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Fludioxonil

PubChem CID
86398
Structure
Fludioxonil_small.png
Fludioxonil_3D_Structure.png
Fludioxonil__Crystal_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • Fludioxonil
  • 131341-86-1
  • 4-(2,2-Difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile
  • 4-(2,2-Difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile
  • Scholar
Molecular Weight
248.18 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-08-08
  • Modify:
    2025-01-18
Description
Fludioxonil is a member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxole substituted at position 4 by a 3-cyanopyrrol-4-yl group. A fungicide seed treatment for control of a range of diseases including Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Alternaria. It has a role as an androgen antagonist, an estrogen receptor agonist and an antifungal agrochemical. It is a member of benzodioxoles, a member of pyrroles, a nitrile and an organofluorine compound.
Fludioxonil is a fungicide seed treatment for control of a range of diseases including Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Alternaria. It has a non-systemic action with long residual activity. It also inhibits transport-associated phosphorylation of glucose, reducing mycelial growth.

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Fludioxonil.png

1.2 3D Conformer

1.3 Crystal Structures

1 of 2
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CCDC Number
Crystal Structure Data
Crystal Structure Depiction
Crystal Structure Depiction

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

4-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C12H6F2N2O2/c13-12(14)17-10-3-1-2-8(11(10)18-12)9-6-16-5-7(9)4-15/h1-3,5-6,16H
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

MUJOIMFVNIBMKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

C1=CC(=C2C(=C1)OC(O2)(F)F)C3=CNC=C3C#N
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

C12H6F2N2O2
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

2.3.2 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.3 UNII

2.3.4 ChEBI ID

2.3.5 ChEMBL ID

2.3.6 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.7 HMDB ID

2.3.8 KEGG ID

2.3.9 Nikkaji Number

2.3.10 Wikidata

2.3.11 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

fludioxonil

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
248.18 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
XLogP3-AA
Property Value
2.6
Reference
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
5
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
248.03973376 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
248.03973376 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
58 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
18
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
382
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Pale to colorless solid; [ACGIH]

3.2.2 Color / Form

Colorless crystals
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 757
Yellow-ish crystals
MacBean C, ed; e-Pesticide Manual. 15th ed., ver. 5.1, Alton, UK; British Crop Protection Council. Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (2008-2010)

3.2.3 Odor

Odorless
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 757

3.2.4 Melting Point

199.8 °C
MacBean C, ed; e-Pesticide Manual. 15th ed., ver. 5.1, Alton, UK; British Crop Protection Council. Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (2008-2010)

3.2.5 Solubility

In water, 1.8 mg/L at 25 °C
MacBean C, ed; e-Pesticide Manual. 15th ed., ver. 5.1, Alton, UK; British Crop Protection Council. Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (2008-2010)
Solubility in: acetone 190; ethanol 44; toluene 2.7; n-octanol 20; hexane 0.1 (g/L at 25 °C)
MacBean C, ed; e-Pesticide Manual. 15th ed., ver. 5.1, Alton, UK; British Crop Protection Council. Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (2008-2010)

3.2.6 Density

1.54 at 20 °C
MacBean C, ed; e-Pesticide Manual. 15th ed., ver. 5.1, Alton, UK; British Crop Protection Council. Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (2008-2010)

3.2.7 Vapor Pressure

2.93X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C
MacBean C, ed; e-Pesticide Manual. 15th ed., ver. 5.1, Alton, UK; British Crop Protection Council. Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (2008-2010)

3.2.8 LogP

log Kow = 4.12 at 25 °C
MacBean C, ed; e-Pesticide Manual. 15th ed., ver. 5.1, Alton, UK; British Crop Protection Council. Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (2008-2010)

3.2.9 Henry's Law Constant

Henry's Law constant = 5.3X10-10 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C
US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of June 18, 2015: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm/

3.2.10 Dissociation Constants

pKa1: <0; pKa2: approx 14.1
MacBean C, ed; e-Pesticide Manual. 15th ed., ver. 5.1, Alton, UK; British Crop Protection Council. Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (2008-2010)

3.2.11 Collision Cross Section

165.7 Ų [M+Na]+ [CCS Type: DT; Method: stepped-field]

148.3 Ų [M-H]- [CCS Type: DT; Method: stepped-field]

158.88 Ų [M+Na]+

146.13 Ų [M-H]-

S61 | UJICCSLIB | Collision Cross Section (CCS) Library from UJI | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3549476

147.8 Ų [M-H]-

164.6 Ų [M+Na]+

S50 | CCSCOMPEND | The Unified Collision Cross Section (CCS) Compendium | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2658162

3.2.12 Kovats Retention Index

Standard non-polar
2121.5
Semi-standard non-polar
2169 , 2169 , 2167.2 , 2200.1 , 2161.1 , 2170.1

3.2.13 Other Experimental Properties

log Kow = 2.6
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 757

3.3 Chemical Classes

3.3.1 Endocrine Disruptors

Potential endocrine disrupting compound
S109 | PARCEDC | List of 7074 potential endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) by PARC T4.2 | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.10944198

3.3.2 Pesticides

Agrochemicals -> Pesticide active substances
Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Approved
Pesticides -> Fungicides
Pesticide
S120 | DUSTCT2024 | Substances from Second NORMAN Collaborative Dust Trial | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.13835254
Fungicides
S69 | LUXPEST | Pesticide Screening List for Luxembourg | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3862688
Environmental transformation -> Pesticides (parent, predecessor)
S60 | SWISSPEST19 | Swiss Pesticides and Metabolites from Kiefer et al 2019 | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3544759
Pesticide (Fludioxonil) -> USDA PDB

4 Spectral Information

4.1 1D NMR Spectra

4.1.1 1H NMR Spectra

Spectra ID
Instrument Type
JEOL
Frequency
400 MHz
Solvent
DMSO-d6
Shifts [ppm]:Intensity
7.83:191.00, 7.30:122.00, 7.32:1000.00, 7.34:86.00, 7.34:263.00, 7.54:453.00, 7.28:209.00, 7.56:461.00, 7.82:334.00, 7.52:27.00, 12.19:50.00, 7.30:696.00, 7.37:205.00, 7.36:365.00, 7.54:506.00, 7.82:184.00, 7.56:414.00, 7.36:192.00
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4.1.2 13C NMR Spectra

Spectra ID
Instrument Type
JEOL
Frequency
100.40 MHz
Solvent
DMSO-d6
Shifts [ppm]:Intensity
128.43:88.00, 143.10:378.00, 120.26:909.00, 129.20:885.00, 116.84:480.00, 124.76:996.00, 116.75:762.00, 130.94:194.00, 143.11:243.00, 89.93:823.00, 143.09:198.00, 133.46:100.00, 116.67:530.00, 139.08:264.00, 139.10:150.00, 139.07:115.00, 108.24:762.00, 121.93:1000.00
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4.2 Mass Spectrometry

4.2.1 GC-MS

1 of 4
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NIST Number
372975
Library
Main library
Total Peaks
111
m/z Top Peak
248
m/z 2nd Highest
127
m/z 3rd Highest
154
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NIST Number
318713
Library
Replicate library
Total Peaks
63
m/z Top Peak
248
m/z 2nd Highest
127
m/z 3rd Highest
154
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4.2.2 MS-MS

1 of 6
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Spectra ID
Instrument Type
LC-ESI-ITFT
Ionization Mode
negative
Top 5 Peaks

181.0407 49.68

180.0328 16.55

179.0249 11.46

247.0323 7.53

199.031 5.44

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Notes
adduct_type [M-H]- original_collision_energy 35 % (nominal) CannabisDB pesticides spectra from Mona 2020 August LTQ Orbitrap XL Thermo Scientific
2 of 6
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Spectra ID
Instrument Type
LC-ESI-ITFT
Ionization Mode
negative
Top 5 Peaks
247.0325 100
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Notes
adduct_type [M-H]- original_collision_energy 15 % (nominal) CannabisDB pesticides spectra from Mona 2020 August LTQ Orbitrap XL Thermo Scientific

4.2.3 LC-MS

1 of 48
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Authors
Kevin S. Jewell; Björn Ehlig; Arne Wick
Instrument
TripleTOF 6600 SCIEX
Instrument Type
LC-ESI-QTOF
MS Level
MS2
Ionization Mode
NEGATIVE
Ionization
ESI
Collision Energy
50
Fragmentation Mode
CID
Column Name
Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 2.1 mm x 150 mm, 3.5 um, Agilent
Retention Time
11.757 min
Precursor m/z
247.0324
Precursor Adduct
[M-H]-
Top 5 Peaks

180.0321 999

126.0341 878

152.0373 675

169.0395 555

151.0299 294

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License
dl-de/by-2-0
2 of 48
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Authors
Kevin S. Jewell; Björn Ehlig; Arne Wick
Instrument
TripleTOF 6600 SCIEX
Instrument Type
LC-ESI-QTOF
MS Level
MS2
Ionization Mode
NEGATIVE
Ionization
ESI
Collision Energy
40
Fragmentation Mode
CID
Column Name
Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 2.1 mm x 150 mm, 3.5 um, Agilent
Retention Time
11.757 min
Precursor m/z
247.0324
Precursor Adduct
[M-H]-
Top 5 Peaks

247.0314 999

180.0323 319

126.0347 232

169.0395 109

181.0398 73

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License
dl-de/by-2-0

4.2.4 Other MS

MS Category
Experimental
MS Type
Other
MS Level
MS2
Precursor Type
[M-H]-
Precursor m/z
247.032
Instrument
Q-Exactive Plus Orbitrap Res 70k
Ionization Mode
negative
Top 5 Peaks

247.032608 100

181.040909 3.52

180.033112 3.16

126.035103 1.47

179.025208 0.72

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6 Chemical Vendors

7 Drug and Medication Information

7.1 Clinical Trials

7.1.1 EU Clinical Trials Register

8 Agrochemical Information

8.1 Agrochemical Category

Fungicide
Pesticide active substances
Fungicides
S69 | LUXPEST | Pesticide Screening List for Luxembourg | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3862688

8.2 Agrochemical Transformations

Fludioxonil has known environmental transformation products that include (2,2-difluoro-benzo(1,3)dioxol-4-carbocyclic acid and 3-carbamoyl-2-cyano-3-(2,2-difluoro-benzo(1,3)dioxol-4-yl)-oxirane-2-carbocyclic acid.
S78 | SLUPESTTPS | Pesticides and TPs from SLU, Sweden | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.4687924
Fludioxonil has known environmental transformation products that include CGA 192155, CGA 265378, and CGA 339833.
S60 | SWISSPEST19 | Swiss Pesticides and Metabolites from Kiefer et al 2019 | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3544759

8.3 EU Pesticides Data

Active Substance
fludioxonil
Status
Approved [Reg. (EC) No 1107/2009]
Date
Approval: 01/11/2008 Expiration: 15/06/2025
Legislation
2007/76, Reg. (EU) 2018/1262, Reg. (EU) 2019/1589, Reg. (EU) 2020/1511, Reg. (EU) 2021/1449, Reg. (EU) 2022/1480, Reg. (EU) 2023/1757, Reg. (EU) No 540/2011
ADI
0.37 mg/kg bw/day [Dir 07/76]
AOEL
0.59 mg/kg bw/day [Dir 07/76]

8.4 USDA Pesticide Data Program

9 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

9.1 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

The metabolism of (14)C-pyrrole-labelled fludioxonil was studied in goats... Two goats were given radiolabelled fludioxonil orally at a level equivalent to 100 ppm in the feed for 4 consecutive days. The levels of radioactive residue, calculated as fludioxonil, were: 0.07 mg/kg in tenderloin muscle, 0.19 mg/kg in fat, 5.8 mg/kg in liver, 2.9 mg/kg in kidney and 2.2 mg/kg in milk on day 4. Organic solvents released 35% of the TRR in liver, 76% in muscle, 50% in kidney, 35% in liver, 87% in fat and 90% in milk. Protease treatment of the solid residues from solvent extraction of liver, kidney and muscle released 75-91% of the remaining activity. Less than half of this released activity was characterized as proteins by derivatization with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene.
WHO/FAO; Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues; Pesticide Residues in Food: Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (pg. 74-96) (2004). Available from, as of July 23, 2015) https://www.inchem.org/pages/jmpr.html
Five laying hens were given gelatin capsules containing [(14)C-pyrrole]fludioxonil for 8 consecutive days at a rate equivalent to about 89 ppm in the feed. The vast majority of the radiolabelled residue was eliminated in the excreta (88-102% of the total administered dose). The levels of radioactive residues, calculated as fludioxonil, in the tissues and eggs were as follows: liver, 8.9 mg/kg; muscle, 0.12 mg/kg; skin with fat, 0.25 mg/kg; peritoneal fat, 0.17 mg/kg; egg yolk, 1.8 mg/kg (day 7); egg white, 0.054 mg/kg (day 7). A series of organic solvent extractions released 61% TRR in liver, 33% in kidney, 62% in muscle, 42% in skin with fat, 74% in egg white and 83% in egg yolk. The solids remaining after solvent extraction of liver (33% TRR), kidney (54%) and muscle (34%) were solubilized with protease and characterized by treatment with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene. Protease solubilized 54% of the unextracted activity in liver, 63% of that in kidney and 67% of that in muscle. About 25% of the released radioactivity (< 10% TRR) was derivatized by 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene at pH 2, indicating the terminal amino group of amino acids. Alkaline hydrolysis (15% KOH, 95 oC) released all the remaining radioactivity from the solvent-extracted liver (33% TRR), but it could be characterized only as acidic, polar compounds. About 69% of the TRR in eggs, 24% in liver, 14% in kidney, 44% in muscle and 29% in skin with fat were identified...
WHO/FAO; Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues; Pesticide Residues in Food: Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (pg. 74-96) (2004). Available from, as of July 23, 2015) https://www.inchem.org/pages/jmpr.html
A feeding study was conducted in which three groups of three dairy cows received 0.55 ppm, 1.6 ppm or 5.5 ppm fludioxonil in the diet for 28-30 days. Residues of fludioxonil and metabolites, determined as CGA-192155 (2,2-difluorobenzo[1,1]dioxole-4-carboxylic acid), were quantifiable only at the highest feeding level (5.5 ppm)... No quantifiable residue was found in the tissues of ruminants at levels 60 times (cows) and 80 times (beef cattle) the calculated dietary burden. Fludioxonil and metabolites were detected in liver and kidney at concentrations of 0.014-0.017 mg/kg and 0.022-0.025 mg/kg, respectively, at the 5.5 ppm feeding level. None was detected in fat or muscle.
WHO/FAO; Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues; Pesticide Residues in Food: Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (pg. 74-96) (2004). Available from, as of July 23, 2015) https://www.inchem.org/pages/jmpr.html
The dermal absorption of fludioxonil, excluding material bound to the skin, is low in rats in vivo (< 5%) and in human skin in vitro (< 0.5%). In a study of dermal penetration in rats in vitro, values for dermal absorption at low levels of application were comparable to those obtained in a study performed in vivo (< 2%), but at higher levels significantly overestimated absorption in vivo (38%).
WHO/FAO; Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues; Pesticide Residues in Food: Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (pg. 74-96) (2004). Available from, as of July 23, 2015) https://www.inchem.org/pages/jmpr.html

9.2 Metabolism / Metabolites

Two goats were given radiolabelled fludioxonil orally at a level equivalent to 100 ppm in the feed for 4 consecutive days....The main component identified in muscle was fludioxonil, representing 24% and 43% of the TRR in the two goats. Likewise, fludioxonil was the main component of the residue in omental fat, representing 83% TRR. The main identified metabolite in muscle was the sulfate conjugate of the 2-hydroxy or 5-hydroxy derivative of fludioxonil (22% or 2% TRR). Minor metabolites identified in muscle (< 10% TRR) included the 2-O-glucuronide derivative of fludioxonil and the 5-O-glucuronide derivative of fludioxonil. (The position numbers refer to the pyrrole ring.) About 50% of the residue in muscle and 83% of the residue in fat were identified. Multiple components were found in kidney and liver. The following were identified in kidney: 2-Oglucuronide derivative of fludioxonil (23% TRR); 7prime-O-glucuronide derivative (8% TRR); 5-O-glucuronide derivative (15% TRR); fludioxonil (2% TRR); and 2- or 5-O-sulfate ester (0.7% TRR), for a total identification of 48%. In liver, only fludioxonil was identified (14% TRR). Two labile compounds (24% TRR) were also encountered. No compounds without the pyrrole-phenyl linkage were identified.
WHO/FAO; Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues; Pesticide Residues in Food: Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (pg. 74-96) (2004). Available from, as of July 23, 2015) https://www.inchem.org/pages/jmpr.html
Five laying hens were given gelatin capsules containing [(14)C-pyrrole]fludioxonil for 8 consecutive days at a rate equivalent to about 89 ppm in the feed... The main metabolites identified in eggs were the sulfate conjugate of the 1-hydroxy derivative of fludioxonil (40% TRR) , the succinamic acid derivative (10% TRR) and the sulfate conjugate of the 2-hydroxy or 5-hydroxy derivative (13% TRR). Fludioxonil was a minor component (2.1% TRR) in eggs. The succinamic acid derivative was the only significant metabolite identified in liver, at about 6% TRR. The metabolites identified in kidney were the glucuronide conjugate of the 2-hydroxy or 5-hydroxy derivative (4.7% TRR), fludioxonil (2.6% TRR) and the 7prime-hydroxy derivative (2.8% TRR). The main components identified in breast muscle were fludioxonil (29% TRR) and the sulfate conjugate of the 1-hydroxy derivative. A similar situation existed for skin with attached fat, which contained fludioxonil (9.8%) and the sulfate conjugate of the 1-hydroxy derivative (14%). On the basis of the characterizations and identifications made in the study of metabolism in hens, .../it was/concluded that metabolism in poultry involves oxidation at the C-2, C-5 and N-1 positions in the pyrrole ring and at the C-7prime of the benzodioxol ring. This is followed by the formation of sulfate or glucuronide conjugates. The C-2 hydroxypyrrole further oxidizes to the 2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro pyrrole and succinamic acid derivatives. The last two compounds are unique to poultry. The remaining metabolites found in the hen and all the metabolites in ruminants were also found in rats.
WHO/FAO; Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues; Pesticide Residues in Food: Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (pg. 74-96) (2004). Available from, as of July 23, 2015) https://www.inchem.org/pages/jmpr.html
fludioxonil and metabolites, determined as 2,2-difluoro-1,3- benzodioxole-4-carboxylic acid, are stable for at least 12 months in frozen muscle and for at least 18 months in frozen liver, milk and eggs.
WHO/FAO; Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues; Pesticide Residues in Food: Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (pg. 74-96) (2004). Available from, as of July 23, 2015) https://www.inchem.org/pages/jmpr.html
After oral administration of radiolabelled fludioxonil, the radiolabel is rapidly and extensively (approximately 80% of the administered dose) absorbed, widely distributed, extensively metabolized and rapidly excreted, primarily in the feces (approximately 80%) via the bile (approximately 70%), with a small amount being excreted in the urine (approximately 20%). The maximum blood concentration is reached within 1 hr after administration. Elimination is biphasic, with half-lives of between 2 and 5 hr for the first phase and between 30 and 60 h for the second phase. Fludioxonil is rapidly cleared from the blood and tissues, and there is consequently negligible potential for accumulation. The metabolism of fludioxonil proceeds primarily through oxidation of the pyrrole ring, leading to one major (57% of the administered dose) and one minor (4% of the administered dose) oxo-pyrrole metabolite. Hydroxylation of the phenyl ring yields the corresponding phenol metabolite, which represents 2% of the administered dose. These phase I metabolites are subsequently excreted as glucuronyl and sulfate conjugates and, together with unabsorbed and unchanged fludioxonil excreted in feces, account for approximately 75% of the administered dose. The dimerization of the hydroxy pyrole metabolite produces a metabolite of an intense blue color.
WHO/FAO; Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues; Pesticide Residues in Food: Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (pg. 74-96) (2004). Available from, as of July 23, 2015) https://www.inchem.org/pages/jmpr.html
A feeding study was conducted in which three groups of three dairy cows received 0.55 ppm, 1.6 ppm or 5.5 ppm fludioxonil in the diet for 28-30 days. Residues of fludioxonil and metabolites, determined as CGA-192155 (2,2-difluorobenzo[1,1]dioxole-4-carboxylic acid), were quantifiable only at the highest feeding level (5.5 ppm)... Only tissue samples from cows fed the 5.5 ppm diet were analyzed. No residues of fludioxonil or metabolites were found. The LOQ was 0.01 mg/kg in muscle and 0.05 mg/kg in liver, kidney and fat (perirenal and omental).
WHO/FAO; Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues; Pesticide Residues in Food: Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (pg. 74-96) (2004). Available from, as of July 23, 2015) https://www.inchem.org/pages/jmpr.html
Organic nitriles are converted into cyanide ions through the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver. Cyanide is rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the body. Cyanide is mainly metabolized into thiocyanate by either rhodanese or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase. Cyanide metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L96)
L96: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2006). Toxicological profile for cyanide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp8.html

9.3 Biological Half-Life

After oral administration of radiolabelled fludioxonil, the radiolabel is rapidly and extensively (approximately 80% of the administered dose) absorbed, widely distributed, extensively metabolized and rapidly excreted, primarily in the feces (approximately 80%) via the bile (approximately 70%), with a small amount being excreted in the urine (approximately 20%). The maximum blood concentration is reached within 1 hr after administration. Elimination is biphasic, with half-lives of between 2 and 5 hr for the first phase and between 30 and 60 h for the second phase. ...
WHO/FAO; Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues; Pesticide Residues in Food: Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (pg. 74-96) (2004). Available from, as of July 23, 2015) https://www.inchem.org/pages/jmpr.html

9.4 Transformations

10 Use and Manufacturing

10.1 Uses

EPA CPDat Chemical and Product Categories
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
Sources/Uses
Used as an agricultural fungicide (seed treatment); [ACGIH]
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.
For fludioxonil (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 071503) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the USA but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./
National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's Database on Fludioxonil (131341-86-1). Available from, as of July 24, 2015: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
Agricultural fungicide
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 757
Fungicide, insecticide, seed treatment/protectant
Crop Protection Handbook Volume 100, Meister Media Worldwide, Willoughby, OH 2014, p. 311
This is a man-made compound that is used as a pesticide.

10.1.1 Use Classification

Environmental transformation -> Pesticides (parent, predecessor)
S60 | SWISSPEST19 | Swiss Pesticides and Metabolites from Kiefer et al 2019 | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3544759
Fungicides
S69 | LUXPEST | Pesticide Screening List for Luxembourg | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3862688

10.2 Methods of Manufacturing

Fludioxonil is produced by reaction of 4-amino-2,2-difluorobenzodioxide in HCl-containing acetic acid with sodium nitrite at 0 °C, followed by addition of ethylenenitrile, methyl ethyl ketone, and a solution of copper(I) chloride in hydrochloric acid. The product is extracted with dichloromethane and the thus-obtained solution heated to reflux in the presence of triethylamine to give 2,3-(difluoromethylenedioxy)cinnamic acid nitrile, which is treated with p-toluenesulfonylmethyl isocyanide and potassium tert-butoxide in THF.
Muller et al; Fungicides, Agricultural, 2. Individual Fungicides. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2015). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: October 15, 2011
Preparation: R. Nyfeler, Jl ehrenfreund, European Patent Office 206999; eidem, United States of America patent 4705800 (1986, 1987 both to Ciba-Geigy).
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 757

10.3 Formulations / Preparations

The National Pesticide Information Retrieval System (NPIRS) identifies 11 companies with active labels for products containing the chemical fludioxonil. To view the complete list of companies, product names and percent fludioxonil in formulated products click the following url and enter the CAS Registry number in the Active Ingredient field.
National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's Database on Fludioxonil (131341-86-1). Available from, as of June 24, 2015: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
Fludioxonil Technical (Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC): Active ingredient: Fludioxonil 98.0%.
National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's Database on Fludioxonil (131341-86-1). Available from, as of June 24, 2015: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
Medallion Fungicide (Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC): Active ingredient: Fludioxonil 50.0%.
National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's Database on Fludioxonil (131341-86-1). Available from, as of June 24, 2015: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
Maxim XL Fungicide (Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC): Active ingredient: Fludioxonil 21.0%; Metalaxyl-M 8.4%.
National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's Database on Fludioxonil (131341-86-1). Available from, as of June 24, 2015: https://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/
For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for Fludioxonil (32 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.4 General Manufacturing Information

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies fludioxonil as unlikely to present an acute hazard in normal use; Main Use: fungicide, other than for seed treatment.
WHO International Programme on Chemical Safety; The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2009 p.41 (2010)
Fludioxonil (announced in 1991) is used as seed treatment for control of Gibberella in rice and to control Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Tilletia, Helminthosporium, and Septoria in cereal and noncereal crops.
Muller et al; Fungicides, Agricultural, 2. Individual Fungicides. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2015). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: October 15, 2011

11 Identification

11.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

Analytical Enforcement Methodology: Adequate high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet light detector (HPLC/UV) methods (Syngenta Methods AG-597 and AG-597B) are available for enforcing tolerances for residues of fludioxonil in or on plant commodities. An adequate liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method (Analytical Method GRM025.03A) is available for enforcing tolerances for residues of fludioxonil in or on livestock commodities.
77 FR 48907 (8/15/2012)

12 Safety and Hazards

12.1 Hazards Identification

12.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 5
View All
Pictogram(s)
Environmental Hazard
Signal
Warning
GHS Hazard Statements

H400 (98%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (74.3%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P273, P391, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 152 reports by companies from 9 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

12.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Aquatic Acute 1 (98%)

Aquatic Chronic 1 (74.3%)

Hazardous to the aquatic environment (acute) - category 1

Hazardous to the aquatic environment (chronic) - category 1

12.1.3 Hazards Summary

TLV Basis: liver and kidney damage; The oral LD50 in rats and mice is greater than 5000 mg/kg. No human data available; [ACGIH]
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.

12.2 Fire Fighting

12.2.1 Fire Fighting Procedures

Use water spray, alcohol-resistand foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Fludioxonil. Product Number: 46102, Version 5.1 (Revision Date 06/25/2014). Available from, as of July 22, 2015: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Fludioxonil. Product Number: 46102, Version 5.1 (Revision Date 06/25/2014). Available from, as of July 22, 2015: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

12.3 Accidental Release Measures

12.3.1 Cleanup Methods

Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist, or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe area.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Fludioxonil. Product Number: 46102, Version 5.1 (Revision Date 06/25/2014). Available from, as of July 22, 2015: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Fludioxonil. Product Number: 46102, Version 5.1 (Revision Date 06/25/2014). Available from, as of July 22, 2015: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Fludioxonil. Product Number: 46102, Version 5.1 (Revision Date 06/25/2014). Available from, as of July 22, 2015: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

12.3.2 Disposal Methods

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

12.3.3 Preventive Measures

Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed. Normal measures for preventive fire protection.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Fludioxonil. Product Number: 46102, Version 5.1 (Revision Date 06/25/2014). Available from, as of July 22, 2015: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.

12.4 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

12.4.1 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)

1.0 [mg/m3], inhalable particulate matter

12.4.2 Allowable Tolerances

Tolerances are established for residues of the fungicide fludioxonil, including its metabolites and degradates, in or on the commodities in the following table. Compliance with the tolerance levels specified in the following table is to be determined by measuring only fludioxonil, 4-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)-1-H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile).
Commodity
Acerola
Parts per million
5.0
Commodity
Animal feed, nongrass, group 18
Parts per million
0.01
Commodity
Atemoya
Parts per million
20
Commodity
Avocado
Parts per million
5.0
Commodity
Bean, dry
Parts per million
0.4
Commodity
Bean, succulent
Parts per million
0.4
Commodity
Beet, sugar, roots
Parts per million
0.02
Commodity
Berry, low growing, subgroup 13-07G, except cranberry
Parts per million
3.0
Commodity
Biriba
Parts per million
20
Commodity
Brassica, head and stem, subgroup 5A
Parts per million
2.0
Commodity
Brassica, leafy greens, subgroup 5B
Parts per million
10
Commodity
Bushberry subgroup 13-07B
Parts per million
2.0
Commodity
Caneberry subgroup 13-07A
Parts per million
5.0
Commodity
Canistel
Parts per million
5.0
Commodity
Cherimoya
Parts per million
20
Commodity
Citrus, oil
Parts per million
500
Commodity
Cotton, gin byproducts
Parts per million
0.05
Commodity
Cotton, undelinted seed
Parts per million
0.05
Commodity
Custard apple
Parts per million
20
Commodity
Dragon fruit
Parts per million
1.0
Commodity
Feijoa
Parts per million
5.0
Commodity
Flax, seed
Parts per million
0.05
Commodity
Fruit, citrus, group 10-10
Parts per million
10
Commodity
Fruit, pome, group 11-10
Parts per million
5.0
Commodity
Fruit, small vine climbing, except fuzzy kiwifruit, subgroup 13-07F
Parts per million
2.0
Commodity
Fruit, stone, group 12
Parts per million
5.0
Commodity
Ginseng
Parts per million
4.0
Commodity
Grain, cereal, group 15
Parts per million
0.02
Commodity
Grain, cereal, forage, fodder, and straw, group 16
Parts per million
0.01
Commodity
Grass, forage, fodder and hay, group 17
Parts per million
0.01
Commodity
Guava
Parts per million
5.0
Commodity
Herb subgroup 19A, dried leaves
Parts per million
65
Commodity
Herb subgroup 19A, fresh leaves
Parts per million
10
Commodity
Llama
Parts per million
20
Commodity
Jaboticaba
Parts per million
5.0
Commodity
Kiwifruit, fuzzy
Parts per million
20
Commodity
Leaf petioles subgroup 4B
Parts per million
15
Commodity
Leafy greens subgroup 4A
Parts per million
30
Commodity
Longan
Parts per million
20
Commodity
Lychee
Parts per million
20
Commodity
Mango
Parts per million
5.0
Commodity
Melon subgroup 9A
Parts per million
0.03
Commodity
Onion, bulb, subgroup 3-07A
Parts per million
0.50
Commodity
Onion, green, subgroup 3-07B
Parts per million
7.0
Commodity
Papaya
Parts per million
5.0
Commodity
Passionfruit
Parts per million
5.0
Commodity
Peanut
Parts per million
0.01
Commodity
Peanut, hay
Parts per million
0.01
Commodity
Pineapple
Parts per million
20
Commodity
Pistachio
Parts per million
0.10
Commodity
Pomegranate
Parts per million
5.0
Commodity
Pulasan
Parts per million
20
Commodity
Rambutan
Parts per million
20
Commodity
Rapeseed, forage
Parts per million
0.01
Commodity
Rapeseed, seed
Parts per million
0.01
Commodity
Safflower, seed
Parts per million
0.01
Commodity
Sapodilla
Parts per million
5.0
Commodity
Sapote, black
Parts per million
5.0
Commodity
Sapote, mamey
Parts per million
5.0
Commodity
Soursop
Parts per million
20
Commodity
Spanish lime
Parts per million
20
Commodity
Spice subgroup 19B
Parts per million
0.02
Commodity
Star apple
Parts per million
5.0
Commodity
Starfruit
Parts per million
5.0
Commodity
Sugar apple
Parts per million
20
Commodity
Sunflower, seed
Parts per million
0.01
Commodity
Tomato
Parts per million
5.0
Commodity
Turnip, greens
Parts per million
10
Commodity
Vegetable, cucurbit, group 9
Parts per million
0.45
Commodity
Vegetable, foliage of legume, group 7
Parts per million
0.01
Commodity
Vegetable, fruiting, group 8-10, except tomato
Parts per million
.050
Commodity
Vegetable, leaves of root and tuber, group 2
Parts per million
30
Commodity
Vegetable, legume group 6
Parts per million
0.01
Commodity
Vegetable, root, except sugar beet, subgroup 1B
Parts per million
0.75
Commodity
Vegetable, tuber and corm, subgroup 1C
Parts per million
6.0
Commodity
Watercress
Parts per million
7.0
Commodity
Wax jambu
Parts per million
5.0
Commodity
Yam, true, tuber
Parts per million
8.0
40 CFR 180.516(a) (1) (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of June 22, 2015: https://www.ecfr.gov
Tolerances are established for residues of the fungicide fludioxonil, including its metabolites and degradates, in or on the commodities in the following table. Compliance with the tolerance levels specified in the following table is to be determined by measuring only the sum of fludioxonil, 4-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)-1-H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile), and its metabolites converted to 2,2-difluoro-l,3-benzodioxole-4-carboxylic acid, calculated as the stoichiometric equivalent of fludioxonil.
Commodity
Cattle, fat
Parts per million
0.05
Commodity
Cattle, meat
Parts per million
0.01
Commodity
Cattle, meat byproducts
Parts per million
0.05
Commodity
Goat, fat
Parts per million
0.05
Commodity
Goat, meat
Parts per million
0.01
Commodity
Goat, meat byproducts
Parts per million
0.05
Commodity
Horse, fat
Parts per million
0.05
Commodity
Horse, meat
Parts per million
0.01
Commodity
Horse, meat byproducts
Parts per million
0.05
Commodity
Milk
Parts per million
0.01
Commodity
Sheep, fat
Parts per million
0.05
Commodity
Sheep, meat
Parts per million
0.01
Commodity
Sheep, meat byproducts
Parts per million
0.05
40 CFR 180.516(a) (2) (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of June 22, 2015: https://www.ecfr.gov

12.4.3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166 (EU).
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Fludioxonil. Product Number: 46102, Version 5.1 (Revision Date 06/25/2014). Available from, as of July 22, 2015: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Handle with gloves. Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Fludioxonil. Product Number: 46102, Version 5.1 (Revision Date 06/25/2014). Available from, as of July 22, 2015: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Choose body protection in relation to its type, to the concentration and amount of dangerous substances, and to the specific work-place. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Fludioxonil. Product Number: 46102, Version 5.1 (Revision Date 06/25/2014). Available from, as of July 22, 2015: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Respiratory protection is not required. Where protection from nuisance levels or dust are desired, use type N95 (US) or type P1 (EN 143) dust masks. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Fludioxonil. Product Number: 46102, Version 5.1 (Revision Date 06/25/2014). Available from, as of July 22, 2015: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

12.5 Regulatory Information

Status Regulation (EC)
2007/76, Reg. (EU) 2018/1262, Reg. (EU) 2019/1589, Reg. (EU) 2020/1511, Reg. (EU) 2021/1449, Reg. (EU) 2022/1480, Reg. (EU) 2023/1757, Reg. (EU) No 540/2011
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Fludioxonil: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

12.5.1 FIFRA Requirements

Tolerances are established for residues of the fungicide fludioxonil, including its metabolites and degradates, in or on the commodities in the following table. Compliance with the tolerance levels specified in the following table is to be determined by measuring only fludioxonil, 4-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)-1-H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile).
Commodity
Acerola
Commodity
Animal feed, nongrass, group 18
Commodity
Atemoya
Commodity
Avocado
Commodity
Bean, dry
Commodity
Bean, succulent
Commodity
Beet, sugar, roots
Commodity
Berry, low growing, subgroup 13-07G, except cranberry
Commodity
Biriba
Commodity
Brassica, head and stem, subgroup 5A
Commodity
Brassica, leafy greens, subgroup 5B
Commodity
Bushberry subgroup 13-07B
Commodity
Caneberry subgroup 13-07A
Commodity
Canistel
Commodity
Cherimoya
Commodity
Citrus, oil
Commodity
Cotton, gin byproducts
Commodity
Cotton, undelinted seed
Commodity
Custard apple
Commodity
Dragon fruit
Commodity
Feijoa
Commodity
Flax, seed
Commodity
Fruit, citrus, group 10-10
Commodity
Fruit, pome, group 11-10
Commodity
Fruit, small vine climbing, except fuzzy kiwifruit, subgroup 13-07F
Commodity
Fruit, stone, group 12
Commodity
Ginseng
Commodity
Grain, cereal, group 15
Commodity
Grain, cereal, forage, fodder, and straw, group 16
Commodity
Grass, forage, fodder and hay, group 17
Commodity
Guava
Commodity
Herb subgroup 19A, dried leaves
Commodity
Herb subgroup 19A, fresh leaves
Commodity
Llama
Commodity
Jaboticaba
Commodity
Kiwifruit, fuzzy
Commodity
Leaf petioles subgroup 4B
Commodity
Leafy greens subgroup 4A
Commodity
Longan
Commodity
Lychee
Commodity
Mango
Commodity
Melon subgroup 9A
Commodity
Onion, bulb, subgroup 3-07A
Commodity
Onion, green, subgroup 3-07B
Commodity
Papaya
Commodity
Passionfruit
Commodity
Peanut
Commodity
Peanut, hay
Commodity
Pineapple
Commodity
Pistachio
Commodity
Pomegranate
Commodity
Pulasan
Commodity
Rambutan
Commodity
Rapeseed, forage
Commodity
Rapeseed, seed
Commodity
Safflower, seed
Commodity
Sapodilla
Commodity
Sapote, black
Commodity
Sapote, mamey
Commodity
Soursop
Commodity
Spanish lime
Commodity
Spice subgroup 19B
Commodity
Star apple
Commodity
Starfruit
Commodity
Sugar apple
Commodity
Sunflower, seed
Commodity
Tomato
Commodity
Turnip, greens
Commodity
Vegetable, cucurbit, group 9
Commodity
Vegetable, foliage of legume, group 7
Commodity
Vegetable, fruiting, group 8-10, except tomato
Commodity
Vegetable, leaves of root and tuber, group 2
Commodity
Vegetable, legume group 6
Commodity
Vegetable, root, except sugar beet, subgroup 1B
Commodity
Vegetable, tuber and corm, subgroup 1C
Commodity
Watercress
Commodity
Wax jambu
Commodity
Yam, true, tuber
40 CFR 180.516(a) (1) (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of June 22, 2015: https://www.ecfr.gov
Tolerances are established for residues of the fungicide fludioxonil, including its metabolites and degradates, in or on the commodities in the following table. Compliance with the tolerance levels specified in the following table is to be determined by measuring only the sum of fludioxonil, 4-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)-1-H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile), and its metabolites converted to 2,2-difluoro-l,3-benzodioxole-4-carboxylic acid, calculated as the stoichiometric equivalent of fludioxonil.
Commodity
Cattle, fat
Commodity
Cattle, meat
Commodity
Cattle, meat byproducts
Commodity
Goat, fat
Commodity
Goat, meat
Commodity
Goat, meat byproducts
Commodity
Horse, fat
Commodity
Horse, meat
Commodity
Horse, meat byproducts
Commodity
Milk
Commodity
Sheep, fat
Commodity
Sheep, meat
Commodity
Sheep, meat byproducts
40 CFR 180.516(a) (2) (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of June 22, 2015: https://www.ecfr.gov
New Active Ingredients ... includes chemicals not previously registered as pesticides, as well as pesticide active ingredients initially registered after November 1, 1984 and that currently have active product registrations. By law, these pesticides must meet new safety standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 and, if new safety standards are met, will be reviewed again on a 15-year cycle. Fludioxonil (Maxim) is designated by EPA as a New Pesticide Active Ingredient. Active Ingredient Number: 071503; Type of Pesticide: fungicide; Use Site: food use, ornamentals; Year: 1996.
United States Environmental Protection Agency/ Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances; Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration, and Special Review. (1998) EPA 738-R-98-002, p. 370

12.6 Other Safety Information

12.6.1 Toxic Combustion Products

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture: carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrogen fluoride
Sigma-Aldrich; Material Safety Data Sheet for Fludioxonil. Product Number: 46102, Version 5.1 (Revision Date 06/25/2014). Available from, as of July 22, 2015: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

13 Toxicity

13.1 Toxicological Information

13.1.1 Toxicity Summary

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Fludioxonil comes in the form of odorless, yellowish or colorless crystals. It is a phenylpyrrole fungicide that interferes with glucose transport across fungal membranes. It is also used as an insecticide, and seed treatment/protectant. It is registered for pesticide use in the USA but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Fludioxonil showed endocrine disruptor activity as antiandrogen in an androgen receptor reporter assay in engineered human breast cancer cells. Fludioxonil was also genotoxic in human HepG2 cells at concentrations of 4 uM. Treatment of human U251 (glial) and SH-SY5Y (neuronal) cells with fludioxinil significantly reduced cellular ATP at concentrations that were more than tenfold lower than those which significantly impaired cellular viability. The effects on energy metabolism were reflected in marked toxic effects on mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, evidence of oxidative stress was seen. ANIMAL STUDIES: Fludioxonil has low acute toxicity in rats when administered by oral, dermal or inhalation routes, producing no deaths at 5000 and 2000 mg/kg bw and 2.6 mg/L of air, respectively, the highest doses tested. There were also no deaths in mice given fludioxonil at 5000 mg/kg bw by gavage. In other studies with repeated doses in mice and rats, the liver (necrosis, centrilobular hypertrophy, increased serum cholesterol and 5 'nucleotidase), the kidneys (nephropathy, inflammation, cysts) and hematopoietic system (mild anemia) were the principal targets. In mice, these effects were observed after 90 days of treatment at 450 mg/kg bw per day and at 590 mg/kg bw per day in one 18-month study, but not at 360 mg/kg bw per day in another such study. In rats, effects were seen at doses of > or = 400 mg/kg bw per day in short-term studies and at 110 mg/kg bw per day in a 2-year study; lower body-weight gains were also observed at these doses. Liver toxicity was generally manifested by increased concentrations of serum cholesterol and bilirubin and centrilobular hypertrophy and/or necrosis. Anemia was seen in mice (at > 590 mg/kg bw per day for 18 months) and rats (at 1300 mg/kg bw per day for 3 months). No hematological effects were observed in shorter studies in mice (at < or = 1050 mg/kg bw per day for 90 days) or rats (at < or = 2500 mg/kg bw per day for 20 days and at < or = 1000 mg/kg bw per day for 28 days). Blue discoloration of the urine, perineal fur, kidneys and gastrointestinal tract were common observations in all species. These effects were secondary to the formation of the blue metabolite in quantities that were sufficient, at high doses, to stain the various tissues. Fludioxonil is was not genotoxic, causing a negative result in assays for reverse mutation in S. typhimurium and E. coli, gene mutation in Chinese hamster V79 cells, unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes, micronucleus formation in bone marrow of rats and mice in vivo and chromosome aberration in Chinese hamsters in vivo. There was also no evidence of carcinogenic potential with fludioxonil in studies using rats. In a two-generation study of reproductive toxicity in rats, at a dose of 210 mg/kg bw per day, adult males had reduced body-weight gains and food consumption and pups had lower body-weight gains. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Data from concentrations of fludioxinil found in ponds collecting vineyard runoff water, suggest that the pesticide should not impair the establishment of vineyard pioneer plants.
Organic nitriles decompose into cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro. Consequently the primary mechanism of toxicity for organic nitriles is their production of toxic cyanide ions or hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L97)
L97: Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning

13.1.2 RAIS Toxicity Values

Oral Chronic Reference Dose (RfDoc) (mg/kg-day)
0.33
Oral Chronic Reference Dose Reference
OPP

13.1.3 EPA Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides

Chemical Substance
Chronic or One Day PAD (RfD) [mg/kg/day]
0.33
Chronic or One Day HHBPs [ppb]
2000
Chronic HHBP Sensitive Lifestage/Population
General Population

13.1.4 Carcinogen Classification

Carcinogen Classification
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

13.1.5 Adverse Effects

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

13.1.6 Interactions

Consumers may be simultaneously exposed to several pesticide residues in their diet. A previous study identified the seven most common pesticide mixtures to which the French population was exposed through food consumption in 2006. The aim of this study was to investigate if the seven mixtures are potentially cytotoxic and genotoxic and if so, whether compounds in a same mixture have a combined effect. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the seven mixtures were investigated with a new assay (gamma-H2AX) using four human cell lines (ACHN, SH-SY5Y, LS-174T, and HepG2). Mixtures were tested at equimolar concentrations and also at concentrations reflecting their actual proportion in the diet. Irrespective of the cell line tested, parallel cytotoxicity of the seven mixtures was observed. /Only mixture 4 contained fludioxonil (cyprodinil, fludioxonil, k-cyhalothrin, procymidone, iprodione)./ /This was the/ only mixture /that/ was genotoxic for the HepG2 cells at concentrations = 3 uM in equimolar proportion and at 30 uM in actual proportion. Caspase 3/7 activity, the comet assay, and reactive oxygen species production were also investigated using the same mixture and HepG2 cells. /The genotoxicity and the cytotoxicity of mixture 4 containing each pesticide at the actual concentration observed in the French diet (procymidone 42%, iprodione 33%, cyprodinil 16%, fludioxonil 9%, and k-cyhalothrin 1%, were also tested. Five final concentrations of the mixture were tested (1, 3, 10, 30, and 100 lM). Clear genotoxic and cytotoxic effects were observed but at higher concentrations (30 vs. 3 lM) than in mixture 4 at equimolar concentration. The lower genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the mixture in the real proportion compared to the equimolar concentrations concentrations could be partially explained by the fact that the proportion of the fludioxonil in the real proportion mixture was lower than in the equimolar mixture (9 vs. 20%)./ Our results suggest that pesticide metabolites from the mixture generated by HepG2 cells were responsible for the observed damage to DNA. Among the five compounds in the genotoxic mixture, only fludioxonil and cyprodinil were genotoxic for HepG2 cells alone at concentrations = 4 and 20 uM, respectively. Our data suggest a combined genotoxic effect of the mixture at low concentrations with a significantly higher effect of the mixture of pesticides than would be expected from the response to the individual compounds. /Mixture/
Graillot V et al; Environ Mol Mutagen 53(3):173-84 (2012).
Many pesticides are used increasingly in combinations during crop protection and their stability ensures the presence of such combinations in foodstuffs. The effects of three fungicides, pyrimethanil, cyprodinil and fludioxonil, were investigated together and separately on U251 and SH-SY5Y cells, which can be representative of human CNS glial and neuronal cells respectively. Over 48 hr, all three agents showed significant reductions in cellular ATP, at concentrations that were more than tenfold lower than those which significantly impaired cellular viability. The effects on energy metabolism were reflected in their marked toxic effects on mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, evidence of oxidative stress was seen in terms of a fall in cellular thiols coupled with increases in the expression of enzymes associated with reactive species formation, such as GSH peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. The glial cell line showed significant responsiveness to the toxin challenge in terms of changes in antioxidant gene expression, although the neuronal SH-SY5Y line exhibited greater vulnerability to toxicity, which was reflected in significant increases in caspase-3 expression, which is indicative of the initiation of apoptosis. Cyprodinil was the most toxic agent individually, although oxidative stress-related enzyme gene expression increases appeared to demonstrate some degree of synergy in the presence of the combination of agents... /Mixture/
Coleman MD et al; PLoS One. 7(8):e42768 (2012)

13.1.7 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3rd revised edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2007, p. 160
/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3rd revised edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2007, p. 160
/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3rd revised edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2007, p. 160-1

13.1.8 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/ENDOCRINE MODULATION/ Fenhexamid and fludioxonil are antifungal agents used in agricultural applications, which are present at measurable amounts in fruits and vegetables. Fenhexamid and fludioxonil showed endocrine disruptor activity as antiandrogens in an androgen receptor reporter assay in engineered human breast cancer cells. Little is known about how environmental chemicals regulate microRNA (miRNA) expression. This study examined the effect of fenhexamid and fludioxonil on the expression of the oncomiR miR-21 in MCF-7, T47D, and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells and downstream targets of miR-21 in MCF-7 cells. Fenhexamid and fludioxonil stimulated miR-21 expression in a concentration-dependent manner and reduced the expression of miR-21 target Pdcd4 protein. Antisense to miR-21 blocked the increase in Pdcd4 protein by fenhexamid and fludioxonil. Fenhexamid and fludioxonil reduced miR-125b and miR-181a, demonstrating specificity of miRNA regulation. Induction of miR-21 was inhibited by the estrogen receptor antagonist fulvestrant, by androgen receptor antagonist bicalutamide, by actinomycin D and cycloheximide, and by inhibitors of the mitogen-activated protein kinases and phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways. Fenhexamid activation was inhibited by the arylhydrocarbon receptor antagonist alpha-napthoflavone. Fenhexamid and fludioxonil did not affect dihydrotestosterone-induced miR-21 expression. Fludioxonil, but not fenhexamid, inhibited MCF-7 cell viability, and both inhibited estradiol-induced cell proliferation and reduced cell motility. Together these data indicate that fenhexamid and fludioxonil use similar and distinct mechanisms to increase miR-21 expression with downstream antiestrogenic activity.
Teng Y et al; Toxicol Sci 131(1):71-83 (2013).
/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Consumers may be simultaneously exposed to several pesticide residues in their diet. A previous study identified the seven most common pesticide mixtures to which the French population was exposed through food consumption in 2006. The aim of this study was to investigate if the seven mixtures are potentially cytotoxic and genotoxic and if so, whether compounds in a same mixture have a combined effect. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the seven mixtures were investigated with a new assay (gamma-H2AX) using four human cell lines (ACHN, SH-SY5Y, LS-174T, and HepG2). Mixtures were tested at equimolar concentrations and also at concentrations reflecting their actual proportion in the diet. Irrespective of the cell line tested, parallel cytotoxicity of the seven mixtures was observed. /Only mixture 4 (cyprodinil, fludioxonil, k-cyhalothrin, procymidone, iprodione) contained fludioxonil./ /This was the/ only mixture /that/ was genotoxic for the HepG2 cells at concentrations = 3 uM in equimolar proportion and at 30 uM in actual proportion. Caspase 3/7 activity, the comet assay, and reactive oxygen species production were also investigated using the same mixture and HepG2 cells. /The genotoxicity and the cytotoxicity of mixture 4 containing each pesticide at the actual concentration observed in the French diet (procymidone 42%, iprodione 33%, cyprodinil 16%, fludioxonil 9%, and k-cyhalothrin 1%, were also tested. Five final concentrations of the mixture were tested (1, 3, 10, 30, and 100 uM). Clear genotoxic and cytotoxic effects were observed but at higher concentrations (30 vs. 3 uM) than in mixture 4 at equimolar concentration. The lower genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the mixture in the real proportion compared to the equimolar concentrations concentrations could be partially explained by the fact that the proportion of the fludioxonil in the real proportion mixture was lower than in the equimolar mixture (9 vs. 20%)./ Our results suggest that pesticide metabolites from the mixture generated by HepG2 cells were responsible for the observed damage to DNA. Among the five compounds in the genotoxic mixture, only fludioxonil and cyprodinil were genotoxic for HepG2 cells alone at concentrations = 4 and 20 uM, respectively. Our data suggest a combined genotoxic effect of the mixture at low concentrations with a significantly higher effect of the mixture of pesticides than would be expected from the response to the individual compounds. /Mixture/
Graillot V et al; Environ Mol Mutagen 53(3):173-84 (2012).
/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Many pesticides are used increasingly in combinations during crop protection and their stability ensures the presence of such combinations in foodstuffs. The effects of three fungicides, pyrimethanil, cyprodinil and fludioxonil, were investigated together and separately on U251 and SH-SY5Y cells, which can be representative of human CNS glial and neuronal cells respectively. Over 48 hr, all three agents showed significant reductions in cellular ATP, at concentrations that were more than tenfold lower than those which significantly impaired cellular viability. The effects on energy metabolism were reflected in their marked toxic effects on mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, evidence of oxidative stress was seen in terms of a fall in cellular thiols coupled with increases in the expression of enzymes associated with reactive species formation, such as GSH peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. The glial cell line showed significant responsiveness to the toxin challenge in terms of changes in antioxidant gene expression, although the neuronal SH-SY5Y line exhibited greater vulnerability to toxicity, which was reflected in significant increases in caspase-3 expression, which is indicative of the initiation of apoptosis. Cyprodinil was the most toxic agent individually, although oxidative stress-related enzyme gene expression increases appeared to demonstrate some degree of synergy in the presence of the combination of agents... /Mixture/
Coleman MD et al; PLoS One. 7(8):e42768 (2012)

13.1.9 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Fludioxonil has low acute toxicity in rats when administered by oral, dermal or inhalation routes, producing no deaths at 5000 and 2000 mg/kg bw and 2.6 mg/L of air, respectively, the highest doses tested.
WHO/FAO; Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues; Pesticide Residues in Food: Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (pg. 74-96) (2004). Available from, as of July 23, 2015) https://www.inchem.org/pages/jmpr.html
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ There were also no deaths in mice given fludioxonil at 5000 mg/kg bw by gavage.
WHO/FAO; Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues; Pesticide Residues in Food: Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (pg. 74-96) (2004). Available from, as of July 23, 2015) https://www.inchem.org/pages/jmpr.html
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In studies with repeated doses in mice and rats, the liver (necrosis, centrilobular hypertrophy, increased serum cholesterol and 5 'nucleotidase), the kidneys (nephropathy, inflammation, cysts) and hematopoietic system (mild anemia) were the principal targets. Such effects often set the LOAELs for these studies, together with reduced body-weight gains. In mice, these effects were observed after 90 days of treatment at 450 mg/kg bw per day and at 590 mg/kg bw per day in one 18-month study, but not at 360 mg/kg bw per day in another such study. In rats, effects were seen at doses of > or = 400 mg/kg bw per day in short-term studies and at 110 mg/kg bw per day in a 2-year study; lower body-weight gains were also observed at these doses. Liver toxicity was generally manifested by increased concentrations of serum cholesterol and bilirubin and centrilobular hypertrophy and/or necrosis. Anemia in mice (at > 590 mg/kg bw per day for 18 months) and rats (at 1300 mg/kg bw per day for 3 months) was seen at doses greater than the LOAEL... No hematological effects were observed in shorter studies in mice (at < or = 1050 mg/kg bw per day for 90 days) or rats (at < or = 2500 mg/kg bw per day for 20 days and at < or = 1000 mg/kg bw per day for 28 days). Blue discoloration of the urine, perineal fur, kidneys and gastrointestinal tract were common observations in all species. These effects were secondary to the formation of the blue metabolite in quantities that were sufficient, at high doses, to stain the various tissues.
WHO/FAO; Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues; Pesticide Residues in Food: Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (pg. 74-96) (2004). Available from, as of July 23, 2015) https://www.inchem.org/pages/jmpr.html
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Fludioxonil is a slight eye irritant in rabbits, but is neither a skin irritant in rabbits nor a skin sensitizer in guinea-pigs.
WHO/FAO; Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues; Pesticide Residues in Food: Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (pg. 74-96) (2004). Available from, as of July 23, 2015) https://www.inchem.org/pages/jmpr.html
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Fludioxonil (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.1.10 Ongoing Test Status

EPA has released the first beta version (version 0.5) of the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The beta version of the iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays; Click on the "Chemical Explorer" button on the tool bar to see the data./[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of April 22, 2015: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

13.2 Ecological Information

13.2.1 EPA Ecotoxicity

Pesticide Ecotoxicity Data from EPA

13.2.2 Ecotoxicity Values

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) oral >2000 mg/kg bw /97.5% a.i./
USEPA/OPP; Problem Formulation for the Environmental Fate, Ecological Risk, Endangered Species, and Drinking Water Exposure Assessments in Support of the Registration Review of Fludioxonil p.19 (2011)
LD50; Species: Apis mellifera (Honeybee) contact >25 ug/bee for 96 hr /95.4% a.i./
USEPA/OPP; Problem Formulation for the Environmental Fate, Ecological Risk, Endangered Species, and Drinking Water Exposure Assessments in Support of the Registration Review of Fludioxonil p.20 (2011)
EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green Algae); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 280 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 205-357 ug/L); Effect: population abundance /95.4% purity/
USEPA, Office of Pesticide Programs; Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database (2013) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available from, as of May 28, 2015
EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green Algae); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 87 ug/L for 5 days (95% confidence interval: 69-110 ug/L); Effect: population abundance /95.4% purity/
USEPA, Office of Pesticide Programs; Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database (2013) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available from, as of May 28, 2015
For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Fludioxonil (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.2.3 Ecotoxicity Excerpts

/ACCIDENTAL POISONINGS/ Arthropod biological control agents (BCAs) are commonly released for greenhouse vegetable insect pest management. Nevertheless, chemicals remain a necessary control tactic for certain insect pests and diseases and they can have negative impacts on BCAs. The compatibility of some formulated reduced risk insecticides (abamectin, metaflumizone and chlorantraniliprole) and fungicides (myclobutanil, potassium bicarbonate and cyprodinil + fludioxonil) used, or with promise for use, in Canadian greenhouses with Orius insidiosus (Say), Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) and Eretmocerus eremicus (Rose & Zolnerovich) was determined through laboratory and greenhouse bioassays. Overall, the insecticides and fungicides were harmless as residues to adult BCAs. However, abamectin was slightly to moderately harmful to O. insidiosus and A. swirskii in laboratory bioassays, whereas metaflumizone was slightly harmful to E. eremicus. In general, these products appear safe to use prior to establishment/release of these adult BCAs.
Gradish AE et al; Pest Manag Sci 67 (1): 82-6 (2011)
/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ Laboratory bioassays on detached soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., leaves were used to test 23 fungicides, five insecticides, two acaricides, one herbicide, and two adjuvants on a key Australian predatory mite species Euseius victoriensis (Womersley) in "worst-case scenario" direct overspray assays. Zero- to 48-hr-old juveniles, their initial food, and water supply were sprayed to runoff with a Potter tower; spinosad and wettable sulfur residues also were tested. Tests were standardized to deliver a pesticide dose comparable with commercial application of highest label rates at 1,000 L/ha. Cumulative mortality was assessed 48 hr, 4 days, and 7 days after spraying. Fecundity was assessed for 7 days from start of oviposition... Canola oil as acaricide (2 liter/100 liter) and wettable sulfur (200 g/100 liter) had some detrimental effect on survival and fecundity and cyprodinil/fludioxonil on survivor...
Bernard MB et al; J Econ Entomol 103 (6): 2061-71 (2010)
/PLANTS/ In Vitis vinifera L /grapevines/, photosynthesis and photosynthate partitioning are affected in the presence of fludioxonil and pyrimethanil, two fungicides commonly used in vineyards against Botrytis cinerea Pers. However, the effects were found to be different according to the model studied: plantlets (cv Chardonnay) grown in vitro, fruiting cuttings (cv Chardonnay) and plants grown in vineyards (cvs Chardonnay, Pinot noir and Pinot Meunier). In the plantlets grown in vitro, both fungicides decreased gas exchanges, photosynthetic pigment and starch concentrations in the leaves, whereas soluble carbohydrates transiently accumulated, suggesting that plantlets mobilised starch in response to photosynthesis inhibition caused by fungicides. In the fruiting cuttings, the fungicides did not affect photosynthesis, although fludioxonil caused starch decrease in parallel with sucrose accumulation, suggesting that the fungicide effects were of lower intensity than in vitro. Conversely, in vineyard, the two fungicides stimulated photosynthesis and increased pigment concentrations in the three vine cultivars tested. In the meantime, glucose, fructose and starch levels of the leaves declined after fungicide exposure, whereas sucrose accumulated, indicating that sucrose synthesis increased in the leaves following the fungicide treatment. Among the three varieties, Chardonnay was the most sensitive to the fungicides as revealed by the intensity of the responses and the longer period for recovery. In vineyard, the results suggested that the two fungicides, in addition to inhibiting B cinerea development, had a beneficial effect on vine physiology through the stimulation of leaf carbon nutrition, which may further enable the plant to rapidly make use of its defence reactions.
Saladin G et al; Pest Manag Sci 59 (10): 1083-92 (2003)
/PLANTS/ Procymidone, fludioxonil, and pyrimethanil are widely used to control the pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea in Champagne's vineyards. These fungicides may end up in surface waters and present potential risks for aquatic vascular plants and algae. Therefore, their toxicity was evaluated on Lemna minor /duckweed/ and Scenedesmus acutus /algae/ in six-day or 48-hr tests, respectively. Based on growth and chlorophyll (Chl) content of L. minor and S. acutus cultures, the results showed that the alga was the most sensitive to the fungicides. Among the fungicides, pyrimethanil was the most toxic for L. minor, its nominal IC50 was 46.16 mg/L and that of the other two was >100 mg/L. In contrast, pyrimethanil appeared the least toxic for S. acutus at low concentration, nominal IC50 were 22.81, 4.85, and 4.55 mg/L for pyrimethanil, fludioxonil, and procymidone, respectively. Fate of the fungicides in the media was also investigated and acute toxicity of the agrochemicals is discussed in regard to concentration in the culture media. Poor solubility of procymidone and fludioxonil appeared to be partly responsible for the low toxicity of these fungicides. Based on these toxicity data and the concentrations found in ponds collecting vineyard runoff water, these pesticides should not impair the establishment of pioneer plants.
Verdisson S et al; Chemosphere 44 (3): 467-74 (2001)

13.2.4 Environmental Fate / Exposure Summary

Fludioxonil's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a fungicide will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 2.93X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates fludioxonil will exist solely in the particulate phase in the atmosphere. Particulate-phase fludioxonil will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. If released to soil, fludioxonil is expected to have low to no mobility based upon Koc values of 991-5785. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.3X10-10 atm-cu m/mole. Fludioxonil is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Soil dissipation half-lives have been reported as 6.0-350 days. The photodegradation half-life of fludioxonil from near-surface soil was 1.6 days. Dissipation half-lives of 6.2-7.2 days on grapes, and 12.7 and 16.3 days on blueberries have also been reported. If released into water, fludioxonil is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc values. Fludioxonil is expected to be essentially stable in aquatic environments, based on laboratory aerobic aquatic half-lives of 473-718 days. However, a near-surface photodegradation half-life of 8.7 days in water indicates fludioxonil will be degraded. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 240 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to fludioxonil may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where fludioxonil is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to fludioxonil via ingestion of fruits, vegetables and wines that have residual concentrations of fludioxonil. (SRC)

13.2.5 Artificial Pollution Sources

Fludioxonil's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a fungicide(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).
(1) MacBean C, ed; e-Pesticide Manual. 15th ed., ver. 5.1, Alton, UK; British Crop Protection Council. Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (2008-2010)

13.2.6 Environmental Fate

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 991-5785(2-3), indicate that fludioxonil is expected to have low to no mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of fludioxonil from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.3X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 2.93X10-9 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 1.80 mg/L(4). Fludioxonil is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Soil dissipation half-lives have been reported as 140-350 days; the half-life is decreased when non-UV light is applied(5). Field dissipation half-lives of 87-228 days were reported(2). The half-life of fludioxonil was 6.0-12.1 days on soil at two experimental stations in China(6). The photodegradation half-life of fludioxonil from near-surface soil was 1.6 days(2).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) USEPA/OPPTS; Pesticide Fact Sheet: Fludioxonil. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency, Off Prevent Pest Tox Sub, 2012. Available at, as of June 18, 2015: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/index.htm
(3) Arias M et al; J Agric Food Chem 53: 5675-81 (2005)
(4) MacBean C, ed; e-Pesticide Manual. 15th ed., ver. 5.1, Alton, UK; British Crop Protection Council. Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (2008-2010)
(5) Davies LO et al; Environ Sci Technol 47: 8229-37 (2013)
(6) Zhang W et al; Environ Monit Assess 187: 4661 (2015)
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 991-5785(2-3), indicate that fludioxonil is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.3X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 2.93X10-9 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 1.80 mg/L(5). Fludioxonil is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 240(SRC), from its log Kow of 4.12(5) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). Fludioxonil is expected to be essentially stable in aquatic environments, based on laboratory aerobic aquatic half-lives of 473-718 days(2). Near-surface photodegradation half-life was reported as 8.7 days in water(2).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) USEPA/OPPTS; Pesticide Fact Sheet: Fludioxonil. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency, Off Prevent Pest Tox Sub, 2012. Available at, as of June 18, 2015: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/index.htm
(3) Arias M et al; J Agric Food Chem 53: 5675-81 (2005)
(4) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(5) MacBean C, ed; e-Pesticide Manual. 15th ed., ver. 5.1, Alton, UK; British Crop Protection Council. Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (2008-2010)
(6) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
(7) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of June 18, 2015: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), fludioxonil, which has a vapor pressure of 2.93X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase fludioxonil may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).
(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988)
(2) MacBean C, ed; e-Pesticide Manual. 15th ed., ver. 5.1, Alton, UK; British Crop Protection Council. Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (2008-2010)

13.2.7 Environmental Biodegradation

AEROBIC: Laboratory soil metabolism half-lives of fludioxonil were reported as 143-365 days with field dissipation half-lives of 87-228 days. Laboratory aerobic aqueous half-lives of fludioxonil were 473-718 days(1).
(1) USEPA/OPPTS; Pesticide Fact Sheet: Fludioxonil. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency, Off Prevent Pest Tox Sub, 2012. Available at, as of June 18, 2015: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/index.htm
ANAEROBIC: Under anaerobic conditions fludioxonil was stable(1).
(1) USEPA/OPPTS; Pesticide Fact Sheet: Fludioxonil. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency, Off Prevent Pest Tox Sub, 2012. Available at, as of June 18, 2015: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/index.htm

13.2.8 Environmental Abiotic Degradation

Fludioxonil is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(1). Photodegradation was determined to be the main route of dissipation from tomatoes in a greenhouse(2). Near-surface soil and aqueous photodegradation half-lives were reported as 1.6 and 8.7 days, respectively(3). Extractable fludioxonil concentrations were 45.6 and 71.6% of the amount applied 69 days after soil treatment using non-UV light and dark conditions, respectively(4). Respective fludioxonil percent degraded was 14.1 and 11.5 with 32.3 and 10.2% non-extractable from the soil(4).
(1) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5, 8-12, 8-13 (1990)
(2) Garau VL et al; J Agric Food Chem 50: 1929-32 (2002)
(3) USEPA/OPPTS; Pesticide Fact Sheet: Fludioxonil. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency, Off Prevent Pest Tox Sub, 2012. Available at, as of June 18, 2015: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/index.htm
(4) Davis LO et al; Environ Sci Technol 47: 8229-37 (2013)

13.2.9 Environmental Bioconcentration

An estimated BCF of 240 was calculated in fish for fludioxonil(SRC), using a log Kow of 4.12(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC).
(1) MacBean C, ed; e-Pesticide Manual. 15th ed., ver. 5.1, Alton, UK; British Crop Protection Council. Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (2008-2010)
(2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of June 18, 2015: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm/
(3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)

13.2.10 Soil Adsorption / Mobility

Koc values of 1671-5785 have been reported in soil(1). Other Koc values of 991-2440 have been reported(2). According to a classification scheme(3), these Koc values suggest that fludioxonil is expected to have low to no mobility in soil.
(1) Arias M et al; J Agric Food Chem 53: 5675-81 (2005)
(2) USEPA/OPPTS; Pesticide Fact Sheet: Fludioxonil. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency, Off Prevent Pest Tox Sub, 2012. Available at, as of June 18, 2015: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/index.htm
(3) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
The Koc of soil from four vineyards (8 samples) in Contevedra, Spain was determined for fludioxonil. The mean and range Koc values were 3544 and 1671-5785, respectively. The mean and range Kd were 187 and 62-213 mL/g, respectively(1).
% Carbon
2.7
pH
6.9
% Sand/% Silt/% Clay
70/16/14
Kd (mL/g)
116
Koc
3154
% Carbon
3.6
pH
7.4
% Sand/% Silt/% Clay
46/35/19
Kd (mL/g)
116
Koc
3149
% Carbon
3.1
pH
7.0
% Sand/% Silt/% Clay
67/15/18
Kd (mL/g)
129
Koc
3498
% Carbon
4.4
pH
6.5
% Sand/% Silt/% Clay
59/23/18
Kd (mL/g)
213
Koc
5785
% Carbon
3.7
pH
5.6
% Sand/% Silt/% Clay
69/17/14
Kd (mL/g)
112
Koc
3043
% Carbon
4.9
pH
5.6
% Sand/% Silt/% Clay
51/32/17
Kd (mL/g)
62
Koc
1671
% Carbon
3.1
pH
5.3
% Sand/% Silt/% Clay
53/30/17
Kd (mL/g)
110
Koc
2973
% Carbon
4.1
pH
5.5
% Sand/% Silt/% Clay
65/19/16
Kd (mL/g)
187
Koc
5076
(1) Arias M et al; J Agric Food Chem 53: 5675-81 (2005)

13.2.11 Volatilization from Water / Soil

The Henry's Law constant for fludioxonil is estimated as 5.3X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 2.93X10-9 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 1.80 mg/L(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that fludioxonil is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from moist soil and water surfaces(2). Fludioxonil is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).
(1) MacBean C, ed; e-Pesticide Manual. 15th ed., ver. 5.1, Alton, UK; British Crop Protection Council. Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (2008-2010)
(2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)

13.2.12 Sediment / Soil Concentrations

SOIL: Fludioxonil residues were reported at a maximum of 400 ug/kg in Ourense, Spain vineyard soils(1). Fludioxonil was not detected in 24 soil samples collected from around Yeongsan and Sumjin rivers in the Republic of Korea(2).
(1) Bermudez-Couso A et al; Water Res 41: 4515-25 (2007)
(2) Park JH et al; Biomed Chromatogr 25: 1003-9 (2011)

13.2.13 Atmospheric Concentrations

RURAL/REMOTE: Fludioxonil was detected in at least one of 38 air samples collected April to June 2010 in rural Spain(1).
(1) Coscolla C et al; Anal Chim Acta 693(1-2): 72-81 (2011)

13.2.14 Food Survey Values

Fludioxonil was not detected in 228 fresh potato samples collected from 34 farmers markets located in Calgary and Edmonton, Canada; detection limit and sample dates were not reported(1). Of 173 agricultural products analyzed in 2006 from Japan, two were reported to contain fludioxonil at 6.2 and 203 ng/g(2). Fludioxonil was detected in 18 of 47 wine grape (Vitis vinifera L.) samples collected from the 2006 harvest in Slovenia at a maximum concentration of 0.03 mg/kg(3).
(1) Thompson T et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 87: 580-5 (2011)
(2) Okihashi M et al; J AOAC int 90: 1165-78 (2007)
(3) Cesnik HB et al; Food Addit Contam Part A: Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 25: 438-43 (2008)

13.2.15 Milk Concentrations

/A feeding study was conducted in which three groups of three dairy cows received 0.55 ppm, 1.6 ppm or 5.5 ppm fludioxonil in the diet for 28-30 days. Residues of fludioxonil and metabolites, determined as CGA-192155 (2,2-difluorobenzo[1,1]dioxole-4-carboxylic acid), were quantifiable only at the highest feeding level (5.5 ppm). Residues were found in the milk of two of three cows, with maximum values of 0.019 mg/kg and 0.014 mg/kg on days 14 and 21, respectively. At the lowest feeding level, residues were detected in milk on days 3-21 at levels of 0.001-0.004 mg/kg, with maximum detection on day 3.
WHO/FAO; Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues; Pesticide Residues in Food: Fludioxonil (131341-86-1) (pg. 74-96) (2004). Available from, as of July 23, 2015) https://www.inchem.org/pages/jmpr.html

13.2.16 Other Environmental Concentrations

The half-life of fludioxonil was 6.2-7.2 days on grapes at two experimental stations in China(1). Fourteen days after three low dosage applications the residual concentration was <1.0 mg/kg on grapes(1). The half-life of fludioxonil on emerald and jewel blueberries was 12.7 and 16.3 days, respectively; samples were collected in Concordia, Argentina(2).
(1) Zhang W et al; Environ Monit Assess 187: 4661 (2015)
(2) Munitz MS et al; Food Addit Contam Part A: Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 30: 1299-307 (2013)

13.2.17 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

Occupational exposure to fludioxonil may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where fludioxonil is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to fludioxonil via ingestion of fruits, vegetables and wines that have residual concentrations of fludioxonil. (SRC)

14 Associated Disorders and Diseases

15 Literature

15.1 Consolidated References

15.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

15.3 Springer Nature References

15.4 Thieme References

15.5 Wiley References

15.6 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

15.7 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

15.8 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

16 Patents

16.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

16.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

16.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

16.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

16.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

17 Interactions and Pathways

17.1 Chemical-Target Interactions

18 Biological Test Results

18.1 BioAssay Results

19 Classification

19.1 MeSH Tree

19.2 ChEBI Ontology

19.3 KEGG: Pesticides

19.4 ChemIDplus

19.5 UN GHS Classification

19.6 EPA CPDat Classification

19.7 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

19.8 CCSBase Classification

19.9 EPA DSSTox Classification

19.10 PFAS and Fluorinated Organic Compounds in PubChem

19.11 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

19.12 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

20 Information Sources

  1. CAS Common Chemistry
    LICENSE
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    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
  2. ChemIDplus
    ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
  3. EPA DSSTox
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
  4. EPA Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
  5. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
    LICENSE
    Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: "Source: European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/". Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice page.
    https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/legal-notice
    fludioxonil (ISO); 4-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile
    https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.125.684
    fludioxonil (ISO); 4-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile (EC: 603-476-3)
    https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/cl-inventory-database/-/discli/details/96801
  6. FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS)
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    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  7. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  8. New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
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    https://www.epa.govt.nz/about-this-site/general-copyright-statement/
  9. Risk Assessment Information System (RAIS)
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    https://rais.ornl.gov/
  10. CCSbase
    CCSbase Classification
    https://ccsbase.net/
  11. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
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    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    fludioxonil
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  12. ChEBI
  13. Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
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  14. ChEMBL
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    http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html
  15. Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD)
    LICENSE
    It is to be used only for research and educational purposes. Any reproduction or use for commercial purpose is prohibited without the prior express written permission of NC State University.
    http://ctdbase.org/about/legal.jsp
  16. Drug Gene Interaction database (DGIdb)
    LICENSE
    The data used in DGIdb is all open access and where possible made available as raw data dumps in the downloads section.
    http://www.dgidb.org/downloads
  17. Crystallography Open Database (COD)
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    https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
  18. The Cambridge Structural Database
  19. EPA Chemical and Products Database (CPDat)
  20. Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
    LICENSE
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    https://haz-map.com/About
  21. EPA Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database
  22. EU Pesticides Database
  23. EU Clinical Trials Register
  24. USDA Pesticide Data Program
  25. Hazardous Chemical Information System (HCIS), Safe Work Australia
  26. NITE-CMC
    Fludioxonil - FY2019 (New/original classication)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/19-mhlw-0020e.html
  27. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council
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    http://www.hmdb.ca/citing
  29. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
  30. KEGG
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    https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/legal.html
  31. MassBank Europe
  32. MassBank of North America (MoNA)
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    https://mona.fiehnlab.ucdavis.edu/documentation/license
  33. NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
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    https://www.nist.gov/srd/public-law
  34. SpectraBase
  35. Springer Nature
  36. Thieme Chemistry
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    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
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  39. Wiley
  40. PubChem
  41. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
  42. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  43. EPA Substance Registry Services
  44. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  45. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
CONTENTS