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Trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene

PubChem CID
638186
Structure
Trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene_small.png
Trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene_3D_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • TRANS-1,2-DICHLOROETHYLENE
  • 156-60-5
  • (E)-1,2-Dichloroethylene
  • 1,2-DICHLOROETHYLENE, (1E)-
  • trans-1,2-Dichloroethene
Molecular Weight
96.94 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-03-26
  • Modify:
    2025-01-18
Description
1, 2-Dichloroethene, also called 1, 2-dichloroethylene, is a highly flammable, colorless liquid with a sharp, harsh odor. It is used to produce solvents and in chemical mixtures. You can smell very small amounts of 1, 2-dichloroethene in air (about 17 parts of 1, 2-dichloroethene per million parts of air [17 ppm]). There are two forms of 1, 2-dichloroethene; one is called cis-1, 2-dichloroethene and the other is called trans-1,2-di-chloroethene. Sometimes both forms are present as a mixture.
1,2-dichloroethylene, (trans isomers) is a clear colorless liquid with a pleasant odor. Flash point 43 °F.
1,2-dichloroethene is a member of chloroethenes.
See also: 1,2-Dichloroethylene (subclass of); cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene (annotation moved to).

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene.png

1.2 3D Conformer

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

(E)-1,2-dichloroethene
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C2H2Cl2/c3-1-2-4/h1-2H/b2-1+
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

KFUSEUYYWQURPO-OWOJBTEDSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

C(=C/Cl)\Cl
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

C2H2Cl2
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

156-60-5

2.3.2 Deprecated CAS

43695-79-0

2.3.3 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.4 UNII

2.3.5 UN Number

2.3.6 ChEBI ID

2.3.7 ChEMBL ID

2.3.8 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.9 KEGG ID

2.3.10 Metabolomics Workbench ID

2.3.11 Nikkaji Number

2.3.12 NSC Number

2.3.13 Wikidata

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
96.94 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
XLogP3
Property Value
1.9
Reference
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
95.9533555 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
95.9533555 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
0 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
4
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
19.2
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

1,2-dichloroethylene, (trans isomers) is a clear colorless liquid with a pleasant odor. Flash point 43 °F.
Liquid
Colorless liquid (usually a mixture of the cis & trans isomers) with a slightly acrid, chloroform-like odor; [NIOSH]
Colorless liquid with a pleasant odor; [CAMEO] Clear light yellow liquid; [Sigma-Aldrich MSDS]

3.2.2 Color / Form

Colorless, light liquid
Dreher E-L et al; Chloroethanes and Chloroethylenes. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. (1999-2018). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 19 Nov 2014

3.2.3 Odor

Sweetish
Dreher E-L et al; Chloroethanes and Chloroethylenes. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. (1999-2018). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 19 Nov 2014

3.2.4 Boiling Point

117 °F at 745 mmHg (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
47.64 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 3-162
BP: 47-49 °C
Larranaga, M.D., Lewis, R.J. Sr., Lewis, R.A.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016., p. 453
Heat of Formation (liquid): -24;3 kJ/mol; Heat of vaporization at BP: 28.9 kJ/mol
Dreher E-L et al; Chloroethanes and Chloroethylenes. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. (1999-2018). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 19 Nov 2014

3.2.5 Melting Point

-58 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
-49.8 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 3-162

3.2.6 Flash Point

43 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
2 °C
6.0 °C (42.8 °F) - closed cup
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene. Product Number: D62209, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 03/21/2018). Available from, as of May 24, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

3.2.7 Solubility

less than 1 mg/mL at 64 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
In water, 4.52X10+3 mg/L at 25 °C
Horvath AL et al; J Phys Chem Ref Data 28: 395-627 (1999)
In water, 0.63 g/100 g at 25 °C
Flick, E.W. Industrial Solvents Handbook. 3rd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications, 1985., p. 116
Slightly soluble in water
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 3-162
Miscible with ethanol, ethyl ether, acetone; very soluble in benzene, chloroform
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 3-162

3.2.8 Density

1.2743 at 77 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
1.2565 g/cu cm at 20 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 3-162

3.2.9 Vapor Density

3.34 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
3.67 g/L at bp at 760 mm Hg
Flick, E.W. (ed.). Industrial Solvents Handbook 4 th ed. Noyes Data Corporation., Park Ridge, NJ., 1991., p. 143

3.2.10 Vapor Pressure

200 mmHg at 57 °F ; 400 mmHg at 87.4 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
201.0 [mmHg]
331.0 [mmHg]
Vapor pressure = 35.3 mPa at 20 °C
Mertens JA; Dichloroetheylene. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (1999-2013). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 4 Dec 2000
Vapor pressure: 395 mm Hg at 30 °C
Flick, E.W. (ed.). Industrial Solvents Handbook 4 th ed. Noyes Data Corporation., Park Ridge, NJ., 1991., p. 143
3.31X10+2 mm Hg at 25 °C
Boublik, T., Fried, V., and Hala, E., The Vapour Pressures of Pure Substances. Second Revised Edition. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1984., p. 98

3.2.11 LogP

log Kow = 2.09
Hansch, C., Leo, A., D. Hoekman. Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society., 1995., p. 4

3.2.12 Henry's Law Constant

Henry's Law constant = 9.28X10-3 atm-cu m/mole at 24 °C
Gossett JM; Environ Sci Tech 21: 202-6 (1987)

3.2.13 Stability / Shelf Life

Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene. Product Number: D62209, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 03/21/2018). Available from, as of May 24, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Noticeable subject to air oxidation.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 17

3.2.14 Autoignition Temperature

860 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
860 °F
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 45

3.2.15 Decomposition

Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions - Carbon oxides, hydrogen chloride gas.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene. Product Number: D62209, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 03/21/2018). Available from, as of May 24, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /chlorine/.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 46

3.2.16 Viscosity

0.41 cP at 20 °C
Flick, E.W. (ed.). Industrial Solvents Handbook 4 th ed. Noyes Data Corporation., Park Ridge, NJ., 1991., p. 143

3.2.17 Heat of Vaporization

73.7 cal/g at BP
Flick, E.W. (ed.). Industrial Solvents Handbook 4 th ed. Noyes Data Corporation., Park Ridge, NJ., 1991., p. 143

3.2.18 Surface Tension

25X10-3 N/m at 20 °C
Dreher E-L et al; Chloroethanes and Chloroethylenes. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. (1999-2018). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 19 Nov 2014

3.2.19 Odor Threshold

Odor Threshold Low: 0.08 [mmHg]

Odor Threshold High: 17.0 [mmHg]

Odor threshold from "Quick Guide: The Electronic NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards"

Odor Threshold Low: 0.08 [mmHg]

Odor Threshold High: 1975.0 [mmHg]

[NTP] Odor threshold from HSDB

Odor low: 0.3357 mg/cu m; Odor high 1975.00 ppm
Ruth JH; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 47: A-142-51 (1986)

3.2.20 Refractive Index

Index of refraction: 1.4454 at 20 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 3-162

3.2.21 Kovats Retention Index

Standard non-polar
557 , 558 , 559 , 597.8 , 559 , 551 , 551 , 554.3 , 550 , 596 , 550.6
Semi-standard non-polar
555 , 561.1 , 528 , 567
Standard polar
863.21 , 866.47 , 867.61 , 866.3 , 870

3.2.22 Other Experimental Properties

MP: -49.4 °C; BP: 47.2 °C at 745 mm Hg
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 17
Specific heat: 0.270 cal/g at 20 °C
Flick, E.W. (ed.). Industrial Solvents Handbook 4 th ed. Noyes Data Corporation., Park Ridge, NJ., 1991., p. 143
Residue on evaporation: 0.0007% by weight maximum
Flick, E.W. (ed.). Industrial Solvents Handbook 4 th ed. Noyes Data Corporation., Park Ridge, NJ., 1991., p. 143
Partition coefficients at 37 °C for trans-1,2-dichloroethylene into blood = 58; into oil = 189.
Sato A, Nakajima T; Scand J Work Environ Health 13: 81-93 (1987)
Waste water treatment: Evaporation from water at 25 °C of 1 ppm solution was 50% after 24 minutes and 90% after 83 minutes; measured half-life for evaporation from 1 ppm aqueous solution at 25 °C, still air, and an average depth of 6.5 cm was 24 minutes
Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. V1: 756
Enthalpy of Vaporization: 36.04 kJ/mol at 25 °C
Mackay D et al, eds; Handbook of Physocal-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals. CD-ROM. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (2006)
For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

3.3 SpringerMaterials Properties

3.4 Chemical Classes

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

3.4.1 Solvents

Solvents -> Chlorinated Aliphatics

4 Spectral Information

4.1 1D NMR Spectra

1 of 2
1D NMR Spectra
NMR: 6742 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection)
2 of 2
1D NMR Spectra

4.1.1 1H NMR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Varian A-60
Source of Sample
CHEM SERVICE, INC., WEST CHESTER, PENNSYLVANIA
Copyright
Copyright © 2009-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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2 of 2
Source of Spectrum
Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.
Source of Sample
Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.
Catalog Number
D62209
Copyright
Copyright © 2021-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.1.2 13C NMR Spectra

1 of 2
Source of Sample
Fluka AG, Buchs, Switzerland
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
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2 of 2
Copyright
Copyright © 2002-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
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4.2 Mass Spectrometry

4.2.1 GC-MS

1 of 6
View All
NIST Number
290837
Library
Main library
Total Peaks
32
m/z Top Peak
61
m/z 2nd Highest
96
m/z 3rd Highest
98
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2 of 6
View All
NIST Number
19681
Library
Replicate library
Total Peaks
37
m/z Top Peak
61
m/z 2nd Highest
96
m/z 3rd Highest
98
Thumbnail
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4.2.2 Other MS

Other MS
MASS: 19681 (NIST/EPA/MCDC Mass Spectral Database 1990 version); 203 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, NY)

4.3 IR Spectra

IR Spectra
IR: 3646 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Prism Collection)

4.3.1 FTIR Spectra

1 of 2
Technique
NEAT
Source of Sample
Eastman Chemcial Products, Inc., Kingsport, Tennessee
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
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2 of 2
Technique
NEAT
Source of Sample
Environmental Protection Agency
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
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4.3.2 ATR-IR Spectra

1 of 2
Technique
ATR-Neat
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Source of Sample
Aldrich
Catalog Number
D62209
Copyright
Copyright © 2018-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2018-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.3.3 Near IR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
INSTRUMENT PARAMETERS=INST=BRUKER,RSN=10750,REO=2,CNM=HEI,ZFF=2
Technique
NIR Spectrometer= BRUKER IFS 88
Source of Spectrum
Prof. Buback, University of Goettingen, Germany
Copyright
Copyright © 1989, 1990-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
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2 of 2
Instrument Name
INSTRUMENT PARAMETERS=INST=BRUKER,RSN=10750,REO=2,CNM=HEI,ZFF=2
Technique
NIR Spectrometer= BRUKER IFS 88
Source of Spectrum
Prof. Buback, University of Goettingen, Germany
Copyright
Copyright © 1989, 1990-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
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4.3.4 Vapor Phase IR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
DIGILAB FTS-14
Technique
Vapor Phase
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Instrument Name
Bruker IFS 85
Technique
Gas-GC
Copyright
Copyright © 1989, 1990-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
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6 Chemical Vendors

7 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

7.1 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

/Investigators/ reported that 72-75% of inhaled trans-1,2-dichloroethene is absorbed through the lungs in humans.
U.S. Dept Health & Human Services/Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry; Toxicological Profile for 1,2-Dichloroethene (CAS#: 540-59-0 (mixture); 156-59-2 (cis); 156-60-5 (trans); p.41 (August 1996). Available from, as of May 24, 2018: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp
In an experiment using isolated perfused liver from female Wistar rats, at equimolar concentrations in the perfusate (with chlorinated ethylenes added as vapors at constant rates that allowed for steady-state conditions of substrate uptake and conversion), uptake for cis-1,2-DCE was about 3 times faster than for trans-1,2-DCE.
USEPA; Toxicological Review of cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene and trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (CAS Nos. cis: 156-59-2; trans: 156-60-5; mixture: 540-59-0), In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), p.7 (September 2010). Available from, as of May 24, 2018: https://www.epa.gov/iris

7.2 Metabolism / Metabolites

Metabolism of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene in perfused rat liver produced detectable amounts of dichloroethanol & dichloroacetic acid.
USEPA/ODW; Suggested No Adverse Response Level for Trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene p.4 (1981)
Cis- and trans-1,1-dichloroethylene bound to the active site of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 with the production of a Type I difference spectrum and stimulated CO-inhibitable hepatic microsomal NADPH oxidation. Incubation of cis- and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene plus hepatic microsomes, NADPH-generating system-EDTA resulted in the production of measurable levels of 2,2-dichloroethanol and dichloroacetaldehyde but not of 2-chloroethanol, chloroacetaldehyde or chloroacetic acid and, also, resulted in decreased levels of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 and heme. In addition, dichloroacetic acid was produced from trans-dichloroethylene under these experimental conditions. The omission of any component of the incubation mixture eliminated the above effects, while the inclusion of SKF-525A, metyrapone or CO:O2 (80, v/v) diminished these effects. The effects of beta-naphthoflavone and phenobarbital pretreatment on the values of Ks, delta Amax, Km and Vmax for the binding and metabolism of the 1,2-dichloroethylenes are reported. The binding and metabolism of the 1,2-dichloroethylenes and the 1,2-dichloroethylene-mediated inactivation of cytochrome P-450 were enhanced per mg of microsomal protein, but generally not per nmole of cytochrome P-450 by prior induction with beta-naphthoflavone or phenobarbital. It is concluded that multiple forms of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 bind and metabolize the 1,2-dichloroethylenes. The role of cytochrome P-450 in the metabolic activation of the dichloroethylenes is considered.
Costa AK, Ivanetich KM; Biochem Pharmacol 31 (11): 2093-102 (1982)
The major initial metabolites of chlorinated ethylenes in hepatocyte suspensions isolated from phenobarbital-treated rats were studied. The initial products of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene from cytochrome p450 in hepatic microsomes are rapidly and extensively metabolized in the hepatocyte, where the Phase II enzymes are present. ...
Costa AK, Ivanetich KM; Carcinogenisis (London) 5 (12): 1629-36 (1984)
Similarities and differences have been observed in the metabolism of cis- and trans-1,2-dichloroethene. Both isomers have been shown to bind to the active site of hepatic cytochrome P-450. In addition, classic inhibitors of cytochrome P-450 have been shown to inhibit the production of dichloroacetaldehyde from both isomers. The binding and metabolism of 1,2-dichloroethene do not appear to be specific for any one form of cytochrome P-450. The cis isomer had a 4-fold greater rate of turnover in hepatic microsomes in vitro than the trans isomer. This is consistent with studies on isolated perfused rat livers, where metabolism of the cis isomer occurred at a greater rate than metabolism of the trans isomer. In addition, differences between cis- and trans-1,2-dichloroethene in the rates of formation of dichloroethanol and dichloroacetic acid have been reported in rat hepatocytes.
U.S. Dept Health & Human Services/Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry; Toxicological Profile for 1,2-Dichloroethene (CAS#: 540-59-0 (mixture); 156-59-2 (cis); 156-60-5 (trans); p.42 (August 1996). Available from, as of May 24, 2018: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp
For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Metabolism of trans-1,2-dichloroethene is initially catalyzed by hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450. This metabolism is believed to involve epoxidation of the ethylene double bond, forming dichlorinated epoxides. Dichlorinated epoxides, in turn, can undergo a non-enzymatic rearrangement. Studies on the metabolism of 1,2-dichloroethene by hepatic microsomes and hepatocytes provide evidence to suggest that dichloroacetaldehyde is the predominant metabolite of microsomal cytochrome P-450 and that it, in turn, is extensively converted to dichloroethanol and dichloroacetate by cytosolic and/or mitochondrial aldehyde and alcohol dehydrogenases present in hepatocytes. (L585)
L585: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1996). Toxicological profile for trans-1,2-dichloroethene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp87.html

7.3 Transformations

8 Use and Manufacturing

8.1 Uses

EPA CPDat Chemical and Product Categories
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
Sources/Uses
Used as a solvent and chemical intermediate; [ACGIH] Used as a refrigerant, degreaser, dry cleaning agent, and solvent for perfumes, adhesives, lacquers, oils, and resins; [HSDB] Only the trans isomer is commercially available in the US--used for precision cleaning of electronic components and a small amount used as a blowing agent for specialty foams; [EPA Toxicological Review, 2010]
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure

Metal Degreasing [Category: Clean]

Semiconductor Manufacturing [Category: Industry]

Painting (Solvents) [Category: Paint]

Working with Glues and Adhesives [Category: Other]

Dry Cleaning [Category: Clean]

Plastic Composites Manufacturing [Category: Industry]

Sources/Uses
Used as a solvent for fats, phenol, camphor, etc. and as an intermediated for chlorinated solvents and compounds; [Merck Index] Also used to make rubber, as a refrigerant, an additive (dyes, lacquer solutions, medicines, perfumes, and thermoplastics), and to retard fermentation; [NTP] The trans- isomer is used industrially more than the cis- isomer or the commercial mixture; [HSDB]
Merck Index - O'Neil MJ, Heckelman PE, Dobbelaar PH, Roman KJ (eds). The Merck Index, An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, 15th Ed. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013.
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure
Painting (Solvents) [Category: Paint]
... Used as a solvent for waxes, resins and acetylcellulose. It is also used in the extraction of rubber, as a refrigerant; in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and artificial pearls; and in the extraction of oils and fats from fish and meat. /1,2-Dichloroethylene/
Pohanish, R.P. (ed). Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemical Carcinogens 5th Edition Volume 1: A-H,Volume 2: I-Z. William Andrew, Norwich, NY 2008, p. 877
Current uses for trans-1,2-DCE include its use as a degreasing agent and as one component of formulated products used for precision cleaning of electronic components. A small amount is used as a blowing agent for specialty foam.
USEPA; Toxicological Review of cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene and trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (CAS Nos. cis: 156-59-2; trans: 156-60-5; mixture: 540-59-0), In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), p.3 (September 2010). Available from, as of July 14, 2013: https://www.epa.gov/iris/toxreviews/0418tr.pdf
Cis- and trans-isomers of 1,2-dichloroethylene have had only limited use as solvents and chemical intermediates. Neither of the isomers has developed wide industrial usage in the USA partly because of their flammability.
Belpoggi F et al; Unsaturated Halogenated Hydrocarbons. Patty's Toxicology. 6th ed. (1999-2013). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. On-line posting date: 17 Aug 2012
1,2-Dichloroethylenes can be used as solvent for waxes, resins, lacquers, and thermoplastics; for the extraction of oil and fats from fish and meat; for vapor degreasing, as surface cleaning agent; for the extraction of rubber, as foam blowing additive; as refrigerant; in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, and as source of HCl in silicone etching. /1,2-Dichloroethylenes/
Dreher E-L et al; Chloroethanes and Chloroethylenes. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2018). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: November 19, 2014
Due to its more favorable environmental and toxicological properties trans-1,2-dichloroethylene is marketed as an alternative to methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, and n-propyl bromide in solvent applications. Its flammability is a disadvantage and hence nonflammable mixtures of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and hydrofluorocarbons have been developed.
Dreher E-L et al; Chloroethanes and Chloroethylenes. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2018). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: November 19, 2014
Trans-1,2-DCE is used as a solvent for waxes, resins, acetylcellulose, perfumes, dyes, lacquers, thermoplastics, fats, and phenols. It is also used as an intermediate in the preparation of other chlorinated solvents. One may be exposed by breathing contaminated air, eating, or drinking the substance, or by skin contact (L585, L586).
L585: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1996). Toxicological profile for trans-1,2-dichloroethene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp87.html
L586: Wikipedia. 1,2-Dichloroethene. Last Updated 7 July 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,2-dichloroethene

8.1.1 Use Classification

Chemical Classes -> Volatile organic compounds

8.1.2 Industry Uses

  • Propellants, non-motive (blowing agents)
  • Cleaning agent

8.1.3 Household Products

Household & Commercial/Institutional Products

Information on 3 consumer products that contain Trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene in the following categories is provided:

• Commercial / Institutional

• Inside the Home

8.2 Methods of Manufacturing

Preparation of trans-form: Adler, United States of America patent 2440997 (1948 to Stockholms Superfosfot Fabriks Aktiebolag).
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 17
Dichloroethylenes (cis: [156-59-2]; trans: [156-60-5]) often occur as an isomeric mixture during the production of chlorinated hydrocarbons, where they are produced by sidereactions, e.g., by thermal decomposition of 1,1,2-trichloroethane or from acetylene by chlorine addition. The isomers can be separated by fractional distillation.
Dreher E-L et al; Chloroethanes and Chloroethylenes. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2018). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: November 19, 2014
In the thermal dehydrochlorination of 1,1,2-trichloroethane, the 1,2-dichloroethylenes are obtained together with the 1,1-isomer. With increasing temperature, formation of the 1,2-isomers increases. The trans isomer is preferentially formed. With catalysts, the individual ratios can be varied to some extent. /1,2-Dichloroethylenes/
Dreher E-L et al; Chloroethanes and Chloroethylenes. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2018). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: November 19, 2014

8.3 Consumption Patterns

In applications where dichloroethylenes could be used as solvents and for low temperature extraction processes, they have been replaced by methylene chloride. /Dichloroethylenes/
Dreher E-L et al; Chloroethanes and Chloroethylenes. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2013). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Online Posting Date: 15 Oct 2011

8.4 U.S. Production

Aggregated Product Volume

2019: 1,000,000 lb - <20,000,000 lb

2018: 1,000,000 lb - <20,000,000 lb

2017: 1,000,000 lb - <20,000,000 lb

2016: <1,000,000 lb

trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).
EPA/Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program. Trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (156-60-5). Available from, as of July 12, 2013: https://www.epa.gov/hpv/pubs/general/opptsrch.htm
Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule.
Year
1986
Production Range (pounds)
10 thousand - 500 thousand
Year
1990
Production Range (pounds)
>1 million - 10 million
Year
1994
Production Range (pounds)
>1 million - 10 million
Year
1998
Production Range (pounds)
10 thousand - 500 thousand
Year
2002
Production Range (pounds)
>1 million - 10 million
US EPA; Non-confidential Production Volume Information Submitted by Companies for Chemicals Under the 1986-2002 Inventory Update Rule (IUR). Ethene, 1,2-dichloro-, (1E)- (540-60-5). Available from, as of July 12, 2013: https://epa.gov/cdr/tools/data/2002-vol.html
Production volume for non-confidential chemicals reported under the 2006 Inventory Update Rule. Chemical: Ethene, 1,2-dichloro-, (1E)-. Aggregated National Production Volume: 1 to < 10 million pounds.
US EPA; Non-Confidential 2006 Inventory Update Reporting. National Chemical Information. Ethene, 1,2-dichloro-, (1E)- (156-60-5). Available from, as of July 12, 2013: https://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/index.cfm
Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: Ethene, 1,2-dichloro-, (1E)-. National Production Volume: 1,000,000 - 10,000,000 lb/yr.
USEPA/Pollution Prevention and Toxics; 2012 Chemical Data Reporting Database. Ethene, 1,2-dichloro-, (1E)- (156-60-5). Available from, as of July 12, 2013: https://java.epa.gov/oppt_chemical_search/

Non-confidential 2016 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: trans-1,2-Dichloroethene:

Table: National Aggregate Production Volume (pounds)

2011
1,000,000 - 10,000,000
2012
1,000,000 - 10,000,000
2013
1,000,000 - 10,000,000
2014
1,000,000 - 10,000,000
2015
1,000,000 - 10,000,000

USEPA; 2016 Chemical Data Reporting Database. trans-1,2-Dichloroethene (156-60-5). Available from, as of May 24, 2018: https://www.epa.gov/chemical-data-reporting

8.5 General Manufacturing Information

Industry Processing Sectors
  • Plastics Product Manufacturing
  • All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Ethene, 1,2-dichloro-, (1E)-: ACTIVE
EPA TSCA Regulatory Flag
T - indicates a substance that is the subject of a final TSCA section 4 test rule.
Trans-isomer is more widely used in industry than either the cis-isomer or the commercial mixture.
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-62
Because of the relatively low demand for 1,2- dichloroethylenes they are not deliberately produced in large quantities. They occur as byproducts in some processes, such as the production of vinyl chloride, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene and can be withdrawn and purified if required. /1,2-Dichloroethylenes/
Dreher E-L et al; Chloroethanes and Chloroethylenes. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2018). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: November 19, 2014
The 1,2-dichloroethylenes are commercially unimportant, because they do not polymerize, have relatively low boiling points, and can form explosive mixtures with air. In applications where dichloroethylenes could be used as solvents and for low temperature extraction processes, they have been replaced by methylene chloride, which has a higher solvency, is readily available, and is based on less expensive feedstocks. /1,2-Dichloroethylenes/
Dreher E-L et al; Chloroethanes and Chloroethylenes. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2013). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Online Posting Date: 15 Oct 2011

8.6 Sampling Procedures

OSW Method 5021. Volatile Organic Compounds in Soils and Other Solid Matrices Using Equilibrium Headspace Analysis. This is a general purpose method for the preparation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in soils/sediments and solid wastes for determination by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).
USEPA; EMMI. EPA's Environmental Monitoring Methods Index. Version 1.1. PC# 4082. Rockville, MD: Government Institutes (1997)
OSW Method 5041. Protocol for Desorption of Sorbent Cartridges from Volatile Organic Sampling Train (VOST): Wide-Bore Capillary GC/MS Technique.
USEPA; EMMI. EPA's Environmental Monitoring Methods Index. Version 1.1. PC# 4082. Rockville, MD: Government Institutes (1997)

9 Identification

9.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

Method: NIOSH 1003, Issue 3; Procedure: gas chromatography with flame ionization detector; Analyte: 1,2-dichloroethylene; Matrix: air; Detection Limit: 2.0 ug/sample. /1,2-Dichloroethylene/
CDC; NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th ed. 1,2-Dichloroethylene (540-59-0). Available from, as of May 25, 2018: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/
Method: ASTM D5790; Procedure: gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; Analyte: trans-1,2-dichloroethylene; Matrix: validated for treated drinking water, wastewater, and ground water; Detection Limit: 0.19 ug/L.
National Environmental Methods Index; Analytical, Test and Sampling Methods. trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (156-60-5). Available from, as of May 25, 2018: https://www.nemi.gov
Method: EPA-EAD 601; Procedure: gas chromatography with electrolytic conductivity or microcoulometric detector; Analyte: trans-1,2-dichloroethylene; Matrix: municipal and industrial discharges; Detection Limit: 0.1 ug/L.
National Environmental Methods Index; Analytical, Test and Sampling Methods. trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (156-60-5). Available from, as of May 25, 2018: https://www.nemi.gov
Method: EPA-EAD 624; Procedure: gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; Analyte: trans-1,2-dichloroethylene; Matrix: water; Detection Limit: 1.6 ug/L.
National Environmental Methods Index; Analytical, Test and Sampling Methods. trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (156-60-5). Available from, as of May 25, 2018: https://www.nemi.gov
For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10 Safety and Hazards

10.1 Hazards Identification

10.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 6
View All
Pictogram(s)
Flammable
Irritant
Signal
Danger
GHS Hazard Statements

H225 (100%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H319 (38.1%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (99.7%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H336 (36%): May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H412 (99.7%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 328 reports by companies from 13 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

10.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Flam. Liq. 2 (100%)

Eye Irrit. 2 (38.1%)

Acute Tox. 4 (99.7%)

STOT SE 3 (36%)

Aquatic Chronic 3 (99.7%)

Flammable liquid - category 2

Acute toxicity - category 4

Hazardous to the aquatic environment (chronic) - category 3

10.1.3 Health Hazards

SYMPTOMS: Symptoms of exposure to this compound may include irritation of the skin and eyes, mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. It may also cause dizziness, nausea, frequent vomiting, central nervous system intoxication and transient renal effects. Other symptoms include sleep disturbances and hallucinations. It can cause weakness, tremor, cramps and dermatitis. It may also cause drowsiness and unconsciousness. Other symptoms include conjunctivitis and narcosis.

ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: The vapor of this compound is heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. This chemical can cause skin and eye irritation. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of hydrogen chloride gas, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and phosgene. It is moderately toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin contact. High concentrations may be narcotic. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

10.1.4 Fire Hazards

This compound is flammable. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

10.1.5 Hazards Summary

1, 2-Dichloroethene, also called 1, 2-dichloroethylene, is a highly flammable, colorless liquid with a sharp, harsh odor. It is used to produce solvents and in chemical mixtures. You can smell very small amounts of 1, 2-dichloroethene in air (about 17 parts of 1, 2-dichloroethene per million parts of air [17 ppm]). There are two forms of 1, 2-dichloroethene; one is called cis-1, 2-dichloroethene and the other is called trans-1,2-di-chloroethene. Sometimes both forms are present as a mixture.
Liver injury observed in acute animal toxicology studies; [ACGIH] A skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritant; Inhalation of high concentrations may cause CNS effects; [ICSC]1,2-Dichloroethylene (UN1150) has warning of explosive polymerization; [ERG 2016] See trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene and cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene.
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.
Forms unstable peroxides in air that may spontaneously explode; [CAMEO] A skin, eye, mucous membrane, and upper respiratory tract irritant; May cause CNS intoxication and transient renal effects; [NTP] Exposure to concentrations of 2,200 ppm causes burning of eyes, vertigo, and nausea; Twice as toxic as the cis- isomer; [HSDB] Human inhalation of 4,800 mg/m3 for 10 minutes causes sleep and hallucinations; [RTECS] A skin and strong eye irritant; Prolonged or repeated exposure may cause narcosis; Harmful by ingestion; Targets the CNS, liver, and kidney; [Sigma-Aldrich MSDS] See 1,2-Dichloroethylene, all isomers.

10.1.6 Fire Potential

Dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizers.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 45

10.1.7 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

A skin and eye irritant. ...
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 45

10.1.8 EPA Hazardous Waste Number

U079; A toxic waste when a discarded commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate.

10.2 Safety and Hazard Properties

10.2.1 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs)

10.2.1.1 AEGLs Table
AEGLs
AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)
10 min
280
30 min
280
60 min
280
4 hr
280
8 hr
280
AEGLs
AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)
10 min
1,000
30 min
1,000
60 min
1,000
4 hr
690
8 hr
450
AEGLs
AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)
10 min
1,700
30 min
1,700
60 min
1,700
4 hr
1,200
8 hr
620
10.2.1.2 AEGLs Notes
AEGLs Status: Final

10.2.2 Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)

9.7 % (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

10.2.3 Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)

12.8 % (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

10.2.4 Critical Temperature & Pressure

Critical temperature: 516.5 K; critical pressure: 5510 kPa
Dreher E-L et al; Chloroethanes and Chloroethylenes. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. (1999-2018). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 19 Nov 2014

10.2.5 Explosive Limits and Potential

Lower 9.7%; upper 12.8%
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 45
Moderate explosion hazard in the form of vapor when exposed to flame.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 46

10.2.6 OSHA Standards

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 200 ppm (790 mg/cu m). /1,2-Dichloroethylene/
29 CFR 1910.1000 (USDOL); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of July 11, 2013: https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/ECFR?page=browse

10.2.7 NIOSH Recommendations

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hour Time-Weighted Average: 200 ppm (790 mg/cu m). /1,2-Dichloroethylene/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg

10.3 First Aid Measures

10.3.1 First Aid

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

10.4 Fire Fighting

Fires involving this material should be controlled using a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. A water spray may also be used. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

10.4.1 Fire Fighting Procedures

Suitable extinguishing media: Dry powder, dry sand. Unsuitable extinguishing media: Do NOT use water jet.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene. Product Number: D62209, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 03/21/2018). Available from, as of May 24, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene. Product Number: D62209, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 03/21/2018). Available from, as of May 24, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Use water spray to cool unopened containers.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene. Product Number: D62209, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 03/21/2018). Available from, as of May 24, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
To fight fire, use water spray, foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 46

10.5 Accidental Release Measures

10.5.1 Isolation and Evacuation

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious); polymerization hazard]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

10.5.2 Cleanup Methods

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with non-combustible absorbent material, (e.g. sand, earth, diatomaceous earth, vermiculite) and place in container for disposal according to local/national regulations.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene. Product Number: D62209, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 03/21/2018). Available from, as of May 24, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

10.5.3 Disposal Methods

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U079, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.
40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of August 8, 2018: https://www.ecfr.gov
SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.
Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene. Product Number: D62209, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 03/21/2018). Available from, as of May 24, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids; Also, a potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids; Also a potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds.
USEPA; Engineering Handbook for Hazardous Waste Incineration p.3-12 (1981) EPA 68-03-3025
For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.5.4 Preventive Measures

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene. Product Number: D62209, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 03/21/2018). Available from, as of May 24, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Use explosion-proof equipment. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene. Product Number: D62209, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 03/21/2018). Available from, as of May 24, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene. Product Number: D62209, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 03/21/2018). Available from, as of May 24, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene. Product Number: D62209, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 03/21/2018). Available from, as of May 24, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.6 Handling and Storage

10.6.1 Nonfire Spill Response

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION. Then, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should protect this chemical from exposure to light. Keep the container tightly closed under an inert atmosphere, and store it in an explosion-proof refrigerator. STORE AWAY FROM SOURCES OF IGNITION. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

10.6.2 Storage Conditions

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Recommended storage temperature 2-8 °C. Light sensitive. Air and moisture sensitive. Refrigerate before opening. Storage class (TRGS 510): 3: Flammable liquids.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene. Product Number: D62209, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 03/21/2018). Available from, as of May 24, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html

10.7 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAK)
200.0 [ppm]

10.7.1 Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)

200.0 [ppm]

10.7.2 Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)

1000 ppm [From NPG: 1,2-Dichloroethylene] (NIOSH, 2024)

1000.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Basis for original (SCP) IDLH: Patty [1963] reported that rats exposed to the cis­isomer of dichloroethylene for 4 hours at 8,000 ppm were neither killed nor anesthetized, but at 16,000 ppm, anesthesia occurred in 8 minutes and death occurred in 4 hours [Smyth 1956]. Because Patty [1963] also reported that the trans­isomer was twice as toxic an anesthetic as the cis­isomer, an IDLH of 4,000 ppm is chosen. . . . Human data: It has been reported that exposure to the trans­isomer at 2,200 ppm caused burning of the eyes, vertigo, and nausea [von Oettingen 1955]. An exposure to the trans­isomer at 819 ppm for 30 minutes has been reported to cause no untoward effects, while inhalation of either 1,687 to 2,184 ppm for 5 minutes or 1,191 ppm for 10 minutes has resulted in vertigo, pressure in the head, and somnolence [von Oettingen 1937].

NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg

10.7.3 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)

200.0 [ppm]
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 200 ppm.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH 2017, p. 25
Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH 2017, p. 5

10.7.4 Other Standards Regulations and Guidelines

Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs)

Table: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Aniline; Data in parts per million

AEGL1
10 Minutes
280
30 Minutes
280
60 Minutes
280
4 Hour
280
8 Hour
280
AEGL2
10 Minutes
1,000
30 Minutes
1,000
60 Minutes
1,000
4 Hour
690
8 Hour
450
AEGL3
10 Minutes
1,700
30 Minutes
1,700
60 Minutes
1,700
4 Hour
1,200
8 Hour
620

USEPA; Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) - trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (156-60-5). Available from, as of May 24, 2018: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/aegl/pubs/chemlist.htm

10.7.5 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: When working with this chemical, wear a NIOSH-approved full face chemical cartridge respirator equipped with the appropriate organic vapor cartridges. If that is not available, a half face respirator similarly equipped plus airtight goggles can be substituted. However, please note that half face respirators provide a substantially lower level of protection than do full face respirators.

RECOMMENDED GLOVE MATERIALS: If this chemical makes direct contact with your gloves, or if a tear, puncture or hole develops, replace them at once.

Glove Type Model Number Thickness Bkthru Time

PVA Edmont 25-545 0.81 mm 120 min (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene. Product Number: D62209, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 03/21/2018). Available from, as of May 24, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Skin protection: Handle with gloves.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene. Product Number: D62209, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 03/21/2018). Available from, as of May 24, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene. Product Number: D62209, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 03/21/2018). Available from, as of May 24, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type AXBEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene. Product Number: D62209, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 03/21/2018). Available from, as of May 24, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.8 Stability and Reactivity

10.8.1 Air and Water Reactions

Highly flammable. Oxidizes in air to form unstable peroxides that may explode spontaneously. Insoluble in water.

10.8.2 Reactive Group

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

10.8.3 Reactivity Alerts

Highly Flammable

Polymerizable

10.8.4 Reactivity Profile

1,2-DICHLOROETHYLENE reacts with alkalis, difluoromethylene, dihypofluorite, and nitrogen tetraoxide. Contact with solid alkalis or their concentrated solutions will cause formation of chloroacetylene, which ignites in air. Avoid contact with copper and copper alloys. Corrosive to metals unless an inhibitor has been added. Oxidation in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid or a free radical initiator gives chloroacetyl chloride via epoxide intermediates. Incompatible with organic peroxides (NTP, 1992).
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

10.8.5 Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities

Incompatible materials: Oxidizing agents, bases.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene. Product Number: D62209, Version 4.9 (Revision Date 03/21/2018). Available from, as of May 24, 2018: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Violent reaction with difluoromethylene dihypofluorite. Forms shock-sensitive explosive mixtures with dinitrogen tetraoxide. Reaction with solid caustic alkalies or their concentrated solutions produces chloracetylene gas that ignites spontaneously in air. Reacts violently with /dinitrogen oxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium, sodium hydroxide/. ... Can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 46
Strong oxidizers, strong alkalis, potassium hydroxide, copper [Note: Usually contains inhibitors to prevent polymerization]. /1,2-Dichloroethylene/
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg

10.9 Transport Information

10.9.1 DOT Emergency Guidelines

/GUIDE 130P FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /1,2-Dichloroethylene/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2016 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2016
/GUIDE 130P FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /1,2-Dichloroethylene/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2016 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2016
/GUIDE 130P FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /1,2-Dichloroethylene/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2016 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2016
/GUIDE 130P FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /1,2-Dichloroethylene/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2016 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2016
For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.9.2 Shipping Name / Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO

10.9.3 Standard Transportation Number

49 091 45; Dichloroethylene

10.9.4 Shipment Methods and Regulations

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
49 CFR 171.2 (USDOT); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 20, 2018: https://www.ecfr.gov
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. 1,2-Dichloroethylene is included on the dangerous goods list. /1,2-Dichloroethylene/
International Air Transport Association. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 59th Edition. Montreal, Quebec Canada. 2018., p. 260
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. 1,2-Dichloroethylene is included on the dangerous goods list. /1,2-Dichloroethylene/
International Maritime Organization. IMDG Code. International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code Volume 2 2016, p. 49

10.9.5 DOT Label

Flammable Liquid

10.10 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: Ethene, 1,2-dichloro-, (E)-
California Safe Cosmetics Program (CSCP) Reportable Ingredient

Hazard Traits - Cardiovascular Toxicity; Environmental tox; Hepatotoxicity and Digestive System Toxicity; Immunotoxicity; Nephrotoxicity and Other Toxicity to the Urinary System; Neurotoxicity

Authoritative List - CA MCLs; CWA 303(c); CWA 303(d)

Report - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredient

REACH Registered Substance
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Ethene, 1,2-dichloro-, (1E)-: HSNO Approval: HSR001122 Approved with controls

10.10.1 Federal Drinking Water Standards

Maximum contaminant levels (MCL) for organic contaminants apply to community and non-transient, non-community water systems: trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene, MCL 0.1 mg/L.
40 CFR 141.61(a) (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of May 23, 2018: https://www.ecfr.gov

10.10.2 Federal Drinking Water Guidelines

Maximum contaminant level goals for organic contaminants: trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene, MCLG: 0.1 mg/L.
40 CFR 141.50(a) (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of May 23, 2018: https://www.ecfr.gov

10.10.3 State Drinking Water Standards

(CA) CALIFORNIA 10 ug/L
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present

10.10.4 State Drinking Water Guidelines

(AZ) ARIZONA 70 ug/L
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(ME) MAINE 140 ug/L
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present
(MN) MINNESOTA 100 ug/L
USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present

10.10.5 Clean Water Act Requirements

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Dichloroethylenes (1,1-, and 1,2-dichloroethylene)/
40 CFR 401.15 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of May 24, 2018: https://www.ecfr.gov

10.10.6 CERCLA Reportable Quantities

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1000 lb or 454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV.D.3.b).
40 CFR 302.4 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of May 23, 2018: https://www.ecfr.gov

10.10.7 RCRA Requirements

U079; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).
40 CFR 261.33 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of May 23, 2018: https://www.ecfr.gov

10.11 Other Safety Information

Chemical Assessment
IMAP assessments - Ethene, 1,2-dichloro-, (E)-: Human health tier I assessment

10.11.1 Special Reports

USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Dichloroethylenes (1980) EPA 440/5-80-041
Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 106: 103-12 (1988). A review article on the pharmacokinetics of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.

11 Toxicity

11.1 Toxicological Information

11.1.1 Toxicity Summary

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (trans-1,2-DCE) is a colorless, light liquid. Current uses for trans-1,2-DCE include its use as a degreasing agent and as one component of formulated products used for precision cleaning of electronic components. A small amount is used as a blowing agent for specialty foam. HUMAN STUDIES: Inhalation of high concentrations of vaporized trans-1,2-DCE depresses the central nervous system in humans. Exposure to trans-1,2-DCE at 2200 ppm caused burning of the eyes, vertigo, and nausea. ANIMAL STUDIES: Dermal effects have been shown in laboratory animals exposed dermally to trans-1,2-DCE. Application of 170 mg/kg (0.5 mL) of trans-1,2-DCE for 24 hours to clipped, intact skin of 1 female and 5 male rabbits under an occlusive wrapping produced mild or moderate erythema at all observation times (24, 48 and 72 hours). Inhalation studies were performed on both mature female rats, weighing about 180-200 g, and mature female mice, weighing about 20 g. Both animals were given either a single 8 hr exposure at 200 ppm trans-1,2-DCE or an 8 hr inhalation dose at 200 ppm over 5 consecutive days for 1 or 2 wk. Histopathological organ changes were observed after single or repetitive doses of trans-1,2-DCE at 200 ppm including slight to severe fatty degeneration of the hepatic lobules and Kupffer cells over the controls. In developmental studies in pregnant rats, marginal maternal toxicity was seen at 2000 ppm and exposures to 6000 ppm trans-1,2-DCE or caused frank maternal toxicity while the fetus was affected only at 12,000 ppm. Therefore, trans-1,2-DCE is not considered to be uniquely toxic to the rat conceptus. trans-1,2-DCE was not mutagenic in tests using Salmonella typhimurium strains in vitro without metabolic activation and in vivo with metabolic activation (host-mediated assay), or in a cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow cells from female mice after single and repeated ip applications (5/day) 6, 24 and 48 hr following the last application. trans- and cis-1,2-DCE isomers inhibit their own metabolism in vivo by inactivation of the metabolizing enzyme, presumably the cytochrome P450 isoform, CYP2E1. trans-1,2-DCE was a more potent inhibitor of CYP2E1 than cis-DCE based on both in vivo and in vitro studies.
Trans-1,2-dichloroethene is a volatile, lipophilic molecule that easily moves through the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. It has a high affinity for lipids and blood, but little accumulation in tissues. 1,2-Dichloroethene isomers inhibit liver enzymes involved in metabolism and may increase the “toxic” response to other chemicals. Reactive metabolites of trans-1,2-dichloroethene modify the heme moiety of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450, resulting in a loss of both cytochrome P-450 and heme. Trans-1,2-dichloroethene can also mixed-function oxidase activities. Metabolism of trans-1,2-dichloroethene can lead to dose-related decrease in the levels of serum glutamicoxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). (L585)
L585: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1996). Toxicological profile for trans-1,2-dichloroethene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp87.html

11.1.2 EPA IRIS Information

Toxicity Summary
EPA IRIS Summary PDF (Update: Sep-30-2010 )
Critical Effect Systems
Immune
Reference Dose (RfD), chronic
2 x 10 ^-2 mg/kg-day

11.1.3 EPA Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values

Chemical Substance
Reference Concentration (RfC), Chronic
4 x 10^-2 mg/m^3
Reference Concentration (RfC), Subchronic
4 x 10^-1 mg/m^3
PPRTV Assessment
Weight-Of-Evidence (WOE)
See the IRIS entry for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
Last Revision
2020

11.1.4 RAIS Toxicity Values

Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration (RfCa) (mg/m^3)
11.9
Inhalation Acute Reference Concentration Reference
ATSDR Draft
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration (RfC) (mg/m^3)
0.04
Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration Reference
SCREEN Current
Inhalation Subchronic Reference Concentration (RfCs) (mg/m^3)
0.4
Inhalation Subchronic Reference Concentration Reference
SCREEN Current
Inhalation Short-term Reference Concentration (RfCt) (mg/m^3)
0.792965235173824
Inhalation Short-term Reference Concentration Reference
ATSDR Final
Oral Chronic Reference Dose (RfDoc) (mg/kg-day)
0.02
Oral Chronic Reference Dose Reference
IRIS Current
Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose (RfDos) (mg/kg-day)
0.2
Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose Reference
ATSDR Draft

11.1.5 USGS Health-Based Screening Levels for Evaluating Water-Quality

Chemical
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
USGS Parameter Code
34546
Chemical Classes
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)
MCL (Maximum Contaminant Levels)[μg/L]
100
Reference
Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

11.1.6 Carcinogen Classification

Carcinogen Classification
No indication of carcinogenicity (not listed by IARC). (L135)

11.1.7 Health Effects

Breathing trans-1,2-DCE can cause sever liver and kidney damages, pulmonary capillary hyperemia, as well as alveolar septal distention; depression of the central nervous sustem can occur; moderate iritis and conjunctivitis can follow eye exposure; dermatitis and irritation of mucous membranes can follow dermal exposure. Symptoms associated with lethal oral doses included decreased activity, ataxia, suppressed or total loss of righting reflex, and depressed respiration. (L585)
L585: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1996). Toxicological profile for trans-1,2-dichloroethene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp87.html

11.1.8 Exposure Routes

Inhalation (L585) ; oral (L585) ; dermal (L585) ; eye contact (L585)
L585: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1996). Toxicological profile for trans-1,2-dichloroethene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp87.html

11.1.9 Symptoms

Symptoms of trans-1,2-DCE exposure include nausea, dowiness, and tiredness. Mild or moderate erythema may follow dermal exposure, and skin or eye irritation can follow dermal/eye contact. (L585)
L585: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1996). Toxicological profile for trans-1,2-dichloroethene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp87.html

11.1.10 Target Organs

Dermal (Skin), Immunological (Immune System), Ocular (Eyes)
Immune

11.1.11 Adverse Effects

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

11.1.12 Acute Effects

11.1.13 Toxicity Data

LC50 (mice) = 21,723 ppm/6H (trans-isomer);
LC50 (rat) = 24,100 ppm
LD50: 1 300-10 000 mg/kg/day (Inhalation, Rat) (L585)
L585: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1996). Toxicological profile for trans-1,2-dichloroethene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp87.html

11.1.14 Minimum Risk Level

Acute Inhalation: 0.2 ppm (Rat) (L585) Acute Oral: 1 mg/kg/day (Rat) (L585) Intermediate Oral: 0.3 mg/kg/day (L585)
L585: ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1996). Toxicological profile for trans-1,2-dichloroethene. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp87.html

11.1.15 Treatment

Following inhalation exposure, move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. In case of seizures, administer a benzodiazepine IV. Irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes in case of eye exposure. Following dermal exposure, remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines. (T36)
T36: Rumack BH (2009). POISINDEX(R) Information System. Englewood, CO: Micromedex, Inc. CCIS Volume 141, edition expires Aug, 2009.

11.1.16 Interactions

Several nitriles, including allylnitrile and cis-crotononitrile, have been shown to be ototoxic and cause hair cell degeneration in the auditory and vestibular sensory epithelia of mice. However, these nitriles can also be lethal due in large part to the microsomal metabolic release of cyanide, which is mostly dependent on the activity of the 2E1 isoform of the cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1). In this study, we co-administered mice with a nitrile and, to reduce their lethal effects, a selective CYP2E1 inhibitor: diallylsulfide (DAS) or trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (TDCE). Both in female 129S1/SvImJ (129S1) mice co-treated with DAS and cis-crotononitrile and in male RjOrl:Swiss/CD-1 (Swiss) mice co-treated with TDCE and allylnitrile, the nitrile caused a dose-dependent loss of vestibular function, as assessed by a specific behavioral test battery, and of hair cells, as assessed by hair bundle counts using scanning electron microscopy. In the experiments, the CYP2E1 inhibitors provided significant protection against the lethal effects of the nitriles and did not diminish the vestibular toxicity as assessed by behavioral effects in comparison to animals receiving no inhibitor. Additional experiments using a single dose of allylnitrile demonstrated that TDCE does not cause hair cell loss on its own and does not modify the vestibular toxicity of the nitrile in either male or female 129S1 mice. In all the experiments, high vestibular dysfunction scores in the behavioral test battery predicted extensive to complete loss of hair cells in the utricles. This provides a means of selecting animals for subsequent studies of vestibular hair cell regeneration or replacement.
Saldana-Ruiz S et al; J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 14 (5): 661-71 (2013)
Environmental and occupational exposures are typically to mixtures of chemicals, although most toxicity information is for individual compounds. Interactions between chemicals may involve pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic effects resulting in modulation of toxicity. Therefore, physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling has been used to analyze data describing the metabolism of vinyl chloride (VC) and trichloroethylene (TCE) mixtures in rats. A single saturable pathway was modeled, representing cytochrome P450 2E1. This was partially validated using preexposure to trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (tDCE) which virtually eliminated in vivo metabolism of both VC and TCE at low concentrations. Microsomes from tDCE-exposed animals showed inhibition of metabolism of P450 2E1 substrates (chlorzoxazone, p-nitrophenol, and TCE) and no effect on 7-ethoxycoumarin deethylation. Studies with liver microsomes from VC-exposed animals found that neither suicide inhibition nor induction occurred during 6-hr exposures to high concentrations. Therefore, these effects were not modeled. Modeling of mixtures of VC and TCE was successful only using competitive inhibition, as might be predicted for cytochrome P450 2E1 substrates, and not uncompetitive or noncompetitive inhibition. These results were further confirmed by determining the depletion of glutathione due to VC metabolism. The validation of a detailed model for the inhibition kinetics of metabolism of these two compounds permits better understanding of the implications of coexposures for toxicity. It is notable that competitive inhibition only becomes significant at relatively high concentrations (tens of ppm), while at typical low environmental concentrations (ppb), absorption is perfusion limited and enzyme is in excess so that the chemicals will be metabolized independently.
Barton HA et al; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 130 (2): 237-47 (1995)

11.1.17 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3rd revised edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2007, p. 217-8
/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3rd revised edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2007, p. 218
/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of cardiac irritability and fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3rd revised edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2007, p. 218

11.1.18 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Inhalation of 6.8-8.8 mg/L (1,700-2,220 ppm) of trans-1,2-dichloroethene for 5 minutes, or of 4.8 mg/L (1,200 ppm) for 10 minutes, reportedly caused nausea, drowsiness, fatigue, vertigo, and intracranial pressure in two human subjects. It is uncertain whether the human subjects were exposed to a vapor or an aerosol; however, based on information on the volatility of trans-1,2-dichloroethene, it was likely a vapor. Also, the degree of purity of the trans isomer and the precise concentrations are unclear.
U.S. Dept Health & Human Services/Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry; Toxicological Profile for 1,2-Dichloroethene (CAS#: 540-59-0 (mixture); 156-59-2 (cis); 156-60-5 (trans); p.18 (August 1996). Available from, as of May 24, 2018: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Inhalation of high concentrations of vaporized trans-1,2-dichloroethene depresses the central nervous system in humans.
U.S. Dept Health & Human Services/Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry; Toxicological Profile for 1,2-Dichloroethene (CAS#: 540-59-0 (mixture); 156-59-2 (cis); 156-60-5 (trans); p.18 (August 1996). Available from, as of May 24, 2018: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Exposure to the trans-isomer at 2200 ppm caused burning of the eyes, vertigo, and nausea.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs with Other World Wide Occupational Exposure Values. 7th Ed. CD-ROM Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634 2013., p. 2

11.1.19 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ 1. We examined the effect of cis- and trans-1,2-dichloroethylenes (DCEs) on hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes in the male and female rat. Rats were treated intraperitoneally with 7.5 mmol/kg cis- or trans-1,2-DCE daily for 4 days. 2. Among the hepatic microsomal P450-dependent monooxygenase activities tested, testosterone 2 alpha-hydroxylase (T2AH) activity in the male rat, which is associated with CYP2C11, was decreased by both cis- and trans-1,2-DCE isomers. The levels to control activities were 53 and 63% respectively. Furthermore, immunoblotting showed that both isomers significantly reduced the CYP2C11/6 protein level in liver microsomes from the male. The levels of testosterone 6 beta-hydroxylase (T6BH) activity and CYP3A2/1 protein in the male rat were reduced by cis-1,2-DCE but not trans-1,2-DCE. 3. cis-1,2-DCE decreased ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (ECOD), benzyloxyresorufin O-debenzylase (BROD), chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylase (CZ6H) and testosterone 7 alpha-hydroxylase (T7AH) activities in the male rat by 29, 28, 34 and 27% respectively. On the other hand, trans-1,2-DCE significantly increased 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and 7-methoxyresorufin O-demethylase (MROD) activities in the male rat 1.4- and 1.9-fold respectively. Immunoblotting showed that cis-1,2-DCE reduced CYP1A1/2 and CYP2B1/2 protein levels, whereas trans-1,2-DCE increased CYP1A1/2 and CYP2B1/2 protein levels in the male rat. 4. The activities of other P450-dependent monooxygenases, namely benzphetamine N-demethylase (BZND), aminopyrine N-demethylase (APND), erythromycin N-demethylase (EMND) and lauric acid omega-hydroxylase (LAOH), in the male rat were hardly affected by either 1,2-DCE isomer. In the female rat there were no apparent changes in P450-dependent monooxygenase activities upon treatment with the 1,2-DCE isomers. 5. These results suggest that 1,2-DCEs mainly affect male-specific P450 isoforms in the rat liver and that these changes may relate to the toxicity of 1,2-DCEs.
Hanioka N et al; Xenobiotica 28 (1): 41-51 (1998)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Four groups of 5 male and 5 female rats were exposed whole body to an atmosphere of the test material /trans-1,2-dichloroethylene/ in air for a single 4-hour exposure period. A control group was exposed similarly except for exposure to the test substance. ... There was no apparent sex difference in the lethality response to the test material and the LC50 for the combined male and female rats was 24,100 ppm. All deaths occurred during exposures. One male and three females exposed to 22,500 ppm died. Three males and four females exposed to 28,100 ppm died. All rats exposed to 34,100 ppm died. No rats died at the 12,300 ppm exposure group. During exposures, the rats were prostrate, many had their eyes open, and showed a diminished or lack of response to an alerting stimulus. Rats appeared to recover and resume a normal appearance within about 30 minutes after the end of the exposure. Rats exposed to 22,500 or 28,100 ppm showed lethargy, irregular respiration or weakness immediately after exposure and slight to severe weight loss for one day. There were no effects on gross and microscopic pathology.
EPA/Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; High Production Volume Information System (HPVIS) on trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (156-60-5). Available from, as of May 25, 2018: https://iaspub.epa.gov/oppthpv/public_search.html_page
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Male and female rats, weighing 113 g and 102 g, respectively, were divided into five groups consisting of 10 rats per sex per group. Animals were fasted overnight before dosing. The test material /trans-1,2-dichloroethylene/ was administered as a solution in corn oil at a dose volume of 10 mL/kg. Dosages ranged from 450 mg/mL to 850 mg/mL. Hourly observations were made during the first 9 hours after administration of the test material followed by twice daily observations for the next 14 days. All animals that died during the observation period and all survivors were necropsied. The LD50 and confidence limit for male and female rats were 7902 (6805-9175) mg/kg and 9939 (6494-15213) mg/kg, respectively. All deaths occurred within 30 hours after dosing. Central nervous system depression, ataxia, and depressed respiration were observed at all doses; severity was dose-dependent. No treatment related gross necropsy findings were noted.
EPA/Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; High Production Volume Information System (HPVIS) on trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (156-60-5). Available from, as of May 25, 2018: https://iaspub.epa.gov/oppthpv/public_search.html_page
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Nine groups (8 per sex) of male and female mice were exposed via an 18 gauge stainless steel stomach tube after 18 hours of fasting. The dosing solutions were prepared in a 1:9 (v/v) solution of emulphor (a polyethoxylated vegetable oil) and deionized water and maintained in the dark at 4 degree C until used. The doses /of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene/ ranged from 800-3500 mg/kg. The mice were observed hourly for the first eight hours for behavioral changes and mortality, then twice /daily/ therafter for 14 days. All survived mice were necropsied and examined for gross pathology at the end of 14 day test period. No deaths occurred at doses up to 1200 mg/kg for males and females. The 3500 mg/kg dose was 100% lethal for males and 88% lethal for females. Deaths occurred over a 10 day period following the treatment. Necropsies were performed on all dead animals, and revealed evidence of hyperemia of mucosal surface of the stomach and small intestines. The LD50's with 95% confidence limits were 2122 (1874-2382) mg/kg for male mice and 2391 (2055-2788) mg/kg for female mice.
EPA/Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; High Production Volume Information System (HPVIS) on trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (156-60-5). Available from, as of May 25, 2018: https://iaspub.epa.gov/oppthpv/public_search.html_page
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (30 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.1.20 Non-Human Toxicity Values

LC50 Mouse inhalation 21,723 ppm/6 hr
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs with Other World Wide Occupational Exposure Values. 7th Ed. CD-ROM Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634 2013., p. 1
LD50 Rat oral 1235 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 45
LD50 Rat ip 7411 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 45
LD50 Mouse oral 2122 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 45
For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.1.21 Ongoing Test Status

EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of August 9, 2018: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]
The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Status of Agents Search page, which tabulates the results and current status of tests such as "Short-Term Toxicity Studies", "Long-term Carcinogenicity Studies", "Developmental Studies", "Genetic Toxicology Studies", etc., performed with this chemical. Testing status for trans-1,2-dichloroethylene is available.[Available from, as of August 9, 2018: https://ntpsearch.niehs.nih.gov/?e=True&ContentType=Testing+Status]

11.1.22 National Toxicology Program Studies

In the 14-week feed studies, groups of 10 male and 10 female rats and mice were fed diets containing microcapsules with a chemical load of 45% trans-1,2-dichloroethylene. Dietary concentrations of 3,125, 6,250, 12,500, 25,000, and 50,000 ppm microencapsulated trans-1,2-dichloroethylene resulted in average daily doses of 190, 380, 770, 1,540, and 3,210 mg/kg for male rats; 190, 395, 780, 1,580, and 3,245 mg/kg for female rats; 480, 920, 1,900, 3,850, and 8,065 mg/kg for male mice; and 450, 915, 1,830, 3,760, and 7,925 mg/kg for female mice. Additional groups of 10 male and 10 female rats and mice served as untreated and vehicle controls. There were no exposure-related deaths of rats or mice. Mean body weights of male rats and male and female mice in the 50,000 ppm groups were significantly less than those of the vehicle controls. The mean body weight gains of female mice in the 12,500 and 25,000 ppm groups were also significantly less than that of the vehicle controls. On day 21 and at week 14, there were mild decreases in hematocrit values, hemoglobin concentrations, and erythrocyte counts in groups of male and female rats in the 25,000 and 50,000 ppm groups. At week 14, these effects were seen in male rats exposed to 6,250 and 12,500 ppm. There were no exposure-related alterations in clinical chemistry parameters in rats or mice. The liver weights of female rats exposed to 6,250 ppm or greater were significantly greater than those of the vehicle controls. The absolute kidney weights of male rats exposed to 25,000 or 50,000 ppm were significantly decreased. No gross or microscopic lesions were observed in rats or mice that could be attributed to trans-1,2-dichloroethylene exposure. ... Very little toxicity was associated with ingestion of microencapsulated trans-1-2-dichloroethylene. Histopathology and clinical chemistry data, combined with body and organ weight data, revealed that the maximum tolerated dose was not reached in these studies.
DHHS/NTP; NTP Technical Report on the Toxicity Studies of trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (CAS No. 156-60-5) Administered in Microcapsules in Feed to F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice p. 9 (2002) Technical Rpt Series No. 55 NIH Pub No. 02-4410. Available from, as of May 23, 2018: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/results/pubs/shortterm/reports/abstracts/tox055/index.html
Neither cis-, trans-, nor cis,trans-1,2-dichloroethylene was mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA97 (cis isomer only), TA98, TA100, TA1535, or TA1537, with or without S9 metabolic activation enzymes. In CHO cells in vitro, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene induced sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in the absence of S9; with S9, the single trial that was performed yielded equivocal results. The cis,trans isomer induced significant increases in SCEs in cultured CHO cells with and without S9. In contrast to these positive results, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene gave negative results in the SCE test, with and without S9.
DHHS/NTP; NTP Technical Report on the Toxicity Studies of trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (CAS No. 156-60-5) Administered in Microcapsules in Feed to F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice p. 9 (2002) Technical Rpt Series No. 55 NIH Pub No. 02-4410. Available from, as of May 23, 2018: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/results/pubs/shortterm/reports/abstracts/tox055/index.html

11.2 Ecological Information

11.2.1 Ecotoxicity Values

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age < or = 24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 22 °C, pH 7.4-9.4, hardness 173 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 6.5-9.1 mg/L; Concentration: 230000 ug/L for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 200000-280000 ug/L) /> or =80% purity/
LeBlanc GA; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 24 (5): 684-91 (1980) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available from, as of May 19, 2013
LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age < or = 24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 22 °C, pH 7.4-9.4, hardness 173 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 6.5-9.1 mg/L; Concentration: 220000 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 170000-290000 ug/L) /> or =80% purity/
LeBlanc GA; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 24 (5): 684-91 (1980) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available from, as of May 19, 2013
LC50; Species: Lepomis machrochirus (bluegill); Conditions: static unmeasured bioassay; Concentration: 135,000 ug/L for 96 hr
USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Dichloroethylenes p.B-5 (1980) EPA 440/5-80-041

11.2.2 US EPA Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants

Resident Soil (mg/kg)
7.00e+01
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
3.00e+02
Resident Air (ug/m3)
4.20e+01
Industrial Air (ug/m3)
1.80e+02
Tapwater (ug/L)
6.80e+01
MCL (ug/L)
1.00e+02
Risk-based SSL (mg/kg)
2.10e-02
MCL-based SSL (mg/kg)
3.10e-02
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
2.00e-02
Chronic Inhalation Reference Concentration (mg/m3)
4.00e-02
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Soil Saturation Concentration (mg/kg)
1.85e+03

11.2.3 US EPA Regional Removal Management Levels for Chemical Contaminants

Resident Soil (mg/kg)
2.10e+02
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)
9.10e+02
Resident Air (ug/m3)
1.30e+02
Industrial Air (ug/m3)
5.30e+02
Tapwater (ug/L)
2.00e+02
MCL (ug/L)
1.00e+02
Chronic Oral Reference Dose (mg/kg-day)
2.00e-02
Chronic Inhalation Reference Concentration (mg/m3)
4.00e-02
Volatile
Volatile
Mutagen
Mutagen
Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract
1
Soil Saturation Concentration (mg/kg)
1.85e+03

11.2.4 Environmental Fate / Exposure Summary

trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene's production and use as a solvent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Under anaerobic conditions, that may exist in landfills or sediment, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene may be formed by reductive dehalogenation of trichloroethylene facilitated by microorganisms. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 331 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates trans-1,2-dichloroethylene will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase trans-1,2-dichloroethylene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals, ozone and nitrate radicals; the half-lives for these reactions in air are estimated to be 6.9, 57 and 310 days, respectively. trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene is expected to have high mobility based upon a reported Koc of 59. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected based upon a Henry's Law constant of 9.38X10-3 atm-cu m/mole. trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 0% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation may not be an important environmental fate process. However, field biodegradation half-lives of 21 and 23 days measured in two soils indicate that trans-1,2-dichloroethylene will degrade in soil. If released into water, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. In water, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene had field biodegradation half-lives of 26 and 27 days measured in two natural waters. Under anoxic conditions using uncontaminated organic sediment, 73% of the chemical was lost in 6 months with the accompanying formation of vinyl chloride, suggesting that anaerobic biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 4 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 11 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to trans-1,2-dichloroethylene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where trans-1,2-dichloroethylene is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population is not likely to be exposed to trans-1,2-dichloroethylene. (SRC)

11.2.5 Artificial Pollution Sources

trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene's production and use as a solvent(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Under anaerobic conditions, that may exist in landfills or sediment, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene may be formed by reductive dehalogenation of trichloroethylene facilitated by microorganisms(2).
(1) Verschueren K; Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons 1: 755 (2001)
(2) Fiorenza S et al; pp. 277-86 in Bioremediation of Chlorinated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds. Hinchee RE, ed. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Pub (1994)

11.2.6 Environmental Fate

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a reported Koc of 59(2), indicates that trans-1,2-dichloroethylene is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 9.38X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(3). trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 331 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). A 0% of Theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(5) suggests that biodegradation may not be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC). However, the half-lives of 21 and 23 days, measured in two soil studies indicate that trans-1,2-dichloroethylene will degrade in soil(6).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) Chu W, Chan K-H; Sci Total Environ 248: 1-10 (2000)
(3) Gossett JM; Environ Sci Tech 21: 202-6 (1987)
(4) Boublik T et al; The vapor pressures of pure substances. Vol. 17. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Sci Pub p. 98 (1984)
(5) NITE; Chemical Risk Information Platform (CHRIP). Biodegradation and Bioconcentration. Tokyo, Japan: Natl Inst Tech Eval. Available from, as of May 14, 2018: https://www.safe.nite.go.jp/english/db.html
(6) Olaniran AO et al; Chemosphere 63: 600-8 (2006)
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a reported Koc of 59(2), indicates that trans-1,2-dichloroethylene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 9.38X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 4 days, respectively(SRC). trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 11(SRC), from its log Kow of 2.09(7) and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. The half-life of trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene in two aquatic field biodegradation studies was 26 and 27 days(9). Under anoxic conditions using uncontaminated organic sediment, 73% of the chemical was lost in 6 months with the accompanying formation of vinyl chloride(10), suggesting that anaerobic biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) Chu W, Chan K-H; Sci Total Environ 248: 1-10 (2000)
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(4) Gossett JM; Environ Sci Tech 21: 202-6 (1987)
(5) Callahan MA et al; Water related fate of 129 priority pollutants. Vol II. Washington DC: USEPA, Of Plan Stds, Off Water Waste Manag USEPA 440/4-79-029b (1979)
(6) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
(7) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 4 (1995)
(8) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of May 14, 2018: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools
(9) Olaniran AO et al; Chemosphere 63: 600-8 (2006)
(10) Barrio-Lage G et al; Environ Sci Technol 20: 96-9 (1986)
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, which has a vapor pressure of 331 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase trans-1,2-dichloroethylene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals, ozone and nitrate radicals(SRC); the half-lives for these reactions in air are estimated to be 6.9, 57 and 310 days(SRC), calculated from respective rate constants of 2.34X10-12(3), 2.0X10-19(4) and 1.07X10-16(5) cu cm/molecule-sec. trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(6) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988)
(2) Boublik T et al; The vapor pressures of pure substances. Vol. 17. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Sci Pub p. 98 (1984)
(3) Kwok ESC, Atkinson R; Estimation of hydroxyl radical reaction rate constants for gas-phase organic compounds using a structure-reactivity relationship: an update. Riverside, CA: Univ CA, Statewide Air Pollut Res Ctr. CMA Contract No. ARC-8.0-OR (1994)
(4) Pompe M, Veber M; Atmos Environ 35: 3781-8 (2001)
(5) Gramatica P et al; Atmos Environ 37: 3115-24 (2003)
(6) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 8-12, 8-13 (1990)

11.2.7 Environmental Biodegradation

AEROBIC: Chlorinated ethenes generally resist biodegradation when incubated under aerobic conditions(1). trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene, present at 2.32 mg/L, reached 0% of its Theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 1 drop/L and the Japanese MITI test(2). trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene was recalcitrant in shake flask tests modified to accommodate volatile chemicals(3,4). The concentrations examined in these studies ranged from 0.80 to 25 ppm(3,4). A 21 day acclimation period and the addition of a lactose co-metabolite did not alter the biodegradability(3,4). Similarly, no biodegradation occurred in a river die-away test(4). In an enrichment biodegradability screening test employing a wastewater inoculum, the average total loss for trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, present at 5 ppm, was 67% in 7 days; 33% loss due to volatilization occurred in 10 days(5). It has been suggested that ammonia-oxidizing aerobic bacteria and facultative-sulfur bacteria can biodegradae chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons(1,6).
(1) ATSDR; Tox Profiles. 1,2-Dichloroethene. Available from, as of May 14, 2018: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp
(2) NITE; Chemical Risk Information Platform (CHRIP). Biodegradation and Bioconcentration. Tokyo, Japan: Natl Inst Tech Eval. Available from, as of May 14, 2018: https://www.safe.nite.go.jp/english/db.html
(3) Mudder TI, Musterman JL; PP. 52-3 in Preprints. Div Environ Chem Amer Chem Soc, Sept. Kansas City, MO (1982)
(4) Mudder TI; Diss Abstr Int B 42: 1804 (1981)
(5) Tabak HH et al: J Water Pollut Contr Fed 53: 1503-18 (1981)
(6) Fogel MM et al; Appl Environ Microbiol 51: 720-4 (1986)

AEROBIC: Field biodegradation studies of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene in soil and water were done in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa(1). Soil A (52% sand, 26.5% clay, 21.5% silt, microbial concentration 6.5X10+5 cfu/g); Soil B (80.25% sand, 8.25% clay, 11.5% silt, microbial concentration 3.0X10+5 cfu/g); Water A (pH 6.98, microbial concentration 13.25X10+5 cfu/g); Water B (pH 6.94, microbial concentration 3.4X10+5 cfu/g)(1).

Table: Biodegradation rates with calculated half-lives

Condition
Untreated
Soil A (rate (1/wk); half-life (days))
0.229; 21
Soil B (rate (1/wk); half-life (days))
0.215; 23
Water A (rate (1/wk); half-life (days))
0.182; 27
Water B (rate (1/wk); half-life (days))
0.185; 26
Condition
Bioaugmentation
Soil A (rate (1/wk); half-life (days))
0.330; 15
Soil B (rate (1/wk); half-life (days))
0.287; 17
Water A (rate (1/wk); half-life (days))
0.262; 19
Water B (rate (1/wk); half-life (days))
0.298; 16
Condition
Biostimulation
Soil A (rate (1/wk); half-life (days))
0.397; 12
Soil B (rate (1/wk); half-life (days))
0.341; 14
Water A (rate (1/wk); half-life (days))
0.338; 14
Water B (rate (1/wk); half-life (days))
0.347;14
Condition
Bioaugmentation and Biosimulation
Soil A (rate (1/wk); half-life (days))
0.401; 12
Soil B (rate (1/wk); half-life (days))
0.385; 13
Water A (rate (1/wk); half-life (days))
0.257; 19
Water B (rate (1/wk); half-life (days))
0.388; 13

(1) Olaniran AO et al; Chemosphere 63: 600-8 (2006)
ANAEROBIC: When trans-1,2-dichloroethylene was incubated with aquifer material obtained adjacent to a landfill site in a serum bottle at 17 °C, at least 16 weeks of incubation were required before disappearance began relative to autoclaved controls(1). After 40 weeks, the average concentration was reduced to 18% of controls and vinyl chloride was identified as a degradation product(1). Another investigator found that when trans-1,2-dichloroethylene was incubated anaerobically using an inoculum from a municipal waste digester in order to simulate conditions in a landfill, vinyl chloride appeared within 6 weeks(2). Biodegradation of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene was studied in microcosms prepared from uncontaminated organic sediment from the Everglades and allowed to sit to insure oxygen depletion(3). Under these anoxic conditions, 73% of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene was lost in 6 months with the accompanying formation of vinyl chloride(3).
(1) Wilson BH et al; Environ Sci Technol 20: 997-1002 (1986)
(2) Hallen RT et al; in ACS Div Environ Chem 192nd Natl Mtg 26: 344-6 (1986)
(3) Barrio-Lage G et al; Environ Sci Technol 20: 96-9 (1986)

11.2.8 Environmental Abiotic Degradation

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been reported as 2.34X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 6.9 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene with ozone has been reported as 2.0X10-19 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(2). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 57 days at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(3). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene with nitrate radicals has been reported as 1.07X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(4). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 310 days at an atmospheric concentration of 2.4X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(5). trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(6). trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(7) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
(1) Kwok ESC, Atkinson R; Estimation of hydroxyl radical reaction rate constants for gas-phase organic compounds using a structure-reactivity relationship: an update. Riverside, CA: Univ CA, Statewide Air Pollut Res Ctr. CMA Contract No. ARC-8.0-OR (1994)
(2) Pompe M, Veber M; Atmos Environ 35: 3781-8 (2001)
(3) Atkinson R, Carter WPL; Chem Rev 84: 437-70 (1984)
(4) Gramatica P et al; Atmos Environ 37: 3115-24 (2003)
(5) Atkinson R; Gas-Phase Troposphere Chemistry of Organic Compounds J Phys Chem Ref Data, Monograph 2 216 pp. (1994)
(6) Callahan MA et al; Water related fate of 129 priority pollutants. Vol II. Washington DC: USEPA, Off Plan Stds, Off Water Waste Manag USEPA 440/4-79-029b (1979)
(7) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 8-12, 8-13 (1990)

11.2.9 Environmental Bioconcentration

An estimated BCF of 11 was calculated in fish for trans-1,2-dichloroethylene(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.09(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.
(1) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 4 (1995)
(2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of May10, 2018: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/
(3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)

11.2.10 Soil Adsorption / Mobility

The Koc of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene has been reported as 59(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that trans-1,2-dichloroethylene is expected to have high mobility in soil.
(1) Chu W, Chan K-H; Sci Total Environ 248: 1-10 (2000)
(2) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)

11.2.11 Volatilization from Water / Soil

The Henry's Law constant for trans-1,2-dichloroethylene is reported as 9.38X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that trans-1,2-dichloroethylene is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life in an open beaker containing 1 ppm of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene at a solution depth of 6.5 cm under continuous stirring (200 rpm) was 24.0 min(3). trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 331 mm Hg(4).
(1) Gossett JM; Environ Sci Tech 21: 202-6 (1987)
(2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(3) Dilling WL et al; Environ Sci Technol 11: 405-9 (1977)
(4) Boublik T et al; The vapor pressures of pure substances. Vol. 17. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Sci Pub p. 98 (1984)

11.2.12 Environmental Water Concentrations

GROUNDWATER: As part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the USGS, the VOC concentrations were determined for untreated, ambient groundwater from the coterminous United States; the survey was conducted between 1985 and 1995 from 2948 wells; the range of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene concentrations in this survey were 0.2-20 ug/L in urban areas (detection frequency, 4.7%), and 0.2-9 ug/L in rural areas (detection frequency, 0.4%)(1). Of the 315 wells sampled from the outcrop area of the Potomac-Raritan-Mogothy aquifer system adjacent to the Delaware River, 4.6% contained trans-1,2-dichloroethylene(2). The chemical was absent from wells down dip of the outcrop area(2). trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene was detected in 4 groundwater samples in Montgomery County, MO in 1983 at 27-320 ppb with a mean of 158 ppb(3). The average concentration range of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene from the Biscayne aquifer in Miami, FL between Nov 1982 and March 1983 was 0.25-28 ppb for 12 samples (total) from 6 geographical areas defined within the study site(4). trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene was detected in 29 of 35 groundwater samples collected in 1980 from Southington, CT at a mean and maximum of 16 and 50,000 ppb, respectively(5). trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene was detected in 76 of 6264 ambient groundwater samples in the National Contaminant Occurrence Database (NCOD); the mean trans-1,2-dichloroethylene concentration was 5.14 ug/L (range, 0.2-41 ug/L)(6). In a National water-quality assessment program run on ground water samples from across the country, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene was not detected (detection limit 0.2 ug/L) in 579 samples(7). trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene was detected (detection limit 0.032 ug/L) in 13% of samples collected from 30 public supply wells located in southern New Jersey; samples were collected 1996 to 1998(8). The occurrence of organic priority pollutants originating from leachate at a landfill adjacent to a wetlands in Orange County, FL was compared to a prior one-year study(9). The concentration of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene in groundwater during the first year (1989-1990) of the study was 0.14 ug/L, while in the second year (1992-1993), the concentration was 6.22 ug/L in one sample(9). A western Connecticut manufacturing plant that used large quantities of high quality trichloroethylene for degreasing found that 7 of 9 monitoring wells around the plant contained 1.2 to 320.9 ppb of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene(10).
(1) Squillace PJ et al; Environ Sci Technol 33: 4176-87 (1999)
(2) Fusillo TV et al; Ground Water 23: 354-60 (1985)
(3) Dever RJ; J Am Water Works Assoc 78: 82-6 (1986)
(4) Singh UP, Orban JE; Water Resource Bull 23: 879-88 (1987)
(5) Hall DW; pp. 190-7 in Hazard Wastes Environ Emerg Manage Prev Cleanup Control Int Conf Exhib (1984)
(6) USEPA; National Contaminant Occurrence Database. trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene. Available from, as of May 25, 2018: https://www.epa.gov/dwstandardsregulations/national-contaminant-occurrence-database-ncod
(7) Grady SJ; in National Water-quality Assessment Program. National Synthesis on Volatile Organic Compounds. US Geological Survey, 1-85 (2003)
(8) Stackelberg PE et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 20: 853-65 (2001)
(9) Chen CS, Zoltek J; Chemosphere 31: 3455-3464 (1995)
(10) Stuart JD; Organics Transported Thru Selected Geological Media. NTIS PB83-224246 Comm Univ Storrs Inst of Water Res pp. 37 (1983)
GROUNDWATER: Groundwater samples collected July and December 1999 from 12 unspecified wells had trans-1,2-dichloroethylene concentrations of 0.037 to 150 mg/L(1). trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene was detected in 3% of 214 groundwater samples from 30 industrial sites in samples taken in 1999 in Taiwan(2). trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene was detected in groundwater wells in Bitterfeld, East Germany in the upper and lower tertiary aquifer levels at 2.0-18,000 and 0.5-4200 ug/L, respectively(3). Concentrations in an anaerobic aquifer beneath a workshop for locomotive engines in Copenhagen, Denmark were <0.1-1.4 ug/L. Samples in an anaerobic aquifer beneath an industrial area in Frederikssund, Denmark contained trans-1,2-dichloroethylene ranging from <0.1 to 85 ug/L; sampling was conducted in 1997 and 2000(4).
(1) Hunkeler D et al; Environ Sci Technol 39: 5975-81 (2005)
(2) Kuo MCT et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 65: 654-9 (2000)
(3) Nijenhuis I et al; Chemosphere 67: 300-11 (2007)
(4) Broholm K et al; Chemosphere 60: 1555-64 (2005)
SURFACE WATER: The concentration of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene in surface water from wetlands in Orange County, FL collected in a 1989-1990 study was 0.14 ug/L(1). The average concentration of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene in the influent at the Calumet and West-southwest waste water treatment plants in Illinois were 1.43 and 1.77 ug/L, respectively(2). In a National water-quality assessment program run on surface water samples from across the country, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene was not detected (detection limit 0.2 ug/L) in the 375 samples studied(3).
(1) Chen CS, Zoltek J; Chemosphere 31: 3455-3464 (1995)
(2) Namkung E, Rittmann BE; J WPCF 59: 670-8 (1987)
(3) Grady SJ; in National Water-quality Assessment Program. National Synthesis on Volatile Organic Compounds. US Geological Survey, 1-85 (2003)

11.2.13 Effluent Concentrations

In a comprehensive survey of wastewater from 4000 industrial and publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) sponsored by the Effluent Guidelines Division of the U.S. EPA, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene was identified in discharges of the following industrial categories (frequency of occurrence; median concentration in ppb): iron and steel mfg (2; 2265.9), organics and plastics (3; 14.6), inorganic chemicals (2; 3.9), rubber processing (2; 19.0), auto and other laundries (1; 60.6), explosives (1; 3.9), electronics (7; 140.7), mechanical products (2; 13.7), transportation equipment (1; 29.3), publicly owned treatment works (63; 16.3). The highest effluent concentration was 3013 ppb in the iron and steel mfg industry(1). In a survey of the industrial occurrences of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, 4 industries had wastewater discharges of >0.1 kg/day. These (industry (mean concentration (ppb); maximum concentration (ppb)) were: metal finishing (260;1700), photographic equipment/supplies (-;2200), nonferrous metal mfg (75;260), rubber processing (150;290)(2).
(1) Shackelford WM et al; Analyt Chim Acta 146: 15-27 (1983)
(2) USEPA; Treatability Manual - Vol I. USEPA-600/8-80-042 (1980)
Effluent, sampled July 1978, from the four largest publicly owned treatment works (POTW) in California contained <10 ppb of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, sludge from two of the plants contained 145 and 44 ug/L trans-1,2-dichloroethylene(1). Primary sludges, collected in 1978, from three POTWs treating municipal and industrial wastes contained 22, 1540, and 1317 ug/L of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene(2). At the Valley of the Drums waste site near Louisville, KY, water samples contained trace amounts to 75 ppb of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, while some sediment samples contained trace amounts(3). The concentration of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene in 3 sewage treatment effluents ranged from 31 to 43 ppb(4). In the National Urban Runoff Program in which samples of runoff were collected from 19 cities (51 catchments) in the US, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene was detected in Eugene, OR and Little Rock, AK (5% of the samples) at 1-3 ppb(5). In a four city study (Cincinnati, St. Louis, Atlanta, and Hartford) to determine the major source type of priority pollutants in tap water and POTW influents, it was found that 43%, 38%, and 28% of commercial sources, industrial sources, and POTW influents contained trans-1,2-dichloroethylene(6). The average level of the industrial sources was between 10 and 100 ppb while the others were <10 ppb(6). trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene was detected in 2% of trade effluents in England and Wales (1995) at an average concentration of 0.14 ug/L(7). The concentrations of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene in landfill leachates ranges from 1.6 to 88 ug/L(8).
(1) Young DR; Ann Rep South Calif Coastal Water Res Proj p.103-12 (1978)
(2) Feiler HD et al; pp.53-7 in Natl Conf Munic Ind Sludge Util Disposal, Silver Spring, MD (1980)
(3) Stonebraker RD, Smith AJ Jr; pp.1-10 in Control Hazard Mater Spills, Proc Natl Conf Nashville, TN (1980)
(4) Lao RC et al; pp.107-18 in Analytical Techniques in Environmental Chemistry II Albaiges J ed NY: Pergamon Press (1982)
(5) Cole RH et al; J Water Pollut Control Fed 56: 898-908 (1984)
(6) Levins P et al; Sources of Toxic Pollutants in Influents to Sewage Treatment Plants p.118 (1981) USEPA-440/4-81-008 NTIS PB81-219685
(7) Stangroom SJ et al; Environ Technol 19: 643-66 (1998)
(8) Christensen TH et al; Crit Rev Env Sci Technol 24: 119-202 (1994)
Air samples were collected from methane vents at 2 sanitary landfills in Long Island, NY (sampling date unspecified); the maximum concentration of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene was 75,600 ppb. The maximum concentration of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene was 59,000 ppb from 20 Class II landfills in California (sampling date not specified)(1).
(1) Lipsky D, Jacot B; Hazardous emissions from sanitary landfills. Proc 78th Ann Meet Air Pollut Control Assoc, Detroit, MI: June 16-21 (1985)

11.2.14 Sediment / Soil Concentrations

SEDIMENT: trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene has been detected, not quantified, in sediment/soil/water samples at the Love Canal(1).
(1) Hauser TR et al; Env Monit Assess 2: 249-72 (1982)
SOIL: trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene was detected in <1% of 705 soil samples from 30 industrial sites in samples taken in 1999 in Taiwan(1).
(1) Kuo MCT et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 65: 654-9 (2000)

11.2.15 Atmospheric Concentrations

URBAN/SUBURBAN: The concentration of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene in air at Edison, NJ (sampling date not specified) was 0.93 ppb(1). Air samples from Edison, NJ had a reported 3700 ng/cu m of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene(2). trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene was not detected (detection limit <1 ppbv) in 13 samples taken in US cities (3 in Louisiana, 4 in Texas, 5 in Vermont, 1 in New Jersey)(3).
(1) USEPA; Volatile organic chemicals in the atmosphere: An assessment of available data. Menlo Park, CA: SRI Int USEPA-600/3-83-027A p. 198 (1982)
(2) Brodzinsky R, Singh HB; Volatile Organic Chemicals In The Atmosphere Menlo Park, CA: SRI International 198 pp. (1982)
(3) Mohamed MF et al; Chemosphere 47: 863-82 (2002)

11.2.16 Food Survey Values

trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene was detected in three of 13 cheddar cheese samples at 10-24 ppb(1). trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene was not detected in 69 of 70 different food type samples (whole milk, vanilla ice milk, American, Swiss, or cream cheese, sour cream, vanilla ice cream, sherbet, popsicles, mixed nuts, ground beef, homemade meatloaf, chuck roast, pork bacon, hot dogs, bologna, salami, tuna, fish sticks, quarter pounder, chicken nuggets, fried chicken, french fries, quarter pounder/cheese, taco/tostada, cheese pizza, cheese/pepperoni pizza, strawberries, raisins, avocados, tomatoes, bananas, apples, oranges, coleslaw, scrambled eggs, peanut butter, cream style corn, white bread, blueberry muffins, corn chips, potato chips, fruit-flavored cereal, graham crackers, butter crackers, commercial chocolate cake, chocolate snack cake, cake doughnuts, brownies, sugar cookies, sweet rolls, chocolate chip cookies, sandwich cookies, apple pie, milk chocolate candy bar, caramels, cola, low-calorie cola, fruit-flavored drink, orange juice, margarine, butter, olive/safflower oil, milk or soy-based infant formula, strained/junior beef, carrots or apple juice) during the US FDA total diet program that was run 1996 to 2000 with samplings done four times a year(1).
(1) Fleming-Jones ME, Smith RE; J Agric Food Chem 51: 8120-7 (2003)

11.2.17 Fish / Seafood Concentrations

The concentration of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene in fish tissue taken from Port Defiance, Commencement Bay (Tacoma, WA) was 0.04 ppm(1). The concentration of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene in fish tissue from the Storet Database was 0.132 ppm(1).
(1) Nicola RM, Bachflower R; J Environ Health 49: 342-7 (1987)

11.2.18 Milk Concentrations

trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene was not detected in whole milk or milk-based infant formula during the US FDA total diet program that was run 1996 to 2000 with samplings done four times a year(1).
(1) Fleming-Jones ME, Smith RE; J Agric Food Chem 51: 8120-7 (2003)

11.2.19 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

Occupational exposure to trans-1,2-dichloroethylene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where trans-1,2-dichloroethylene is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population is not likely to be exposed to trans-1,2-dichloroethylene. (SRC)

11.2.20 Body Burden

trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene was not detected (detection limit 0.024 ppb) in blood samples collected from the general population, number of samples, sample dates and locations were not available(1). trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene was one of 110 chemicals monitored in blood and urine samples of 321 firefighters that responded to the Sept 11, 2001 World Trade Center collapse and 47 firefighters that were used as a control group(2). trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene was determined to be not statistically different for these groups(2).
(1) Ashley DL et al; Anal Chem 64: 1021-9 (1992)
(2) Edelman P et al; Environ Health Perspect 111: 1906-11 (2003)

12 Associated Disorders and Diseases

Associated Occupational Diseases with Exposure to the Compound

Encephalopathy, chronic solvent [Category: Chronic Poisoning]

Solvents, acute toxic effect [Category: Acute Poisoning]

Associated Occupational Diseases with Exposure to the Compound

Solvents, acute toxic effect [Category: Acute Poisoning]

Encephalopathy, chronic solvent [Category: Chronic Poisoning]

13 Literature

13.1 Consolidated References

13.2 Springer Nature References

13.3 Thieme References

13.4 Wiley References

13.5 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

13.6 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

13.7 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

14 Patents

14.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

14.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

14.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

14.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

14.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

15 Interactions and Pathways

15.1 Chemical-Target Interactions

16 Biological Test Results

16.1 BioAssay Results

17 Classification

17.1 ChEBI Ontology

17.2 ChemIDplus

17.3 CAMEO Chemicals

17.4 UN GHS Classification

17.5 EPA CPDat Classification

17.6 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

17.7 EPA DSSTox Classification

17.8 Consumer Product Information Database Classification

17.9 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

17.10 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

18 Information Sources

  1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
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    https://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html
  2. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
  3. Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
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    https://haz-map.com/About
    1,2-Dichloroethylene, all isomers
    https://haz-map.com/Agents/210
    trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
    https://haz-map.com/Agents/18086
  4. CAMEO Chemicals
    LICENSE
    CAMEO Chemicals and all other CAMEO products are available at no charge to those organizations and individuals (recipients) responsible for the safe handling of chemicals. However, some of the chemical data itself is subject to the copyright restrictions of the companies or organizations that provided the data.
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/help/reference/terms_and_conditions.htm?d_f=false
    1,2-DICHLOROETHYLENE, (TRANS ISOMERS)
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/17858
    CAMEO Chemical Reactivity Classification
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
  5. ChEBI
  6. Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
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    T3DB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (T3DB) and the original publication.
    http://www.t3db.ca/downloads
    trans-1,2-Dichloroethene
    http://www.t3db.ca/toxins/T3D0173
  7. Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS)
  8. CAS Common Chemistry
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CONTENTS