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Basic nickel(II) carbonate

PubChem CID
25559
Structure
Basic nickel(II) carbonate_small.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • BASIC NICKEL(II) CARBONATE
  • nickel;nickel(2+);carbonate;tetrahydrate
  • HSDB 6154
  • EINECS 235-715-9
  • Nickel, (carbonato(2-))tetrahydroxytri-
Molecular Weight
308.15 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-08-08
  • Modify:
    2025-01-11

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Basic nickel(II) carbonate.png

1.2 3D Status

Conformer generation is disallowed since MMFF94s unsupported element, mixture or salt

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

nickel;nickel(2+);carbonate;tetrahydrate
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/CH2O3.3Ni.4H2O/c2-1(3)4;;;;;;;/h(H2,2,3,4);;;;4*1H2/q;;;+2;;;;/p-2
Computed by InChI 1.07.0 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)

2.1.3 InChIKey

VREKOANFTOTBCM-UHFFFAOYSA-L
Computed by InChI 1.07.0 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)

2.1.4 SMILES

C(=O)([O-])[O-].O.O.O.O.[Ni].[Ni].[Ni+2]
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

CH8Ni3O7
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

12607-70-4

2.3.2 Deprecated CAS

166520-64-5, 179865-13-5, 63091-15-6

2.3.3 Wikidata

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
308.15 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
4
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
7
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
307.828471 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
305.83303 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
67.2 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
11
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
21.5
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
8
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Tetrahydrate: Green odorless solid; [Merck Index] Light green powder; Insoluble in water; [MSDSonline]

3.2.2 Solubility

Light green crystals or brown powder; mol wt 587.57; decomp before melting; insol in cold water; decomp in hot water; sol in acid, ammonium salts /Tetrahydrate/
Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989., p. B-110
Odorless; insol in water; sol in ammonia, dil acids with effervescence /Tetrahydrate/
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1116

3.2.3 Decomposition

When heated to decomp ... emits toxic vapors of nickel.
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 2401
Toxic gases and vapors (such as nickel carbonyl) may be released ... in the decomp of nickel cmpd. /Nickel & sol nickel cmpd/
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3

3.2.4 Other Experimental Properties

EMERALD GREEN, CUBIC /ZARATITE/
Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 68th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1987-1988., p. B-110
SOL IN HOT DIL HYDROCHLORIC ACID, AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE; INSOL IN WATER; MOL WT 376.17; DENSITY: 2.6; INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.56-1.61 /ZARATITE/
Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 68th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1987-1988., p. B-110

3.3 Chemical Classes

Metals -> Nickel Compounds, Inorganic

5 Chemical Vendors

6 Use and Manufacturing

6.1 Uses

Sources/Uses
Used in nickel plating, ceramic colors and glazes, and as a catalyst for hardening of fats; [HSDB]
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure
Electroplating [Category: Plate]
Activities with risk of exposure
Ceramics making [Category: Hobbies]
Nickel plating; catalyst for hardening of fats; in ceramic colors and glazes
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1117
Preparation of nickel catalysts /Tetrahydrate/
Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987., p. 819

6.2 Methods of Manufacturing

Synthetically, by addn of soda ash to a soln of nickel sulfate. /Tetrahydrate/
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 818
THE ADDITION OF SODIUM CARBONATE TO A SOLUTION OF NICKEL SALT PRECIPITATES AN IMPURE BASIC NICKEL CARBONATE
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. 15(81) 804

6.3 General Manufacturing Information

ONLY BASIC NICKEL CARBONATE (2NICO3.3NI(OH)2.4H2O) IS PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY. IT IS LARGELY PRODUCED & CONSUMED DURING THE MFR OF NICKEL OXIDE, NICKEL POWDER & NICKEL CATALYSTS. CANADA IS THE LARGEST SINGLE PRODUCER ...
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V11 82 (1976)
USA CONSUMPTION OF BASIC NICKEL CARBONATE IS LARGELY IN THE PRODUCTION OF NICKEL CATALYSTS FOR USE IN ORG CHEMICAL MFR, PETROLEUM REFINING & EDIBLE OIL HARDENING. A HIGH PURITY BASIC NICKEL CARBONATE IS USED IN ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS SUCH AS FERRITES & THERMISTORS.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V11 82 (1976)

7 Safety and Hazards

7.1 Hazards Identification

7.1.1 GHS Classification

Pictogram(s)
Acute Toxic
Health Hazard
Environmental Hazard
Signal
Danger
GHS Hazard Statements

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350i: May cause cancer by inhalation [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H360D: May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

7.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Carcinogenicity - category 1A

Germ cell mutagenicity - category 2

Eye irritation - category 2A

Specific target organ toxicity (repeated exposure) - category 1

Reproductive toxicity - category 1B

Skin sensitisation - category 1

Acute toxicity (ingestion) - category 4

Acute toxicity (inhalation) - category 2

Hazardous to the aquatic environment (acute) - category 1

Hazardous to the aquatic environment (chronic) - category 1

7.1.3 Hazards Summary

An eye irritant; May cause skin sensitization; [eChemPortal: ERMA] An irritant; May cause skin sensitization; May cause immediate or delayed occupational asthma; [MSDSonline] There is limited animal evidence for the carcinogenicity of nickel salts; The overall evaluation is that nickel compounds are human carcinogens (Group 1); [IARC] See Nickel and linked occupational diseases.

7.2 Safety and Hazard Properties

7.2.1 OSHA Standards

Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 0.1 mg/cu m is still enforced in some states. /Nickel soluble compounds, as Ni/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 368
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 1 mg/cu m. /Nickel, metal and insoluble cmpd, as Ni/
29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/99)

7.2.2 NIOSH Recommendations

NIOSH considers nickel metal and other compounds (as Ni) to be a potential occupational carcinogen. /Nickel metal and other compounds (as Ni)/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 224
NIOSH usually recommends that occupational exposures to carcinogens be limited to the lowest feasible concentration. /Nickel metal and other compounds (as Ni)/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 224
Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr TWA 0.015 mg/cu m. /Nickel metal and other compounds (as Ni)/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 224

7.3 Accidental Release Measures

7.3.1 Disposal Methods

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

7.4 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

7.4.1 Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)

1.0 [mg/m3], as Ni

7.4.2 Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)

10.0 [mg/m3], as Ni
NIOSH considers nickel metal and other compounds (as Ni) to be a potential occupational carcinogen. /Nickel metal and other compounds (as Ni)/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 224

7.4.3 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)

0.2 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction, as Ni
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 0.2 mg/cu m (inhalable fraction). /Nickel, insoluble inorganic compounds (NOS), as Ni/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 43
A1: Confirmed human carcinogen. /Nickel, insoluble inorganic compounds (NOS), as Ni/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 43
Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 5

7.4.4 Other Standards Regulations and Guidelines

Max allowable concn (MAX) USSR 0.005 mg/cu m as Ni /Nickel salts & aerosols/
International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 1438

7.5 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: Nickel, (carbonato(2-))tetrahydroxytri-

7.5.1 Atmospheric Standards

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Basic nickel(II) carbonate is included on this list.
Clean Air Act as amended in 1990, Sect. 112 (b) (1) Public Law 101-549 Nov. 15, 1990

7.5.2 Federal Drinking Water Guidelines

EPA 100 ug/L /Nickel/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present

7.5.3 State Drinking Water Standards

(CA) CALIFORNIA 100 ug/L /Nickel/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(CT) CONNECTICUT 100 ug/L /Nickel/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(DE) DELAWARE 100 ug/L /Nickel/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(FL) FLORIDA 100 ug/L /Nickel/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(WI) WISCONSIN 100 ug/L /Nickel/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present

7.5.4 State Drinking Water Guidelines

(AZ) ARIZONA 150 ug/L /Nickel/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(MA) MASSACHUSETTS 100 ug/L /Nickel/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(ME) MAINE 140 ug/L /Nickel/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(MN) MINNESOTA 100 ug/L /Nickel/
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present

7.5.5 Clean Water Act Requirements

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Nickel and compounds/
40 CFR 401.15 (7/1/99)

7.6 Other Safety Information

Chemical Assessment
IMAP assessments - Nickel carbonates: Human health tier II assessment

7.6.1 Toxic Combustion Products

Toxic gases and vapors (such as nickel carbonyl) may be released in a fire involving nickel ... /Nickel & sol nickel cmpd/
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3

8 Toxicity

8.1 Toxicological Information

8.1.1 Toxicity Summary

... Nickel carbonate is insoluble in water. ... Respiratory absorption with secondary gastrointestinal absorption of nickel (insoluble compounds) is the major route of entry during occupational exposure. Percutaneous absorption is negligible, quanitatively, but is important in the pathogenesis of contact hypersensitivity. Absorption is related to the solubility of the compound /and nickel carbonate is classified as an insoluble salt/. Nickel carbonate ... induced local mesenchymal tumors in a variety of experimental animals after im, sc, ip, intrapleural, intraocular, intraosseous, intrarenal, intra-articular, intratesticular or intra-adipose administration.
Environmental Health Criteria 108: Nickel. pp. 17-22 (1991) by the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation and the World Health Organization.

8.1.2 Evidence for Carcinogenicity

A1: Confirmed human carcinogen. /Nickel, insoluble inorganic compounds (NOS), as Ni/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 43
Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of nickel sulfate, and of the combinations of nickel sulfides and oxides encountered in the nickel refining industry. There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of metallic nickel and nickel alloys. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of metallic nickel, nickel monoxides, nickel hydroxides and crystalline nickel sulfides. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of nickel alloys, nickelocene, nickel carbonyl, nickel salts, nickel arsenides, nickel antimonide, nickel selenides and nickel telluride. There is inadequate evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of nickel trioxide, amorphous nickel sulfide and nickel titanate. The Working Group made the overall evaluation on nickel compounds as a group on the basis of the combined results of epidemiological studies, carcinogenicity studies in experimental animals, and several types of other relevant data, supported by the underlying concept that nickel compounds can generate nickel ions at critical sites in their target cells. Overall evaluation: Nickel compounds are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). Metallic nickel is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). /Nickel compounds/
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V49 410 (1990)

8.1.3 Adverse Effects

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

Asthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents.

8.1.4 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilation if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 t0 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . /Nickel and related compounds/
Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 371-2
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors for hypotension with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Nickel and related compounds/
Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 372

8.2 Ecological Information

8.2.1 Natural Pollution Sources

Nickel carbonate occurs in nature as the mineral zaratite, NiCO3.2Ni(OH)2.4H2O. It is formed by the decomposition of nickel carbonyl in moist air and is a potential atmospheric and surface water pollutant.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V11 86 (1976)

9 Associated Disorders and Diseases

Associated Occupational Diseases with Exposure to the Compound

Asthma, occupational [Category: Airway Disease]

Contact dermatitis, allergic [Category: Skin Disease]

10 Literature

10.1 Consolidated References

11 Patents

11.1 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

12 Biological Test Results

12.1 BioAssay Results

13 Classification

13.1 ChemIDplus

13.2 UN GHS Classification

13.3 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

13.4 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

14 Information Sources

  1. Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS)
  2. ChemIDplus
    ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
  3. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  4. Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
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    https://haz-map.com/About
    Basic nickel(II) carbonate
    https://haz-map.com/Agents/3810
  5. Hazardous Chemical Information System (HCIS), Safe Work Australia
  6. Wikidata
  7. PubChem
  8. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  9. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
    LICENSE
    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  10. EPA Substance Registry Services
CONTENTS