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alpha-D-GALACTOSE

PubChem CID
439357
Structure
alpha-D-GALACTOSE_small.png
alpha-D-GALACTOSE_3D_Structure.png
alpha-D-GALACTOSE__Crystal_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • alpha-D-galactose
  • Alpha-D-Galactopyranose
  • 3646-73-9
  • Alpha D-Galactose
  • a-d-galactose
Molecular Weight
180.16 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-06-23
  • Modify:
    2025-01-11
Description
Alpha-D-galactose is d-Galactopyranose having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre. It has a role as a mouse metabolite. It is an enantiomer of an alpha-L-galactose.
Alpha-D-Galactose is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655).
Alpha D-Galactose has been reported in Cuphea appendiculata, Primula veris, and other organisms with data available.
See also: Biosaccharide GUM-3 (monomer of); Rhizobian gum (monomer of); Guaraprolose (3500 mpa.S AT 1%) (monomer of) ... View More ...

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
alpha-D-GALACTOSE.png

1.2 3D Conformer

1.3 Crystal Structures

COD Number
Associated Article
Kouwijzer, M. L. C. E.; van Eijck, B. P.; Kooijman, H.; Kroon, J.. An extension of the GROMOS force field for carbohydrates, resulting in improvement of the crystal structure determination of α-D-galactose. Acta Crystallographica Section B 1995;51(2):209-220. DOI: 10.1107/S0108768194011262
Crystal Structure Depiction
Crystal Structure Depiction
Hermann-Mauguin space group symbol
P 21 21 21
Hall space group symbol
P 2ac 2ab
Space group number
19
a
5.8999 Å
b
7.8433 Å
c
15.685 Å
α
90.00 °
β
90.00 °
γ
90.00 °
Z
4
Z'
1
Residual factor
0.0611
Weighted residual factor
0.1649

2 Biologic Description

1 of 2
SVG Image
SVG Image
IUPAC Condensed
a-Gal
LINUCS
[][a-D-Galp]{}
IUPAC
alpha-D-galacto-hexopyranose
2 of 2
Permethylated Mass
Monosaccharide Composition

3 Names and Identifiers

3.1 Computed Descriptors

3.1.1 IUPAC Name

(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

3.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2-,3+,4+,5-,6+/m1/s1
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

3.1.3 InChIKey

WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-PHYPRBDBSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

3.1.4 SMILES

C([C@@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](O1)O)O)O)O)O
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

3.2 Molecular Formula

C6H12O6
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

3.3 Other Identifiers

3.3.1 CAS

3.3.2 Deprecated CAS

31178-74-2, 6189-63-5

3.3.3 UNII

3.3.4 ChEBI ID

3.3.5 ChEMBL ID

3.3.6 DSSTox Substance ID

3.3.7 HMDB ID

3.3.8 KEGG ID

3.3.9 Metabolomics Workbench ID

3.3.10 Nikkaji Number

3.3.11 Wikidata

3.4 Synonyms

3.4.1 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

4 Chemical and Physical Properties

4.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
180.16 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
XLogP3-AA
Property Value
-2.6
Reference
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
5
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
6
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
180.06338810 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
180.06338810 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
110 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
12
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
151
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
5
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

4.2 Experimental Properties

4.2.1 Physical Description

Solid

4.2.2 Melting Point

170 °C

4.2.3 Solubility

683.0 mg/mL

4.2.4 Collision Cross Section

142 Ų [M+Na]+
S50 | CCSCOMPEND | The Unified Collision Cross Section (CCS) Compendium | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2658162

4.3 SpringerMaterials Properties

5 Spectral Information

5.1 1D NMR Spectra

1D NMR Spectra

5.1.1 1H NMR Spectra

1 of 2
Spectra ID
Instrument Type
Varian
Frequency
500 MHz
Solvent
Water
pH
7.00
Shifts [ppm]:Intensity
3.76:46.87, 3.72:40.57, 3.78:14.59, 3.86:12.40, 3.85:10.50, 5.25:15.85, 3.50:52.61, 3.70:40.61, 3.65:42.68, 3.98:21.89, 3.46:46.95, 3.68:26.87, 3.98:26.07, 4.08:9.10, 3.72:38.53, 3.73:55.22, 3.62:55.21, 3.64:40.81, 3.81:32.51, 3.92:54.21, 3.92:51.25, 3.79:19.10, 4.06:11.65, 3.84:25.79, 4.07:15.65, 3.73:55.05, 3.80:31.37, 3.71:46.95, 3.83:27.18, 3.70:40.21, 3.48:60.77, 3.63:54.96, 3.48:50.36, 5.26:15.59, 3.75:100.00, 3.69:35.28, 3.77:12.70, 3.74:86.62
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Spectra ID
Instrument Type
Bruker
Solvent
D2O
pH
7.4
Shifts [ppm]:Intensity
4.09:1.46, 3.97:3.12, 3.78:1.37, 3.91:6.77, 3.71:5.79, 3.97:2.91, 4.58:8.32, 3.72:5.10, 3.46:2.24, 3.69:3.31, 3.77:1.33, 3.62:5.16, 5.25:2.87, 3.73:9.86, 3.78:1.30, 3.84:2.81, 4.08:1.81, 4.07:1.52, 3.85:1.58, 4.57:8.51, 3.85:1.34, 3.63:5.29, 5.25:2.86, 3.80:2.86, 3.48:2.57, 3.64:4.54, 3.65:4.46, 3.72:5.05, 3.75:5.74, 3.69:2.34, 3.80:2.74, 3.76:1.91, 3.49:3.07, 3.74:15.00, 3.92:6.48, 3.48:3.17, 3.70:3.84, 3.83:2.74, 3.72:5.58
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5.1.2 13C NMR Spectra

1 of 4
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Spectra ID
Instrument Type
Bruker
Frequency
125 MHz
Solvent
Water
pH
7.00
Shifts [ppm]:Intensity
63.94:40.56, 95.04:44.47, 71.55:80.97, -0.00:15.93, 71.18:46.09, 99.22:93.93, 63.75:80.55, 71.98:45.73, 75.62:87.00, 74.75:83.75, 77.83:95.85, 73.17:45.82, 72.10:41.62
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2 of 4
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Spectra ID
Frequency
400 MHz
Solvent
H2O
Shifts [ppm]
71.18, 95.04, 72.10, 71.98, 63.94, 73.17
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5.1.3 17O NMR Spectra

Copyright
Copyright © 2016-2024 W. Robien, Inst. of Org. Chem., Univ. of Vienna. All Rights Reserved.
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5.2 2D NMR Spectra

5.2.1 1H-1H NMR Spectra

2D NMR Spectra Type
1H-1H TOCSY
Spectra ID
Shifts [ppm] (F2:F1)
5.26:5.38, 4.01:5.21, 3.62:4.59, 3.59:3.73, 3.56:3.90, 5.21:5.21, 4.13:3.92, 3.81:3.81, 3.75:3.92, 3.77:4.16, 3.56:3.56, 3.29:3.73, 4.08:4.16, 4.77:3.92, 3.98:3.77, 3.54:3.73, 4.95:3.70, 4.16:5.28, 3.98:5.25, 4.07:3.83, 3.76:3.89, 4.11:3.91, 3.83:3.98, 3.33:3.70, 4.06:3.71, 4.53:3.52, 4.20:3.91, 3.63:3.92, 3.62:3.63, 3.48:3.63, 5.46:5.46, 3.78:3.62, 4.08:5.21, 3.67:3.77, 4.09:3.74, 3.49:3.50, 5.25:3.78, 3.64:3.46, 4.86:3.74, 3.68:4.08, 4.42:3.73, 4.57:3.32, 3.71:4.05, 5.25:3.98, 4.57:3.46, 3.49:3.48, 3.81:5.25, 3.45:3.73, 3.92:4.57, 3.51:3.91, 4.26:3.91, 3.98:3.67, 3.74:4.06, 3.65:3.66, 3.76:3.79, 3.64:4.56, 4.06:3.73, 3.83:3.91, 4.57:3.92, 3.74:3.74, 3.92:3.92, 5.25:3.83, 4.08:4.08, 3.79:4.07, 3.92:3.62, 4.26:4.25, 3.88:3.67, 5.25:3.80, 4.13:3.97, 4.37:3.91, 3.92:4.58, 3.34:3.68, 5.25:3.86, 3.92:3.70, 3.78:3.67, 3.92:3.48, 3.98:4.08, 3.72:3.62, 4.16:4.16, 4.03:3.85, 3.98:3.73, 3.70:3.92, 3.61:3.73, 3.48:3.64, 4.10:4.00, 3.98:3.81, 3.91:3.76, 3.87:3.73, 4.08:5.28, 3.71:3.55, 5.21:4.08, 3.64:3.29, 4.16:4.18, 3.34:3.34, 5.20:3.79, 4.18:3.97, 5.21:4.00, 5.21:4.01, 3.37:3.70, 4.08:3.65, 4.08:3.77, 4.16:4.08, 4.57:3.66, 3.92:3.65, 3.83:3.83, 3.44:3.70, 4.58:4.56, 5.25:5.26, 3.98:3.86, 3.85:3.69, 3.48:4.58, 3.64:3.32, 4.57:3.43, 5.43:5.25, 4.57:4.59, 4.57:3.50, 5.21:4.11, 3.76:5.27, 3.92:3.50, 3.79:4.04, 4.58:3.37, 3.69:3.52, 3.91:3.85, 3.62:3.62, 3.38:3.73, 3.63:3.65, 3.71:3.58, 3.92:3.74, 3.53:3.70, 3.78:4.11, 4.28:3.70, 4.02:4.01, 3.72:5.25, 3.64:3.48, 4.09:3.71, 3.98:3.98, 3.70:3.79, 3.98:3.71, 4.24:3.73, 4.58:3.62, 3.92:3.60, 4.77:3.47, 4.78:4.78, 3.65:3.61, 4.08:3.98, 3.79:4.01, 4.08:3.67, 3.48:3.45, 3.48:3.93, 3.92:3.46, 3.64:3.50, 3.73:4.10, 4.75:3.65, 3.45:3.91, 3.84:3.86, 5.27:4.08, 4.57:3.48, 3.82:4.07, 3.67:3.58, 3.72:3.65, 3.72:3.71, 3.98:3.83, 3.66:3.79, 3.72:3.60, 4.57:3.29, 4.16:3.76, 3.72:3.98
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5.2.2 1H-13C NMR Spectra

2D NMR Spectra Type
1H-13C HSQC
Spectra ID
Instrument Type
Bruker
Frequency
400 MHz
Solvent
Water
pH
7.00
Shifts [ppm] (F2:F1):Intensity
3.92:71.55:1.00, 4.57:99.26:0.65, 3.64:75.59:0.30, 4.07:73.19:0.33, 5.25:95.01:0.57, 3.74:63.83:0.55, 3.48:74.73:0.53, 3.98:72.13:0.60, 3.80:71.21:0.12, 3.70:77.84:0.44, 3.85:72.07:0.10
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5.3 Mass Spectrometry

5.3.1 GC-MS

1 of 9
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Spectra ID
Instrument Type
GC-EI-TOF
Ionization Mode
positive
Top 5 Peaks

147.0 100

205.0 62.36

103.0 50.45

160.0 45.55

217.0 42.34

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Notes
instrument=Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies
2 of 9
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Spectra ID
Instrument Type
GC-EI-TOF
Ionization Mode
positive
Top 5 Peaks

147.0 100

103.0 69.97

205.0 60.56

319.0 38.94

217.0 33.83

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Notes
instrument=Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies

5.3.2 MS-MS

1 of 6
View All
Spectra ID
Instrument Type
LC-ESI-QTOF
Ionization Mode
negative
Top 5 Peaks

89.0248 37.75

71.0137 26.20

59.0143 24.23

101.0252 7.89

113.0246 3.94

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Notes
adduct_type [M-H]- original_collision_energy 10 CannabisDB spectra from MoNa 2020 June maXis plus UHR-ToF-MS, Bruker Daltonics MassBank
2 of 6
View All
Spectra ID
Instrument Type
LC-ESI-QTOF
Ionization Mode
negative
Top 5 Peaks
59.0141 100
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Notes
adduct_type [M-H]- original_collision_energy 20 CannabisDB spectra from MoNa 2020 June maXis plus UHR-ToF-MS, Bruker Daltonics MassBank

5.3.3 LC-MS

1 of 6
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Authors
BGC, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen
Instrument
maXis plus UHR-ToF-MS, Bruker Daltonics
Instrument Type
LC-ESI-QTOF
MS Level
MS2
Ionization Mode
NEGATIVE
Ionization
ESI
Collision Energy
10
Fragmentation Mode
CID
Column Name
BEH C18 1.7um, 2.1x100mm, Waters
Retention Time
0.576 min
Precursor m/z
179.0561
Precursor Adduct
[M-H]-
Top 5 Peaks

89.0248 999

71.0137 693

59.0143 641

101.0252 208

113.0246 104

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License
CC BY
2 of 6
View All
Authors
BGC, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen
Instrument
maXis plus UHR-ToF-MS, Bruker Daltonics
Instrument Type
LC-ESI-QTOF
MS Level
MS2
Ionization Mode
NEGATIVE
Ionization
ESI
Collision Energy
20
Fragmentation Mode
CID
Column Name
BEH C18 1.7um, 2.1x100mm, Waters
Retention Time
0.576 min
Precursor m/z
179.0561
Precursor Adduct
[M-H]-
Top 5 Peaks
59.0141 999
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License
CC BY

5.3.4 Other MS

1 of 2
MS Category
Experimental
MS Type
Other
MS Level
MS1
Ionization Mode
positive
Retention Time
10.2945
Top 5 Peaks

160.078751 100

205.107803 97.99

147.065475 79.28

149.044662 72.28

217.107056 51.31

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2 of 2
MS Category
Experimental
MS Type
Other
MS Level
MS2
Precursor Type
[M+Na]+
Precursor m/z
203.053
Instrument
Orbitrap
Ionization Mode
positive
Top 5 Peaks

203.052780 100

202.180344 5.73

102.091454 3.29

203.183853 1.83

62.060493 1.31

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7 Chemical Vendors

8 Drug and Medication Information

8.1 Drug Indication

9 Food Additives and Ingredients

9.1 Associated Foods

10 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

10.1 Human Metabolite Information

10.1.1 Tissue Locations

  • Brain
  • Liver
  • Prostate

10.1.2 Cellular Locations

  • Extracellular
  • Lysosome

10.1.3 Metabolite Pathways

10.2 Biochemical Reactions

11 Associated Disorders and Diseases

Disease
Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency
References
PubMed: 11092512
Disease
Galactosemia type 1
References
Disease
Patent Ductus Venosus
References
PubMed: 9296537
Disease
Galactosemia
References
Disease
Colorectal cancer
References

PubMed: 7482520, 19006102, 23940645, 24424155, 20156336, 19678709, 22148915, 25105552, 21773981, 25037050, 27015276, 27107423, 27275383, 28587349

Silke Matysik, Caroline Ivanne Le Roy, Gerhard Liebisch, Sandrine Paule Claus. Metabolomics of fecal samples: A practical consideration. Trends in Food Science & Technology. Vol. 57, Part B, Nov. 2016, p.244-255: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924224416301984

Disease
Eosinophilic esophagitis
References
Mordechai, Hien, and David S. Wishart

12 Literature

12.1 Consolidated References

12.2 Springer Nature References

12.3 Thieme References

12.4 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

12.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

12.6 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

13 Patents

13.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

13.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

13.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

13.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

13.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

14 Interactions and Pathways

14.1 Protein Bound 3D Structures

14.1.1 Ligands from Protein Bound 3D Structures

PDBe Ligand Code
PDBe Structure Code
PDBe Conformer

14.2 Chemical-Target Interactions

GlycoGene Database (GGDB): https://acgg.asia/db/ggdb

14.3 Pathways

15 Biological Test Results

15.1 BioAssay Results

16 Taxonomy

WormJam Metabolites Local CSV for MetFrag | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3403364
WormJam: A consensus C. elegans Metabolic Reconstruction and Metabolomics Community and Workshop Series, Worm, 6:2, e1373939, DOI:10.1080/21624054.2017.1373939
The LOTUS Initiative for Open Natural Products Research: frozen dataset union wikidata (with metadata) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.5794106

17 Classification

17.1 ChEBI Ontology

17.2 KEGG: ATC

17.3 KEGG: Risk Category of Japanese OTC Drugs

17.4 ChemIDplus

17.5 ChEMBL Target Tree

17.6 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

17.7 EPA DSSTox Classification

17.8 LOTUS Tree

17.9 Glycan Naming and Subsumption Ontology (GNOme)

17.10 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

18 Information Sources

  1. CAS Common Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
  2. ChemIDplus
    ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
  3. EPA DSSTox
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
  4. FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS)
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  5. Human Metabolome Database (HMDB)
    LICENSE
    HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications.
    http://www.hmdb.ca/citing
  6. ChEBI
  7. E. coli Metabolome Database (ECMDB)
    LICENSE
    ECMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource.
    https://ecmdb.ca/citations
  8. LOTUS - the natural products occurrence database
    LICENSE
    The code for LOTUS is released under the GNU General Public License v3.0.
    https://lotus.nprod.net/
  9. Open Targets
    LICENSE
    Datasets generated by the Open Targets Platform are freely available for download.
    https://platform-docs.opentargets.org/licence
  10. Yeast Metabolome Database (YMDB)
    LICENSE
    YMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource.
    http://www.ymdb.ca/downloads
  11. ChEMBL
    LICENSE
    Access to the web interface of ChEMBL is made under the EBI's Terms of Use (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html). The ChEMBL data is made available on a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/).
    http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html
  12. Crystallography Open Database (COD)
    LICENSE
    All data in the COD and the database itself are dedicated to the public domain and licensed under the CC0 License. Users of the data should acknowledge the original authors of the structural data.
    https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
  13. ECI Group, LCSB, University of Luxembourg
    LICENSE
    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code: Artistic-2.0
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    alpha-D-galactose
  14. KNApSAcK Species-Metabolite Database
  15. Natural Product Activity and Species Source (NPASS)
  16. FooDB
    LICENSE
    FooDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (FooDB) and the original publication.
    https://foodb.ca/about
  17. GlyCosmos Glycoscience Portal
    LICENSE
    All copyrightable parts of the datasets in GlyCosmos are under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) License.
    https://glycosmos.org/license
  18. GlyGen
  19. MassBank of North America (MoNA)
    LICENSE
    The content of the MoNA database is licensed under CC BY 4.0.
    https://mona.fiehnlab.ucdavis.edu/documentation/license
  20. SpectraBase
  21. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
  22. KEGG
    LICENSE
    Academic users may freely use the KEGG website. Non-academic use of KEGG generally requires a commercial license
    https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/legal.html
    Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification
    http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/get_htext?br08303.keg
    Risk category of Japanese OTC drugs
    http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/get_htext?br08312.keg
  23. MassBank Europe
  24. Metabolomics Workbench
  25. NMRShiftDB
  26. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
    LICENSE
    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    Galactose
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  27. Therapeutic Target Database (TTD)
  28. Protein Data Bank in Europe (PDBe)
  29. RCSB Protein Data Bank (RCSB PDB)
    LICENSE
    Data files contained in the PDB archive (ftp://ftp.wwpdb.org) are free of all copyright restrictions and made fully and freely available for both non-commercial and commercial use. Users of the data should attribute the original authors of that structural data.
    https://www.rcsb.org/pages/policies
  30. Rhea - Annotated Reactions Database
    LICENSE
    Rhea has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This means that you are free to copy, distribute, display and make commercial use of the database in all legislations, provided you credit (cite) Rhea.
    https://www.rhea-db.org/help/license-disclaimer
  31. Springer Nature
  32. SpringerMaterials
  33. Thieme Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The Thieme Chemistry contribution within PubChem is provided under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
  34. Wikidata
  35. PubChem
  36. Glycan Naming and Subsumption Ontology (GNOme)
    GNOme
  37. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  38. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
  39. NCBI
CONTENTS