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Carnosine

PubChem CID
439224
Structure
Carnosine_small.png
Carnosine_3D_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • L-Carnosine
  • Carnosine
  • 305-84-0
  • beta-Alanyl-L-histidine
  • Ignotine
Molecular Weight
226.23 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2004-09-16
  • Modify:
    2025-01-04
Description
Carnosine is a dipeptide that is the N-(beta-alanyl) derivative of L-histidine. It has a role as an anticonvulsant, an antioxidant, an antineoplastic agent, a human metabolite, a Daphnia magna metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a neuroprotective agent and a geroprotector. It is a conjugate acid of a carnosinate. It is a tautomer of a carnosine zwitterion.
Polaprezinc is a chelated form of zinc and L-carnosine. It is a zinc-related medicine approved for the first time in Japan, which has been clinically used to treat gastric ulcers. It was determined that polaprezinc may be effective in pressure ulcer treatment. A study in 2013 showed that CO-administration of polaprezinc may be effective against small intestine mucosal injury associated with long-term aspirin therapy.
Carnosine has been investigated for the treatment of Gulf War Illness.

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Carnosine.png

1.2 3D Conformer

2 Biologic Description

SVG Image
SVG Image
IUPAC Condensed
H-bAla-His-OH
Sequence
XH
HELM
PEPTIDE1{[Bal].H}$$$$
IUPAC
beta-alanyl-L-histidine

3 Names and Identifiers

3.1 Computed Descriptors

3.1.1 IUPAC Name

(2S)-2-(3-aminopropanoylamino)-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoic acid
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

3.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C9H14N4O3/c10-2-1-8(14)13-7(9(15)16)3-6-4-11-5-12-6/h4-5,7H,1-3,10H2,(H,11,12)(H,13,14)(H,15,16)/t7-/m0/s1
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

3.1.3 InChIKey

CQOVPNPJLQNMDC-ZETCQYMHSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

3.1.4 SMILES

C1=C(NC=N1)C[C@@H](C(=O)O)NC(=O)CCN
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

3.2 Molecular Formula

C9H14N4O3
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

3.3 Other Identifiers

3.3.1 CAS

107667-60-7

3.3.3 Deprecated CAS

7683-28-5

3.3.4 European Community (EC) Number

3.3.5 UNII

3.3.6 ChEBI ID

3.3.7 ChEMBL ID

3.3.8 DrugBank ID

3.3.9 DSSTox Substance ID

3.3.10 HMDB ID

3.3.11 KEGG ID

3.3.12 Metabolomics Workbench ID

3.3.13 NCI Thesaurus Code

3.3.14 Nikkaji Number

3.3.15 RXCUI

3.3.16 Wikidata

3.3.17 Wikipedia

3.4 Synonyms

3.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

  • beta Alanylhistidine
  • beta-Alanylhistidine
  • Carnosine
  • Carnosine Hydrochloride
  • Carnosine, (D-His)-Isomer
  • Hydrochloride, Carnosine
  • L Carnosine
  • L-Carnosine

3.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

4 Chemical and Physical Properties

4.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
226.23 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
XLogP3-AA
Property Value
-4
Reference
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
4
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
5
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
6
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
226.10659032 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
226.10659032 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
121Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
16
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
259
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

4.2 Experimental Properties

4.2.1 Physical Description

Solid; [Merck Index] White crystalline solid; [Sigma-Aldrich MSDS]
Solid

4.2.2 Melting Point

300
253 - 256 °C

4.2.3 Solubility

384 mg/mL

4.2.4 Collision Cross Section

151 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: DT; Method: single field calibrated with Agilent tune mix (Agilent)]

149.72 Ų [M-H]- [CCS Type: DT; Method: single field calibrated with Agilent tune mix (Agilent)]

152.18 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: DT; Method: stepped-field]

154.93 Ų [M-H]- [CCS Type: DT; Method: stepped-field]

154.1 Ų [M-H]- [CCS Type: DT; Method: stepped-field]

153.81 Ų [M+K]+ [CCS Type: TW; Method: calibrated with polyalanine and drug standards]

145.38 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW; Method: calibrated with polyalanine and drug standards]

142.82 Ų [M+H-H2O]+ [CCS Type: TW; Method: calibrated with polyalanine and drug standards]

151.65 Ų [M+Na]+ [CCS Type: TW; Method: calibrated with polyalanine and drug standards]

Ross et al. JASMS 2022; 33; 1061-1072. DOI:10.1021/jasms.2c00111

152.1 Ų [M-H]- [CCS Type: DT; Method: single field calibrated with ESI Low Concentration Tuning Mix (Agilent)]

150.8 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: DT; Method: single field calibrated with ESI Low Concentration Tuning Mix (Agilent)]

154.7 Ų [M+Na]+ [CCS Type: DT; Method: single field calibrated with ESI Low Concentration Tuning Mix (Agilent)]

154.5 Ų [M+Na]+

153.1 Ų [M-H]-

150.8 Ų [M+H]+

S50 | CCSCOMPEND | The Unified Collision Cross Section (CCS) Compendium | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2658162

4.3 Chemical Classes

Biological Agents -> Amino Acids and Derivatives

4.3.1 Drugs

Pharmaceuticals -> Listed in ZINC15
S55 | ZINC15PHARMA | Pharmaceuticals from ZINC15 | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3247749

5 Spectral Information

5.1 1D NMR Spectra

5.1.1 1H NMR Spectra

1 of 3
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Spectra ID
Instrument Type
Varian
Frequency
500 MHz
Solvent
Water
pH
7.00
Shifts [ppm]:Intensity
3.04:32.77, 8.08:100.00, 2.68:29.67, 3.23:44.61, 3.05:32.64, 2.64:6.48, 3.19:21.87, 3.24:52.99, 2.69:30.37, 3.28:4.78, 4.50:6.91, 2.73:7.86, 2.66:26.11, 4.48:17.00, 3.25:38.21, 2.72:10.77, 2.67:54.56, 3.03:23.78, 2.65:14.03, 3.24:75.25, 3.20:21.94, 2.69:41.00, 3.25:37.76, 2.71:8.79, 3.18:30.30, 3.20:21.65, 3.23:40.78, 4.49:16.09, 8.07:92.23, 2.70:29.24, 3.17:28.76, 7.09:98.78, 3.24:55.08, 3.01:23.53, 2.66:8.45, 3.19:21.71, 3.21:9.45, 4.47:8.66, 3.26:7.39
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Copyright
Database Compilation Copyright © 2021-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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5.1.2 13C NMR Spectra

1 of 4
View All
Spectra ID
Instrument Type
Bruker
Frequency
125 MHz
Solvent
Water
pH
7.00
Shifts [ppm]:Intensity
38.65:16.66, 179.88:8.91, 134.50:7.21, 137.54:15.27, 0.00:2.03, 30.92:16.71, 34.88:18.26, 174.30:9.68, 57.51:19.00, 119.99:14.15
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Spectra ID
Frequency
400 MHz
Solvent
H2O
Shifts [ppm]
34.88, 134.50, 179.88, 57.51, 174.30, 30.92, 38.65, 137.54, 119.99
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5.2 2D NMR Spectra

5.2.1 1H-1H NMR Spectra

2D NMR Spectra Type
1H-1H TOCSY
Spectra ID
Shifts [ppm] (F2:F1)
4.82:4.81, 3.02:2.99, 3.22:2.68, 4.47:2.99, 3.16:2.98, 3.22:2.67, 3.16:3.05, 4.47:4.47, 3.16:3.15, 4.85:4.85, 2.67:2.63, 2.31:4.83, 7.06:7.06, 3.02:3.02, 5.03:4.83, 4.47:3.02, 8.03:7.06, 3.03:3.19, 3.21:2.72, 2.67:2.62, 3.22:3.22, 3.16:3.01, 3.16:4.48, 3.16:4.46, 3.16:7.05, 3.02:4.47, 8.03:8.02, 3.02:3.05, 3.02:3.15, 2.67:3.21, 7.06:8.02, 2.67:2.72, 4.84:4.83, 3.16:4.47, 4.47:3.05, 2.92:4.82, 3.22:2.63, 2.67:3.22, 2.87:4.84, 3.16:3.02, 3.21:3.21, 4.47:3.15, 2.67:2.67, 2.67:2.68
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5.2.2 1H-13C NMR Spectra

2D NMR Spectra Type
1H-13C HSQC
Spectra ID
Instrument Type
Bruker
Frequency
600 MHz
Solvent
Water
pH
7.00
Shifts [ppm] (F2:F1):Intensity
8.08:137.42:0.82, 3.17:30.85:0.14, 4.46:57.57:0.45, 3.02:30.80:0.25, 2.67:34.83:0.41, 3.23:38.58:0.82, 7.08:119.88:1.00
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5.3 Mass Spectrometry

5.3.1 GC-MS

NIST Number
127602
Library
Main library
Total Peaks
97
m/z Top Peak
82
m/z 2nd Highest
81
m/z 3rd Highest
44
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5.3.2 MS-MS

1 of 8
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Spectra ID
Ionization Mode
Positive
Top 5 Peaks

110.0747 100

156.0807 22.32

122.0715 12.85

164.0861 8.29

95.06071 7.06

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Spectra ID
Ionization Mode
Positive
Top 5 Peaks

110.0747 100

83.06247 13.42

95.06071 11.78

93.04757 8.60

122.0715 6.78

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5.3.3 LC-MS

1 of 33
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Authors
Kakazu Y, Horai H, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio Univ.
Instrument
API3000, Applied Biosystems
Instrument Type
LC-ESI-QQ
MS Level
MS2
Ionization Mode
NEGATIVE
Collision Energy
10 V
Precursor m/z
225
Precursor Adduct
[M-H]-
Top 5 Peaks

225.2 999

154 10

179 4

181.2 4

165.1 4

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License
CC BY-NC-SA
2 of 33
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Authors
Kakazu Y, Horai H, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio Univ.
Instrument
API3000, Applied Biosystems
Instrument Type
LC-ESI-QQ
MS Level
MS2
Ionization Mode
NEGATIVE
Collision Energy
20 V
Precursor m/z
225
Precursor Adduct
[M-H]-
Top 5 Peaks

154.2 999

225.2 819

110 588

163 236

88.3 82

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License
CC BY-NC-SA

5.3.4 Other MS

1 of 3
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MoNA ID
MS Category
Experimental
MS Type
Other
MS Level
MS2
Precursor Type
[M-H]-
Precursor m/z
225.26
Instrument
TQD, Waters
Instrument Type
Flow-injection QqQ/MS
Ionization
ESI
Ionization Mode
negative
Collision Energy
10
Top 5 Peaks
225 100
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MoNA ID
MS Category
Experimental
MS Type
Other
MS Level
MS2
Precursor Type
[M+H]+
Precursor m/z
227.29
Instrument
TQD, Waters
Instrument Type
Flow-injection QqQ/MS
Ionization
ESI
Ionization Mode
positive
Collision Energy
50
Top 5 Peaks

110 100

109 21.05

83 17.90

93 6.23

95 4.64

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5.4 IR Spectra

5.4.1 FTIR Spectra

Technique
Mull
Source of Spectrum
Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.
Source of Sample
Aldrich
Catalog Number
224014
Copyright
Copyright © 2018-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2018-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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5.4.2 ATR-IR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Bruker Tensor 27 FT-IR
Technique
ATR-Neat (DuraSamplIR II)
Source of Spectrum
Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.
Source of Sample
TCI Chemicals India Pvt. Ltd.
Catalog Number
A0222
Lot Number
ZN54N-RB
Copyright
Copyright © 2015-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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2 of 2
Source of Sample
Aldrich
Catalog Number
224014
Copyright
Copyright © 2018-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2018-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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5.5 Raman Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Bruker MultiRAM Stand Alone FT-Raman Spectrometer
Technique
FT-Raman
Source of Spectrum
Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.
Source of Sample
TCI Chemicals India Pvt. Ltd.
Catalog Number
A0222
Lot Number
ZN54N-RB
Copyright
Copyright © 2015-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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2 of 2
Catalog Number
224014
Copyright
Copyright © 2017-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2017-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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7 Chemical Vendors

8 Drug and Medication Information

8.1 Drug Indication

Peptic ulcer disease, dyspepsia.

8.2 FDA National Drug Code Directory

8.3 Drug Labels

Active ingredient and drug
Active ingredient and drug

8.4 Clinical Trials

8.4.1 ClinicalTrials.gov

8.4.2 NIPH Clinical Trials Search of Japan

8.5 Biomarker Information

9 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

9.1 Pharmacodynamics

Used to treat/manage peptic ulcer disease or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract by promoting tissue healing by the elimination of free radicals.

9.2 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Absorption
Intestinal absorption of L-CAZ was studied in rats by Sano et al. using 14C- and 65Zn-labeled compounds. They suggested that L-CAZ dissociates to its components, L-carnosine and zinc, during intestinal absorption.
Route of Elimination
Intestinal absorption of the drug was examined using 14C- and 65Zn-labeled compounds. Polaprezinc metabolizes into its components, L-carnosine and zinc, during intestinal absorption. It was found that the excretion rates after one administration using 14C-labeled L-CAZ to rats were 4.1% in urine, 13.3% in feces, and 38.8% in exhalation. The study using 65Zn-labeled Paleprozinc were 0.3% in urine and 85.0% in the feces. The absorption rate of zinc is estimated to be approximately 11%.

9.3 Metabolism / Metabolites

Excretion rates of polaprezinc after a single administration using 14C-labeled drug to rats are 4.1% in urine, 13.3% in feces, and 38.8% in exhalation, and those using 65Zn-labeled L-CAZ are 0.3% in urine and 85.0% in feces. The absorption rate of zinc is estimated to be about 11%.

9.4 Biological Half-Life

The half-life of polaprezinc has been studied in rats and found to be approximately 2 hours.

9.5 Mechanism of Action

Polaprezinc increases the expression of various antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1), SOD-2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), peroxidredoxin-1 (PRDX1; PRXI) and PRXD5 (PRXV). This process occurs in the gastric mucosa, defending mucosal cells against reactive oxygen species. This drug inhibits the activity of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB) and decreases the expression of various inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL) 1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a). Polaprezinc also promotes the expression of numerous growth factors, including as platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and nerve growth factor (NGF), in addition to various heat shock proteins (HSPs), including HSP90, HSP70, HSP60, HSP47, HSP27, and HSP10. This process promotes tissue growth and protects against damage the gastric mucosa.

9.6 Human Metabolite Information

9.6.1 Tissue Locations

  • Brain
  • Fibroblasts
  • Intestine
  • Kidney
  • Liver
  • Neuron
  • Placenta
  • Skeletal Muscle

9.6.2 Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm

9.6.3 Metabolite Pathways

9.7 Biochemical Reactions

10 Use and Manufacturing

10.1 Uses

EPA CPDat Chemical and Product Categories
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
Sources/Uses
Dipeptide present in skeletal muscle, brain, heart, and kidney; A water soluble antioxidant that functions as a free-radicle scavenger; [Merck Index]
Merck Index - O'Neil MJ, Heckelman PE, Dobbelaar PH, Roman KJ (eds). The Merck Index, An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, 15th Ed. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013.

10.1.1 Household Products

Household & Commercial/Institutional Products

Information on 15 consumer products that contain Carnosine in the following categories is provided:

• Personal Care

10.2 General Manufacturing Information

EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
L-Histidine, .beta.-alanyl-: ACTIVE

11 Safety and Hazards

11.1 Hazards Identification

11.1.1 GHS Classification

Note
This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 99% (104 of 105) of all reports. Pictograms displayed are for 1% (1 of 105) of reports that indicate hazard statements.
GHS Hazard Statements

Not Classified

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria by 104 of 105 companies (only 1% companies provided GHS information). For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 105 reports by companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 104 of 105 reports by companies. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

There is 1 notification provided by 1 of 105 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

11.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Not Classified

11.1.3 Hazards Summary

Causes somnolence, muscle contraction, and respiratory depression in oral and intraperitoneal lethal-dose studies of mice; [RTECS] Not considered hazardous by GHS classification; Reproductive toxicity observed in rats by intraperitoneal exposure; [Sigma-Aldrich MSDS]

11.2 Regulatory Information

REACH Registered Substance

12 Toxicity

12.1 Toxicological Information

12.1.1 Acute Effects

12.1.2 Protein Binding

It has been observed that a diet heavy in proteins accelerates the absorption of zinc, implying that amino acids with low molecular weight may carry zinc into the circulatory system via complexation.

13 Associated Disorders and Diseases

14 Literature

14.1 Consolidated References

14.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

14.3 Springer Nature References

14.4 Thieme References

14.5 Nature Journal References

14.6 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

14.7 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

14.8 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

15 Patents

15.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

15.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

15.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

15.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

15.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

16 Interactions and Pathways

16.1 Protein Bound 3D Structures

16.1.1 Ligands from Protein Bound 3D Structures

PDBe Ligand Code
PDBe Structure Code
PDBe Conformer

16.2 Chemical-Target Interactions

16.3 Drug-Drug Interactions

16.4 Pathways

17 Biological Test Results

17.1 BioAssay Results

18 Taxonomy

The LOTUS Initiative for Open Natural Products Research: frozen dataset union wikidata (with metadata) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.5794106

19 Classification

19.1 MeSH Tree

19.2 NCI Thesaurus Tree

19.3 ChEBI Ontology

19.4 KEGG: Metabolite

19.5 ChemIDplus

19.6 ChEMBL Target Tree

19.7 UN GHS Classification

19.8 EPA CPDat Classification

19.9 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

19.10 CCSBase Classification

19.11 EPA DSSTox Classification

19.12 Consumer Product Information Database Classification

19.13 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

19.14 LOTUS Tree

19.15 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

20 Information Sources

  1. CAS Common Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
  2. ChemIDplus
    ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
  3. DrugBank
    LICENSE
    Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode)
    https://www.drugbank.ca/legal/terms_of_use
  4. EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
    L-Histidine, .beta.-alanyl-
    https://www.epa.gov/chemicals-under-tsca
    EPA TSCA Classification
    https://www.epa.gov/tsca-inventory
  5. EPA DSSTox
    (2S)-2-(3-Aminopropanamido)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID80879594
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
  6. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
    LICENSE
    Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: "Source: European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/". Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice page.
    https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/legal-notice
  7. FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS)
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  8. Human Metabolome Database (HMDB)
    LICENSE
    HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications.
    http://www.hmdb.ca/citing
  9. CCSbase
    CCSbase Classification
    https://ccsbase.net/
  10. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
    LICENSE
    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    L-carnosine
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  11. ChEBI
  12. LOTUS - the natural products occurrence database
    LICENSE
    The code for LOTUS is released under the GNU General Public License v3.0.
    https://lotus.nprod.net/
  13. NCI Thesaurus (NCIt)
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CONTENTS