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Hexaminolevulinate

PubChem CID
6433083
Structure
Hexaminolevulinate_small.png
Hexaminolevulinate_3D_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • Hexaminolevulinate
  • Hexyl 5-amino-4-oxopentanoate
  • 140898-97-1
  • 5-Aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester
  • Hexyl 5-aminolevulinate
Molecular Weight
215.29 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2006-04-28
  • Modify:
    2025-01-25
Description
5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester is an organonitrogen compound and an organooxygen compound. It is functionally related to a delta-amino acid.
Hexaminolevulinate is an optical imaging drug. In solution form it is instilled intravesically for use with photodynamic blue light cystoscopy as an adjunct to white light cystoscopy. On May 28, 2010, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted approval for hexaminolevulinate hydrochloride (Cysview for Intravesical Solution, Photocure ASA), as an optical imaging agent for use in combination with the Karl Storz Photodynamic Diagnostic D-Light C (PDD) System for cystoscopic detection of non-muscle invasive papillary cancer of the bladder for patients suspected or known to have lesion(s) on the basis of a prior cystoscopy. Hexaminolevulinate is manufactured under the brand Cysview® by Photocure ASA. In Europe, Hexaminolevulinate is marketed under the brand Hexvix®.
Hexaminolevulinate is the hexyl ester of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) with photodynamic properties. As a precursor of photoactive porphorins, hexyl 5-aminolevulinate induces the endogenous production of the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) which accumulates selectively in tumor tissue. When exposed to specific wavelengths of light, PPIX is activated and, depending on the wavelength and/or intensity of light, either fluoresces, thereby allowing tumor imaging, or induces tumor cell apoptosis.

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Hexaminolevulinate.png

1.2 3D Conformer

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

hexyl 5-amino-4-oxopentanoate
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C11H21NO3/c1-2-3-4-5-8-15-11(14)7-6-10(13)9-12/h2-9,12H2,1H3
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

RYQOILLJDKPETL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

CCCCCCOC(=O)CCC(=O)CN
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

C11H21NO3
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

2.3.2 UNII

2.3.3 ChEBI ID

2.3.4 ChEMBL ID

2.3.5 DrugBank ID

2.3.6 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.7 HMDB ID

2.3.8 Metabolomics Workbench ID

2.3.9 NCI Thesaurus Code

2.3.10 Nikkaji Number

2.3.11 RXCUI

2.3.12 Wikidata

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

  • (14C)-hexaminolevulinate
  • 5-ALAHE
  • 5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester
  • ALA hexyl ester
  • aminolevulinic acid hexylester
  • hexa ALA
  • hexaminolevulinate
  • hexaminolevulinate hydrochloride
  • hexyl-aminolevulinate
  • hexylaminolevulinate

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
215.29 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
XLogP3-AA
Property Value
1.1
Reference
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
4
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
10
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
215.15214353 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
215.15214353 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
69.4 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
15
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
192
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Chemical Classes

3.2.1 Drugs

Pharmaceuticals -> Listed in ZINC15
S55 | ZINC15PHARMA | Pharmaceuticals from ZINC15 | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3247749
3.2.1.1 Human Drugs
Breast Feeding; Lactation; Diagnostic Agents; Photosensitizing Agents;
Paediatric drug

5 Chemical Vendors

6 Drug and Medication Information

6.1 Drug Indication

Hexaminolevulinate is indicated for use in the cystoscopic detection of non-muscle invasive papillary cancer of the bladder among patients suspected or known to have lesion(s) on the basis of a prior cystoscopy.
Diagnosis of bladder cancer , Treatment of cervical dysplasia

6.2 Drug Classes

Breast Feeding; Lactation; Diagnostic Agents; Photosensitizing Agents;

6.3 Clinical Trials

6.3.1 ClinicalTrials.gov

6.3.2 EU Clinical Trials Register

6.3.3 NIPH Clinical Trials Search of Japan

6.4 EMA Drug Information

Type
Paediatric investigation
Active Substance
Therapeutic Area
Oncology
Drug Form
Vaginal ointment, powder and solvent for intravesical solution
Administration Route
Vaginal use, Intravesical use
Decision Type
W: decision granting a waiver in all age groups for all conditions or indications
Decision Date
2013-03-26

7 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

7.1 Pharmacodynamics

In vitro studies have shown increased porphyrin fluorescence in normal urothelium after exposure to hexaminolevulinate hydrochloride intravesical solution. In the human bladder, a greater accumulation of porphyrins is proposed in neoplastic or inflamed cells, compared to normal urothelium. After bladder instillation of hexaminolevulinate hydrochloride intravesical solution for approximately 1 hour and subsequent illumination with blue light at wavelengths 360 – 450nm, the porphyrins will fluoresce red.

7.2 ATC Code

V - Various

V04 - Diagnostic agents

V04C - Other diagnostic agents

V04CX - Other diagnostic agents

V04CX06 - Hexaminolevulinate

7.3 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Absorption
Absolute bioavailability 7% (90% confidence interval [CI]: 5%-10%)

7.4 Metabolism / Metabolites

Rapid metabolism in human blood.

7.5 Biological Half-Life

Biphasic elimination, with an initial elimination half-life of 39 minutes, followed by a terminal half-life of approximately 76 hours.

7.6 Mechanism of Action

Hexaminolevulinate is an ester of the heme precursor, aminolevulinic acid. After bladder instillation, hexaminolevulinate enters the bladder mucosa and is proposed to enter the intracellular space of mucosal cells where it is used as a precursor in the formation of the photoactive intermediate protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and other photoactive porphyrins (PAPs). PpIX and PAPs are reported to accumulate preferentially in neoplastic cells as compared to normal urothelium, partly due to altered enzymatic activity in the neoplastic cells. After excitation with light at wavelengths between 360 and 450 nm, PpIX and other PAPs return to a lower energy level by fluorescing, which can be detected and used for cystoscopic detection of lesions. The fluorescence from tumor tissue appears bright red and demarcated, whereas the background normal tissue appears dark blue. Similar processes may occur in inflamed cells.

8 Use and Manufacturing

8.1 Uses

8.1.1 Use Classification

Human Drugs -> EU pediatric investigation plans

9 Toxicity

9.1 Toxicological Information

9.1.1 Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation

◉ Summary of Use during Lactation

No information is available on the clinical use of hexaminolevulinate during breastfeeding. After instillation into the bladder, only about 7% of a dose is absorbed into the maternal bloodstream, so the amount of drug excreted into milk is expected to be minimal. Until more data become available, hexaminolevulinate should be used with caution during breastfeeding, especially while nursing a newborn or preterm infant.

◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants

Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.

◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk

Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.

9.1.2 Protein Binding

No evidence of significant binding.

10 Associated Disorders and Diseases

11 Literature

11.1 Consolidated References

11.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

11.3 Springer Nature References

11.4 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

11.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

11.6 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

12 Patents

12.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

12.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

12.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

12.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

12.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

13 Interactions and Pathways

13.1 Chemical-Target Interactions

13.2 Drug-Drug Interactions

14 Biological Test Results

14.1 BioAssay Results

15 Classification

15.1 MeSH Tree

15.2 NCI Thesaurus Tree

15.3 ChEBI Ontology

15.4 WHO ATC Classification System

15.5 ChemIDplus

15.6 ChEMBL Target Tree

15.7 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

15.8 EPA DSSTox Classification

15.9 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

16 Information Sources

  1. CAS Common Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
  2. ChemIDplus
    ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
  3. DrugBank
    LICENSE
    Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode)
    https://www.drugbank.ca/legal/terms_of_use
  4. EPA DSSTox
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
  5. FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS)
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  6. ChEBI
  7. NCI Thesaurus (NCIt)
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise indicated, all text within NCI products is free of copyright and may be reused without our permission. Credit the National Cancer Institute as the source.
    https://www.cancer.gov/policies/copyright-reuse
  8. Open Targets
    LICENSE
    Datasets generated by the Open Targets Platform are freely available for download.
    https://platform-docs.opentargets.org/licence
  9. ChEMBL
    LICENSE
    Access to the web interface of ChEMBL is made under the EBI's Terms of Use (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html). The ChEMBL data is made available on a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/).
    http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html
  10. ClinicalTrials.gov
    LICENSE
    The ClinicalTrials.gov data carry an international copyright outside the United States and its Territories or Possessions. Some ClinicalTrials.gov data may be subject to the copyright of third parties; you should consult these entities for any additional terms of use.
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/about-site/terms-conditions#Use
  11. Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD)
    LICENSE
    It is to be used only for research and educational purposes. Any reproduction or use for commercial purpose is prohibited without the prior express written permission of NC State University.
    http://ctdbase.org/about/legal.jsp
  12. European Medicines Agency (EMA)
    LICENSE
    Information on the European Medicines Agency's (EMA) website is subject to a disclaimer and copyright and limited reproduction notices.
    https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/about-us/legal-notice
  13. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)
  14. EU Clinical Trials Register
  15. Human Metabolome Database (HMDB)
    LICENSE
    HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications.
    http://www.hmdb.ca/citing
  16. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
  17. Metabolomics Workbench
  18. NIPH Clinical Trials Search of Japan
  19. NLM RxNorm Terminology
    LICENSE
    The RxNorm Terminology is created by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and is in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from NLM. Credit to the U.S. National Library of Medicine as the source is appreciated but not required. The full RxNorm dataset requires a free license.
    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/rxnorm/docs/termsofservice.html
  20. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
    LICENSE
    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    Hexaminolevulinate
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  21. Springer Nature
  22. WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification
    LICENSE
    Use of all or parts of the material requires reference to the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. Copying and distribution for commercial purposes is not allowed. Changing or manipulating the material is not allowed.
    https://www.whocc.no/copyright_disclaimer/
  23. Wikidata
  24. PubChem
  25. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
    LICENSE
    Works produced by the U.S. government are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any such works found on National Library of Medicine (NLM) Web sites may be freely used or reproduced without permission in the U.S.
    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
    5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/67419924
  26. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  27. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
  28. NCBI
CONTENTS