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D-Phenylalanine

PubChem CID
71567
Structure
D-Phenylalanine_small.png
D-Phenylalanine_3D_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • D-phenylalanine
  • 673-06-3
  • H-D-Phe-OH
  • (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid
  • Sabiden
Molecular Weight
165.19 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2004-09-16
  • Modify:
    2025-01-11
Description
D-phenylalanine appears as needles or prisms. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
D-phenylalanine is the D-enantiomer of phenylalanine. It is a phenylalanine and a D-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a D-phenylalaninium. It is a conjugate acid of a D-phenylalaninate. It is an enantiomer of a L-phenylalanine. It is a tautomer of a D-phenylalanine zwitterion.
D-Phenylalanine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655).

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
D-Phenylalanine.png

1.2 3D Conformer

2 Biologic Description

SVG Image
SVG Image
IUPAC Condensed
H-D-Phe-OH
Sequence
F
PLN
H-{d}F-OH
HELM
PEPTIDE1{[dF]}$$$$
IUPAC
D-phenylalanine

3 Names and Identifiers

3.1 Computed Descriptors

3.1.1 IUPAC Name

(2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

3.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C9H11NO2/c10-8(9(11)12)6-7-4-2-1-3-5-7/h1-5,8H,6,10H2,(H,11,12)/t8-/m1/s1
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

3.1.3 InChIKey

COLNVLDHVKWLRT-MRVPVSSYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

3.1.4 SMILES

C1=CC=C(C=C1)C[C@H](C(=O)O)N
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

3.2 Molecular Formula

C9H11NO2
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

3.3 Other Identifiers

3.3.1 CAS

673-06-3

3.3.2 Deprecated CAS

10549-11-8, 1315049-39-8
10549-11-8

3.3.3 European Community (EC) Number

3.3.4 UNII

3.3.5 ChEBI ID

3.3.6 ChEMBL ID

3.3.7 DrugBank ID

3.3.8 DSSTox Substance ID

3.3.9 KEGG ID

3.3.10 Metabolomics Workbench ID

3.3.11 NCI Thesaurus Code

3.3.12 Nikkaji Number

3.3.13 NSC Number

3.3.14 Pharos Ligand ID

3.3.15 Wikidata

3.3.16 Wikipedia

3.4 Synonyms

3.4.1 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

4 Chemical and Physical Properties

4.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
165.19 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
XLogP3
Property Value
-1.5
Reference
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
2
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
3
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
3
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
165.078978594 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
165.078978594 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
63.3 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
12
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
153
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

4.2 Experimental Properties

4.2.1 Physical Description

D-phenylalanine appears as needles or prisms. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

4.2.2 Boiling Point

563 °F at 760 mmHg (Sublimes) (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

4.2.3 Melting Point

541 to 543 °F (Decomposes) (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

4.2.4 Solubility

Soluble (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
28200 mg/L (at 16 °C)
MERCK INDEX (1996)

4.2.5 Collision Cross Section

134.07 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW; Method: calibrated with polyalanine and drug standards]

138.83 Ų [M+K]+ [CCS Type: TW; Method: calibrated with polyalanine and drug standards]

136.75 Ų [M+Na]+ [CCS Type: TW; Method: calibrated with polyalanine and drug standards]

Ross et al. JASMS 2022; 33; 1061-1072. DOI:10.1021/jasms.2c00111

4.3 Chemical Classes

4.3.1 Drugs

Pharmaceuticals -> Listed in ZINC15
S55 | ZINC15PHARMA | Pharmaceuticals from ZINC15 | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3247749

5 Spectral Information

5.1 1D NMR Spectra

1D NMR Spectra

5.1.1 1H NMR Spectra

Source of Spectrum
Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.
Source of Sample
Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.
Catalog Number
162612
Copyright
Copyright © 2021-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
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5.1.2 13C NMR Spectra

1 of 2
Source of Sample
Schwarz Laboratories, Inc., Mt. Vernon, New York
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Instrument Name
Bruker WP-80
Copyright
Copyright © 2002-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

5.2 Mass Spectrometry

5.2.1 GC-MS

1 of 3
View All
NIST Number
254352
Library
Main library
Total Peaks
59
m/z Top Peak
74
m/z 2nd Highest
91
m/z 3rd Highest
120
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 3
View All
NIST Number
154814
Library
Replicate library
Total Peaks
82
m/z Top Peak
74
m/z 2nd Highest
120
m/z 3rd Highest
91
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

5.3 IR Spectra

5.3.1 FTIR Spectra

1 of 2
Technique
KBr WAFER
Source of Sample
Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Technique
Mull
Source of Spectrum
Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.
Source of Sample
Aldrich
Catalog Number
162612
Copyright
Copyright © 2018-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2018-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

5.3.2 ATR-IR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Bruker Tensor 27 FT-IR
Technique
ATR-Neat (DuraSamplIR II)
Source of Spectrum
Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.
Source of Sample
Spectrochem Pvt. Ltd.
Catalog Number
116177
Copyright
Copyright © 2014-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Source of Sample
Aldrich
Catalog Number
162612
Copyright
Copyright © 2018-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2018-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

5.4 Raman Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Bruker MultiRAM Stand Alone FT-Raman Spectrometer
Technique
FT-Raman
Source of Spectrum
Bio-Rad Laboratories
Source of Sample
Spectrochem Pvt. Ltd., India
Catalog Number
116177
Copyright
Copyright © 2014-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Catalog Number
162612
Copyright
Copyright © 2017-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2017-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

7 Chemical Vendors

8 Use and Manufacturing

8.1 General Manufacturing Information

EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
D-Phenylalanine: ACTIVE

9 Safety and Hazards

9.1 Hazards Identification

9.1.1 GHS Classification

Note
This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 80% (12 of 15) of all reports. Pictograms displayed are for 20% (3 of 15) of reports that indicate hazard statements.
Pictogram(s)
Irritant
Signal
Warning
GHS Hazard Statements

H315 (13.3%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (13.3%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (13.3%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 15 reports by companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 12 of 15 reports by companies. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

There are 3 notifications provided by 3 of 15 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

9.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Skin Irrit. 2 (13.3%)

Eye Irrit. 2A (13.3%)

STOT SE 3 (13.3%)

9.1.3 Health Hazards

SYMPTOMS: This compound may cause irritation.

ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: When heated to decomposition this compound emits toxic fumes of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and NOx. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

9.1.4 Fire Hazards

Flash point data for this chemical are not available, however it is probably combustible. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

9.2 First Aid Measures

9.2.1 First Aid

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

9.3 Fire Fighting

Fires involving this compound can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

9.4 Handling and Storage

9.4.1 Nonfire Spill Response

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should protect this material from exposure to light, and store it in a refrigerator. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

9.5 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

9.5.1 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter.

RECOMMENDED GLOVE MATERIALS: Permeation data indicate that latex gloves may provide protection from contact with this compound. Latex over latex gloves is recommended. However, if this chemical makes direct contact with your gloves, or if a tear, hole or puncture develops, remove them at once. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

9.6 Stability and Reactivity

9.6.1 Air and Water Reactions

Water soluble. Aqueous solutions are weakly acidic.

9.6.2 Reactive Group

Salts, Acidic

9.6.3 Reactivity Profile

D-PHENYLALANINE may be light sensitive. This compound reacts with strong oxidizing agents, acids and bases. (NTP, 1992). It acts as a weak acid in solution.
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

9.7 Regulatory Information

REACH Registered Substance
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
D-Phenylalanine: Does not have an individual approval but may be used as a component in a product covered by a group standard. It is not approved for use as a chemical in its own right.

10 Toxicity

10.1 Toxicological Information

10.1.1 Acute Effects

11 Literature

11.1 Consolidated References

11.2 Springer Nature References

11.3 Thieme References

11.4 Wiley References

11.5 Nature Journal References

11.6 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

11.7 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

11.8 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

12 Patents

12.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

12.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

12.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

12.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

12.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

13 Interactions and Pathways

13.1 Protein Bound 3D Structures

13.1.1 Ligands from Protein Bound 3D Structures

PDBe Ligand Code
PDBe Conformer

13.2 Chemical-Target Interactions

14 Biological Test Results

14.1 BioAssay Results

15 Taxonomy

The LOTUS Initiative for Open Natural Products Research: frozen dataset union wikidata (with metadata) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.5794106

16 Classification

16.1 NCI Thesaurus Tree

16.2 ChEBI Ontology

16.3 KEGG: Metabolite

16.4 ChemIDplus

16.5 CAMEO Chemicals

16.6 IUPHAR / BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY Target Classification

16.7 ChEMBL Target Tree

16.8 UN GHS Classification

16.9 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

16.10 CCSBase Classification

16.11 EPA DSSTox Classification

16.12 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

16.13 LOTUS Tree

16.14 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

16.15 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

17 Information Sources

  1. CAMEO Chemicals
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    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/help/reference/terms_and_conditions.htm?d_f=false
    CAMEO Chemical Reactivity Classification
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
  2. CAS Common Chemistry
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    The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
  3. ChemIDplus
    ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
  4. DrugBank
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    Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode)
    https://www.drugbank.ca/legal/terms_of_use
  5. DTP/NCI
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    https://www.cancer.gov/policies/copyright-reuse
  6. EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
    EPA TSCA Classification
    https://www.epa.gov/tsca-inventory
  7. EPA DSSTox
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
  8. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
    LICENSE
    Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: "Source: European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/". Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice page.
    https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/legal-notice
  9. FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS)
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    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  10. New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
    LICENSE
    This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International licence.
    https://www.epa.govt.nz/about-this-site/general-copyright-statement/
  11. ChEBI
  12. E. coli Metabolome Database (ECMDB)
    LICENSE
    ECMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource.
    https://ecmdb.ca/citations
  13. LOTUS - the natural products occurrence database
    LICENSE
    The code for LOTUS is released under the GNU General Public License v3.0.
    https://lotus.nprod.net/
  14. NCI Thesaurus (NCIt)
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise indicated, all text within NCI products is free of copyright and may be reused without our permission. Credit the National Cancer Institute as the source.
    https://www.cancer.gov/policies/copyright-reuse
  15. CCSbase
    CCSbase Classification
    https://ccsbase.net/
  16. ChEMBL
    LICENSE
    Access to the web interface of ChEMBL is made under the EBI's Terms of Use (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html). The ChEMBL data is made available on a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/).
    http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html
  17. Drug Gene Interaction database (DGIdb)
    LICENSE
    The data used in DGIdb is all open access and where possible made available as raw data dumps in the downloads section.
    http://www.dgidb.org/downloads
  18. IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY
    LICENSE
    The Guide to PHARMACOLOGY database is licensed under the Open Data Commons Open Database License (ODbL) https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/. Its contents are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
    https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/about.jsp#license
    Guide to Pharmacology Target Classification
    https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/targets.jsp
  19. Therapeutic Target Database (TTD)
  20. Natural Product Activity and Species Source (NPASS)
  21. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
  22. KEGG
    LICENSE
    Academic users may freely use the KEGG website. Non-academic use of KEGG generally requires a commercial license
    https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/legal.html
  23. Metabolomics Workbench
  24. Nature Chemistry
  25. NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
    LICENSE
    Data covered by the Standard Reference Data Act of 1968 as amended.
    https://www.nist.gov/srd/public-law
  26. NMRShiftDB
  27. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
    LICENSE
    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    D-Phenylalanine
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  28. Pharos
    LICENSE
    Data accessed from Pharos and TCRD is publicly available from the primary sources listed above. Please respect their individual licenses regarding proper use and redistribution.
    https://pharos.nih.gov/about
  29. Protein Data Bank in Europe (PDBe)
  30. RCSB Protein Data Bank (RCSB PDB)
    LICENSE
    Data files contained in the PDB archive (ftp://ftp.wwpdb.org) are free of all copyright restrictions and made fully and freely available for both non-commercial and commercial use. Users of the data should attribute the original authors of that structural data.
    https://www.rcsb.org/pages/policies
  31. SpectraBase
  32. Springer Nature
  33. Thieme Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The Thieme Chemistry contribution within PubChem is provided under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
  34. Wikidata
  35. Wikipedia
  36. Wiley
  37. PubChem
  38. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  39. EPA Substance Registry Services
  40. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  41. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
CONTENTS