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1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane

PubChem CID
6588
Structure
1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane_small.png
1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane_3D_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • 1,1,2,2-TETRABROMOETHANE
  • 79-27-6
  • Acetylene tetrabromide
  • Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrabromo-
  • sym-Tetrabromoethane
Molecular Weight
345.65 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-03-26
  • Modify:
    2024-12-21
Description
Acetylene tetrabromide appears as a yellowish liquid with a pungent odor, much like camphor. Irritates skin. Ingestion or inhalation may produce irritation or a narcotic effect. Chronic exposure may damage liver. Noncombustible, but decomposes at 374 °F, releasing flammable and toxic fumes. Much denser than water. Used as a solvent for fats, oils and waxes.
1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane is an organobromide compound. It is used to separate mineral ores from its supporting rock by means of preferential flotation. Bromine is a halogen element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35. Diatomic bromine does not occur naturally, but bromine salts can be found in crustal rock. (L625, L705)
L625: Wikipedia. Bromine. Last Updated 9 June 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine
L705: Wikipedia. Tetrabromobisphenol A. Last Updated 30 April 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrabromobisphenol_A

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane.png

1.2 3D Conformer

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C2H2Br4/c3-1(4)2(5)6/h1-2H
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

QXSZNDIIPUOQMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

C(C(Br)Br)(Br)Br
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.2 Molecular Formula

C2H2Br4
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

C2H2Br4

Br2CHCHBr2

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

79-27-6

2.3.2 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.3 UNII

2.3.4 UN Number

2.3.5 ChEMBL ID

2.3.6 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.7 ICSC Number

2.3.8 Nikkaji Number

2.3.9 NSC Number

2.3.10 RTECS Number

2.3.11 Wikidata

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
345.65 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
XLogP3-AA
Property Value
3.6
Reference
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
345.68490 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
341.68900 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
0Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
6
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
26.5
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Acetylene tetrabromide appears as a yellowish liquid with a pungent odor, much like camphor. Irritates skin. Ingestion or inhalation may produce irritation or a narcotic effect. Chronic exposure may damage liver. Noncombustible, but decomposes at 374 °F, releasing flammable and toxic fumes. Much denser than water. Used as a solvent for fats, oils and waxes.
Pale-yellow liquid with a pungent odor similar to camphor or iodoform; Note: A solid below 32 degrees F; [NIOSH]
YELLOW HEAVY LIQUID WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.
Pale-yellow liquid with a pungent odor similar to camphor or iodoform.
Pale-yellow liquid with a pungent odor similar to camphor or iodoform. [Note: A solid below 32 °F.]

3.2.2 Color / Form

Yellowish, heavy liquid /SRP: technical grade/
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1570
Colorless to yellow liquid
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. 118
Pale-yellow liquid [Note: A solid below 32 degrees F].
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 6

3.2.3 Odor

Odor of camphor and iodoform
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1570

3.2.4 Boiling Point

471 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
243.5 °C; 151 °C @ 54 mm Hg
Lide, DR (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 81st Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2000, p. 3-156
243.5 °C
474 °F (decomposes)

3.2.5 Melting Point

30 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
0 °C
Lide, DR (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 81st Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2000, p. 3-156
32 °F

3.2.6 Flash Point

635 °F (NFPA, 2010)
National Fire Protection Association. 2010. Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 14th edition, edited by Guy R. Colonna. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association. Note that this information is subject to the copyright restrictions of the organization that provided the data.
-18 °C (closed cup)
International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 1082

3.2.7 Solubility

less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
0.065 g/100 ml water @ 30 °C
Bingham E et al, eds; Patty's Toxicology. 5th ed. NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc. 5: 186 (2001)
Soluble in acetone
Lide, DR (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 81st Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2000, p. 3-156
Miscible in ethanol, ethyl ether, chloroform, aniline, acetic acid; soluble in benzene; slightly soluble in carbon tetrachloride.
Lide, D.R., G.W.A. Milne (eds.). Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volume I. 3rd ed. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton ,FL. 1994., p. V3 2654
0.28 g/100 g water @ 80 °C
Flick, E.W. (ed.). Industrial Solvents Handbook 4 th ed. Noyes Data Corporation., Park Ridge, NJ., 1991., p. 256
In water, 678 mg/l @ 25 °C
Horvath AL et al; J Phys Chem Ref Data 28: 395-627 (1999)
Solubility in water: none
0.07%

3.2.8 Density

2.9656 at 68 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
2.9656 @ 20 °C/4 °C
Lide, DR (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 81st Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2000, p. 3-156
Relative density (water = 1): 2.96
2.97

3.2.9 Vapor Density

11.9 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
11.9 (Air = 1)
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. 118
Relative vapor density (air = 1): 11.9

3.2.10 Vapor Pressure

0.1 mmHg at 68 °F ; 1 mmHg at 149 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
0.02 [mmHg]
2.0X10-2 mm Hg @ 25 °C
Daubert, T.E., R.P. Danner. Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, D.C.: Taylor and Francis, 1989.
Vapor pressure, Pa at 24 °C: 5.32
0.02 mmHg

3.2.11 LogP

2.8

3.2.12 Stability / Shelf Life

Heat /contributes to instability/.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2

3.2.13 Autoignition Temperature

635 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
635 °F
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 39
335 °C

3.2.14 Decomposition

NONCOMBUSTIBLE BUT DECOMPOSES @ 374 °F (190 °C) TO LIBERATE FLAMMABLE & HIGHLY TOXIC VAPORS. /SRP: EG, HYDROGEN BROMIDE AND CARBON MONOXIDE/
Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997., p. 49-124
Toxic gases and vapors (such as ... carbonyl bromide, and brominated solvents) ... may be released when acetylene tetrabromide decomposes.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2

3.2.15 Corrosivity

... Will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2

3.2.16 Heat of Vaporization

48.7 kJ/mol at boiling point
Lide, DR (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 81st Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2000, p. 6-109

3.2.17 Surface Tension

49.67 dynes/cm at 20 °C (in contact with air)
Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 67th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 1986-87., p. F-35

3.2.18 Refractive Index

Index of refraction: 1.6353 @ 20 °C/D
Lide, DR (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 81st Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2000, p. 3-156

3.2.19 Kovats Retention Index

Standard non-polar
1206, 1226, 1245, 1265, 1268.5, 1269

3.2.20 Other Experimental Properties

1 mg/l = 70.4 ppm and 1 ppm = 14 mg/cu m @ 25 °C
Bingham E et al, eds; Patty's Toxicology. 5th ed. NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc. 5: 186 (2001)
ppm v/v in air "saturated" at 25 °C: 80 (theoretical)
Bingham E et al, eds; Patty's Toxicology. 5th ed. NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc. 5: 186 (2001)
Wt/gal @ 25 °C= 24.57 lb
Flick, E.W. (ed.). Industrial Solvents Handbook 4 th ed. Noyes Data Corporation., Park Ridge, NJ., 1991., p. 256

3.3 SpringerMaterials Properties

3.4 Chemical Classes

3.4.1 Solvents

Solvents -> Brominated Solvents

4 Spectral Information

4.1 1D NMR Spectra

1 of 2
1D NMR Spectra
1H NMR: 6409 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection)
2 of 2
1D NMR Spectra

4.1.1 1H NMR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Varian A-60
Source of Sample
The Matheson Company, Inc., East Rutherford, New Jersey
Copyright
Copyright © 2009-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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2 of 2
Source of Spectrum
Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.
Source of Sample
Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.
Catalog Number
185574
Copyright
Copyright © 2021-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.1.2 13C NMR Spectra

1 of 2
Source of Sample
MCB Manufacturing Chemists, Norwood, Ohio
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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2 of 2
Copyright
Copyright © 2002-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
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4.2 Mass Spectrometry

4.2.1 GC-MS

1 of 5
View All
NIST Number
341366
Library
Main library
Total Peaks
51
m/z Top Peak
265
m/z 2nd Highest
267
m/z 3rd Highest
263
Thumbnail
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2 of 5
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NIST Number
229884
Library
Replicate library
Total Peaks
59
m/z Top Peak
265
m/z 2nd Highest
267
m/z 3rd Highest
263
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.2.2 Other MS

Other MS
MASS: 15740 (NIST/EPA/MSDC Mass Spectral Database, 1990 version); 1074 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York)

4.3 IR Spectra

IR Spectra
IR: 5708 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection)

4.3.1 FTIR Spectra

1 of 2
Technique
BETWEEN SALTS
Source of Sample
Michigan Chemical Corporation
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
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2 of 2
Technique
BETWEEN SALTS
Source of Sample
Michigan Chemical Corporation
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.3.2 ATR-IR Spectra

1 of 2
Technique
ATR-Neat
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Source of Sample
Aldrich
Catalog Number
135275
Copyright
Copyright © 2018-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2018-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.3.3 Vapor Phase IR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
DIGILAB FTS-14
Technique
Vapor Phase
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Source of Spectrum
Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.
Source of Sample
Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.
Catalog Number
185574
Copyright
Copyright © 2021-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.4 Raman Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Bio-Rad FTS 175C with Raman accessory
Technique
FT-Raman
Source of Sample
Michigan Chemical Corporation
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Catalog Number
185574
Copyright
Copyright © 2017-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2017-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.5 Other Spectra

SADTLER REFERENCE NUMBER: 1465 (IR, PRISM); 247 (IR, GRATING)
Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. C-293

6 Chemical Vendors

7 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

7.1 Metabolism / Metabolites

1,1,2,2-Tetrabromo[U-14C]ethane ([14C]TBE) was used to study the metabolism of TBE in rats. Three graded doses of TBE (1.17, 13.6, and 123 mg/kg; 1 microCi 14C/rat at each dose) were administered by gavage to three groups of four rats each. Excreta samples were collected at various time intervals up to 96 hr. Following euthanization, 14C activity was measured in the excreta, tissues, and carcass. The fraction of the dose exhaled as volatile metabolites of TBE, excluding 14CO2, was approximately 9-10% higher in rats given the high dose of TBE compared to that in rats given either the low or the medium dose. The fraction excreted in the urine decreased with increasing TBE dosage. 1,2-Dibromoethylene and tribromoethylene were identified as exhaled metabolites at the high dose. Three major urinary metabolites were identified: dibromoacetic acid, glyoxylic acid, and oxalic acid. The results of this study indicate that the metabolism of TBE was linear up to a dose of 13.6 mg/kg, but the contribution of various TBE metabolic pathways was different at a dose of 123 mg/kg.
Kennedy CH et al; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 119 (1): 23-33 (1993)
Bromine is mainly absorbed via inhalation, but may also enter the body through dermal contact. Bromine salts can be ingested. Due to its reactivity, bromine quickly forms bromide and may be deposited in the tissues, displacing other halogens. (L626)
L626: International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) INCHEM (1992). Poison Information Monograph for Bromine. http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/pim080.htm

8 Use and Manufacturing

8.1 Uses

Sources/Uses
Used as a solvent, ore flotation agent, catalyst, and flame-proofing additive; [ACGIH]
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure
Metal Extraction and Refining [Category: Industry]
Separating minerals by specific gravity; solvent for fats, oils, and waxes; solvent in microscopy
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 213
Mercury substitute in gauges and balances.
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. 117
ORE FLOTATION AGENT
Hamilton, A., and H. L. Hardy. Industrial Toxicology. 3rd ed. Acton, Mass.: Publishing Sciences Group, Inc., 1974., p. 295
CATALYST OR CATALYTIC INITIATOR IN SYNTHETIC FIBERS; POLYMER ADDITIVE IN FLAME-PROOF, FLAME-RETARDANT POLYSTYRENES, POLYURETHANES, AND POLYOLEFINS; AS REFRACTIVE INDEX LIQUID IN MICROSCOPY
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3
For more Uses (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRABROMOETHANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
It is used to separate mineral ores from its supporting rock by means of preferential flotation. Diatomic bromine does not occur naturally, but bromine salts can be found in crustal rock.

8.1.1 Use Classification

Hazard Classes and Categories -> Reactive - 1st degree

8.2 Methods of Manufacturing

Interaction of acetylene and bromine and subsequent distillation.
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 12
Manuf by bromination of acetylene: Brit. pat. 889,649 (1962 to Associated Ethyl Co.)
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1570

8.3 Formulations / Preparations

Grades: Technical
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 12
Purity: Not less than 98%
Flick, E.W. (ed.). Industrial Solvents Handbook 4 th ed. Noyes Data Corporation., Park Ridge, NJ., 1991., p. 256

8.4 U.S. Production

(1977) AT LEAST 4.54X10+8 G
SRI
(1982) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 2.27X10+6 G
SRI

8.5 General Manufacturing Information

EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrabromo-: ACTIVE
Method of purification: rectification.
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 12

8.6 Sampling Procedures

Sampling ... may be performed by collection of vapors using a silica gel adsorption tube ... .
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2

9 Identification

9.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

NIOSH Method 2003. Determination of 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane by Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection. Workplace. Detection limit = 0.800 mg/cu m.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 4th ed. Methods A-Z & Supplements. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Aug 1994.

9.2 NIOSH Analytical Methods

10 Safety and Hazards

10.1 Hazards Identification

10.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 6
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Pictogram(s)
Acute Toxic
Irritant
Signal
Danger
GHS Hazard Statements

H302 (74.5%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315 (74.5%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (100%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H412 (100%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 51 reports by companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

10.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Acute Tox. 4 (74.5%)

Skin Irrit. 2 (74.5%)

Eye Irrit. 2 (100%)

Acute Tox. 2 (100%)

Aquatic Chronic 3 (100%)

Acute toxicity - category 2

Eye irritation - category 2

Hazardous to the aquatic environment (chronic) - category 3

10.1.3 NFPA Hazard Classification

1 of 2
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NFPA 704 Diamond
3-0-1
NFPA Health Rating
3 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause serious or permanent injury.
NFPA Fire Rating
0 - Materials that will not burn under typical fire conditions, including intrinsically noncombustible materials such as concrete, stone, and sand.
NFPA Instability Rating
1 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable but that can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures.

10.1.4 Health Hazards

Excerpt from ERG Guide 159 [Substances (Irritating)]:

Inhalation of vapors or dust is extremely irritating. May cause burning of eyes and lachrymation (flow of tears). May cause coughing, difficult breathing and nausea. Brief exposure effects last only a few minutes. Exposure in an enclosed area may be very harmful. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause environmental contamination. (ERG, 2024)

ERG 2024, Guide 159 (Acetylene tetrabromide)

· Inhalation of vapors or dust is extremely irritating.

· May cause burning of eyes and lachrymation (flow of tears).

· May cause coughing, difficult breathing and nausea.

· Brief exposure effects last only a few minutes.

· Exposure in an enclosed area may be very harmful.

· Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.

· Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause environmental contamination.

10.1.5 Fire Hazards

Excerpt from ERG Guide 159 [Substances (Irritating)]:

Some of these materials may burn, but none ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated. (ERG, 2024)

ERG 2024, Guide 159 (Acetylene tetrabromide)

· Some of these materials may burn, but none ignite readily.

· Containers may explode when heated.

Combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

10.1.6 Hazards Summary

Some animals exposed at 4 ppm for 180 days show mild lung and liver injury. At an average exposure of 14 ppm for 100 to 106 days, tetrabromoethane produced some degree of pulmonary edema and slight fatty degeneration of the liver. One nearly fatal human case with prominent liver injury was reported. The exposure was estimated at 16 ppm for 10 minutes. Other chemicals may have been involved. Findings in another human case were that of solvent-induced encephalopathy. Direct skin contact can cause second degree burns. [ACGIH] A skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritant; Inhalation of high concentrations may cause CNS effects and liver damage; [ICSC]
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.

10.1.7 Fire Potential

Non combustible.
Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997., p. 49-124

10.1.8 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

Prolonged or repeated contact ... might cause irritation of the skin.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1
An eye & skin irritant ... .
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 39

10.2 Safety and Hazard Properties

10.2.1 Flammable Limits

Flammability
Noncombustible Liquid

10.2.2 OSHA Standards

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 1 ppm (14 mg/cu m).
29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/2001)

10.2.3 NIOSH Recommendations

After reviewing available published literature, NIOSH provided comments to OSHA on August 1, 1988, regarding the "Proposed Rule on Air Contaminants" (29 CFR 1910, Docket No. H-020). In these comments, NIOSH questioned whether the PEL proposed for acetylene tetrabromide [TWA 1 ppm] was adequate to protect workers from recognized health hazards.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 6

10.3 First Aid Measures

Inhalation First Aid
Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.
Skin First Aid
Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.
Eye First Aid
First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.
Ingestion First Aid
Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

10.3.1 First Aid

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
ERG 2024, Guide 159 (Acetylene tetrabromide)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingestedor inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuouscompressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(See general first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water flush promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, flush the contaminated skin with water promptly. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water promptly. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

10.4 Fire Fighting

Excerpt from ERG Guide 159 [Substances (Irritating)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

10.4.1 Fire Fighting Procedures

To fight a fire /involving/ acetylene tetrabromide use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water-foam, or fog.
Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984., p. 109
If material involved in fire: Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.)
Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994., p. 9
Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire. Use water spray to cool fire-exposed containers.
Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997., p. 49-124

10.5 Accidental Release Measures

Public Safety: ERG 2024, Guide 159 (Acetylene tetrabromide)

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

Spill or Leak: ERG 2024, Guide 159 (Acetylene tetrabromide)

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

Small Spill

· Pick up with sand or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

10.5.1 Isolation and Evacuation

Excerpt from ERG Guide 159 [Substances (Irritating)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Evacuation: ERG 2024, Guide 159 (Acetylene tetrabromide)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

Large Spill

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

Fire

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

10.5.2 Spillage Disposal

Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in dry sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Personal protection: self-contained breathing apparatus.

10.5.3 Cleanup Methods

1. VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL OR LEAK. 2. COLLECT FOR RECLAMATION OR ABSORB IN VERMICULITE, DRY SAND, EARTH, OR A SIMILAR MATERIAL.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3
Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Use appropriate foam to blanket release and suppress vapors. Approach release from upwind. Absorb in noncombustible material for proper disposal. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.
Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997., p. 49-124

10.5.4 Disposal Methods

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.
Acetylene tetrabromide may be disposed of by absorbing it in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material and disposing in a secured sanitary landfill.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3

10.5.5 Preventive Measures

Non-impervious clothing which becomes contaminated with liquid acetylene tetrabromide should be removed promptly and not reworn until the acetylene tetrabromide is removed from the clothing. Clothing wet with acetylene tetrabromide should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of acetylene tetrabromide from the clothing. ... Skin that becomes contaminated with acetylene tetrabromide should be promptly washed or showered with soap or mild detergent and water to remove any acetylene tetrabromide.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.
Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994., p. 9
Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.
Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994., p. 9
For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRABROMOETHANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.6 Handling and Storage

10.6.1 Nonfire Spill Response

Excerpt from ERG Guide 159 [Substances (Irritating)]:

Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

SMALL SPILL: Pick up with sand or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2024)

10.6.2 Safe Storage

Separated from strong oxidants, strong bases and food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Ventilation along the floor.

10.6.3 Storage Conditions

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from oxidizing materials and alkalies.
Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997., p. 49-125
... SHOULD BE STORED IN A COOL WELL VENTILATED PLACE, OUT OF THE DIRECT RAYS OF THE SUN, AWAY FROM AREAS OF HIGH FIRE HAZARD, AND SHOULD BE PERIODICALLY INSPECTED ... .
Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 4th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1975., p. 356

10.7 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

Protective Clothing: ERG 2024, Guide 159 (Acetylene tetrabromide)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

10.7.2 Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)

1.0 [ppm]
PEL-TWA (8-Hour Time Weighted Average)
1 ppm (14 mg/m³)
TWA 1 ppm (14 mg/m3)

10.7.3 Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)

8 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

8.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Van Haaften [1969] reported that a chemist who had been exposed to 1 to 2 ppm for 7.5 hours, with only a single 10-minute exposure at 16 ppm, almost died from liver damage.

8 ppm
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 6

8 ppm

See: 79276

10.7.4 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)

0.1 [ppm]
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 1 ppm.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2005, p. 10
Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2005, p. 5
2005 Notice of Intended Changes: These substances, with their corresponding values and notations, comprise those for which (1) a limit is proposed for the first time, (2) a change in the Adopted value is proposed, (3) retention as an NIC is proposed, or (4) withdrawal of the Documentation and adopted TLV is proposed. In each case, the proposals should be considered trial values during the period they are on the NIC. These proposals were ratified by the ACGIH Board of Directors and will remain on the NIC for approximately one year following this ratification. If, during the year, the Committee neither finds nor receives any substantive data that change its scientific opinion regarding an NIC TLV, the Committee may then approve its recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors for adoption. If the Committee finds or receives substantive data that change its scientific opinion regarding an NIC TLV, the Committee may change its recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors for the matter to be either retained on or withdrawn from the NIC. 8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 ppm, inhalable fraction; TLV Basis-Critical Effect(s):Hepatic; CNS; upper respiratory tract; lower respiratory tract (pulmonary edema)
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2005, p. 61
0.1 ppm as TWA
TLV-TWA (Time Weighted Average)
0.1 ppm (inhalable fraction and vapor) [2005]

10.7.5 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines

Emergency Response: ERG 2024, Guide 159 (Acetylene tetrabromide)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

10.7.6 Other Standards Regulations and Guidelines

Maximum Allowable Concn (MAC) USSR 1 mg/cu m.
International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 1082

10.7.7 Inhalation Risk

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached rather slowly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

10.7.8 Effects of Short Term Exposure

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system and liver. This may result in impaired functions.

10.7.9 Effects of Long Term Exposure

The substance may have effects on the liver.

10.7.10 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Acetylene tetrabromide:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the workshift. (NIOSH, 2024)

If the use of respirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted are those that have been approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (formerly Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration) or by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. ... Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (8-inch minimum), and other appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact with liquid acetylene tetrabromide. ... Employees should be provided with and required to use splash-proof safety goggles where liquid acetylene tetrabromide may contact the eyes.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2
Because the vapor pressure /of acetylene tetrabromide/ is exceedingly low @ room temp, inhalation exposure may be controlled by reasonable precautions & ordinary ventilation.
Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 4138
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 7
Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 7
For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRABROMOETHANE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(See personal protection and sanitation codes)

Skin: Prevent skin contact - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: Prevent eye contact - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: When contaminated

Remove: When wet or contaminated

Change: No recommendation

10.7.11 Respirator Recommendations

OSHA

Up to 8 ppm:

(APF = 10) Any supplied-air respirator

(APF = 50) Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece

Emergency or planned entry into unknown concentrations or IDLH conditions:

(APF = 10,000) Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode

(APF = 10,000) Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained positive-pressure breathing apparatus

Escape:

(APF = 50) Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister

Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus

Important additional information about respirator selection

10.7.12 Preventions

Fire Prevention
NO open flames.
Exposure Prevention
PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS!
Inhalation Prevention
Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.
Skin Prevention
Protective gloves.
Eye Prevention
Wear safety spectacles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.
Ingestion Prevention
Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

10.8 Stability and Reactivity

10.8.1 Air and Water Reactions

Insoluble in water.

10.8.2 Reactive Group

Halogenated Organic Compounds

10.8.3 Reactivity Profile

ACETYLENE TETRABROMIDE is incompatible with strong bases and chemically active metals. Incompatible with hot iron, aluminum and zinc in the presence of steam. May react with magnesium. Softens or destroys most plastics and rubber (NTP, 1992).
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

10.8.4 Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities

Tetrabromoethane is chemically incompatible with active metals, strong caustics, hot iron, aluminum, or zinc in the presence of steam.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985., p. 27
Strong caustics; hot iron; reducing metals such as aluminum, magnesium & zinc.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 6

10.9 Transport Information

10.9.1 DOT Emergency Guidelines

/GUIDE 159: SUBSTANCES (IRRITATING)/ Health: Inhalation of vapors or dust is extremely irritating. May cause burning of eyes and flow of tears. May cause coughing, difficult breathing and nausea. Brief exposure effects last only a few minutes. Exposure in an enclosed area may be very harmful. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004
/GUIDE 159: SUBSTANCES (IRRITATING)/ Fire or Explosion: Some of these materials may burn, but none ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004
/GUIDE 159: SUBSTANCES (IRRITATING)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004
/GUIDE 159: SUBSTANCES (IRRITATING)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004
For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRABROMOETHANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.9.2 DOT ID and Guide

10.9.3 Shipping Name / Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO

UN 2504; 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane; Tetrabromoethane
IMO 6.1; 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane, Tetrabromoethane

10.9.4 Standard Transportation Number

49 411 06; Acetylene tetrabromide

10.9.5 Shipment Methods and Regulations

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
49 CFR 171.2 (7/1/2000)
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.
IATA. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 42nd Ed. Montreal, Canada and Geneva, Switzerland: International Air Transport Association, Dangerous Goods Regulations, 2001., p. 230
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.
IMDG; International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code; International Maritime Organization p.6263 (1998)

10.9.6 DOT Label

Poison

10.9.7 Packaging and Labelling

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

10.9.8 EC Classification

Symbol: T+; R: 26-36-52/53; S: (1/2)-24-27-45-61

10.9.9 UN Classification

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III

10.10 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrabromo-
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane: HSNO Approval: HSR002892 Approved with controls

10.11 Other Safety Information

Chemical Assessment
IMAP assessments - Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrabromo-: Human health tier I assessment

10.11.1 Toxic Combustion Products

WHEN HEATED IT EMITS HIGHLY TOXIC FUMES OF CARBONYL BROMIDE AND /BROMIDE/.
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 39

11 Toxicity

11.1 Toxicological Information

11.1.1 Toxicity Summary

Bromine is a powerful oxidizing agent and is able to release oxygen free radicals from the water in mucous membranes. These free radicals are also potent oxidizers and produce tissue damage. In additon, the formation of hydrobromic and bromic acids will result in secondary irritation. The bromide ion is also known to affect the central nervous system, causing bromism. This is believed to be a result of bromide ions substituting for chloride ions in the in actions of neurotransmitters and transport systems, thus affecting numerous synaptic processes. (L626, L627, A543)
A543: Ziouzenkova O, Orasanu G, Sharlach M, Akiyama TE, Berger JP, Viereck J, Hamilton JA, Tang G, Dolnikowski GG, Vogel S, Duester G, Plutzky J: Retinaldehyde represses adipogenesis and diet-induced obesity. Nat Med. 2007 Jun;13(6):695-702. Epub 2007 May 27. PMID:17529981
L626: International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) INCHEM (1992). Poison Information Monograph for Bromine. http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/pim080.htm
L627: Wikipedia. Potassium bromide. Last Updated 9 June 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_bromide

11.1.2 NIOSH Toxicity Data

11.1.3 Carcinogen Classification

Carcinogen Classification
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

11.1.4 Health Effects

Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Elemental bromine also burns the skin. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant and chronic exposure produces neuronal effects. This is called bromism and can result in central reactions reaching from somnolence to coma, cachexia, exicosis, loss of reflexes or pathologic reflexes, clonic seizures, tremor, ataxia, loss of neural sensitivity, paresis, papillar edema of the eyes, abnormal speech, cerebral edema, delirium, aggressiveness, and psychoses. (L625, L626, L627)
L625: Wikipedia. Bromine. Last Updated 9 June 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine
L626: International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) INCHEM (1992). Poison Information Monograph for Bromine. http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/pim080.htm
L627: Wikipedia. Potassium bromide. Last Updated 9 June 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_bromide

11.1.5 Exposure Routes

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour and by ingestion.
inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact
Oral (L626) ; inhalation (L626) ; dermal (L626)
L626: International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) INCHEM (1992). Poison Information Monograph for Bromine. http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/pim080.htm

11.1.6 Symptoms

Inhalation Exposure
Cough. Sore throat. Headache. Dizziness. Nausea. Abdominal pain.
Skin Exposure
Redness.
Ingestion Exposure
See Inhalation.
irritation eyes, nose; anorexia, nausea; headache; abdominal pain; jaundice; leukocytosis (increased blood leukocytes); central nervous system depression
Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Symptoms include lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, eye irritation with mucous secretions from the oropharyngeal and upper airways, coughing, dyspnoea, choking, wheezing, epistaxis, and headache. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant producing ataxia, slurred speech, tremor, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, dizziness, visual disturbances, unsteadiness, headaches, impaired memory and concentration, disorientation and hallucinations. This is called bromism. (L626, L627)
L626: International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) INCHEM (1992). Poison Information Monograph for Bromine. http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/pim080.htm
L627: Wikipedia. Potassium bromide. Last Updated 9 June 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_bromide

11.1.7 Target Organs

Eyes, respiratory system, liver, central nervous system

11.1.8 Adverse Effects

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Primary hepatotoxins: the toxic effect to the liver is the principal adverse effect of the chemical.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

11.1.9 Acute Effects

11.1.10 Toxicity Data

LC50 (rat) = 549 mg/m3/4H
LD50: 1200 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T14) LD50: 5250 mg/kg (Dermal, Rat) (T14) LD50: 443 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (T14) LC50: 549 mg/m3 over 4 hours (Inhalation, Rat) (T14)
T14: Lewis RJ (1996). Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

11.1.11 Treatment

EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

11.1.12 Interactions

Clioquinol at a dose of 30-50 mg/kg, demonstrated a weak antagonistic action with tetrabromoethane (80 mg/kg).
Koda Y; Igaku to Seibutsugaku 103 (3): 187-191 (1981)

11.1.13 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/
Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 206-7
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory rest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/
Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 207
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . Use rapid rewarming techniques if frostbite occurs ... . /Simple ashpyxiants and related compounds/
Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 394
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Treat seizures with diazepam ... . /Simple ashpyxiants and related compounds/
Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 394

11.1.14 Medical Surveillance

Consider the eyes, upper respiratory system, and liver in preplacement and periodic physical examination.
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985., p. 27
... Workers exposed to concn of tetrabromoethane approaching ... /1 ppm and 15 mg/cu m (TLV)/ should be kept under medical surveillance.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986., p. 9

11.1.15 Human Toxicity Excerpts

... CHEMIST WORKING FOR 7.5 HR IN 1-2 PPM TBE /1,1,2,2-TETRABROMOETHANE/ WITH SINGLE 10 MIN EXPOSURE TO ABOUT 16 PPM WAS HOSPITALIZED FOR 9 WEEKS WITH NEAR-FATAL LIVER INJURY WHICH DEVELOPED OVER SEVERAL DAYS. HIS INITIAL SYMPTOMS WERE HEADACHE, ANOREXIA, VOMITING, AND STOMACH PAINS. BY THE FIFTH DAY AFTER EXPOSURE, ICTERUS, UROBILINURIA, BILIRUBINURIA, AND MONOCYTOSIS WERE APPARENT.
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-164
CONTACT WITH SKIN (AS IN BOOTS, SHOES, & UNDERCLOTHES) CAN CAUSE BLISTERING.
National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1986., p. 49-86
Acetylene tetrabromide may cause eye and nose irritation, headache, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain, kidney and liver damage with such symptoms as dark urine and yellow jaundice. Breathing high concentrations of this chemical might damage the lung.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1
CAUTION: IRRITANT ... /CNS DEPRESSANT/
The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 1314
An individual with acute tetrabromoethane exposure was evaluated with positron emission tomography (PET), topographical electroencephalogram (EEG), and neurobehavioral assessment. Results suggest widespread central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction consistent with a solvent-induced encephalopathy.
Morrow LA et al; J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2 (4): 431-5 (1990)

11.1.16 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

... APPLICATION TO EYES OF RABBITS IS REPORTED TO CAUSE PAIN, BUT ONLY SLIGHT IRRITATION OF CONJUNCTIVA & SUPERFICIAL INJURY OF CORNEA ...
Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 45
SINGLE EXPOSURES TO AIR-SATURATED VAPORS INDICATE LOW ACUTE INHALATION HAZARD IN ANIMALS. ... ANIMALS ... EXHIBIT PROMPT SIGNS OF CENTRAL NERVOUS DEPRESSION ...
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-164
... Reported exposure of animals to the vapors ... at near saturation in static chamber. Rabbits were exposed for up to 2 1/2 hr without deaths. /separate experiment/: ... Rabbits ... exposed 7 hr/day, 5 days/wk ... from 100-106 days. The avg concn was 14 ppm, by analysis. ... All animals survived & appeared normal.
Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 4139
... ... Reported exposure of animals to the vapors ... at near saturation in static chamber. Rats were exposed for up to 3 hr without deaths. /separate experiment/: ... Rabbits ... exposed 7 hr/day, 5 days/wk ... from 100-106 days. The avg concn was 14 ppm, by analysis. ... All animals survived & appeared normal.
Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 4139
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRABROMOETHANE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.1.17 Non-Human Toxicity Values

LD50 Rat oral 1200 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 38
LC50 Rat inhalation 549 mg/cu m/4 hr
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 38
LD50 Rat skin 5250 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 38
LD50 Mouse oral 269 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 38
For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRABROMOETHANE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.1.18 Ongoing Test Status

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=79-27-6]

11.2 Ecological Information

11.2.1 ICSC Environmental Data

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

11.2.2 Environmental Fate / Exposure Summary

1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane's production and use as a solvent and metal separator, in microscopy, flotation agent, and as a mercury substitute in gauges and balances may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.02 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 115 days. If released to soil, 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 120. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.3X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. In a laboratory aerobic biodegradation test, the compound exhibited some biodegradation, suggesting biodegradation in soil may be an important environmental fate process. If released into water, 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. A theoretical BOD of 29% was reported using the Japanese MITI test over a 2 week test period, suggesting that biodegradation may occur in aquatic systems. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5 and 43 days, respectively. A BCF of <8.2 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is expected to be an important environmental fate under neutral to basic conditions with half-lives of 20 and 2 hrs at pH 7 and 8, respectively. Occupational exposure to 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane is produced or used. (SRC)

11.2.3 Artificial Pollution Sources

1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane's production and use as a solvent and metal separator, in microscopy(1), flotation agent(2), and as a mercury substitute in gauges and balances(3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).
(1) Lewis RJ Sr, ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc p. 12 (1997)
(2) Hamilton A, Hardy HL; Industrial Toxicology. 3rd ed. Acton, Mass: Pub Sci Group p. 295 (1974)
(3) Verschueren K; Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 4th ed. NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons p. 117 (2001)

11.2.4 Environmental Fate

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 120(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 678 mg/l(3) and a regression-derived equation(4), indicates that 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.34X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.02 mm Hg(2), and water solubility(3). The potential for volatilization of 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(2). 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane, reached 29% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using the Japanese MITI test(5), suggesting biodegradation in soil may be an important environmental fate process(SRC).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis (1989)
(3) Horvath AL et al; J Phys Chem Ref Data 28: 395-627 (1999)
(4) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-5 (1990)
(5) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 1283-93 (1991)
(6) Lyman WJ; p. 31 in Environmental Exposure From Chemicals Vol I, Neely WB, Blau GE, eds, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (1985)
(7) Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute; Biodegradation and bioaccumulation data of existing chemicals based on the CSCL Japan. Japan Chemical Industry Ecology - Toxicology and Information Center. Available from the Database Query Page at https://www.cerij.or.jp/ceri_en/index_e.shtml as of Aug 1, 2001.
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 120(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 678 mg/l(3) and a regression-derived equation(4), indicates that 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.34X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.02 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 678 mg/l(3). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5 and 43 days, respectively(SRC). However, hydrolysis half-lives of 20 and 2 hours at pH 7 and 8, respectively, have been calculated(5); therefore, under acidic or neutral conditions, hydrolysis will be the dominant removal process(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF of <8.2(7), suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). A theoretical BOD of 29% was reported using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test over a 2 week test period(7), suggesting that biodegradation may occur in aquatic systems(SRC).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis (1989)
(3) Horvath AL et al; J Phys Chem Ref Data 28: 395-627 (1999)
(4) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-5, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(5) Mill T et al; Environmental Fate and Exposure Studies Development of a PC-SAR for Hydrolysis: Esters, Alkyl Halides and Epoxides. EPA Contract No. 68-02-4254. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International (1987)
(6) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
(7) Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute; Biodegradation and bioaccumulation data of existing chemicals based on the CSCL Japan. Japan Chemical Industry Ecology - Toxicology and Information Center. Available from the Database Query Page at https://www.cerij.or.jp/ceri_en/index_e.shtml as of Aug 1, 2001.
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane, which has a vapor pressure of 0.02 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 115 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.4X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3).
(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988)
(2) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis (1989)
(3) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993)

11.2.5 Environmental Biodegradation

AEROBIC: 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane, present at 100 mg/l, reached 29% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test(1).
(1) Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute; Biodegradation and bioaccumulation data of existing chemicals based on the CSCL Japan. Japan Chemical Industry Ecology - Toxicology and Information Center. Available from the Database Query Page at https://www.cerij.or.jp/ceri_en/index_e.shtml as of Aug 1, 2001.

11.2.6 Environmental Abiotic Degradation

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.4X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 115 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Hydrolysis will be the dominant environmental fate process for 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane under neutral or basic conditions(3). A base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant for this compound is 96.5 L/mole-sec(2); this corresponds to half-lives of 20 and 2 hours at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively(2).
(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993)
(2) Mill T et al; Environmental Fate and Exposure Studies Development of a PC-SAR for Hydrolysis: Esters, Alkyl Halides and Epoxides. EPA Contract No. 68-02-4254. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International (1987)
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990)

11.2.7 Environmental Bioconcentration

BCF values of <8.2 and 0.5 to 7 were measured for 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane at compound concns of 1 ug/l and 10 ug/l, respectively(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these values BCF suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).
(1) Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute; Biodegradation and bioaccumulation data of existing chemicals based on the CSCL Japan. Japan Chemical Industry Ecology - Toxicology and Information Center. Available from the Database Query Page at https://www.cerij.or.jp/ceri_en/index_e.shtml as of Aug 1, 2001.
(2) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)

11.2.8 Soil Adsorption / Mobility

The Koc of 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane is estimated as 120(SRC), using a water solubility of 678 mg/l(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC).
(1) Horvath AL et al; J Phys Chem Ref Data 28: 395-627 (1999)
(2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-5 (1990)
(3) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)

11.2.9 Volatilization from Water / Soil

The Henry's Law constant for 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane is estimated as 1.3X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 0.02 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 678 mg/l(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 5 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 43 days(SRC). 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).
(1) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis (1989)
(2) Horvath AL et al; J Phys Chem Ref Data 28: 395-627 (1999)
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)

11.2.10 Atmospheric Concentrations

RURAL/REMOTE: 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane was detected, not quantified in marine air samples collected over the western Pacific Ocean between 43 deg and 4 deg north during September, 1994(1).
(1) Quack B, Suess E; J Geophys Res 104: 1663-78 (1999)

11.2.11 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 2,516 workers are potentially exposed to 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane is produced or used(SRC).
(1) NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983)

12 Associated Disorders and Diseases

Associated Occupational Diseases with Exposure to the Compound

Solvents, acute toxic effect [Category: Acute Poisoning]

Hepatitis, chemical [Category: Acute Poisoning]

13 Literature

13.1 Consolidated References

13.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

13.3 Springer Nature References

13.4 Thieme References

13.5 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

13.6 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

13.7 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

14 Patents

14.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

14.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

14.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

14.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

14.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

15 Interactions and Pathways

15.1 Chemical-Target Interactions

16 Biological Test Results

16.1 BioAssay Results

17 Classification

17.1 MeSH Tree

17.2 ChemIDplus

17.3 CAMEO Chemicals

17.4 UN GHS Classification

17.5 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

17.6 EPA DSSTox Classification

17.7 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

17.8 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

17.9 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

18 Information Sources

  1. Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS)
  2. CAMEO Chemicals
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    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/help/reference/terms_and_conditions.htm?d_f=false
    CAMEO Chemical Reactivity Classification
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
  3. CAS Common Chemistry
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    The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
  4. ChemIDplus
    ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
  5. DTP/NCI
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  6. EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
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    https://www.epa.gov/chemicals-under-tsca
    EPA TSCA Classification
    https://www.epa.gov/tsca-inventory
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    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
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  10. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  11. ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
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  13. NJDOH RTK Hazardous Substance List
  14. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
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    ACETYLENE TETRABROMIDE (1,1,2,2-TETRABROMOETHANE)
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  21. Hazardous Chemical Information System (HCIS), Safe Work Australia
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    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/10-mhlw-2016e.html
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  26. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods
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    https://www.nist.gov/srd/public-law
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  37. EPA Substance Registry Services
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    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
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CONTENTS