An official website of the United States government

Calcium Gluconate

PubChem CID
9290
Structure
Calcium Gluconate_small.png
Calcium Gluconate_3D_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • CALCIUM GLUCONATE
  • 299-28-5
  • Calcium D-gluconate
  • D-Gluconic acid, calcium salt (2:1)
  • Calglucon
Molecular Weight
430.37 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-06-24
  • Modify:
    2025-01-04
Description
Calcium gluconate is the calcium salt of D-gluconic acid. It has a role as a nutraceutical. It contains a D-gluconate.
Calcium gluconate is used as mineral supplement and medication when there is insufficient calcium in the diet. Supplementation may be done to treat or prevent osteoporosis or rickets, consequences of hypocalcemia. It can also be taken by mouth but is not recommended by injection into a muscle. Calcium Gluconate Injection, USP is a sterile, nonpyrogenic supersaturated solution of calcium gluconate for intravenous use only. Each mL contains: Calcium gluconate 94 mg; calcium saccharate (tetrahydrate) 4.5 mg; water for injection q.s. Hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide may have been added for pH adjustment (6.0 to 8.2). Calcium saccharate provides 6% of the total calcium and stabilizes the supersaturated solution of calcium gluconate. Each 10 mL of the injection provides 93 mg elemental calcium (Ca++) equivalent to 1 g of calcium gluconate.
Calcium Gluconate is the gluconate salt of calcium. An element or mineral necessary for normal nerve, muscle, and cardiac function, calcium as the gluconate salt helps to maintain calcium balance and prevent bone loss when taken orally. This agent may also be chemopreventive for colon and other cancers. (NCI04)
See also: Calcium Cation (has active moiety) ... View More ...

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Calcium Gluconate.png

1.2 3D Conformer

3D Conformer of Parent

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

calcium;(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/2C6H12O7.Ca/c2*7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13;/h2*2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13);/q;;+2/p-2/t2*2-,3-,4+,5-;/m11./s1
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

NEEHYRZPVYRGPP-IYEMJOQQSA-L
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

C([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)[O-])O)O)O)O)O.C([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)[O-])O)O)O)O)O.[Ca+2]
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

C12H22CaO14
C12H22CaO14
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

299-28-5
18016-24-5

2.3.2 Deprecated CAS

18016-24-5, 3414-35-5

2.3.3 European Community (EC) Number

206-075-8

2.3.4 UNII

2.3.5 ChEBI ID

2.3.6 ChEMBL ID

2.3.7 DrugBank ID

2.3.8 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.9 ICSC Number

2.3.10 KEGG ID

2.3.11 NCI Thesaurus Code

2.3.12 Nikkaji Number

2.3.13 RXCUI

2.3.14 Wikidata

2.3.15 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

  • Calciofon
  • Calcipot
  • Calcium Braun
  • Calcium Gluconate
  • Calcivitol
  • Calglucon
  • CBG
  • Ebucin
  • Flopak Plain
  • Glucal
  • Glucobiogen
  • Gluconate de Calcium Lavoisier
  • Gluconate, Calcium
  • Gluconato Calc Fresenius

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
430.37 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
10
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
14
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
8
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
430.0635462 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
430.0635462 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
283 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
27
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
165
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
8
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
3
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Odourless, white crystalline granules or powder, stable in air
Odorless solid; Soluble in water; [HSDB] White powder; [Sigma-Aldrich MSDS]
WHITE SOLID IN VARIOUS FORMS.

3.2.2 Color / Form

Crystals, granules, or powder
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 280

3.2.3 Odor

Odorless
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 280

3.2.4 Taste

Tasteless
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 280

3.2.5 Melting Point

120 °C
Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. B-65
178 °C

3.2.6 Solubility

Soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol
Slowly soluble in 5 parts boiling water; insoluble in alc or other organic solvents. Slowly soluble in 30 parts cold, about 5 parts boiling water
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 280
Insoluble in acetic acid
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 14th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2001., p. 194
Sol in water 3.3 g/100 cc at 15 °C
Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. B-65
In water, 3.33X10+4 mg/L at 25 °C
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 280
Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25 °C: 3.5 (moderate)

3.2.7 Density

0.30-0.65 g/cm³

3.2.8 LogP

-7.51 (estimated)

3.2.9 Stability / Shelf Life

Stable in air.
Hawley, G.G. The Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 9th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1977., p. 151

3.2.10 Optical Rotation

Specific optical rotation: approximately +6 deg at 20 °C/D
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 280

3.2.11 pH

Between 6,0 and 8,0 (5 % solution)
pH aq soln: 6-7
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 280

3.2.12 Other Experimental Properties

Soln is neutral to litmus paper
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 14th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2001., p. 194
Does not lose its water on drying without some decomp
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 280
Stable in air. Loses water at 120 °C.
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 14th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2001., p. 194
Calcium gluconate is decomposed by dilute mineral acids into gluconic acid and the calcium salt of the mineral acid used. It is precipitated from its aqueous solution by the addition of alcohol.
Chase et al; Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 14th ed. Mack Publ Co. Easton, PA p. 838 (1970)

3.3 Chemical Classes

Metals -> Organic Acids, Metal Salts

3.3.1 Drugs

3.3.1.1 Human Drugs
Human drug -> Prescription; Active ingredient (CALCIUM GLUCONATE)

Antidotes and other substances used in poisonings > Specific

Vitamins and minerals

3.3.1.2 Animal Drugs
Pharmaceuticals -> UK Veterinary Medicines Directorate List
S104 | UKVETMED | UK Veterinary Medicines Directorate's List | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.7802119

3.3.2 Cosmetics

Cosmetic ingredients (Calcium Gluconate) -> CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review)
Humectant; Oral care
S13 | EUCOSMETICS | Combined Inventory of Ingredients Employed in Cosmetic Products (2000) and Revised Inventory (2006) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2624118

3.3.3 Food Additives

FIRMING AGENT, FLAVOR ENHANCER, FLAVORING AGENT OR ADJUVANT, FORMULATION AID, NUTRIENT SUPPLEMENT, SEQUESTRANT, STABILIZER OR THICKENER, TEXTURIZER -> FDA Substance added to food

4 Spectral Information

4.1 Mass Spectrometry

4.1.1 GC-MS

1 of 2
Instrument Name
MAT-212
Source of Spectrum
CN101827807A
Copyright
Copyright © 2020-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Instrument Name
MAT-212
Source of Spectrum
CN101827807A
Copyright
Copyright © 2020-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.2 IR Spectra

4.2.1 FTIR Spectra

1 of 2
Technique
KBr WAFER
Source of Sample
S. B. Penick & Company
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Technique
Mull
Source of Spectrum
Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.
Source of Sample
Aldrich
Catalog Number
227641
Copyright
Copyright © 2018-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2018-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.2.2 ATR-IR Spectra

Source of Sample
Aldrich
Catalog Number
227641
Copyright
Copyright © 2018-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2018-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.3 Raman Spectra

Catalog Number
227641
Copyright
Copyright © 2017-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2017-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

6 Chemical Vendors

7 Drug and Medication Information

7.1 Drug Indication

Oral calcium salts are used as dietary supplemental therapy for person who may not get enough calcium in their regular diet. Calcium gluconate is used as a cardioprotective agent in high blood potassium. Calcium gluconate is the antidote for magnesium sulfate toxicity.

7.2 WHO Essential Medicines

Drug
Drug Classes
Antidotes and other substances used in poisonings > Specific
Formulation
Parenteral - General injections - IV: 100 mg per mL in 10 mL ampoule
Indication
Hypermagnesaemia
Drug
Drug Classes
Vitamins and minerals
Formulation
Parenteral - General injections - IV: 100 mg per mL in 10 mL ampoule
Indication
Tetany due to acute calcium deficiency

7.3 FDA Approved Drugs

7.4 FDA Orange Book

7.5 FDA National Drug Code Directory

7.6 Drug Labels

Drug and label
Active ingredient and drug

7.7 Clinical Trials

7.7.1 ClinicalTrials.gov

7.7.2 EU Clinical Trials Register

7.8 Therapeutic Uses

Some studies have shown that calcium supplementation begun in the second trimester may be effective in lowering blood pressure in pregnancy women with pregnancy-induced hypertension or pre-eclampsia, both of which may possibly be associated with increased calcium demand of the fetus during the last trimester. /Calcium supplements/
USP Convention. USPDI-Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 14th ed. Volume I. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., 1994. (Plus Updates)., p. 698
Oral calcium salts are used as dietary supplemental therapy for person who may not get enough calcium in their regular diet. Due to increased needs, children and pregnancy women are at greatest risk. Pre- and postmenopausal women; adolescents, especially girls and the elderly may not receive adequate calcium in their diets. ... Calcium supplements are used as part of the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in patients with an inadequate calcium intake. The use of calcium citrate may reduce the risk of kidney stones in susceptible patients. The use of water-soluble salts of calcium (ie, citrate, gluconate, and lactate) may be preferable to acid-soluble salts (ie, carbonate and phosphate) for patients with reduced stomach acid or patients taking acid-inhibiting medication, such as the histamine H2-receptor antagonists. /Calcium supplements; Included in US product labeling/
Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006., p. 742
Oral calcium supplements provide a source of calcium ion for treating calcium depletion occurring in conditions such as chronic hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, osteomalacia, rickets, chronic renal failure, and hypocalcemia secondary to the administration of anticonvulsant medications. When chronic hypocalcemia is due to vitamin D deficiency oral calcium salts may be administered concomitantly with vitamin D analogs. /Calcium supplements; Included in US product labeling/
Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006., p. 742
Calcium chloride and parenteral calcium gluconate are used to decrease or reverse the cardiac depressant effects of hyperkalemia on electrocardiographic (ECG) function. /Calcium supplements; Included in US product labeling/
Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006., p. 742
For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for CALCIUM GLUCONATE (27 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

7.9 Drug Warnings

VET: ... Calcium gluconate ... if given by iv injection, should be admin slowly ... given rapidly ... may have toxic effect on heart.
Clarke, E.G., and M. L. Clarke. Veterinary Toxicology. Baltimore, Maryland: The Williams and Wilkins Company, 1975., p. 47
Calcium gluconate ... not recommended for im use because dose must be large and danger of sterile abscess formation is too great.
Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology Volume 1. General Principles. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991., p. 398
Many physicians recommend that pregnant women receive multivitamin and mineral supplements, especially those pregnant women who do not consume an adequate diet and those in high-risk categories )ie, women carrying more than one fetus, heavy cigarette smokers, and alcohol and drug abusers). Taking excessive amounts of a multivitamin and mineral supplement may be harmful to the mother and/or fetus and should be avoided. /Calcium supplements/
Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006., p. 742
Side/adverse effects may be more likely to occur if oral calcium supplements are taken in much larger doses than recommended (greater than 2000 to 2500 mg a day), if they are taken for a longer period of time, or if they are taken by patients with renal function impairment or milk-alkali syndrome. /Calcium supplements/
Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006., p. 744
For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for CALCIUM GLUCONATE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

8 Food Additives and Ingredients

8.1 Food Additive Classes

JECFA Functional Classes
ACIDITY_REGULATOR;

8.2 FDA Substances Added to Food

Used for (Technical Effect)
FIRMING AGENT, FLAVOR ENHANCER, FLAVORING AGENT OR ADJUVANT, FORMULATION AID, NUTRIENT SUPPLEMENT, SEQUESTRANT, STABILIZER OR THICKENER, TEXTURIZER
Document Number (21 eCFR)

8.3 Evaluations of the Joint FAO / WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives - JECFA

Chemical Name
CALCIUM GLUCONATE
Evaluation Year
1998
ADI
NOT SPECIFIED
Comments
Tox Monograph

9 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

9.1 Pharmacodynamics

Calcium Gluconate is the gluconate salt of calcium. An element or mineral necessary for normal nerve, muscle, and cardiac function, calcium as the gluconate salt helps to maintain calcium balance and prevent bone loss when taken orally. This agent may also be chemopreventive for colon and other cancers.

9.2 FDA Pharmacological Classification

Non-Proprietary Name
CALCIUM GLUCONATE
Pharmacological Classes
Phosphate Binder [EPC]; Increased Coagulation Factor Activity [PE]; Calcium [CS]; Blood Coagulation Factor [EPC]; Phosphate Chelating Activity [MoA]; Cations, Divalent [CS]

9.3 ATC Code

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism

A12 - Mineral supplements

A12A - Calcium

A12AA - Calcium

A12AA03 - Calcium gluconate

D - Dermatologicals

D11 - Other dermatological preparations

D11A - Other dermatological preparations

D11AX - Other dermatologicals

D11AX03 - Calcium gluconate

B - Blood and blood forming organs

B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions

B05X - I.v. solution additives

B05XA - Electrolyte solutions

B05XA19 - Calcium gluconate

A12AA03

9.4 Bionecessity

Requirements for all vitamins and most minerals are increased during breast-feeding. /Calcium supplements/
Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006., p. 742
Recommended intakes for infants: 0-6 mo 210 mg/d, 7-12 mo 270 mg/d; for children: 1-3 yr 500 mg/d, 4-8 hr 800 mg/d; for males: 9-18 yr 1300 mg/d, 19-50 1000 mg/d, > 51 yr 1200 mg/d; for females: 9-18 yr 1300 mg/d, 19-50 1000 mg/d, > 51 yr 1200 mg/d; pregnancy at: 14-18 yr 1300 mg/d, 19-50 yr 1000 mg/d; lactation at: 14-18 yr 1300 mg/d, 19-50 yr 1000 mg/d. /calcium, from table/
NAS; Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Elements. Available from, as of July 31, 2006: https://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/21/372/DRI%20Tables%20after%20electrolytes%20plus%20micro-macroEAR_2.pdf

9.5 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Absorption
Approximately one-fifth to one-third of orally administered calcium is absorbed in the small intestine, depending on presence of vitamin D metabolites, pH in lumen, and on dietary factors, such as calcium binding to fiber or phytates. Calcium absorption is increased when a calcium deficiency is present or when a patient is on a low-calcium diet. In patients with achlorhydria or hypochlorhydria, calcium absorption, especially with the carbonate salt, may be reduced.
Route of Elimination
Renal (20%) - The amount excreted in the urine varies with degree of calcium absorption and whether there is excessive bone loss or failure of renal conservation. Fecal (80%) - Consists mainly of nonabsorbed calcium, with only a small amount of endogenous fecal calcium excreted.
Volume of Distribution
Not available
Approximately one-fifth to one-third of orally administered calcium is absorbed in the small intestine, depending on presence of vitamin D metabolites, pH in lumen, and on dietary factors, such as calcium binding to fiber or phytates. Calcium absorption is increased when a calcium deficiency is present or when a patient is on a low-calcium diet. In patients with achlorhydria or hypochlorhydria, calcium absorption, especially with the carbonate salt, may be reduced. /Calcium supplements/
Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006., p. 742
Elimination: Renal (20%) - The amount excreted in the urine varies with degree of calcium absorption and whether there is excessive bone loss or failure of renal conservation. Fecal (80%) - Consists mainly of nonabsorbed calcium, with only a small amount of endogenous fecal calcium excreted. /Calcium supplements/
Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006., p. 742

9.6 Metabolism / Metabolites

Calcium gluconate does not require hepatic metabolism for the release of Ca++ and is as effective as calcium chloride in treating ionic hypocalcemia in the absence of hepatic function.

9.7 Mechanism of Action

Calcium is essential for the functional integrity of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems. It plays a role in normal cardiac function, renal function, respiration, blood coagulation, and cell membrane and capillary permeability. Also, calcium helps to regulate the release and storage of neurotransmitters and hormones, the uptake and binding of amino acids, absorption of vitamin B 12, and gastrin secretion. The major fraction (99%) of calcium is in the skeletal structure primarily as hydroxyapatite, Ca 10(PO 4) 6(OH) 2; small amounts of calcium carbonate and amorphous calcium phosphates are also present. The calcium of bone is in a constant exchange with the calcium of plasma. Since the metabolic functions of calcium are essential for life, when there is a disturbance in the calcium balance because of dietary deficiency or other causes, the stores of calcium in bone may be depleted to fill the body's more acute needs. Therefore, on a chronic basis, normal mineralization of bone depends on adequate amounts of total body calcium.

10 Use and Manufacturing

10.1 Uses

Cosmetic Ingredient Review Link
CIR ingredient: Calcium Gluconate
EPA CPDat Chemical and Product Categories
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
Sources/Uses
Used in sewage purification, coffee processing (anti-caking agent), and food and drugs (sequestering, buffering, and gelling agent); Also has veterinary use for hypocalcemic conditions; [HSDB] Used for industrial cleaning, metal surface treatment, textile bleach stabilizing, aluminum processing, and as a chelating agent in cement set retarding, cleaning products, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and foods; Also used as a calcium supplement in injection solutions; [OECD SIDS: Gluconic acid and its derivatives - 2004]
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure

Aluminum Producing [Category: Industry]

Acid and Alkali Cleaning of Metals [Category: Clean]

Textiles (Fiber & Fabric Manufacturing) [Category: Industry]

Sewer and Wastewater Treatment [Category: Industry]

Cement Producing [Category: Industry]

In sewage purification; in coffee powders to prevent caking
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 280
A sequestering agent; food additive; as buffer; in vitamin tablets
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 14th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2001., p. 194
Gelling agent in foods; sequestrant in foods; misc uses as a food additive
SRI
THERAP CAT (vet): In hypocalcemic states, including bovine milk fever
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 280
For more Uses (Complete) data for CALCIUM GLUCONATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.1.1 Use Classification

EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes -> Skin Conditioning Agents
Safer Chemical Classes -> Green circle Green circle - The chemical has been verified to be of low concern
Food additives
Human Drugs -> FDA Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (Orange Book) -> Active Ingredients
ACIDITY_REGULATOR; -> JECFA Functional Classes
Cosmetics -> Humectant; Oral care
S13 | EUCOSMETICS | Combined Inventory of Ingredients Employed in Cosmetic Products (2000) and Revised Inventory (2006) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2624118

10.1.2 Industry Uses

Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable

10.1.3 Household Products

Household & Commercial/Institutional Products

Information on 6 consumer products that contain Calcium Gluconate in the following categories is provided:

• Personal Care

10.2 Methods of Manufacturing

Neutralization of gluconic acid with lime or calcium carbonate.
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 14th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2001., p. 194
D-Glucose is oxidized to gluconic acid in the presence of calcium carbonate. The oxidation may be effected by certain molds, eg, Aspergillus niger, or by bromine.
Chase et al; Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 14th ed. Mack Publ Co. Easton, PA p. 838 (1970)

10.3 Formulations / Preparations

Calcium gluconate, USP ... contains 9% calcium ... Available as calcium gluconate tablets, USP, containing 325, 500, 650, or 1000 mg of the salt ... for im and iv injection, calcium gluconate injection, USP, admin as 10% soln (0.45 mEq Ca++/mL).
Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 1530
Grades: technical; USP; FCC; special for ampules.
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 14th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2001., p. 194
Due to its limited solubility, calcium gluconate must frequently be suspended in liquid mixtures and tragacanth is useful as a suspending agent.
Chase et al; Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 14th ed. Mack Publ Co. Easton, PA p. 838 (1970)
Calcium gluconate injection:a 10% soln; 9.3 mg of Ca+2/mL ... 10-mL vial
Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B., A.G. Gilman. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001., p. 1719

10.4 U.S. Production

Aggregated Product Volume

2019: <1,000,000 lb

2018: <1,000,000 lb

2017: <1,000,000 lb

2016: <1,000,000 lb

(1971) 2.97X10+8 grams (sales)
SRI
(1975) Probably greater than 4.54X10+5 grams
SRI

10.5 U.S. Imports

(1972) 8.13X10+8 grams (Gluconic acid compounds)
SRI
(1975) 3.24X10+6 g (Gluconic acid compounds)
SRI

10.6 U.S. Exports

(1972) No Data
SRI
(1975) No Data
SRI

10.7 General Manufacturing Information

Industry Processing Sectors
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
D-Gluconic acid, calcium salt (2:1): ACTIVE
More concn (20 to 30%) aq soln...obtained by addn of boric acid or similar complex-forming acids. ../ca d-saccharate is used in/ prepn of supersaturated injectable soln of calcium gluconate... injectable soln of calcium gluconate containing sodium ascorbate...described...British patent 495,675 and German 702,185.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 280
Incompatibilities - sol calcium salts are pptd by borates, carbonates, citrates, oxalates, sulfates, and tartrates. /Calcium chloride/
Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 769
Incompatibilities of iv additives: cephalothin sodium, magnesium sulfate, novobiocin (albamycin) sodium, prochlorperazine (compazine) edisylate, sodium bicarbonate (dependent on concn of sodium bicarbonate, and calcium).
Martin, E. W. (ed.). Hazards of Medication. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., l978., p. 217

11 Identification

11.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

COLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF CALCIUM PANGAMATE & CALCIUM GLUCONATE AS TABLETS EITHER SEPARATELY OR IN MIXTURE, USING FERRIC HYDROXAMATE PROCEDURE.
YOVCHEV I, DRYANOVSKA L; PHARMAZIE 31(MAR) 168 (1976)
CALCIUM GLUCONATE DETERMINED IN TABLETS USING AN IN SITU FLUORIMETRIC METHOD BASED ON GLYCOL CLEAVAGE FOLLOWED BY TREATMENT WITH DICHLOROFLUORESCEIN.
GUEBITZ ET AL; FLUORESCENCE & DENSITOMETRIC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF GLUCONIC & LACTOBIONIC ACIDS ("SUGAR ACIDS") IN PHARMACEUTICAL PREPN; J CHROMATOGR 117(2) 337 (1976)
Method: AOAC 932.20; Procedure: colorimetric method; Analyte: calcium gluconate; Matrix: drugs; Detection Limit: not provided.
Horwitz W, ed.; Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International 17th ed. (2003). CD-ROM, AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD
Analyte: calcium gluconate; matrix: chemical identification; procedure: addition of methyl red and neutralization with ammonium hydroxide; addition of hydrochloric acid; addition of ammonium oxalate to form a white precipitate that is insoluble in acetic acid but dissolves in hydrochloric acid (calcium test)
U.S. Pharmacopeia. The United States Pharmacopeia, USP 29/The National Formulary, NF 24; Rockville, MD: U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., p353 (2006)
For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for CALCIUM GLUCONATE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12 Safety and Hazards

12.1 Hazards Identification

12.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 2
View All
Note
This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 98.6% (68 of 69) of all reports. Pictograms displayed are for 1.4% (1 of 69) of reports that indicate hazard statements.
GHS Hazard Statements

Not Classified

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria by 68 of 69 companies (only 1.4% companies provided GHS information). For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 69 reports by companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 68 of 69 reports by companies. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

There is 1 notification provided by 1 of 69 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

12.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Not Classified

12.1.3 EPA Safer Chemical

Chemical: Calcium gluconate

Green circle Green circle - The chemical has been verified to be of low concern based on experimental and modeled data.

12.1.4 Fire Hazards

Combustible.

12.1.5 Hazards Summary

Classified as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in food; [HSDB] No significant adverse effects in chronic studies of animals; Reproductive studies negative; No data available on carcinogenicity or inhalation toxicity; [OECD SIDS: Gluconic acid and its derivatives - 2004] May cause irritation; [Sigma-Aldrich MSDS] See Calcium.

12.2 First Aid Measures

Inhalation First Aid
Fresh air, rest.
Skin First Aid
Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.
Eye First Aid
Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible).
Ingestion First Aid
Rinse mouth.

12.3 Fire Fighting

Use powder, alcohol-resistant foam, water spray, carbon dioxide.

12.4 Accidental Release Measures

12.4.1 Spillage Disposal

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Wash away remainder with plenty of water.

12.4.2 Disposal Methods

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

12.4.3 Preventive Measures

A solution of clindamycin phosphate is physically incompatible with ... calcium gluconate ... .
American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1994., p. 1455

12.5 Handling and Storage

12.5.1 Safe Storage

Separated from strong oxidants.

12.5.2 Storage Conditions

Store below 40 °C (104 deg G), preferably between 15 and 30 °C (59 and 86 °F), unless otherwise specified by manufacturer. Protect from freezing.
Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006., p. 751

12.6 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

12.6.1 Inhalation Risk

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a nuisance-causing concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly when dispersed.

12.6.2 Preventions

Fire Prevention
NO open flames.
Inhalation Prevention
Use local exhaust or breathing protection.
Ingestion Prevention
Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

12.7 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: D-Gluconic acid, calcium salt (2:1)
REACH Registered Substance
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Calcium gluconate: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

12.7.1 FDA Requirements

Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
21 CFR 184.1199; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of June 21, 2006: https://www.ecfr.gov
Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: calcium gluconate is included in digestive aid drug products.
21 CFR 310.545(a) (8); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of June 21, 2006: https://www.ecfr.gov
Calcium gluconate used as a general purpose food additive in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.
21 CFR 582.1199; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of June 21, 2006: https://www.ecfr.gov
Calcium gluconate used as a sequestrant in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.
21 CFR 582.6199; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of June 21, 2006: https://www.ecfr.gov

12.8 Other Safety Information

Chemical Assessment
IMAP assessments - D-Gluconic acid, calcium salt (2:1): Human health tier I assessment

12.8.1 Special Reports

Optimal Calcium Uptake. Current Bibliographies in Medicine 94-4. Public Services Division/National Library of Medicine. 775 citations from January, 1990-April, 1994. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/cbm/calcium.html

13 Toxicity

13.1 Toxicological Information

13.1.1 Symptoms

Eye Exposure
Redness.

13.1.2 Acute Effects

13.1.3 Interactions

Concurrent use of excessive amounts of /alcohol, caffeine (usually more than 8 cups of coffee a day), or tobacco/ has been reported to decrease calcium absorption.
Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006., p. 743
Concurrent use /of estrogens/ with calcium supplements may increase calcium absorption, which is used to therapeutic advantage when estrogens are prescribed for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. /Calcium supplements/
Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006., p. 743
Concurrent use with calcium supplements may decrease effectiveness of cellulose sodium phosphate in preventing hypercalciuria. /Calcium supplements/
Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006., p. 743
Concurrent use /of other calcium-containing medications or oral magnesium-containing medications/ with calcium supplements may increase serum calcium or magnesium concentration in susceptible patients, mainly patients with impaired renal function, leading to hypercalcemia or hypermagnesemia, respectively. /Calcium supplements/
Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006., p. 743
For more Interactions (Complete) data for CALCIUM GLUCONATE (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.1.4 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

A serum calcium concentration exceeding 2.6 mmol per liter (10.5 mg per 100 mL) is considered a hypercalcemic condition. Withholding additional administration of calcium and any other medications that may cause hypercalcemia usually resolves mild hypercalcemia in asymptomatic patients, when patient renal function is adequate. /Calcium supplements/
Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006., p. 746
When serum calcium concentration are greater than 2.9 mmol per liter (12 mg per 100 mL), immediate measures may be required with possible use of the following: Hydrating with intravenous 0.9% sodium chloride injection. Forcing diuresis with furosemide or ethacrynic acid may be used to rapidly increase calcium and sodium excretion when saline overload occurs. Monitoring of potassium and magnesium serum concentrations and starting replacement early to prevent complications of therapy. ECG monitoring and the possible use of beta-adrenergic blocking agents to protect the heart against serious arrhythmias. Possibly including hemodialysis, calcitonin, and adrenocorticoids in the treatment. Determining serum calcium concentration at frequent intervals to guide therapy adjustments. /Calcium supplements/
Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006., p. 746
Topical application of calcium gluconate gel is the first-line emergency department treatment for Hydrofluoric acid burns after irrigation.
Haddad, L.M. (Ed). Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose 3rd Edition. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. 1998., p. 815
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 160
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 160-1

13.1.5 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Potential toxicity in neonates: Bradycardia, sloughing and calcification with IV infiltration; potentiates digitalis effect
Haddad, L.M. (Ed). Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose 3rd Edition. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. 1998., p. 278
/CASE REPORTS/ A 43-year-old man developed septic shock and acute lung injury after surgery to drain an ischiorectal abscess. In the intensive care unit he initially improved but developed severe hypoxaemia, right ventricular failure and pulmonary hypertension 90 min after receiving intravenous calcium gluconate and potassium phosphate, best explained by the formation of a calcium-phosphate precipitant that resulted in aggregate anaphylaxis. His rapid deterioration and lack of response to conventional therapies necessitated support with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation that was life saving. This adverse event has altered local practice regarding calcium and phosphate replacement and has implications for all intensive care units.
Felton TW et al; Anaesthesia 61 (1): 49-53 (2006)

13.1.6 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Delayed deaths in cattle and dogs after calcium /iv/ injections have been reported ... vomiting is frequently seen after iv admin of calcium in dogs. /Calcium/
Clarke, E.G., and M. L. Clarke. Veterinary Toxicology. Baltimore, Maryland: The Williams and Wilkins Company, 1975., p. 47
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ 10 males and 10 female /rats/ were given 20 mL of a 25% (w/v) aqueous suspension (equivalent to 5 g test material) by gavage. Observation period /was/ 14 days. Within a few hours rats showed /sluggishness/ and decreased activity. Recovery /occurred/ within 24 hours.
European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Calcium gluconate (299-28-5) (2000 CD-ROM edition). Available from, as of July 14, 2006: https://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Minimum lethal dose in guinea pigs was highest (3.17 g/kg) at the slowest infusion rate (0.49 mL/minute) tested and lowest (1.81 g/kg) at the highest infusion rate (5.65 mL/minute) tested.
Plume C; Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 191 (1): 44 (1971)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... The relative toxicities of /calcium/ lactate, chloride, and gluconate given iv as in the approximate ratios 1:1.3:2. The toxic dose of calcium gluconate given iv in the form of an 8.4% solution is stated ... to be 18 mg/kg body weight in the dog.
Clarke, E.G., and M. L. Clarke. Veterinary Toxicology. Baltimore, Maryland: The Williams and Wilkins Company, 1975., p. 47
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CALCIUM GLUCONATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13.1.7 Non-Human Toxicity Values

LD50 Rat oral >5,000 mg/kg bw
European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Calcium gluconate (299-28-5) (2000 CD-ROM edition). Available from, as of July 14, 2006: https://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/

13.1.8 Protein Binding

Moderate, approximately 45% in plasma.

13.2 Ecological Information

13.2.1 Ecotoxicity Excerpts

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Daphnia are highly sensitive to sodium metabolism disruption caused by aquatic acidification and ionoregulatory toxicants, due to their finely balanced ion homeostasis. Nine different water chemistries of varying pH (4, 6 and 8) and calcium concentration (0, 500 and 1000 umol/L) were used to delineate the mechanism of sodium influx in Daphnia magna. Lowering water pH severely inhibited sodium influx when calcium concentration was high, but transport kinetic analysis revealed a stimulated sodium influx capacity (J(max)) when calcium was absent. At low pH increasing water calcium levels decreased J(max) and raised K(m) (decreased sodium influx affinity), while at high pH the opposite pattern was observed (elevated J(max) and reduced K(m)). These effects on sodium influx were mirrored by changes in whole body sodium levels. Further examination of the effect of calcium on sodium influx showed a severe inhibition of sodium uptake by 100 umol/L calcium gluconate at both low (50 umol/L) and high (1000 umol/L)) sodium concentrations. At high sodium concentrations, stimulated sodium influx was noted with elevated calcium levels. These results, in addition to data showing amiloride inhibition of sodium influx (K(i)=180 umol/L), suggest a mechanism of sodium influx in Daphnia magna that involves the electrogenic 2Na(+)/1H(+) exchanger.
Glover CN, Wood CM; J Exp Biol 208 (Pt 5): 951-9 (2005)

14 Associated Disorders and Diseases

15 Literature

15.1 Consolidated References

15.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

15.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

15.4 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

15.5 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

16 Patents

16.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

16.2 FDA Orange Book Patents

16.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

16.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

16.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

17 Interactions and Pathways

17.1 Chemical-Target Interactions

17.2 Drug-Drug Interactions

17.3 Drug-Food Interactions

  • Take with a full glass of water.
  • Take with food.

18 Biological Test Results

18.1 BioAssay Results

19 Classification

19.1 MeSH Tree

19.2 NCI Thesaurus Tree

19.3 ChEBI Ontology

19.4 KEGG: ATC

19.5 KEGG: Risk Category of Japanese OTC Drugs

19.6 KEGG: OTC drugs

19.7 KEGG: Animal Drugs

19.8 KEGG: Drug Groups

19.9 WHO ATC Classification System

19.10 EPA Safer Choice

19.11 ChemIDplus

19.12 UN GHS Classification

19.13 EPA CPDat Classification

19.14 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

19.15 EPA DSSTox Classification

19.16 Consumer Product Information Database Classification

19.17 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

19.18 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

20 Information Sources

  1. Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS)
  2. ChemIDplus
    ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
  3. DrugBank
    LICENSE
    Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode)
    https://www.drugbank.ca/legal/terms_of_use
  4. EPA Chemical Data Reporting (CDR)
    LICENSE
    The U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce these documents, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. These documents may be freely distributed and used for non-commercial, scientific and educational purposes.
    https://www.epa.gov/web-policies-and-procedures/epa-disclaimers#copyright
    D-Gluconic acid, calcium salt (2:1)
    https://www.epa.gov/chemical-data-reporting
  5. EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
    D-Gluconic acid, calcium salt (2:1)
    https://www.epa.gov/chemicals-under-tsca
    EPA TSCA Classification
    https://www.epa.gov/tsca-inventory
  6. EPA DSSTox
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
  7. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
    LICENSE
    Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: "Source: European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/". Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice page.
    https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/legal-notice
  8. FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS)
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  9. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  10. ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
  11. New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
    LICENSE
    This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International licence.
    https://www.epa.govt.nz/about-this-site/general-copyright-statement/
  12. ChEBI
  13. NCI Thesaurus (NCIt)
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise indicated, all text within NCI products is free of copyright and may be reused without our permission. Credit the National Cancer Institute as the source.
    https://www.cancer.gov/policies/copyright-reuse
  14. Open Targets
    LICENSE
    Datasets generated by the Open Targets Platform are freely available for download.
    https://platform-docs.opentargets.org/licence
  15. ChEMBL
    LICENSE
    Access to the web interface of ChEMBL is made under the EBI's Terms of Use (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html). The ChEMBL data is made available on a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/).
    http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html
  16. ClinicalTrials.gov
    LICENSE
    The ClinicalTrials.gov data carry an international copyright outside the United States and its Territories or Possessions. Some ClinicalTrials.gov data may be subject to the copyright of third parties; you should consult these entities for any additional terms of use.
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/about-site/terms-conditions#Use
  17. Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD)
    LICENSE
    It is to be used only for research and educational purposes. Any reproduction or use for commercial purpose is prohibited without the prior express written permission of NC State University.
    http://ctdbase.org/about/legal.jsp
  18. Drug Gene Interaction database (DGIdb)
    LICENSE
    The data used in DGIdb is all open access and where possible made available as raw data dumps in the downloads section.
    http://www.dgidb.org/downloads
  19. Consumer Product Information Database (CPID)
    LICENSE
    Copyright (c) 2024 DeLima Associates. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials from CPID are copyrighted by DeLima Associates. No part of these materials, either text or image may be used for any purpose other than for personal use. Therefore, reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly prohibited without prior written permission.
    https://www.whatsinproducts.com/contents/view/1/6
    Consumer Products Category Classification
    https://www.whatsinproducts.com/
  20. Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR)
  21. EPA Chemical and Products Database (CPDat)
  22. Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
    LICENSE
    Copyright (c) 2022 Haz-Map(R). All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials from Haz-Map are copyrighted by Haz-Map(R). No part of these materials, either text or image may be used for any purpose other than for personal use. Therefore, reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly prohibited without prior written permission.
    https://haz-map.com/About
  23. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
    LICENSE
    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    Calcium Gluconate Monohydrate
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  24. DailyMed
  25. Drugs@FDA
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  26. WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines
    LICENSE
    Permission from WHO is not required for the use of WHO materials issued under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Intergovernmental Organization (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO) license.
    https://www.who.int/about/policies/publishing/copyright
  27. EPA Safer Choice
    EPA Safer Chemical Ingredients Classification
    https://www.epa.gov/saferchoice
  28. EU Food Improvement Agents
  29. FDA Orange Book
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  30. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)
    LICENSE
    Permission from WHO is not required for the use of WHO materials issued under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Intergovernmental Organization (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO) licence.
    https://www.who.int/about/policies/publishing/copyright
  31. EU Clinical Trials Register
  32. FDA Substances Added to Food
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  33. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
  34. KEGG
    LICENSE
    Academic users may freely use the KEGG website. Non-academic use of KEGG generally requires a commercial license
    https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/legal.html
    Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification
    http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/get_htext?br08303.keg
    Risk category of Japanese OTC drugs
    http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/get_htext?br08312.keg
    Classification of Japanese OTC drugs
    http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/get_htext?br08313.keg
  35. National Drug Code (NDC) Directory
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  36. NLM RxNorm Terminology
    LICENSE
    The RxNorm Terminology is created by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and is in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from NLM. Credit to the U.S. National Library of Medicine as the source is appreciated but not required. The full RxNorm dataset requires a free license.
    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/rxnorm/docs/termsofservice.html
  37. SpectraBase
  38. WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification
    LICENSE
    Use of all or parts of the material requires reference to the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. Copying and distribution for commercial purposes is not allowed. Changing or manipulating the material is not allowed.
    https://www.whocc.no/copyright_disclaimer/
  39. Wikidata
  40. Wikipedia
  41. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
    LICENSE
    Works produced by the U.S. government are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any such works found on National Library of Medicine (NLM) Web sites may be freely used or reproduced without permission in the U.S.
    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
  42. PubChem
  43. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  44. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  45. NCBI
CONTENTS