programs; Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision - Phosmet p.3. EPA 738-R-01-010 (October 2001) Available from, as of May 18, 2007: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm
All residential uses of phosmet, including treatment of dogs, are being voluntarily cancelled. However, Pest Control Operators will be permitted to apply phosmet to fire ant mounds in a residential setting, because fire ants are a public health pest and risks to mixers, loaders, applicators and residents are not of concern.
USEPA/Office of Pesticide Programs; Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision - Phosmet p.49. EPA 738-R-01-010 (October 2001) Available from, as of May 18, 2007: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm

11 Identification

11.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

/PRODUCT ANALYSIS IS BY COLORIMETRY/ ... BASED ON ACID HYDROLYTIC CLEAVAGE OF FORMALDEHYDE FROM MOLECULE & ITS DETERMINATION WITH CHROMATROPIC ACID BY EEGRIWE REACTION (IE) CONCENTRATED SULFURIC ACID & DETERMINE ABSORBANCE @ 570 NM. ANALYSIS IS BY GLC; INFRARED, UV, & VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF IMIDAN IN ANIMAL DIPS & SPRAYS.
Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection. 7th ed. Publication 1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada: Information Canada, 1982., p. 456
USE OF FLAME PHOTOMETRIC DETECTOR. IMIDAN /WAS/ DETERMINED FROM ... SWEET CORN EXTRACTS ...
White-Stevens, R. (ed.). Pesticides in the Environment: Volume 1, Part 1, Part 2. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1971., p. 376
EPA Method 1618. Combined method using wide bore capillary column gas chromatography with selective electron capture detectors for the determination of organo-halide pesticides and PCBs, organo-phosphorus pesticides, and phenoxy-acid herbicides. Under the prescribed conditions for imidan, the method has a detection limit of 14.0 ng/L as defined by EPA.
USEPA/SCC; Environmental Monitoring Methods Index p.182 (1992)
EPA Method 622.1. Gas chromatography with alkali flame detector for the determination of thiophosphate pesticides including imidan in industrial and municipal wastewater. Under the prescribed conditions for imidan, the method has a detection limit of 1.0 ug/L as defined by EPA.
USEPA/SCC; Environmental Monitoring Methods Index p.182 (1992)
For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for PHOSMET (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12 Safety and Hazards

12.1 Hazards Identification

12.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 5
View All
Pictogram(s)
Acute Toxic
Irritant
Health Hazard
Environmental Hazard
Signal
Danger
GHS Hazard Statements

H301 (32.6%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H302+H312 (42.7%): Harmful if swallowed or in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal]

H302 (67.4%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (68.5%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330 (43.8%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H332 (31.5%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H361f (32.6%): Suspected of damaging fertility [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370 (32.6%): Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P203, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P320, P321, P330, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 89 reports by companies from 5 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

12.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Acute Tox. 3 (32.6%)

Acute Tox. 4 (67.4%)

Acute Tox. 4 (68.5%)

Acute Tox. 2 (43.8%)

Acute Tox. 4 (31.5%)

Repr. 2 (32.6%)

STOT SE 1 (32.6%)

Aquatic Acute 1 (100%)

Aquatic Chronic 1 (100%)

Reproductive toxicity - category 2

Acute toxicity (inhalation) - category 4

Acute toxicity (ingestion) - category 3

Specific target organ toxicity (single exposure) - category 1

Hazardous to the aquatic environment (acute) - category 1

Hazardous to the aquatic environment (chronic) - category 1

12.1.3 Health Hazards

It is an organophosphorus pesticide. This material is very toxic; the probable oral lethal dose for humans is 50-500 mg/kg, or between 1 teaspoon and 1 oz. for a 150 lb. person. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor and has central nervous system effects. Oral lethal doses in humans have been reported at 50 mg/kg. (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

12.1.4 Fire Hazards

(Non-Specific -- Organophosphorus Pesticide, n.o.s.). Container may explode in heat of fire. Fire and runoff from fire control water may produce irritating or poisonous gases. Storage above 113F, may lead to decomposition. (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Combustible. Liquid formulations containing organic solvents may be flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Risk of fire and explosion if formulations contain flammable/explosive solvents.

12.1.5 Hazards Summary

A cholinesterase inhibitor that may cause CNS effects resulting in convulsions and respiratory depression; Can be absorbed through skin; [ICSC] Highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitor; [CAMEO] A man who attempted suicide by ingestion was brought by friend to emergency room with symptoms including oral and bronchial secretions and respiratory distress requiring intubation; Within an hour health care personal began developing symptoms of poisoning; A nursing assistant who had contact with the patients skin and bodily fluids required intubation and was hospitalized for 9 days; Two nurses who were exposed only by inhalation in close proximity to the patient developed symptoms including confusion, nausea, abdominal cramps, and dyspnea; Many poisoning cases have been reported from the use of animal dips and shampoos by pet owners, groomers, and veterinary assistants; [HSDB] Not likely to be teratogenic, based on animal studies; [REPROTOX] The average of two baseline respective cholinesterase activity determinations three days apart, with no exposures to enzyme inhibiting pesticides for at least 30 days, is recommended for each worker prior to exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors because of large inter-individual differences in published baseline values. To be established at least once a year. Removal from workplace exposures is recommended until the cholinesterase activity returns to within 20% of baseline. [TLVs and BEIs]
REPROTOX - Scialli AR, Lione A, Boyle Padgett GK. Reproductive Effects of Chemical, Physical, and Biological Agents. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.
TLVs and BEIs - _Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents & Biological Exposure Indices. _Cincinnati: ACGIH, 2020.

12.1.6 Fire Potential

This material may burn but does not ignite readily. /Organophosphorus pesticide NOS/
Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials Reports. New York: Van Nostrand Rheinhold, 1987., p. 11:3 (1991)

12.2 Safety and Hazard Properties

12.2.1 Explosive Limits and Potential

Containers may explode in the heat of fire.
Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials Reports. New York: Van Nostrand Rheinhold, 1987., p. 11:3 (1991)

12.3 First Aid Measures

Inhalation First Aid
Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.
Skin First Aid
Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.
Eye First Aid
First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.
Ingestion First Aid
Rinse mouth. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Rest. Refer for medical attention .

12.3.1 First Aid

Note: Phosmet is a cholinesterase inhibitor.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Phosmet Exposure: Acute exposure to phosmet may produce the following signs and symptoms: pinpoint pupils, blurred vision, headache, dizziness, muscle spasms, and profound weakness. Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, seizures, and coma may also occur. The heart rate may decrease following oral exposure or increase following dermal exposure. Chest pain may be noted. Hypotension (low blood pressure) may occur, although hypertension (high blood pressure) is not uncommon. Dyspnea (shortness of breath) may be followed by respiratory collapse. Giddiness is common.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to phosmet may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to phosmet.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to phosmet.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas three times with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of phosmet is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

4. Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of phosmet may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

4.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

12.4 Fire Fighting

(Non-Specific -- Organophosphorus Pesticide, n.o.s.). Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Move container from fire area if you can do it without risk. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter material. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing.

(Non-Specific -- Organophosphorus Pesticide, n.o.s.) This material may burn but does not ignite readily. For small fires, use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. For large fires, use water spray, fog, or foam. (EPA, 1998)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

12.4.1 Fire Fighting Procedures

This material may not burn but does ignite readily. For small fires, use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. For large fires, use water spray, fog, or foam. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Move container from fire area if you can do it without risk. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter material. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Poisonous gases are produced in fire including nitrogen oxides, phosphorus oxides, and sulfur oxides. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. Containers may explode in fire. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. If employees are expected to fight fires, they must be trained and equipped in OSHA 1910.156.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2002. 4th ed.Vol 1 A-H Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, 2002., p. 1860
For small fires, use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. For large fires, use water spray, fog, or foam. /Organophosphorus pesticide NOS/
Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials Reports. New York: Van Nostrand Rheinhold, 1987., p. 11:3 (1991)

12.5 Accidental Release Measures

12.5.1 Isolation and Evacuation

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

12.5.2 Spillage Disposal

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

12.5.3 Cleanup Methods

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until clean-up is complete. Remove all ignition sources. As for other organophosphorus pesticides stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site. Do not touch spilled material. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Take up small spills with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place in containers for later disposal. Take up small dry spills with clean shovel and place in clean, dry container. Dike far ahead of large spills for later disposal. Ventilate area after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations. If employees are required to clean-up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped. OSHA 1910.120(q) may be applicable.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2002. 4th ed.Vol 1 A-H Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, 2002., p. 1859-1860

12.5.4 Disposal Methods

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.
Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (> or = 100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal. In accordance with 40CFR165 recommendations for the disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. Must be disposed of properly by following package label directions or be contacting your state regional office. Small amounts may be decomposed with hypochlorite. For large amounts, incineration with effective gas scrubbing is recommended.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2002. 4th ed.Vol 1 A-H Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, 2002., p. 1858
Pesticide Disposal - Pesticide wastes are acutely hazardous. Improper disposal of excess pesticide, spray mixture, or rinsate is a violation of Federal Law. If these wastes cannot be disposed of by use according to label instructions, contact your State Pesticide or Environmental Control Agency or the Hazardous Waste Representative at the nearest EPA Regional Office for guidance. Container Disposal - Triple rinse (or equivalent). Then offer for recycling or reconditioning, or puncture and dispose of in a sanitary landfill, or by other procedures approved by state and local authorities. /Prolate-Lintox -HD/
EPA; Pesticide Product Label System (PPLS) - Search for ZOECON RF-43 EMULSIFIABLE LIQUID, company no. 2724; product no. 262. Approval date April 16, 2002. Database Available from, as of June 20, 2007: https://oaspub.epa.gov/pestlabl/ppls.home

12.5.5 Preventive Measures

Follow manufacturers instructions for cieaning and maintainlng PPE. If no such instructions for washables exist, use detergent and hot water. Keep and wash PPE separately from other laundry. Discard clothing and other absorbent materials that have been drenched or heavily contaminated with this product's concentrate. Do not reuse them. /Imidan 70-WP/
EPA; Pesticide Product Label System (PPLS) - Search for IMIDAN 70-WP AGRICULTURAL INSECTICIDE, company no. 10163; product no. 169. Approval date May 31, 2006. Database Available from, as of June 20, 2007: https://oaspub.epa.gov/pestlabl/ppls.home
USER SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS. Users should: - Wash hands before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco, or using the toilet. Remove ctothing and PPE immediately if pesticide gets inside. Then wash thoroughly and put on clean clothing. Users should remove PPE immediately after handling this product. Wash the outside of gloves before removing. As soon as possible, wash thoroughly and change into clean clothing. /Imidan 70-WP/
EPA; Pesticide Product Label System (PPLS) - Search for IMIDAN 70-WP AGRICULTURAL INSECTICIDE, company no. 10163; product no. 169. Approval date May 31, 2006. Database Available from, as of June 20, 2007: https://oaspub.epa.gov/pestlabl/ppls.home
This pesticide is toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high-water mark. Drift and runoff may be hazardous to aquatic organisms in neighboring areas. Do not contaminate water when disposing of equipment washwater or rinsate. This product is highly toxic to bees exposed directly to treatment of residues on crops. Do not apply this product or allow it to drift to blooming crops or weeds if bees are visiting the treatment area. Protective information may be obtained from your cooperative Agricultural Extension Service. /Imidan 70-WP/
EPA; Pesticide Product Label System (PPLS) - Search for IMIDAN 70-WP AGRICULTURAL INSECTICIDE, company no. 10163; product no. 169. Approval date May 31, 2006. Database Available from, as of June 20, 2007: https://oaspub.epa.gov/pestlabl/ppls.home
AGRICULTURAL USE REQUIREMENTS. Use this product only In accordance with its labeling and with the Worker Protection Standard, 40 CFR Part 170. ... The requirements in this /statement/ only apply to uses of this product that are covered by the Worker Protection Standard. Do not enter or allow entry into treated areas during the restricted entry interval (REI). The REI for each crop is listed in the directions for use associated with each crop. PPE required for early entry to treated areas that is permitted under the Worker Protection Standard and that involves contact with anything that has been treated, such as plants, soil, or water is: Coveralls, Shoes plus socks, Chemical-resistant gloves made of any waterproof material, and Chemical-resistant headgear for overhead exposure. /Imidan 70-WP/
EPA; Pesticide Product Label System (PPLS) - Search for IMIDAN 70-WP AGRICULTURAL INSECTICIDE, company no. 10163; product no. 169. Approval date May 31, 2006. Database Available from, as of June 20, 2007: https://oaspub.epa.gov/pestlabl/ppls.home
For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for PHOSMET (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.6 Handling and Storage

12.6.1 Nonfire Spill Response

Caution : Phosmet may produce toxic gases when heated; containers may explode in the heat of fire. Avoid sources of extreme heat.

This is an organophosphorus pesticide. As for other organophosphorus pesticides stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site. Do not touch spilled material. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Take up small spills with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place in containers for later disposal. Take up small, dry spills with clean shovel and place in clean, dry container. Dike far ahead of large spills for later disposal. (EPA, 1998)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

12.6.2 Safe Storage

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from food and feedstuffs.

12.6.3 Storage Conditions

Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well vented area away form other pesticide, alkaline conditions, water and other forms of moisture. Where possible, automatically transfer material from drums or other storage containers to process containers. Sources of ignition such as smoking and open flames are prohibited where this chemical is handled, used, or stored. Metal containers involving the transfer of this chemical should be grounded and bonded. Whenever this chemical is used, handled, manufactured, or stored, use explosion-proof electrical equipment and fittings.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2002. 4th ed.Vol 1 A-H Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, 2002., p. 1859

12.7 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

Exposure Summary
Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baseline; Butylcholinesterase activity in serum or plasma = 60% of individual's baseline; Sample at end of shift; [TLVs and BEIs]
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.
TLVs and BEIs - _Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents & Biological Exposure Indices. _Cincinnati: ACGIH, 2020.

12.7.1 Inhalation Risk

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly on spraying or when dispersed, especially if powdered.

12.7.2 Effects of Short Term Exposure

The substance may cause effects on the nervous system. This may result in convulsions and respiratory depression. Cholinesterase inhibition. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

12.7.3 Effects of Long Term Exposure

The substance may have effects on the nervous system. This may result in weakness. Cholinesterase inhibition. Cumulative effects are possible. See Acute Hazards/Symptoms.

12.7.4 Acceptable Daily Intakes

FAO/WHO ADI: 0.02 mg/kg
FAO/WHO; Pesticide Residues in Food - 1988 Evaluations Part 1 - Residues p.244 Plant Prod Protect Paper 93/1 (1988)

12.7.5 Allowable Tolerances

Tolerances are established for the sum of the residues for the insecticide N-(mercaptomethyl) phthalimide S-(O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate) and its oxygen analog N-(mercaptomethyl) phthalimide S-(O,O-dimethyl phosphorothioate) in or on the following raw agricultural commodities:
Commodity
Alfalfa
Parts per million
40
Commodity
Almond, hulls
Parts per million
10
Commodity
Apple
Parts per million
10
Commodity
Apricot
Parts per million
5
Commodity
Blueberry
Parts per million
10
Commodity
Cattle, fat
Parts per million
0.2
Commodity
Cattle, meat
Parts per million
0.2
Commodity
Cattle, meat byproducts
Parts per million
0.2
Commodity
Cherry
Parts per million
10
Commodity
Cotton, undelinted seed
Parts per million
0.1
Commodity
Cranberry
Parts per million
10
Commodity
Fruit, citrus
Parts per million
5
Commodity
Goat, fat
Parts per million
0.2
Commodity
Goat, meat byproducts
Parts per million
0.2
Commodity
Goat, meat
Parts per million
0.2
Commodity
Grape
Parts per million
10
Commodity
Hog, fat
Parts per million
0.2
Commodity
Hog, meat byproducts
Parts per million
0.2
Commodity
Hog, meat
Parts per million
0.2
Commodity
Horse, fat
Parts per million
0.2
Commodity
Horse, meat byproducts
Parts per million
0.2
Commodity
Horse, meat
Parts per million
0.2
Commodity
Kiwifruit
Parts per million
25
Commodity
Nectarine
Parts per million
5
Commodity
Nut
Parts per million
0.1 (Negligible)
Commodity
Peach
Parts per million
10
Commodity
Pear
Parts per million
10
Commodity
Pea
Parts per million
0.5
Commodity
Pea, field, vines
Parts per million
10
Commodity
Pea, field, hay
Parts per million
10
Commodity
Plum, prune, fresh
Parts per million
5
Commodity
Potato
Parts per million
0.1
Commodity
Sheep, fat
Parts per million
0.2
Commodity
Sheep, meat byproducts
Parts per million
0.2
Commodity
Sheep, meat
Parts per million
0.2
Commodity
Sweet potato, roots
Parts per million
10
40 CFR 180.261(a); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of June 4, 2007: https://www.ecfr.gov
Tolerances with regional registration, as defined in §180.1(n), are established for the sum of the residue for the insecticide N-(mercaptomethyl) phthalimide S-(O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate) and its oxygen analog N-(mercaptomethyl) phthalimide S-(O,O-dimethyl phosphorothioate) in or on the following raw agricultural commodity:
Commodity
Crabapple
Parts per million
20
Commodity
Pistachio
Parts per million
0.1
40 CFR 180.261(c); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of June 4, 2007: https://www.ecfr.gov

12.7.6 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Mixers, loaders, all other applicators and other handlers must wear: Long-sleeved shirt and long pants. Socks and shoes. Chemical-resistant gloves for mixers and loaders, applicators using hand held equipment. Chemical resistant apron for mixers and loaders. Chemical-Resistant headgear for overhead exposure. /Imidan 70 WP (Water Soluble Bags)/
EPA; Pesticide Product Label System (PPLS) - Search for IMIDAN 70-WP AGRICULTURAL INSECTICIDE, company no. 10163; product no. 169. Approval date May 31, 2006. Database Available from, as of June 20, 2007: https://oaspub.epa.gov/pestlabl/ppls.home
Applicators performing pine seedling dipping must wear: Coveralls over long-sleeved shirt and long pants. Chemical-resistant gloves. Chemical-resistant footwear plus socks. Chemical-resistant apron. A respirator with an organic-vapor removing cartridge with a prefilter approved for pesticides (MSHA/NIOSH approval number prefix TC-23C) or a canister approved for pesticides (MSHA/NIOSH approval number prefix TC-14G), or a NIOSH-approved respirator with an organic vapor (OV) cartridge or canister with any N, F4 or P or He prefilter. /Imidan 70-WP/
EPA; Pesticide Product Label System (PPLS) - Search for IMIDAN 70-WP AGRICULTURAL INSECTICIDE, company no. 10163; product no. 169. Approval date May 31, 2006. Database Available from, as of June 20, 2007: https://oaspub.epa.gov/pestlabl/ppls.home
Water-soluble packets when used correctly qualify as a closed mixing/loading system under the Worker Protection Standard for Agricultural Pesticides ... Mixers and loaders using water-soluble packets must wear Personal Protective Equipment /suitable for mixer/loader requirements/ ... and must have Immediately available for use in an emergency, such as a broken package, spill, or equipment breakdown: 1. Coveralls 2. Chemical-resistant footwear 3. A respirator with an organic-vapor removing cartridge with a prefilter approved for pesticides (MSHA/NIOSH approval number prefix TC-23C), or a canister approved for pesticides (MSHA/NIOSH approval number prefix TC-14C), or a NIOSH-approved respirator with an organic vapor (OV) cartridge or canister with any N, H or P or He pref liter. Pilots must use an enclosed cockpit in a manner than meets the requirements listed in the Worker Protection Standard (WPS) for agricultural pesticides ... /Imidan 70-WP/.
EPA; Pesticide Product Label System (PPLS) - Search for IMIDAN 70-WP AGRICULTURAL INSECTICIDE, company no. 10163; product no. 169. Approval date May 31, 2006. Database Available from, as of June 20, 2007: https://oaspub.epa.gov/pestlabl/ppls.home
Airblast, flaggers, and motorized groundboom applicators must In be in fully enclosed cabs or, if not In fully enclosed cabs, applicators must wear double-layer clothIng, chemIcal-resIstant headgear, respirator, and chemIcal-resistant footwear and socks. ApplIcators using airbiast equipment and baggers supporting aerial applications must wear: Personal Protective Equipment identified above ... /and/ be provided and must have immediately available for use in an emergency when they must exit the cab in the treated area: 1. Coveralls 2. Chemical-resistant gloves 3. Chemical-resistant footwear 4. Chemical-resistant headgear if overhead exposure. Take off any PPE that was worn in the treated area before reentering the cab; and store all such PPE in a chemical-resistant container, such as a plastic bag, to prevent contamination of the inside of the cab. /Imidan 70-WP/
EPA; Pesticide Product Label System (PPLS) - Search for IMIDAN 70-WP AGRICULTURAL INSECTICIDE, company no. 10163; product no. 169. Approval date May 31, 2006. Database Available from, as of June 20, 2007: https://oaspub.epa.gov/pestlabl/ppls.home
For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for PHOSMET (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.7.7 Preventions

Fire Prevention
NO open flames.
Exposure Prevention
PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! AVOID EXPOSURE OF ADOLESCENTS AND CHILDREN!
Inhalation Prevention
Use ventilation (not if powder), local exhaust or breathing protection. Avoid inhalation of dust and mist.
Skin Prevention
Protective gloves. Protective clothing.
Eye Prevention
Wear safety goggles, face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.
Ingestion Prevention
Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

12.8 Stability and Reactivity

12.8.1 Air and Water Reactions

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

12.8.2 Reactive Group

Amides and Imides

Esters, Sulfate Esters, Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters, and Borate Esters

12.8.3 Reactivity Profile

Organophosphates, such as PHOSMET, are susceptible to formation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Partial oxidation by oxidizing agents may result in the release of toxic phosphorus oxides. Storage above 113 F, may lead to decomposition. [EPA, 1998].
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First Aid Guides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

12.8.4 Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities

Not compatible with other pesticides under alkaline conditions. Contact with water, steam or moisture forms phthalic acids. Slightly corrosive to metals in the presence of moisture.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2002. 4th ed.Vol 1 A-H Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, 2002., p. 1858
INCOMPATIBLE WITH OTHER PESTICIDES UNDER ALKALINE CONDITIONS ...
Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987., p. 666

12.9 Transport Information

12.9.1 DOT Emergency Guidelines

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004
/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004
/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004
/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004
For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for PHOSMET (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.9.2 Shipment Methods and Regulations

This compound requires a shipping label of: "Keep Away From Food." It falls in DOT Hazard Class 6.1 and Packing Group III.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2002. 4th ed.Vol 1 A-H Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, 2002., p. 1859
No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
49 CFR 171.2 (7/1/96)
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.
IMDG; International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code; International Maritime Organization p.3101,6193,6194,6195 (1988)

12.9.3 DOT Label

Class 9

12.9.4 Packaging and Labelling

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

12.9.5 EC Classification

Symbol: Xn, N; R: 21/22-50/53; S: (2)-22-36/37-60-61

12.9.6 UN Classification

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III

12.10 Regulatory Information

California Safe Cosmetics Program (CSCP) Reportable Ingredient

Hazard Traits - Developmental Toxicity; Neurotoxicity

Authoritative List - CECBP - Priority Chemicals

Report - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredient

Status Regulation (EC)
07/25/EC, Reg. (EU) 2018/917, Reg. (EU) 2019/707, Reg. (EU) 2020/869, Reg. (EU) 2021/745, Reg. (EU) 2022/94, Reg. (EU) No 540/2011
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Phosmet: Does not have an individual approval but may be used as a component in a product covered by a group standard. It is not approved for use as a chemical in its own right.

12.10.1 State Drinking Water Guidelines

(FL) FLORIDA 140 ug/L
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present

12.10.2 FIFRA Requirements

Tolerances are established for the sum of the residues for the insecticide N-(mercaptomethyl) phthalimide S-(O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate) and its oxygen analog N-(mercaptomethyl) phthalimide S-(O,O-dimethyl phosphorothioate) in or on the following raw agricultural commodities:
Commodity
Alfalfa
Commodity
Almond, hulls
Commodity
Apple
Commodity
Apricot
Commodity
Blueberry
Commodity
Cattle, fat
Commodity
Cattle, meat
Commodity
Cattle, meat byproducts
Commodity
Cherry
Commodity
Cotton, undelinted seed
Commodity
Cranberry
Commodity
Fruit, citrus
Commodity
Goat, fat
Commodity
Goat, meat byproducts
Commodity
Goat, meat
Commodity
Grape
Commodity
Hog, fat
Commodity
Hog, meat byproducts
Commodity
Hog, meat
Commodity
Horse, fat
Commodity
Horse, meat byproducts
Commodity
Horse, meat
Commodity
Kiwifruit
Commodity
Nectarine
Commodity
Nut
Commodity
Peach
Commodity
Pear
Commodity
Pea
Commodity
Pea, field, vines
Commodity
Pea, field, hay
Commodity
Plum, prune, fresh
Commodity
Potato
Commodity
Sheep, fat
Commodity
Sheep, meat byproducts
Commodity
Sheep, meat
Commodity
Sweet potato, roots
40 CFR 180.261(a); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of June 4, 2007: https://www.ecfr.gov
Tolerances with regional registration, as defined in §180.1(n), are established for the sum of the residue for the insecticide N-(mercaptomethyl) phthalimide S-(O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate) and its oxygen analog N-(mercaptomethyl) phthalimide S-(O,O-dimethyl phosphorothioate) in or on the following raw agricultural commodity:
Commodity
Crabapple
Commodity
Pistachio
40 CFR 180.261(c); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of June 4, 2007: https://www.ecfr.gov
As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Phosmet is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case No: 0242; Pesticide type: herbicide; Registration Standard Date: 09/26/86; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document. Active ingredient (AI): Phosmet; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 08/30/91, 10/13/95; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.
USEPA/OPP; Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration and Special Review p.142 (Spring, 1998) EPA 738-R-98-002

12.11 Other Safety Information

Chemical Assessment

IMAP assessments - Phosphorodithioic acid, S-[(1,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl] O,O-dimethyl ester: Environment tier I assessment

IMAP assessments - Phosphorodithioic acid, S-[(1,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl] O,O-dimethyl ester: Human health tier I assessment

12.11.1 Special Reports

USEPA/Office of Pesticide Programs; Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision - Phosmet. EPA 738-R-01-010 (October 2001) This document assesses the risk of exposure to the various registrated uses of phosmet and determines whether these uses are eligible for reregistration. The document is considered \"interim\" pending completion of the review of all organophosphorus pesticides registered in the U.S.[Available from, as of May 18, 2007: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm]
EPA/Office of Pesticide Programs; Organophosphorus Cumulative Risk Assessment - 2006 Update. p.209-10. (August 2006) avail as zipped pdf from at http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/cumulative/2006-op/index.htm. This report evaluates the relative toxicity and individual exposure scenarios for a group of organophosphate pesticides determined to share a common mode of action.

13 Toxicity

13.1 Toxicological Information

13.1.1 EPA IRIS Information

Substance
Toxicity Summary
EPA IRIS Summary PDF (Update: Jan-31-1987 )
Critical Effect Systems

Hepatic

Nervous

Reference Dose (RfD), chronic
2 x 10 ^-2 mg/kg-day

13.1.2 RAIS Toxicity Values

Oral Acute Reference Dose (RfDoa)(mg/kg-day)
0.0014
Oral Acute Reference Dose Reference
OPP
Oral Chronic Reference Dose (RfDoc) (mg/kg-day)
0.02
Oral Chronic Reference Dose Reference
IRIS Current

13.1.3 EPA Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides

Chemical Substance
Acute or One Day PAD (RfD) [mg/kg/day]
0.0014
Acute or One Day HHBPs [ppb]
9.3
Acute HHBP Sensitive Lifestage/Population
Children
Chronic or One Day PAD (RfD) [mg/kg/day]
0.00016
Chronic or One Day HHBPs [ppb]
0.9
Chronic HHBP Sensitive Lifestage/Population
Females 13-49 yrs

13.1.4 USGS Health-Based Screening Levels for Evaluating Water-Quality

Chemical
Phosmet
Chemical Classes
Pesticide
Chronic Noncancer HHBP (Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides)[μg/L]
0.9
Reference
Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

13.1.5 Evidence for Carcinogenicity

Cancer Classification: Suggestive Evidence of Carcinogenicity, but Not Sufficient to Assess Human Carcinogenic Potential
USEPA Office of Pesticide Programs, Health Effects Division, Science Information Management Branch: "Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential" (April 2006)

13.1.6 Exposure Routes

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

13.1.7 Symptoms

Inhalation Exposure
Pupillary constriction, muscle cramp, excessive salivation. Sweating. Nausea. Dizziness. Laboured breathing. Weakness.
Skin Exposure
MAY BE ABSORBED! See Inhalation.
Eye Exposure
Redness.
Ingestion Exposure
Abdominal cramps. Vomiting. Diarrhoea. Convulsions. Unconsciousness. Further see Inhalation.

13.1.8 Target Organs

Hepatic

Nervous

13.1.10 Adverse Effects

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Other Poison - Organophosphate

13.1.11 Acute Effects

13.1.12 Toxicity Data

LC50 (rat) > 152 mg/m3

13.1.13 Interactions

SLIGHT INCR OF LETHAL EFFECT WITH LINDANE-PHOSMET IN MALE RATS.
LEWERENZ HJ ET AL; NAHRUNG 24 (4-5): 463-70 (1980)

13.1.14 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

Airway protection. Insure that a clear airway exists. Intubate the patients and aspirate the secretions with a large-bore suction device if necessary. Administer oxygen by mechanically assisted pulmonary ventilation if respiration is depressed. Improve tissue oxygenation as much as possible before administering atropine, so as to minimize the risk of ventricular fibrillation. In severe poisonings, it may be necessary to support pulmonary ventilation mechanically for several days. /Organophosphate pesticides/
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. Reigart, J.R., Roberts, J.R. Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. 5th ed. 1999. EPA Document No. EPA 735-R-98-003, and available in electronic format at: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/safety/healthcare, p. 40
Atropine sulfate. Administer atropine sulfate intravenously, or intramuscularly if intravenous injection is not possible. Remember that atropine can be administered through an endotracheal tube if initial IV access if difficult to obtain. ... Atropine does not reactivate the cholinesterase enzyme or accelerate disposition of organophosphate. Recrudescence of poisoning may occur if tissue concentrations of organophosphate remain high when the effect of atropine wears off. Atropine is effective against muscarinic manifestations, but it is ineffective against nicotinic actions, specifically muscle weakness and twitching, and respiratory depression. Despite the limitations, atropine is often a life-saving agent in organophosphate poisonings. ... The adjunctive use of nebulized atropine has been reported to improve respiratory distress, decrease bronchial secretions, and increase oxygenation. /Organophosphate pesticides/
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. Reigart, J.R., Roberts, J.R. Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. 5th ed. 1999. EPA Document No. EPA 735-R-98-003, and available in electronic format at: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/safety/healthcare, p. 41
Glycopyrolate has been studied as an alternative to atropine and found to have similar outcomes using continuous infusion. Ampules of ... glycopyrolate were added to ... saline and this infusion was titrated to the desired effects of dry mucous membranes and heart rate above 60 beats/min. During this study, atropine was used as a bolus for a heart rate less than 60 beats/min. The other apparent advantage to this regimen was a decreased number of respiratory infections. ... /Organophosphate pesticides/
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. Reigart, J.R., Roberts, J.R. Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. 5th ed. 1999. EPA Document No. EPA 735-R-98-003, and available in electronic format at: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/safety/healthcare, p. 41
Pralidoxime. Before administration of pralidoxime, draw a blood sample (heparinized) for cholinesterase analysis (since pralidoxime tends to reverse the cholinesterase depression). Administer pralidoxime (Protopam, 2-PAM), a cholinesterase reactivator, in cases of severe poisoning by organophosphate pesticides in which respiratory depression, muscle weakness, and/or twitching are severe. When administered early (usually less than 48 hours after poisoning) pralidoxime relieves the nicotinic as well as the muscarinic effects of poisoning. Pralidoxime works by reactivating the cholinesterase and also by slowing the "aging" process of phosphorylated cholinesterase to a non-reactivatable form. ... Dosage of pralidoxime may be repeated in 1-2 hours, then at 10-12 hour intervals if needed. In very severe poisonings, dosage rates may be doubled. Repeated doses of pralidoxime are usually required. In cases that involve continuing absorption of organophosphate (as after ingestion of large amounts), or continuing transfer of highly lipophilic organophosphate from fat into blood, it may be necessary to continue administration of pralidoxime for several days beyond the 48 hour post-exposure interval usually cited as the limit of its effectiveness. ... Blood pressure should be monitored during administration because of the occasional occurrence of hypertensive crisis. Administration should be slowed or stopped if blood pressure rises to hazardous levels. Be prepared to assist pulmonary ventilation mechanically if respiration is depressed during or after pralidoxime administration. If intravenous injection is not possible, pralidoxime may be given by deep intramuscular injection. /Organophosphate pesticides/
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. Reigart, J.R., Roberts, J.R. Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. 5th ed. 1999. EPA Document No. EPA 735-R-98-003, and available in electronic format at: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/safety/healthcare, p. 41
For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for PHOSMET (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.1.15 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptomatology: 1. Nausea ... Vomiting, Abdominal Cramps, Diarrhea, Excessive Salivation ... 2. Headache, Giddiness, Vertigo & Weakness. 3. Rhinorrhea & Sensation of Tightness in Chest Are Common in Inhalation Exposure. 4. Blurring or Dimness of Vision, Miosis ... Tearing, Ciliary Muscle Spasm, Loss of Accommodation & Ocular Pain ... Mydriasis ... Sometimes Seen ... Probably Due to Sympatho-adrenal Discharge. 5. Bradycardia or Tachycardia. Varying Degrees of Av Heart Block Are Described, as Well as Atrial Arrhythmias. 6. Loss of Muscle Coordination, Slurring of Speech, Fasciculations & Twitching of Muscles (Particularly of Tongue & Eyelids), & Generalized Profound Weakness. 7. Mental Confusion, Disorientation & Drowsiness. /Parathion/
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-298
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptomatology: 8. Difficulty in Breathing, Excessive Secretion of Saliva & of Resp Tract Mucus, Oronasal Frothing, Cyanosis, Pulmonary Rales & Rhonchi & Hypertension, (Presumably Due to Asphyxia). 9. Random Jerky Movements, Incontinence, Convulsions, & Coma. 10. Death Primarily Due to Resp Arrest Arising from Failure of Resp Center, Paralysis of Resp Muscles, Intense Bronchoconstriction or All Three. /Parathion/
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-298
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Acute exposure to phosmet may produce the following signs and symptoms: pinpoint pupils, blurred vision, headache, dizziness, muscle spasms, and profound weakness. Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, seizures, and coma may also occur. The heart rate may decrease following oral exposure or increase following dermal exposure. Chest pain may be noted. Hypotension may occur, although hypertension is not uncommon. Dyspnea may be followed by respiratory collapse. Giddiness is common.
Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials Reports. New York: Van Nostrand Rheinhold, 1987., p. 11:3 (1991)
/CASE REPORTS/ Emergency department (ED) staff caring for patients contaminated with toxic chemicals are at risk for developing toxicity from secondary contamination. This report describes three cases of occupational illnesses associated with organophosphate toxicity caused by exposure to a contaminated patient and underscores the importance of using personal protection equipment (PPE) and establishing and following decontamination procedures in EDs and other areas of acute care hospitals. Patient 1: On April 11, a 40-year-old man intentionally ingested approximately 110 g of a veterinary insecticide concentrate. The insecticide contained 73% naphthalene, xylene, and surfactant, and 11.6% phosmet. On clinical examination at a local hospital ED approximately 20 minutes after the ingestion, the patient had profuse oral and bronchial secretions, vomiting, bronchospasm, and respiratory distress. He was intubated for airway management and ventilation. To control secretions, he received 4 g pralidoxime and 22 mg atropine during the next 24 hours. The patient improved over a 9-day period and was transferred to a psychiatric facility. The patient was brought to the ED by a friend, not by emergency medical services, and the friend developed symptoms that required treatment. ED personnel exposed to the patient had symptoms within an hour of his arrival. The staff noted a chemical odor in the ED and contacted the regional poison center, which recommended decontaminating the patient's skin and placing gastric contents in a sealed container to minimize evaporation; however, no decontamination was performed. Health-Care Worker 1: A 45-year-old ED nursing assistant providing care to patient 1 developed respiratory distress, profuse secretions, emesis, diaphoresis, and weakness. She had contact with the patient's skin, respiratory secretions, and emesis. She was admitted to the hospital and required intubation for 24 hours to support respiration. After medical management and serial doses of atropine and pralidoxime for 7 days, her respiratory function improved, and she was discharged after 9 days of hospitalization. Health-Care Worker 2: A 32-year-old ED nurse had diaphoresis, confusion, hypersalivation, nausea, and abdominal cramps while caring for patient 1. Although she did not have skin contact with his secretions or emesis, she had shared his breathing space. After treatment with 10 mg of atropine and pralidoxime over the next 12 hours, her symptoms resolved. Health-Care Worker 3: A 56-year-old nurse providing care for patient 1 was admitted to the hospital with dyspnea, confusion, and headache. Although she did not have skin contact with secretions or emesis from patient 1, she had shared his breathing space. She was given 6 mg of atropine without relief of the dyspnea. As a possible result of excessive atropine, she experienced hallucinations. On recommendation of the regional poison center, she received intravenous lorazepam and was observed until the episode resolved. She improved overnight and was discharged.
CDC; MMWR 49 (51): 1156-8 (January 05, 2001)
For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for PHOSMET (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.1.16 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Moderate eye irritant. Not a skin irritant.
USEPA/Office of Pesticide Programs; Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision - Phosmet p.15. EPA 738-R-01-010 (October 2001) Available from, as of May 18, 2007: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Repeated dermal application of 10, 30, or 60 mg/kg 5 days a wk for 3 wk prior to mating & for 3 wk after mating in rabbits resulted in reduced plasma & red blood cell cholinesterase activity but reproduction & teratogenic parameters were unaffected.
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 4823
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Daily ingestion of 20, 40, & 400 ppm technical Imidan by dogs for 2 yr resulted in decreased red cell & plasma cholinesterase activity & lacrimation. One dog in 6 dosed at 400 ppm also showed hyperactivity, salivation, hyperemia of mouth, mucoid feces, & mortality. The same doses were used in a 2 yr rat feeding study & no effect was observed at 20 & 40 ppm. Plasma & red cell cholinesterase activity was depressed at 400 ppm; a reduction in wt gain & liver cell vacuolation also occurred.
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 4823
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Phosmet, technical, 94.7% by weight, fed to 60/sex/group B6C3F mice at 0, 5, 25 or 100 ppm for two years. NOEL (cholinesterase) = 5 ppm, NOEL (liver adenoma) = 25 ppm. ...
California Environmental Protection Agency Department of Pesticide Regulation; Phosmet Summary of Toxicological Data (1992). Available from, as of May 17, 2007: https://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/toxsums/pdfs/335.pdf
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for PHOSMET (23 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.1.17 Non-Human Toxicity Values

LD50 Rats oral 113 mg/kg
Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987., p. 666
LD50 Rabbits percutaneous > 5000 mg/kg, albino
Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987., p. 666
LC50 Rat inhalation 2.76 mg/L air/1 hr
Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987., p. A325/Aug 87
LD50 Rat oral 26 mg/kg bw
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. 1314
LD50 Mouse oral 160 mg/kg bw
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. 1314

13.2 Ecological Information

13.2.1 EPA Ecotoxicity

Pesticide Ecotoxicity Data from EPA

13.2.2 Ecotoxicity Values

LD50 Pheasant female oral 237 mg/kg, 3-4 mo old (95% confidence limit 171-329 mg/kg)
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Toxicity of Pesticides to Wildlife. Resource Publication 153. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984., p. 47
LD50 Pheasant male oral greater than 250 mg/kg, 3 mo old
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Toxicity of Pesticides to Wildlife. Resource Publication 153. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984., p. 47
LD50 ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS, MALLARD DUCK ORAL 1830 MG/KG, 3-4 MO OLD MALES (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 1270-2630 MG/KG)
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Toxicity of Pesticides to Wildlife. Resource Publication 153. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984., p. 47
LC50 CHINOOK SALMON 180 UG/L/24 HR. FLOW-THROUGH BIOASSAY. (TECHNICAL GRADE)
JULIN AM; SANDERS HO; TRANS AM FISH SOC 106 (4): 386-92 (1977)
For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for PHOSMET (49 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.2.3 Ecotoxicity Excerpts

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Peripheral neuropathy was induced by the long-term administration of organo-phosphorus compounds (phtalimid/phosmet) in quails (Coturnix coturnix japponica). After 4 weeks, the first symptoms of organophosphorus (OPC) poisoning (apathy, diarrhea) were present. During the second month of a daily administration of the toxic substance using the probe, an apparent clinical autonomic and peripheral neuropathy with ataxia had developed. Toxic disturbance of the nervous system was confirmed by the examination of spinal and cortical somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) after tibial nerve stimulation. The prolongation of the peripheral conduction time (wave P6 and N9 represent the response from the ischiadic nerve and the entry of the stimulus to spinal cord, respectively) confirmed a peripheral nerve lesion. /The authors/ suggest that these clinical and electrophysiological changes, displayed by the disturbed nervous system, are caused by either slowing or stoppage of the axonal flow, transport of proteins and other substances, as well as by axon demyelination.
Varsik P et al; Bratisl Lek Listy 106 (10): 293-6 (2005)
/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Signs of intoxication /in mallards & pheasants from acute oral admin/: regurgitation & polydipsia (in mallards), ataxia, excessive preening, hyperactivity, falling, ptosis, salivation, prostration, dyspnea, tremors, wings spread, convulsions, tetanic seizures, & terminal wing-beat convulsions. Signs appeared as soon as 10 min & mortalities usually occurred between 0.5 & 17 hr after treatment; two pheasants, however, died at 18 & 24 hr after treatment. In mallards, treatment levels as low as 96 mg/kg produced signs of intoxication, & 768 mg/kg produced some mortalities. /Sample purity 97.2%/
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook of Toxicity of Pesticides to Wildlife. Resource Publication 153. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984., p. 47
/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Apple orchards occupy approximately 12,565 ha of land in Ontario, Canada, and are treated with the greatest number and applications of pesticides among all agricultural crops within the province. The potential for exposure to wildlife from frequent organophosphorus (OP) spray applications is therefore considerable. This study investigated the impact of agricultural spray applications of azinphos-methyl, diazinon, phosalone, and phosmet in apple orchards on the cholinesterase (ChE) activity of wild birds nesting in orchards. These four OP pesticides ranked among the most widely used insecticides used on all fruit crops in Ontario in 1988. Tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) and eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis) were chosen as monitor species because they commonly breed and forage within apple orchards, utilize different feeding strategies, and are readily attracted to nest boxes. Brain and plasma ChE activities were determined for nestling bluebirds and swallows, and plasma ChE was measured in adult swallows for comparison with nestling data. In adult tree swallows, mean plasma ChE levels were significantly inhibited 41% compared to controls 12 hr after a second application of azinphos-methyl. Mean plasma ChE activity in another group of adult tree swallows dropped by 21 and 19% following a multiple phosmet application. In nestlings, brain ChE activities obtained postspray often fell below predicted activities calculated from control siblings. This trend was especially apparent in the younger nestlings, <6 days old. However, for bluebirds the rates of increase of brain ChE with age in nestlings from treated sites was significantly lower than in nestlings from control sites. Brain ChE activity of two nestlings found dead following a phosalone application gave no indication that insecticide exposure was responsible. No other dead or moribund birds were discovered during the course of the study. Sequential plasma sampling of siblings, before and after OP application, was beneficial in reducing the required number of nests sampled by one half, but plasma ChE was less reliable overall than brain ChE in indicating exposure. Results of depressed ChE levels in tree swallows and eastern bluebirds inhabiting apple orchards are consistent with avian species in other orchard monitoring studies. No indication was found that OP exposure due to agricultural spraying in apple orchards adversely affected the survival of the birds we monitored.
Burgess NM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18 (4): 708-16 (1999)
/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Moderately hazardous to fish.
Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection. 7th ed. Publication 1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada: Information Canada, 1982., p. 456
For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for PHOSMET (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.2.4 US EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants

1 of 4
Resident Soil (mg/kg)
1.90e+04
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
2.50e+05
Resident Air (ug/m3)
2.10e+02
Industrial Air (ug/m3)
8.80e+02
Tapwater (ug/L)
5.80e+03
MCL (ug/L)
1.5E+01(G)
Risk-based SSL (mg/kg)
3.30e+00
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
3.00e-01
Chronic Inhalation Reference Concentration (mg/m3)
2.00e-01
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed Dermally from Soil
0.1
2 of 4
Resident Soil (mg/kg)
2.50e+02
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
3.30e+03
Tapwater (ug/L)
7.80e+01
MCL (ug/L)
1.5E+01(G)
Risk-based SSL (mg/kg)
2.50e-02
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
4.00e-03
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed Dermally from Soil
0.1
3 of 4
Resident Soil (mg/kg)
1.30e+03
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
1.60e+04
Tapwater (ug/L)
3.70e+02
MCL (ug/L)
1.5E+01(G)
Risk-based SSL (mg/kg)
8.20e-02
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
2.00e-02
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed Dermally from Soil
0.1
4 of 4
MCL (ug/L)
1.5E+01(G)
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen

13.2.5 US EPA Regional Removal Management Levels for Chemical Contaminants

1 of 4
Resident Soil (mg/kg)
3.80e+01
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
4.90e+02
Tapwater (ug/L)
9.10e+00
MCL (ug/L)
1.5E+01 (G)
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
2.00e-04
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed Dermally from Soil
0.1
2 of 4
Resident Soil (mg/kg)
9.20e-01
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
3.90e+00
Resident Air (ug/m3)
9.40e-01
Industrial Air (ug/m3)
3.90e+00
Tapwater (ug/L)
1.90e+00
MCL (ug/L)
1.5E+01 (G)
Chronic Inhalation Reference Concentration (mg/m3)
3.00e-04
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Soil Saturation Concentration (mg/kg)
1.61e+03
3 of 4
Resident Soil (mg/kg)
3.80e+03
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
4.90e+04
Tapwater (ug/L)
1.10e+03
MCL (ug/L)
1.5E+01 (G)
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
2.00e-02
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed Dermally from Soil
0.1
4 of 4
MCL (ug/L)
1.5E+01 (G)
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen

13.2.6 ICSC Environmental Data

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to bees. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal.

13.2.7 Environmental Fate / Exposure Summary

Phosmet's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; it's use as an insecticide and acaricide will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 4.9X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates phosmet will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase phosmet will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2 hours. Phosmet also undergoes direct photolysis upon exposure to sunlight with a half-life of about 70 minutes. If released to soil, phosmet is expected to have low mobility based upon Koc values in the range of 500-820. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.4X10-9 atm-cu m/mole. Volatilization from dry soil surfaces is not expected based upon the vapor pressure of phosmet. The field dissipation half-life of phosmet was reported to range from 4-20 days. If released into water, phosmet is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the range of Koc values. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. BCF values of 32-44 measured in fish suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Phosmet hydrolyzes rapidly in water with half-lives of 13 days at pH 4.5, 12 hours at pH 7 and 4 hours at pH 8.3. Occupational exposure to phosmet may occur through inhalation of dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where it is produced or used. Exposure to the general public may occur from consumption of food containing phosmet. (SRC)

13.2.8 Artificial Pollution Sources

Phosmet's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; it's use as an insecticide and acaricide(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).
(1) Tomlin CDS, ed; Phosmet (732-11-6). In: The e-Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition Version 3.1 (2004-05). Surrey UK, British Crop Protection Council.

13.2.9 Environmental Fate

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 500-820 measured in soil(2), indicate that phosmet is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of phosmet from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.4X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure of 4.9X10-7 mm Hg(3) and water solubility of 25 mg/L(3). Volatilization from dry soil surfaces is not expected(SRC) based on the vapor pressure of this compound(3). The field dissipation half-life of phosmet was reported to range from 4-20 days(2). Phosmet undergoes hydrolysis rapidly in aqueous solutions(2,3), indicating it will also hydrolyze in moist soils(SRC). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2007).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) USDA; ARS Pesticide Properties List. Available at: https://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=14147 as of July 23, 2007.
(3) Tomlin CDS, ed; Phosmet (732-11-6). In: The e-Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition Version 3.1 (2004-05). Surrey UK, British Crop Protection Council.
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 500-820 measured in soil(2), indicate that phosmet is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important environmental fate process(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.4X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure of 4.9X10-7 mm Hg(4) and water solubility of 25 mg/L(4). According to a classification scheme(5), BCF values of 32-44 measured in fish(6), suggest the bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). Phosmet hydrolyzes rapidly in water with half-lives of 13 days at pH 4.5, 12 hours at pH 7 and 4 hours at pH 8.3(4). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2007).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) USDA; ARS Pesticide Properties List. Available at: https://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=14147 as of July 23, 2007.
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(4) Tomlin CDS, ed; Phosmet (732-11-6). In: The e-Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition Version 3.1 (2004-05). Surrey UK, British Crop Protection Council.
(5) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
(6) Tsuda T et al; Chemosphere 25: 1945-51 (1992)
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), phosmet, which has a vapor pressure of 4.9X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(1) is expected to exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase phosmet is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC). The half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constants of 1.5X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at and 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase phosmet may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Direct photolysis from sunlight is also an important fate process based on a half-life of about 70 minutes(4).
(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988)
(2) Tomlin CDS, ed; Phosmet (732-11-6). In: The e-Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition Version 3.1 (2004-05). Surrey UK, British Crop Protection Council.
(3) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993)
(4) Klisenko MA, Pismennaya MV; Gig Tr Prof Zabol 1979: 56-8 (1979)

13.2.10 Environmental Biodegradation

PHTHALAMIC AND PHTHALIC ACIDS WERE FOUND AS ... HYDROLYSIS END PRODUCTS ... IN WATER ... HYDROLYSIS OF IMIDAN OCCURRED IN SOILS; AND TESTS INDICATED THAT THIS WAS NOT DEPENDENT ON MOISTURE ALONE BUT WAS DUE IN SOME DEGREE TO MICROBIAL ACTION. IN DRY SANDY LOAM SOIL, TIME FOR 50% DEGRADATION WAS 19 DAYS, COMPARED TO 3 DAYS IN MOIST SOIL.
Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Publication 127. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969., p. 225

13.2.11 Environmental Abiotic Degradation

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of phosmet with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated to be 1.5X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). At 20 °C, the aqueous hydrolysis half-life of phosmet in phosphate buffered solution was experimentally determined to be 7.1 hours at pH 7.4 and 7.0 days at pH 6.1(2). In a second hydrolysis study in buffered solution at 20 °C, 50% hydrolysis occurred in 13 days at pH 4.5, 12 hours at pH 7 and 4 hours at pH 8.3(3,4). Using a wettable powder formulation of commercial phosmet in buffered solution at 20-22 °C, about 70% hydrolyzed after a 48-hr period at pH 9.5(5); however, very little hydrolysis occurred at pH 7.0 or pH 4.5 after 48 hours(5); it was suggested that commercial formulations may be more stable than pure phosmet(5). The degradation half-life of phosmet in ultrapure distilled water (pH 6.1) was 33 and 5 days at 6 and 22 °C, respectively(6). The degradation kinetics were described as very fast and no half-lives were established in river water (filtered and non filtered at pH 7.3) and seawater at pH 8.1(6).
(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-9 (1993)
(2) Freed VH et al; J Agric Food Chem 27: 706-8 (1979)
(3) Tomlin CDS, ed; Phosmet (732-11-6). In: The e-Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition Version 3.1 (2004-05). Surrey UK, British Crop Protection Council.
(4) McNall LR; Am Fruit Grow 8: 16 (1974)
(5) Atwood ST et al; J Agric Food Chem 35: 169-72 (1987)
(6) Lartiges SB, Garrigues PP; Environ Sci Technol 29: 1246-1254 (1995)
The sunlight-induced photodegradation of phosmet in air (presumably the photo-oxidation of the P=S function to P=O) has been reported to have a first-order rate constant of 0.0099/min which corresponds to a half-life of about 70 min(1). Phosmet applied to both silica plates and apples has been observed to rapidly photolyze to the phosmet oxygen analog(2). Anthraquinone has been observed to photosensitize the photodegradation of phosmet in sunlight(3). Aqueous photolysis studies in alkaline waters (pH 8.0-8.3) found little difference in phosmet degradation rates comparing sunlight exposure to dark controls(4); however, the phosmet was observed to degrade rapidly, presumably due to hydrolysis(4); degradation half-lives of 1.8 and 3.8 days were observed at respective temperatures of 21 and 4 °C(4); in a river water sample (pH 8.3), a disappearance half-life of 0.2 days was observed(4).
(1) Klisenko MA, Pismennaya MV; Gig Tr Prof Zabol 1979: 56-8 (1979)
(2) Vaintraub FP et al; In: Migr Prevrashch Pestits Okruzhayushchei Srede. Tr Sov-Am Simp pp. 87-93 (1979)
(3) Ivie GW, Casida JE; J Agric Food Chem 19: 405-9 (1971)
(4) Frank R et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 47: 374-80 (1991)
In diethyl ether, photolysis of imidan produced N-methylphthalimide and N-methoxy methylphthalimide. Further irradiation of N-methylphthalimide produced approximately another six compounds, three of which were identified as 3-hydroxy-2-methylphthalimidine and the two isomers of 3-(1'-ethoxyethyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methylphthalimidine. The latter appear to arise from the reaction of product 3-hydroxy-2-methylphthalimidine and the ether solvent.
Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides, Update II. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report - Wildlife No. 2l2. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978., p. 151

13.2.12 Environmental Bioconcentration

ACCUMULATION FACTORS FOR TECHNICAL IMIDAN AFTER 24 HR RANGED FROM 10 FOR FATHEAD MINNOW, CHANNEL CATFISH, & BLUEGILL TO 1 FOR DAMSELFLY. ACCUMULATION FACTORS AFTER 46 HR RANGED FROM 11 FOR CHANNEL CATFISH TO 2 FOR CLAM SHRIMP & DAMSELFLY.
JULIN AM; SANDERS HO; TRANS AM FISH SOC 106 (4): 386-92 (1977)
Using a continuous flow-through system and willow shiner (Gnathopogon caerulescens) fish, phosmet BCF values ranging from 32 to 44 were determined for exposure periods of 24 to 168 hr(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCF values suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC).
(1) Tsuda T et al; Chemosphere 25: 1945-51 (1992)
(2) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)

13.2.13 Soil Adsorption / Mobility

The US Department of Agriculture Pesticide Properties Database lists Koc values of 500-820 for phosmet(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this range of Koc values suggest that phosmet has low mobility in soil(SRC).
(1) USDA; ARS Pesticide Properties List. Available at: https://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=14147 as of July 23, 2007.
(2) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 23 (1983)

13.2.14 Volatilization from Water / Soil

The Henry's Law constant for phosmet is estimated as 8.4X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 4.9X10-7 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 25 mg/L(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that phosmet is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water and moist soil surfaces(2). Phosmet is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based on its vapor pressure(1).
(1) Tomlin CDS, ed; Phosmet (732-11-6). In: The e-Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition Version 3.1 (2004-05). Surrey UK, British Crop Protection Council.
(2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-15 to 15-29 (1990)

13.2.15 Environmental Water Concentrations

DRINKING WATER: An analysis of Ottawa, Canada tap water (sampling date not reported) did not detect (detection limit of 1 ng/L) any phosmet(1).
(1) Lebel GL et al; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 62: 241-9 (1979)
GROUNDWATER: Phosmet was not detected (detection limit of 5.0 ppb) in ground water samples collected from 54 wells used for municipal and private water supplies in California(1).
(1) Maddy KT et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 29: 354-9 (1982)

13.2.16 Effluent Concentrations

Leachate samples collected near a pesticide manufacturing facility in Barcelona, Spain during the summer of 1984 contained phosmet concns of 5-10 ppm(1).
(1) Riveria J et al; Chemosphere 14: 395-402 (1985)

13.2.17 Sediment / Soil Concentrations

SOIL: Soil samples were collected from the homes of farm workers, agricultural families and reference families in which no member was involved in agricultural practices in the State of Washington(1). The mean (range) of phosmet in soil samples were: 11 ng/g (0.0-101 ng/g ) farm workers homes; 38 ng/g (0.0-332 ng/g ) agricultural families homes; <7 ng/g (0-<7 ng/g) reference families homes(1).
(1) Simcox NJ et al; Environ Health Perspect 103: 1126-1134 (1995)

13.2.18 Food Survey Values

In a summary of pesticide residue findings of the US Food and Drug Admin's regulatory monitoring of domestic foods which may be eaten by infants/children for fiscal years 1985-1991, phosmet was detected (max concn of 1.6 ppm) in 187 of 2464 apple samples and in 71 of 571 pear samples(1); in imported foods, phosmet was detected (max concn of 1.1 ppm) in 36 of 735 apple samples and in 29 of 816 pear samples(1). In a US monitoring survey of 6970 produce samples (fruits and vegetables) collected between 1989 and 1991, phosmet was not detected in any sample at a detection limit of 1.0 ppm(2). During a 5 yr study conducted during 1981-1986, the Los Angeles District Office of the FDA analyzed 19,851 samples of domestic and imported food for pesticide residues(3,4); phosmet was detected in 74 samples at concns ranging from 0.05 to >2.0 ppm (all but 18 samples has concns of 2.0 ppm or less)(3,4). In fruit monitoring studies conducted in Ontario, Canada during 1980 to 1984, phosmet was detected in sweet cherries (6 of 26 composite samples) and peaches (24 of 36 composite samples)(5). Phosmet was detected at a max concn of 0.25 mg/kg in fresh and canned peaches(6). Phosmet was detected in 225 out of 1,536 vegetable and 802 fruit samples analyzed from 1991-1995 in Ontario, Canada(7). No single detection of phosmet in these foods exceeded 10 mg/kg(7). The mean (range of positive samples) of phosmet in food samples from the 1991-1999 FDA Market Basket Surveys were: blueberry muffins, 0.006 ppm (0.006-0.006 ppm); red apples, 0.0095 ppm (0.002-0.03 ppm); raw peaches, 0.0447 ppm (0.012-0.189 ppm); raw pears, 0.0548 ppm (0.003-0.573 ppm); grapes, 0.026 ppm (0.026-0.026 ppm); plumbs, 0.0055 ppm (0.003-0.008 ppm); sweet cherries, 0.007 ppm (0.007-0.007 ppm); raisins, 0.007 ppm (0.007-0.007 ppm); applesauce , 0.004 ppm (0.004-0.004 ppm); strained pears, 0.0112 ppm (0.004-0.02 ppm); apricots, 0.2541 ppm (0.006-0.662 ppm)(8).
(1) Yess NJ et al; J AOAC International 76: 492-507 (1993)
(2) Schattenberg HJ III, Hsu JP; J AOAC Internatl 75: 925-33 (1992)
(3) Luke MA et al; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 71: 415-20 (1988)
(4) Hundley HK et al; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 71: 875-92 (1988)
(5) Frank R et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 39: 272-9 (1987)
(6) Danis T et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 69: 674-681 (2002)
(7) Ripley BD et al; J AOAC Int 83: 196-213 (2000)
(8) FDA; FDA Total Diet Study. Summary of Residues Found Ordered by Food Market Baskets 91-3—99-1 (September 2000)

13.2.19 Other Environmental Concentrations

Dust samples were collected from the homes of pesticide applicators, farm workers, agricultural families and reference families in which no member was involved in agricultural practices in the State of Washington(1). The mean (range) of phosmet in dust samples were: 1.23 ug/g (0.01-14.6 ug/g) pesticide applicators; 0.14 ug/g (0.03-0.3 ug/g ) farm workers; 1.01 ug/g (0.01-14.6 ug/g) agricultural families; 0.09 ug/g (0-0.2 ug/g) reference families(1).
(1) Lu C et al; Environ Res A 84: 290-302 (2000)
In diethyl ether, photolysis of imidan produced N-methylphthalimide and N-methoxy methylphthalimide. Further irradiation of N-methylphthalimide produced approximately another six compounds, three of which were identified as 3-hydroxy-2-methylphthalimidine and the two isomers of 3-(1'-ethoxyethyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methylphthalimidine. The latter appear to arise from the reaction of product 3-hydroxy-2-methylphthalimidine and the ether solvent.
Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides, Update II. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report - Wildlife No. 2l2. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978., p. 151

13.2.20 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

... Ten farmers were monitored using dermal patches, gloves, and air sampling media during normal activities of applying phosmet to pigs for insect control. Exposures were measured on the clothing (outer), under the clothing (inner), on the hands, and in the air. Possible exposure determinants were identified, and a questionnaire on work practices was administered. ... The geometric mean of the outer exposure measurements was 79 ug/hr, whereas the geometric mean of the inner exposure measurements was 6 ug/hr. The geometric mean for hand exposure was 534 ug/hr, and the mean air concentration was 0.2 ug/cu m. Glove use was associated with the hand and total dermal exposure levels, but no other determinant was associated with any of the exposure measures. The average penetration through the clothing was 54%, which dropped to 8% when the farmers wearing short sleeves were excluded. The farmers reported an average of 40 hours a year performing insecticide-related tasks. ...
Stewart PA et al; Scand J Work Environ Health 25 (1): 33-8 (1999)
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1838 workers (1608 of these are female) are potentially exposed to phosmet in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers or pesticide applicators; therefore, the actual number of exposures may be underestimated. Occupational exposure to phosmet may occur through inhalation of dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where it is produced or used. Exposure to the general public may occur from consumption of food containing phosmet(SRC).
(1) NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983) Available at https://www.cdc.gov/noes/noes1/x1561sic.html as of July 23, 2007.

13.2.21 Average Daily Intake

Based upon regulatory monitoring conducted by the US Food and Drug Adminstration phosmet Food Intake (in ug/kg body wt/day) in 1990 was as follows(1): 0.0029 for 6-11 mo age group, 0.001 for 14-16 yr old males, and 0.0016 for 60-65 yr old females(1); in 1989, phosmet food intake was as follows(2): 0.0019 for 6-11 mo age group, 0.0008 for 14-16 yr old males, and 0.0009 for 60-65 yr old females(2); in 1988, phosmet food intake was as follows(3): 0.0111 for 6-11 mo age group, 0.0032 for 14-16 yr old males, and 0.0064 for 60-65 yr old females(3).
(1) FDA; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 74: 121A-41A (1991)
(2) FDA; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 73: 127A-46A (1990)
(3) FDA; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 72: 133A-52A (1989)

14 Associated Disorders and Diseases

Associated Occupational Diseases with Exposure to the Compound

15 Literature

15.1 Consolidated References

15.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

15.3 Springer Nature References

15.4 Thieme References

15.5 Wiley References

15.6 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

15.7 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

15.8 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

16 Patents

16.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

16.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

16.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

16.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

16.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

17 Interactions and Pathways

17.1 Chemical-Target Interactions

17.2 Drug-Drug Interactions

18 Biological Test Results

18.1 BioAssay Results

19 Classification

19.1 MeSH Tree

19.2 NCI Thesaurus Tree

19.3 ChEBI Ontology

19.4 KEGG: Pesticides

19.5 ChemIDplus

19.6 CAMEO Chemicals

19.7 UN GHS Classification

19.8 EPA CPDat Classification

19.9 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

19.10 EPA DSSTox Classification

19.11 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

19.12 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

20 Information Sources

  1. Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS)
    Phosphorodithioic acid, S-[(1,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl] O,O-dimethyl ester
    https://services.industrialchemicals.gov.au/search-assessments/
  2. CAMEO Chemicals
    LICENSE
    CAMEO Chemicals and all other CAMEO products are available at no charge to those organizations and individuals (recipients) responsible for the safe handling of chemicals. However, some of the chemical data itself is subject to the copyright restrictions of the companies or organizations that provided the data.
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/help/reference/terms_and_conditions.htm?d_f=false
    CAMEO Chemical Reactivity Classification
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
  3. CAS Common Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
  4. ChemIDplus
    ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
  5. DrugBank
    LICENSE
    Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode)
    https://www.drugbank.ca/legal/terms_of_use
  6. EPA DSSTox
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
  7. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
  8. EPA Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
  9. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
    LICENSE
    Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: "Source: European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/". Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice page.
    https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/legal-notice
  10. FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS)
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  11. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  12. ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
  13. New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
    LICENSE
    This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International licence.
    https://www.epa.govt.nz/about-this-site/general-copyright-statement/
  14. NJDOH RTK Hazardous Substance List
  15. Risk Assessment Information System (RAIS)
    LICENSE
    This work has been sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Environmental Management, Oak Ridge Operations (ORO) Office through a joint collaboration between United Cleanup Oak Ridge LLC (UCOR), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), and The University of Tennessee, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The Institute for Environmental Modeling (TIEM). All rights reserved.
    https://rais.ornl.gov/
  16. California Safe Cosmetics Program (CSCP) Product Database
  17. EU Pesticides Database
  18. Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
    LICENSE
    Copyright (c) 2022 Haz-Map(R). All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials from Haz-Map are copyrighted by Haz-Map(R). No part of these materials, either text or image may be used for any purpose other than for personal use. Therefore, reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly prohibited without prior written permission.
    https://haz-map.com/About
  19. ChEBI
  20. NCI Thesaurus (NCIt)
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise indicated, all text within NCI products is free of copyright and may be reused without our permission. Credit the National Cancer Institute as the source.
    https://www.cancer.gov/policies/copyright-reuse
  21. ChEMBL
    LICENSE
    Access to the web interface of ChEMBL is made under the EBI's Terms of Use (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html). The ChEMBL data is made available on a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/).
    http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html
  22. Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD)
    LICENSE
    It is to be used only for research and educational purposes. Any reproduction or use for commercial purpose is prohibited without the prior express written permission of NC State University.
    http://ctdbase.org/about/legal.jsp
  23. Drug Gene Interaction database (DGIdb)
    LICENSE
    The data used in DGIdb is all open access and where possible made available as raw data dumps in the downloads section.
    http://www.dgidb.org/downloads
  24. Crystallography Open Database (COD)
    LICENSE
    All data in the COD and the database itself are dedicated to the public domain and licensed under the CC0 License. Users of the data should acknowledge the original authors of the structural data.
    https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
  25. The Cambridge Structural Database
  26. EPA Chemical and Products Database (CPDat)
  27. EPA Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database
  28. EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants at Superfund Sites
  29. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
    LICENSE
    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    Phosmet
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  30. USDA Pesticide Data Program
  31. USGS Health-Based Screening Levels for Evaluating Water-Quality Data
  32. Hazardous Chemical Information System (HCIS), Safe Work Australia
  33. NITE-CMC
    O,O-dimethyl phthalimidomethyl S-phosphorodithioate - FY2006 (New/original classication)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/06-imcg-1239e.html
    O,O-dimethyl phthalimidomethyl S-phosphorodithioate; Phosmet - FY2020 (Revised classification)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/20-mhlw-2071e.html
  34. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council
    LICENSE
    The copyright for the editorial content of this source, the summaries of EU legislation and the consolidated texts, which is owned by the EU, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence.
    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/legal-notice/legal-notice.html
    phosmet (ISO); S-[(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl]...
    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2008/1272/oj
  35. FDA Approved Animal Drug Products (Green Book)
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  36. USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center
  37. Human Metabolome Database (HMDB)
    LICENSE
    HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications.
    http://www.hmdb.ca/citing
  38. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
  39. KEGG
    LICENSE
    Academic users may freely use the KEGG website. Non-academic use of KEGG generally requires a commercial license
    https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/legal.html
  40. MassBank Europe
  41. MassBank of North America (MoNA)
    LICENSE
    The content of the MoNA database is licensed under CC BY 4.0.
    https://mona.fiehnlab.ucdavis.edu/documentation/license
  42. Metabolomics Workbench
  43. NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
    LICENSE
    Data covered by the Standard Reference Data Act of 1968 as amended.
    https://www.nist.gov/srd/public-law
  44. SpectraBase
  45. NMRShiftDB
  46. Springer Nature
  47. SpringerMaterials
    O,O-dimethyl S-phthalimido methyl phosphorodithioate
    https://materials.springer.com/substanceprofile/docs/smsid_bdshapbiqagfbncr
  48. Thieme Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The Thieme Chemistry contribution within PubChem is provided under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
  49. Wikidata
  50. Wikipedia
  51. Wiley
  52. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
    LICENSE
    Works produced by the U.S. government are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any such works found on National Library of Medicine (NLM) Web sites may be freely used or reproduced without permission in the U.S.
    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
  53. PubChem
  54. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  55. EPA Substance Registry Services
  56. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  57. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
CONTENTS