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Sodium phenoxide

PubChem CID
4445035
Structure
Sodium phenoxide_small.png
Sodium phenoxide_3D_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • Sodium phenoxide
  • 139-02-6
  • SODIUM PHENOLATE
  • Phenolate sodium
  • sodium benzenolate
Molecular Weight
116.09 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)
Parent Compound
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-09-14
  • Modify:
    2025-01-11
Description
Sodium phenolate, solid appears as a white to reddish colored solid in the form of crystalline rods. Used as an antiseptic and in organic synthesis.
Sodium phenolate is a phenolate. It has a role as a disinfectant.
An antiseptic and disinfectant aromatic alcohol.

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Sodium phenoxide.png

1.2 3D Conformer

3D Conformer of Parent

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

sodium;phenoxide
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C6H6O.Na/c7-6-4-2-1-3-5-6;/h1-5,7H;/q;+1/p-1
Computed by InChI 1.07.0 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)

2.1.3 InChIKey

NESLWCLHZZISNB-UHFFFAOYSA-M
Computed by InChI 1.07.0 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)

2.1.4 SMILES

C1=CC=C(C=C1)[O-].[Na+]
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

C6H5NaO
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

139-02-6

2.3.3 Deprecated CAS

2097263-74-4, 860383-26-2
860383-26-2

2.3.4 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.5 UNII

2.3.6 UN Number

2.3.7 ChEBI ID

2.3.8 ChEMBL ID

2.3.9 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.10 KEGG ID

2.3.11 NCI Thesaurus Code

2.3.12 Nikkaji Number

2.3.13 Wikidata

2.3.14 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

  • Carbol
  • Carbolic Acid
  • Hydroxybenzene
  • Phenol
  • Phenol, Sodium Salt
  • Phenolate Sodium
  • Phenolate, Sodium
  • Sodium Phenolate

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
116.09 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
116.02380906 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
116.02380906 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
23.1 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
8
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
50.5
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2024.11.20)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
2
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Sodium phenolate, solid appears as a white to reddish colored solid in the form of crystalline rods. Used as an antiseptic and in organic synthesis.
Colorless solid; [Merck Index] White deliquescent solid; [Hawley] White to reddish deliquescent solid; [HSDB] Powder; [MSDSonline]

3.2.2 Color / Form

White, deliquescent crystals
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 1153
Hygroscopic crystals
Haynes, W.M. (ed.) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 2010-2011, p. 3-462

3.2.3 Melting Point

384 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 2010-2011, p. 3-462

3.2.4 Solubility

Very soluble in water
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 1250
Soluble in alcohol
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 1250
Soluble in acetone
Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 68th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1987-1988., p. B-132

3.2.5 Vapor Pressure

0.00000003 [mmHg]

3.2.6 Decomposition

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /sodium oxide/.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3273
Decomposes in acid
Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 68th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1987-1988., p. B-132
Decomposed by carbon dioxide in the air
The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 1239

3.2.7 Corrosivity

The material and solutions are corrosive to metals.
Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads, Hazardous Materials Systems (BOE), 1987., p. 638

3.2.8 pH

Aqueous solution is caustic
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 1250

3.2.9 Other Experimental Properties

Deliquescent
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 1250
Decomposed by carbon dioxide in air
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 1153

3.3 Chemical Classes

Other Classes -> Phenols

3.3.1 Cosmetics

Antimicrobial
S13 | EUCOSMETICS | Combined Inventory of Ingredients Employed in Cosmetic Products (2000) and Revised Inventory (2006) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2624118

4 Spectral Information

4.1 1D NMR Spectra

4.1.1 13C NMR Spectra

Copyright
Copyright © 2016-2024 W. Robien, Inst. of Org. Chem., Univ. of Vienna. All Rights Reserved.
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4.2 IR Spectra

4.2.1 FTIR Spectra

Instrument Name
Bruker IFS 85
Technique
Film
Copyright
Copyright © 1989, 1990-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
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4.3 Raman Spectra

Technique
FT-Raman
Source of Spectrum
Forensic Spectral Research
Source of Sample
Sigma-Aldrich Company LLC
Catalog Number
<a href=https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/aldrich/318191>318191</a>
Lot Number
17313BH
Copyright
Copyright © 2015-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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6 Chemical Vendors

7 Drug and Medication Information

7.1 FDA National Drug Code Directory

7.2 Drug Labels

Active ingredient and drug

7.3 Therapeutic Uses

Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Disinfectants; Sclerosing Solutions; Sympatholytics
National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings online file (MeSH, 1999)
MEDICATION (VET): Antiseptic caustic. Topical anestheticin puritic skin conditions. Has been used internally and externally as an antiseptic.
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 1250
MEDICATION (VET): Technical grade sodium phenolate solutions had disinfectant properties against foot-and-mouth-disease virus; however, 3-5% aqueous solutions had weak toxic effects for warm-blooded animals.
RAVILOV AZ ET AL; UCH ZAP KAZAN VET INST 123: 162-8 (1976)
MEDICATION (Vet): Sodium phenolate (3, 12.5, 25, or 50% solutions, 50 mL) applied to the skin of chickens destroyed surface lice, mites, & bugs within 24 hr.
SELIVANOVA AS, MUKHANTSEV VP; PROBL PARAZITOL TR NAUCH KONF PARAZITOL UKR SSR, 7TH, 2: 236-8 (1972)

7.4 Drug Warnings

VET: Technical grade sodium phenolate solutions had disinfectant properties against foot-and-mouth-disease virus; however, 3-5% aqueous solutions had weak toxic effects for warm-blooded animals.
RAVILOV AZ ET AL; UCH ZAP KAZAN VET INST 123: 162-8 (1976)

7.5 Reported Fatal Dose

Ingestion of as little as 4.8 g of pure phenol caused death in 10 min. /Phenol/
NIOSH; Criteria Document: Phenol p.65 (1976) DHEW Pub NIOSH 76-196
... ingestion of 140 mg/kg caused death.
Cleland, J.G., G.L. Kingsbury. Multimedia Environmental Goals for Environmental Assessment. Volume 1. EPA-600/7-77-136a. Research Triangle Park, NC: EPA, Nov. 1977., p. E-182

8 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

8.1 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Anti-Infective Agents, Local
Substances used on humans and other animals that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. They are distinguished from DISINFECTANTS, which are used on inanimate objects. (See all compounds classified as Anti-Infective Agents, Local.)
Disinfectants
Substances used on inanimate objects that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. Disinfectants are classed as complete, destroying SPORES as well as vegetative forms of microorganisms, or incomplete, destroying only vegetative forms of the organisms. They are distinguished from ANTISEPTICS, which are local anti-infective agents used on humans and other animals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed) (See all compounds classified as Disinfectants.)
Sclerosing Solutions
Chemical agents injected into blood vessels and lymphatic sinuses to shrink or cause localized THROMBOSIS; FIBROSIS, and obliteration of the vessels. This treatment is applied in a number of conditions such as VARICOSE VEINS; HEMORRHOIDS; GASTRIC VARICES; ESOPHAGEAL VARICES; PEPTIC ULCER HEMORRHAGE. (See all compounds classified as Sclerosing Solutions.)

8.2 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Phenol is absorbed by all routes of administration and can reach circulation even when applied to intact skin. /Phenol/
Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 967
Renal excretion is principal route of elimination. In man 90% of non-toxic oral dose (0.01 mg/kg) of (14)C-labeled phenol was excreted in 24 hr, principally as sulfate (77% of the excreted label) and as glucuronide (16%), with small amounts of sulfate and glucuronide conjugates of ... hydroquinone. With larger doses, free (unmetabolized) phenol can presumably be found in urine. /Phenol/
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-346
/From/ intermittent indust exposure (5-10 min/hr) ... /to/ avg phenol concentration ... /of 48 ppm/ urine sulfate ratios were 79.4 & 86.7%. /Phenol/
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values, 4th ed., 1980. Cincinnati, Ohio: American Conference of Governmmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc., 1980., p. 328
After absorption into body ... traces of "free" phenol are eliminated with feces and expired air. /Phenol/
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 2571
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for SODIUM PHENOLATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

8.3 Metabolism / Metabolites

A portion of absorbed drug is oxidized to hydroquinone and pyrocatechol. Phenol/
Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 967
Phenols are subjected to oxidative metabolism leading to ortho- and para-hydroxylated products. These metabolites are then transformed into equimolar amounts of two conjugates, sulfates and glucuronides. /Phenols/
Britt DL, Hushon JM; Biological Effects, Crit Stand Haz Pollut Assoc Energy Technol p.29 (1976)
Metabolism in rabbits given a lethal dose of phenol (0.5 g/kg) resulted in: 47% oxidation to carbon dioxide and water plus traces of 1,4-dihydroxybenzene and ortho-dihydroxybenzene, 3% excreted in urine, 50% remaining in the carcass. Amounts were exhaled in air and excreted in the feces. Metabolism in rabbits given a sublethal dose of phenol (0.3 g/kg) resulted in: 23% oxidation to carbon dioxide and water plus traces of 1,4-dihydroxybenzene and ortho-dihydroxybenzene, 72% excreted in the urine, 4% remaining in the carcass, 1% excreted in the feces, and trace amounts exhaled in air. Urinary route resulted in either excretion as free phenol or as conjugate. Conjugation with sulfuric acid, glucuronic acid or other acids. /From table, Phenol/
Deichmann WB, Keplinger ML; Indus Hyg Toxicol p.1363 (1963) as cited in USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Phenol p.C-16-19 (1980) EPA 440/5-80-066
In man, 90% of oral dose of phenol was excreted in 24 hr, mainly as phenylsulfate (77% of 24 hr excretion) & phenylglucuronide (16%), with very small amt of quinol sulfate & glucuronide. These metabolites were also excreted by rat, mouse, jerbon, gerbil, hamster, lemming & guinea pig. /Phenol/
The Chemical Society. Foreign Compound Metabolism in Mammals Volume 3. London: The Chemical Society, 1975., p. 569

9 Use and Manufacturing

9.1 Uses

EPA CPDat Chemical and Product Categories
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
Sources/Uses
Used to make antiseptics and salicylic acid; Used therapeutically as local disinfectant, in sclerosing solutions, as a sympatholytic, and in solution as veterinary disinfectant and topical pesticide; [HSDB]
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure

Using Disinfectants or Biocides [Category: Clean]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

Antiseptic, salicylic acid, organic syntheses
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 1153
Antimicobial preservative useful in cosmetics
Rieger MM; Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (1999-2012). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Cosmetics. Online Posting Date: Apr 17, 2009
As an extraction intermediate in the recovery of tar acids and phenols from tar distillate oils. For extraction, the oils are mixed with an excess of 10% aqueous caustic soda which forms a crude sodium phenolate-sodium cresylate solution that is separated for additional processing and purification. The purified sodium solution is then decomposed in process called springing with a resulting yield of crude tar acids.
Betts WD; Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (1999-2013). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Tar and Pitch. Online Posting Date: Dec 4, 2000
As a general disinfectant, either in solution or mixed with slacked lime, ect, for toilets, stables, cesspools, floors, drains, etc; for the manufacture of colorless or light colored artificial resins, many medical and industrial compounds and dyes; as a reagent in chemical analysis. Pharmaceutical aid (preservative)
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 1250
MEDICATION (VET)

9.1.1 Use Classification

Cosmetics -> Antimicrobial
S13 | EUCOSMETICS | Combined Inventory of Ingredients Employed in Cosmetic Products (2000) and Revised Inventory (2006) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2624118

9.1.2 Household Products

Household & Commercial/Institutional Products

Information on 3 consumer products that contain Sodium Phenoxide in the following categories is provided:

• Commercial / Institutional

9.2 Methods of Manufacturing

... From phenol and sodium hydroxide in dilute methanol.
The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 1239
Phenol is dissolved in caustic soda solution, concentrated and crystallized.
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 1153

9.3 U.S. Production

Phenol, sodium salt is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).
EPA/Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program. Phenol, sodium salt (139-02-6). Available from, as of July 18, 2013: https://www.epa.gov/hpv/pubs/general/opptsrch.htm
Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule.
Year
1986
Production Range (pounds)
>10 million - 50 million
Year
1990
Production Range (pounds)
>10 million - 50 million
Year
1994
Production Range (pounds)
10 thousand - 500 thousand
Year
1998
Production Range (pounds)
>500 thousand - 1 million
Year
2002
Production Range (pounds)
>500 thousand - 1 million
US EPA; Non-confidential Production Volume Information Submitted by Companies for Chemicals Under the 1986-2002 Inventory Update Rule (IUR). Phenol, sodium salt (139-02-6). Available from, as of July 18, 2013: https://epa.gov/cdr/tools/data/2002-vol.html
Production volume for non-confidential chemicals reported under the 2006 Inventory Update Rule. Chemical: Phenol, sodium salt. Aggregated National Production Volume: 1 to < 10 million pounds.
US EPA; Non-Confidential 2006 Inventory Update Reporting. National Chemical Information. Phenol, sodium salt (139-02-6). Available from, as of July 18, 2013: https://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/index.cfm
Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: Phenol, sodium salt. National Production Volume: Withheld.
USEPA/Pollution Prevention and Toxics; 2012 Chemical Data Reporting Database. Phenol, sodium salt (139-02-6). Available from, as of July 18, 2013: https://java.epa.gov/oppt_chemical_search/

9.4 General Manufacturing Information

EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Phenol, sodium salt (1:1): ACTIVE

9.5 Sampling Procedures

EPA Method 8040: Phenols. For the detection of phenolic compounds, a representative sample (solid or liquid) is collected in a glass container equipped with a Teflon-lined cap. Care is taken to avoid sample contact with any plastic. ...
USEPA; Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste SW-846 (1986)

10 Identification

10.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

EPA Method 8040: Phenols. /SRP: Phenolates on acid hydrolysis will produce free phenol, which can then be extracted and quantitated by standard methods for that cmpd./ For the detection of phenolic compounds, a representative sample (solid or liquid) is collected in a glass container equipped with a Teflon-lined cap. Care is taken to avoid sample contact with any plastic. Maximum sample holding time after extraction is 40 days. Samples are extracted using the appropriate techniques and are analyzed by gas chromatography using the solvent flush technique, with detection achieved with a flame ionization detector (FID). For the preparation of pentafluorobenzylbromide (PFB) derivatives, additional cleanup procedures for electron capture gas chromatography is provided. Under the prescribed conditions, Phenol has a detection limit of 2.2 ug/L, a limit for the standard deviation of four measurements of 14.1 ug/L, and a range of the average recovery of 32.4-100.0 ug/L. /Phenols/
USEPA; Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste SW-846 (1986)
EPA Method 8250: Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for Semivolatile Organics, Packed Column Technique. /SRP: Phenolates on acid hydrolysis will produce free phenol, which can then be extracted and quantitated by standard methods for that cmpd./ This gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method is used to determine the concentration of semivolatile organic compounds in extracts prepared from all types of solid waste matrices, soils, and ground water. The practical quantitation limit for determining an individual compound is approximately 1 mg/kg (wet weight) for soil/sediment samples, 1-200 mg/kg for wastes, and 10 ug/L for ground water samples. ... For base/neutral compound detection, a 2-m by 2-mm ID stainless or glass column packed with 3% SP-2250-DB on 100/120 mesh Supelcoport or equivalent is used. For acid compound detection, a 2-m by 2-mm ID glass column packed with 1% SP-1240-DA on 100/120 mesh Supelcoport or equivalent is used.
USEPA; Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste SW-846 (1986)
EPA Method 8270: Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for Semivolatile Organics, Capillary Column Technique. /SRP: Phenolates on acid hydrolysis will produce free phenol, which can then be extracted and quantitated by standard methods for that cmpd./ This gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method is used to determine the concentration of semivolatile organic compounds in extracts prepared from all types of solid waste matrices, soils, and ground water. The practical quantitation limit for determining an individual compound is approximately 1 mg/kg (wet weight) for soil/sediment samples, 1-200 mg/kg for wastes, and 10 ug/L for ground water. This method is applicable to quantify most neutral, acidic, and basic organic compounds that are soluble in methylene chloride, including the title compound, and are capable of being eluted without derivatization as sharp peaks from a gas chromatographic-fused silica capillary column coated with a slightly polar silicone (30-m by 0.25-mm ID (or 0.32-mm ID) 1-um film thickness silicon coated fused silica capillary column (J&W Scientific DB-5 or equivalent).
USEPA; Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste SW-846 (1986)
EPA Method 604: /SRP: Phenolates on acid hydrolysis will produce free phenol, which can then be extracted and quantitated by standard methods for that cmpd./ A gas chromatography method for the analysis of phenol in municipal and industrial discharges, consists of a glass column, 1.8 m x 2 mm ID, packed with Supelcoport (80/100 mesh) coated with 1% SP-1240DA, with flame ionization detection, and nitrogen as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 30 ml/min. A sample injection volume of 2 to 5 uL is suggested, the column injection temperature is 80 °C programmed immediately at 8 °C/min to a final temperature of 150 °C. This method has a detection limit of 2.2 ug/L and an overall precision of 0.17 times the average recovery + 0.77 over a working range of 12.0 to 450 ug/L.
40 CFR 136 (7/1/87)
For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for SODIUM PHENOLATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.2 Clinical Laboratory Methods

/SRP: Phenolates on acid hydrolysis will produce free phenol, which can then be extracted and quantitated by standard methods for that cmpd./ Analyte: Phenol; Matrix: urine; Procedure: Gas chromatography, flame ionization detector; Treatment: acid hydrolysis, extraction; Range: 2-300 ug phenol/mL urine, 2-500 ug p-cresol/mL urine; Controls: pooled urine from unexposed workers; Est LOD: 0.5 ug/mL urine; Recovery: 94% @ 15 ug phenol/mL urine, 95% @ 50 ug p-cresol/mL urine; Precision: 0.128, 0.091; Interferences: o-phenylphenol has GC retention times similar to phenol
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with 1985 supplement, and revisions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1984., p. V1 8305-1

11 Safety and Hazards

11.1 Hazards Identification

11.1.1 GHS Classification

Pictogram(s)
Corrosive
Signal
Danger
GHS Hazard Statements
H314 (100%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]
Precautionary Statement Codes

P260, P264, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P321, P363, P405, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 49 reports by companies from 3 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

11.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Skin Corr. 1B (100%)

11.1.3 Health Hazards

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause environmental contamination. (ERG, 2024)

11.1.4 Fire Hazards

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Corrosives in contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. For electric vehicles or equipment, ERG Guide 147 (lithium ion or sodium ion batteries) or ERG Guide 138 (sodium batteries) should also be consulted. (ERG, 2024)

11.1.5 Hazards Summary

A strong skin and tissue irritant; [Hawley] Causes spastic paralysis and seizures in subcutaneous lethal-dose testing of mice; [RTECS] Forms corrosive solution in air--highly irritating to skin and eyes; [CAMEO] Toxic by ingestion; >4.8 grams is lethal dose; [HSDB] A corrosive substance that can cause injury to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract; Inhalation may cause chemical pneumonitis; Effects in high-dose animal studies include convulsions and spastic paralysis; [MSDSonline] See Phenol.
Hawley - Lewis RJ. _Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, _15th Ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2007.

11.1.6 Fire Potential

Not flammable or combustible
Sigma Aldrich Material Safety Data Sheet version 5.3 for Sodium phenoxide trihydrate (156150-40-2). Product number 318191 Revision date: August 24, 2012. Available from, as of August 5, 2013: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search?interface=All&term=sodium+phenolate&lang=en&region=US&focus=product&N=0+220003048+219853269+219853286&mode=match%20partialmax

11.1.7 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

Strong irritant to skin and tissue.
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 1153

11.2 First Aid Measures

11.2.1 First Aid

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required. (ERG, 2024)

11.3 Fire Fighting

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

11.3.1 Fire Fighting Procedures

Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Sigma Aldrich Material Safety Data Sheet version 5.3 for Sodium phenoxide trihydrate (156150-40-2). Product number 318191 Revision date: August 24, 2012. Available from, as of August 5, 2013: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search?interface=All&term=sodium+phenolate&lang=en&region=US&focus=product&N=0+220003048+219853269+219853286&mode=match%20partialmax
Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.
Sigma Aldrich Material Safety Data Sheet version 5.3 for Sodium phenoxide trihydrate (156150-40-2). Product number 318191 Revision date: August 24, 2012. Available from, as of August 5, 2013: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search?interface=All&term=sodium+phenolate&lang=en&region=US&focus=product&N=0+220003048+219853269+219853286&mode=match%20partialmax

11.4 Accidental Release Measures

11.4.1 Isolation and Evacuation

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

11.4.2 Cleanup Methods

Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Do not let product enter drains. Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.
Sigma Aldrich Material Safety Data Sheet version 5.3 for Sodium phenoxide trihydrate (156150-40-2). Product number 318191 Revision date: August 24, 2012. Available from, as of August 5, 2013: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search?interface=All&term=sodium+phenolate&lang=en&region=US&focus=product&N=0+220003048+219853269+219853286&mode=match%20partialmax

11.4.3 Disposal Methods

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.
A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids. /Phenol/
USEPA; Engineering Handbook for Hazardous Waste Incineration (1981) EPA 68-03-3025

11.4.4 Preventive Measures

Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.
Sigma Aldrich Material Safety Data Sheet version 5.3 for Sodium phenoxide trihydrate (156150-40-2). Product number 318191 Revision date: August 24, 2012. Available from, as of August 5, 2013: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search?interface=All&term=sodium+phenolate&lang=en&region=US&focus=product&N=0+220003048+219853269+219853286&mode=match%20partialmax
Handle with gloves. Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.
Sigma Aldrich Material Safety Data Sheet version 5.3 for Sodium phenoxide trihydrate (156150-40-2). Product number: 318191 Revision date: August 24, 2012. Available from, as of August 5, 2013: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search?interface=All&term=sodium+phenolate&lang=en&region=US&focus=product&N=0+220003048+219853269+219853286&mode=match%20partialmax
Face shield and safety glasses Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).
Sigma Aldrich Material Safety Data Sheet version 5.3 for Sodium phenoxide trihydrate (156150-40-2). Product number 318191 Revision date: August 24, 2012. Available from, as of August 5, 2013: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search?interface=All&term=sodium+phenolate&lang=en&region=US&focus=product&N=0+220003048+219853269+219853286&mode=match%20partialmax
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Sigma Aldrich Material Safety Data Sheet version 5.3 for Sodium phenoxide trihydrate (156150-40-2). Product number 318191 Revision date: August 24, 2012. Available from, as of August 5, 2013: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search?interface=All&term=sodium+phenolate&lang=en&region=US&focus=product&N=0+220003048+219853269+219853286&mode=match%20partialmax

11.5 Handling and Storage

11.5.1 Nonfire Spill Response

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

11.5.2 Storage Conditions

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Sigma Aldrich Material Safety Data Sheet version 5.3 for Sodium phenoxide trihydrate (156150-40-2). Product number 318191 Revision date: August 24, 2012. Available from, as of August 5, 2013: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search?interface=All&term=sodium+phenolate&lang=en&region=US&focus=product&N=0+220003048+219853269+219853286&mode=match%20partialmax

11.6 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

11.6.1 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Sigma Aldrich Material Safety Data Sheet version 5.3 for Sodium phenoxide trihydrate (156150-40-2). Product number 318191 Revision date: August 24, 2012. Available from, as of August 5, 2013: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search?interface=All&term=sodium+phenolate&lang=en&region=US&focus=product&N=0+220003048+219853269+219853286&mode=match%20partialmax

11.7 Stability and Reactivity

11.7.1 Air and Water Reactions

Decomposes in air. Soluble in water. In both cases, a corrosive alkaline solution forms that is a strong irritant to skin and eyes.

11.7.2 Reactive Group

Phenolic Salts

11.7.3 Reactivity Profile

Salts, basic, such as SODIUM PHENOLATE, are generally soluble in water. The resulting solutions contain moderate concentrations of hydroxide ions and have pH's greater than 7.0. They react as bases to neutralize acids. These neutralizations generate heat, but less or far less than is generated by neutralization of the bases in reactivity group 10 (Bases) and the neutralization of amines. They usually do not react as either oxidizing agents or reducing agents but such behavior is not impossible.

11.8 Transport Information

11.8.1 DOT Emergency Guidelines

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Phenolates, liquid; Phenolates, solid/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. /Phenolates, liquid; Phenolates, solid/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Phenolates, liquid; Phenolates, solid/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Phenolates, liquid; Phenolates, solid/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for SODIUM PHENOLATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.8.2 DOT Label

Corrosive

11.9 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: Phenol, sodium salt
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Phenol, sodium salt: Does not have an individual approval but may be used as a component in a product covered by a group standard. It is not approved for use as a chemical in its own right.

11.9.1 Atmospheric Standards

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Sodium phenate is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.
40 CFR 60.489 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of July 18, 2013: https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/ECFR?page=browse

11.10 Other Safety Information

11.10.1 Special Reports

NIOSH; Criteria Document: Phenol p.65 (1976) DHEW Pub NIOSH 76-196
USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Phenol p.C-16-19 (1980) EPA 440/5-80-066

12 Toxicity

12.1 Toxicological Information

12.1.1 Adverse Effects

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as secondary toxic effect

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

12.1.2 Acute Effects

12.1.3 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Phenols and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 277
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Administer activated charcoal ... . Do not use emetics. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . Maintain body temperature. /Phenols and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 277
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam. ... Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Phenols and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 277

12.1.4 Medical Surveillance

... There is some suggestive evidence that a biologic monitoring method may be useful for detecting an excessive internal dose on an individual ... and/or on a group basis /for phenol/. Tentative max value in urine <20 mg/g creatinine, permissible value 300 mg/g creatinine. /From table/
Doull, J., C.D.Klassen, and M.D. Amdur (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 3rd ed., New York: Macmillan Co., Inc., 1986., p. 913
Physical examinations of exposed personnel annually, including studies of liver and kidney function. /Protect/ those individuals with diseases of central nervous system, liver, kidney, and lung. /Phenol/
ITII. Toxic and Hazarous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual. Tokyo, Japan: The International Technical Information Institute, 1982., p. 406

12.1.5 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Burning pain in mouth and throat. White necrotic lesions in mouth, esophagus and stomach. Abdominal pain, vomiting ... and bloody diarrhea. Pallor, sweating, weakness, headache, dizziness, tinnitus. Shock: Weak irregular pulse, hypotension, shallow respirations, cyanosis, pallor, and a profound fall in body temperature. Possibly fleeting excitement and confusion, followed by unconsciousness ... Stentorous breathing, mucous rales, rhonchi, frothing at nose and mouth and other signs of pulmonary edema are sometimes seen. Characteristic odor of phenol on the breath. Scanty, dark-colored ... urine ... moderately severe renal insufficiency may appear.Methemoglobinemia, Heinz body hemolytic anemia and hyperbilirubinemia have been reported ... Death from respiratory, circulatory or cardiac failure. If spilled on skin, pain is followed promptly by numbness. The skin becomes blanched, and a dry opaque eschar forms over the burn. When the eschar sloughs off, a brown stain remains. /Phenol/
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-346
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Oral ingestion can result in mucocutaneous and gastrointestinal corrosion. Both oral ingestion and extensive application to the skin can cause systemic toxicity manifested by transient CNS stimulation followed by CNS and cardiovascular depression; death may result. /Phenol/
Gilman, A.G., L.S.Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 7th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1985., p. 970
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ 14 mg/kg resulted in gastrointestinal effects, and ingestion of 140 mg/kg caused death.
Cleland, J.G., G.L. Kingsbury. Multimedia Environmental Goals for Environmental Assessment. Volume 1. EPA-600/7-77-136a. Research Triangle Park, NC: EPA, Nov. 1977., p. E-182
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Severe & fatal phenol poisonings have occurred after such superficial exposure as to suggest hypersensitivity or idiosyncrasy. /Phenol/
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-345
For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for SODIUM PHENOLATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.1.6 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Sodium phenolate (3, 12.5, 25, or 50% solutions, 50 mL) applied to the skin of chickens destroyed surface lice, mites, & bugs within 24 hr. The 3 highest concentrations produced temporary hyperemia, hematologic shifts, & behavior changes in chickens, rabbits, & mice. Repeated (4-8 times) topical application produced prolonged (2-3 days) exfoliative dermatitis & hyperemia in rabbits.
SELIVANOVA AS, MUKHANTSEV VP; PROBL PARAZITOL TR NAUCH KONF PARAZITOL UKR SSR, 7TH, 2: 236-8 (1972)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Crystalline or concentrated aqueous phenol on rabbit eyes causes almost instantaneous white opacification of corneal epithelium. Hr after application cornea is anesthetized, surface ulcerated & stroma opaque. In 5 weeks there is entropion, scarring of conjunctiva & opacity of cornea. /Phenol/
Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 720
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Glaucoma has been induced experimentally in rabbits by injecting 5% phenol in almond oil subconjunctivally in all four quadrants. /Phenol/
Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 720
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ /Investigators/ injected rats /with phenol/ ip on days 8-10 or 11-15 /of gestation/ with up to 200 mg/kg. No adverse fetal effects were observed. /Phenol/
Shepard, T.H. Catalog of Teratogenic Agents. 5th ed. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986., p. 448
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for SODIUM PHENOLATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.1.7 Human Toxicity Values

... ingestion of 140 mg/kg caused death.
Cleland, J.G., G.L. Kingsbury. Multimedia Environmental Goals for Environmental Assessment. Volume 1. EPA-600/7-77-136a. Research Triangle Park, NC: EPA, Nov. 1977., p. E-182

12.1.8 Populations at Special Risk

Those affected with hepatic or kidney diseases should not be exposed to phenol for any length of time, because even intermittent exposure to vapors ... may become dangerous, particularly when ... handled at elevated temp. /Phenol/
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 2578

12.2 Ecological Information

12.2.1 Ecotoxicity Excerpts

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Phenol is very toxic to fish and has a nearly unique quality of tainting the taste of fish if present in marine environments at 0.1-1.0 ppm. /Phenol/
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. 17(82) 382

12.2.2 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of sodium phenolate is 100 to 999; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).
(1) US EPA; Inventory Update Reporting (IUR). Non-confidential 2006 IUR Records by Chemical, including Manufacturing, Processing and Use Information. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available from, as of June 3, 2013: https://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/index.cfm
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 7152 workers (1339 of these were female) were potentially exposed to sodium phenolate in the USA(1). Occupational exposure to sodium phenolate may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where sodium phenolate is produced or used. Use of sodium phenolate as an antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics(2) and in antiseptics(3) indicate that the general population may be exposed to sodium phenolate via dermal contact with this compound in consumer products containing sodium phenolate(SRC).
(1) NIOSH; NOES. National Occupational Exposure Survey conducted from 1981-1983. Estimated numbers of employees potentially exposed to specific agents by 2-digit standard industrial classification (SIC). Available from, as of June 3, 2013: https://www.cdc.gov/noes/
(2) Rieger MM; Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (1999-2012). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Cosmetics. Online Posting Date: Apr 17, 2009.
(3) Lewis RJ Sr; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY, p. 1153 (2007)

13 Literature

13.1 Consolidated References

13.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

13.3 Springer Nature References

13.4 Thieme References

13.5 Wiley References

13.6 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

13.7 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

13.8 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

14 Patents

14.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

14.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

14.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

14.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

14.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

15 Biological Test Results

15.1 BioAssay Results

16 Classification

16.1 MeSH Tree

16.2 NCI Thesaurus Tree

16.3 ChEBI Ontology

16.4 ChemIDplus

16.5 CAMEO Chemicals

16.6 UN GHS Classification

16.7 EPA CPDat Classification

16.8 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

16.9 EPA DSSTox Classification

16.10 Consumer Product Information Database Classification

16.11 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

16.12 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

16.13 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

17 Information Sources

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    CAMEO Chemical Reactivity Classification
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
  3. ChemIDplus
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  4. EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
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  11. ChEBI
  12. ChEMBL
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    https://www.whatsinproducts.com/contents/view/1/6
    Consumer Products Category Classification
    https://www.whatsinproducts.com/
  14. DailyMed
  15. EPA Chemical and Products Database (CPDat)
  16. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
  17. KEGG
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    https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/legal.html
  18. National Drug Code (NDC) Directory
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    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  19. NCI Thesaurus (NCIt)
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    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
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    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
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  21. SpectraBase
  22. Springer Nature
  23. Thieme Chemistry
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    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
    Anti-Infective Agents, Local
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68000891
  28. PubChem
  29. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  30. EPA Substance Registry Services
  31. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
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CONTENTS