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2-Chloro-1-propanol

PubChem CID
6566
Structure
2-Chloro-1-propanol_small.png
2-Chloro-1-propanol_3D_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • 2-Chloropropan-1-ol
  • 2-CHLORO-1-PROPANOL
  • 78-89-7
  • 2-Chloropropanol
  • 1-Propanol, 2-chloro-
Molecular Weight
94.54 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-03-26
  • Modify:
    2025-01-25
Description
2-chloro-1-propanol is a clear colorless liquid with a pleasant odor. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Propylene chlorohydrin appears as a colorless liquid with a mild odor. Toxic upon prolonged exposure to low concentrations of the vapor or to short exposure to high concentrations of the vapor by inhalation. Used in the manufacture of various organic chemicals.
Propylene Chlorohydrin is an organochlorine compound mainly used as a chemical intermediate for the manufacture of propylene oxide.

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
2-Chloro-1-propanol.png

1.2 3D Conformer

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

2-chloropropan-1-ol
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C3H7ClO/c1-3(4)2-5/h3,5H,2H2,1H3
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

VZIQXGLTRZLBEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

CC(CO)Cl
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

C3H7ClO
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

78-89-7
28064-81-5
19210-21-0

2.3.2 Deprecated CAS

1253945-51-5, 60828-60-6

2.3.3 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.4 UNII

2.3.5 UN Number

2.3.6 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.7 HMDB ID

2.3.8 Metabolomics Workbench ID

2.3.9 NCI Thesaurus Code

2.3.10 Nikkaji Number

2.3.11 NSC Number

2.3.12 Wikidata

2.3.13 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

  • 2-chloro-1-propanol
  • propylene chlorohydrin
  • propylenechlorohydrin

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
94.54 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
XLogP3-AA
Property Value
0.6
Reference
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
94.0185425 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
94.0185425 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
20.2 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
5
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
22.9
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

2-chloro-1-propanol is a clear colorless liquid with a pleasant odor. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Propylene chlorohydrin appears as a colorless liquid with a mild odor. Toxic upon prolonged exposure to low concentrations of the vapor or to short exposure to high concentrations of the vapor by inhalation. Used in the manufacture of various organic chemicals.
Colorless liquid with a pleasant odor; [Merck Index]
Solid

3.2.2 Color / Form

COLORLESS LIQUID
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1349

3.2.3 Odor

PLEASANT ODOR
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1349

3.2.4 Boiling Point

271 to 273 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
133-134 °C
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1349
133.50 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
The Good Scents Company Information System

3.2.5 Melting Point

< 25 °C

3.2.6 Flash Point

125 °F (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
51.6 °C
125 °F (52 °C) (CLOSED CUP)
Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997., p. 325-27

3.2.7 Solubility

Soluble (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
SOL IN WATER, ALCOHOL
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1349
SOL IN ETHER, ETHANOL
Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p. 3-283

3.2.8 Density

1.1 (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
1.103 @ 20 °C
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1349

3.2.9 Vapor Density

3.26 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
3.3 (AIR= 1)
Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997., p. 325-27

3.2.10 Vapor Pressure

5.25 [mmHg]
5.25 mm Hg @ 20 °C
Weber RC et al; Vapor Pressure Distribution of Selected Organic Chemicals USEPA-600/2-81-021 (1981)

3.2.11 Decomposition

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride/.
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 825

3.2.12 Refractive Index

INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.4362 @ 20 °C/D
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1349

3.2.13 Kovats Retention Index

Semi-standard non-polar
805
Standard polar
1375.7

3.3 Chemical Classes

Other Classes -> Halogenated Alcohols

3.3.1 Food Additives

DOUGH STRENGTHENER -> FDA Substance added to food

4 Spectral Information

4.1 1D NMR Spectra

4.1.1 13C NMR Spectra

1 of 2
Copyright
Copyright © 2016-2024 W. Robien, Inst. of Org. Chem., Univ. of Vienna. All Rights Reserved.
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Copyright © 2016-2024 W. Robien, Inst. of Org. Chem., Univ. of Vienna. All Rights Reserved.
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4.2 Mass Spectrometry

4.2.1 GC-MS

1 of 4
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NIST Number
290597
Library
Main library
Total Peaks
52
m/z Top Peak
31
m/z 2nd Highest
58
m/z 3rd Highest
27
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Thumbnail
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NIST Number
249998
Library
Replicate library
Total Peaks
34
m/z Top Peak
31
m/z 2nd Highest
27
m/z 3rd Highest
28
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6 Chemical Vendors

7 Food Additives and Ingredients

7.1 FDA Substances Added to Food

Used for (Technical Effect)
DOUGH STRENGTHENER
Document Number (21 eCFR)

8 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

8.1 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Propylene chlorohydrin is absorbed, widely distributed, and rapidly metabolized and eliminated.
Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 2736

8.2 Human Metabolite Information

8.2.1 Cellular Locations

  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular

9 Use and Manufacturing

9.1 Uses

Sources/Uses
Used in organic synthesis; [Hawley] Used to make propylene oxide; [HSDB] Produced as residue on foods when fumigated with propylene oxide; [WHO] A constituent of technical grade 1-chloro-2-propanol at 25%; [ACGIH]
Hawley - Lewis RJ. _Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, _15th Ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.
IN PREPN OF PROPYLENE OXIDE
Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1349

9.2 General Manufacturing Information

EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
1-Propanol, 2-chloro-: ACTIVE

10 Safety and Hazards

10.1 Hazards Identification

10.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 2
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Pictogram(s)
Flammable
Irritant
Signal
Warning
GHS Hazard Statements

H226 (100%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (100%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (100%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P321, P330, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary
The GHS information provided by 1 company from 1 notification to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

10.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Flam. Liq. 3 (100%)

Acute Tox. 4 (100%)

Acute Tox. 4 (100%)

Eye Irrit. 2 (100%)

Acute Tox. 4 (100%)

Flammable liquids - Category 3

Acute toxicity (Oral) - Category 3

Acute toxicity (Dermal) - Category 3

Skin corrosion/irritation - Category 2

Serious eye damage/eye irritation - Category 2

Germ cell mutagenicity - Category 2

Specific target organ toxicity - Single exposure - Category 3 (Respiratory tract irritation, Narcotic effects)

Specific target organ toxicity - Repeated exposure - Category 1 (blood system, liver), Category 2 (kidney, pancreas)

10.1.3 NFPA Hazard Classification

NFPA 704 Diamond
2-2-0
NFPA Health Rating
2 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause temporary incapacitation or residual injury.
NFPA Fire Rating
2 - Materials that must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperatures before ignition can occur. Materials would not under normal conditions form hazardous atmospheres with air, but under high ambient temperatures or under moderate heating could release vapor in sufficient quantities to produce hazardous atmospheres with air.
NFPA Instability Rating
0 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions.

10.1.4 Health Hazards

SYMPTOMS: Symptoms of exposure to this compound may include irritation of the skin, eyes, mucous membranes, or lungs. It is a severe eye irritant. It may cause destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis).

ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: This chemical is a poison by ingestion. It is moderately toxic by inhalation and skin contact. It is a skin irritant and a severe eye irritant. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of chlorine. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Methyl chloroacetate (UN2295) is an eye irritant/lachrymator (causes flow of tears). Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation, especially when in closed or confined areas. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause environmental contamination. (ERG, 2024)

ERG 2024, Guide 131 (Propylene chlorohydrin)

· TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin.

· Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes.

· Methyl chloroacetate (UN2295) is an eye irritant/lachrymator (causes flow of tears).

· Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.

· Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation, especially when in closed or confined areas.

· Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause environmental contamination.

10.1.5 Fire Hazards

This compound is flammable. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. CAUTION: Methanol (UN1230) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.) Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids will float on water. (ERG, 2024)

ERG 2024, Guide 131 (Propylene chlorohydrin)

· HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.

CAUTION: Methanol (UN1230) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)

· Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.

· Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.

· Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.

· Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.

· Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.

· Containers may explode when heated.

· Many liquids will float on water.

10.1.6 Hazards Summary

External application to rabbit eyes scored 8 on a scale of 1-10 (10 being most severe) for degree of injury after 24 hours; Rats exposed 15 times to six hours of inhalation at 250 ppm displayed lung congestion and perivascular edema; Decreased body weights and histopathology in the acinar cells of the pancreas were the only observations in high-dose animal feeding studies; [HSDB] General anesthetic effect in lethal-dose feeding studies of guinea pigs; [RTECS] A skin and severe eye irritant; May cause hemolysis; [CAMEO] See 1-Chloro-2-propanol.

10.1.7 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

Moderately toxic by inhalation and skin contact. A skin and severe eye irritant.
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 825

10.2 First Aid Measures

10.2.1 First Aid

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: Wash skin with soap and water. In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin. (ERG, 2024)

ERG 2024, Guide 131 (Propylene chlorohydrin)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingestedor inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuouscompressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

10.3 Fire Fighting

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: Methanol (UN1230) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.).

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

10.3.1 Fire Fighting Procedures

"ALCOHOL" FOAM
Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997., p. 325-27
To fight fire, use alcohol foam, CO2, dry chemical.
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 825

10.4 Accidental Release Measures

Public Safety: ERG 2024, Guide 131 (Propylene chlorohydrin)

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

Spill or Leak: ERG 2024, Guide 131 (Propylene chlorohydrin)

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

Small Spill

· Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

10.4.1 Isolation and Evacuation

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Evacuation: ERG 2024, Guide 131 (Propylene chlorohydrin)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

Spill

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

Fire

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

10.4.2 Disposal Methods

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

10.4.3 Preventive Measures

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

10.5 Handling and Storage

10.5.1 Nonfire Spill Response

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you should spill this chemical, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Seal the absorbent paper, as well as any of your clothing which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash any surfaces you may have contaminated with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should protect this material from exposure to light, and store it in a refrigerator. (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

SMALL SPILL: Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

10.6 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

Protective Clothing: ERG 2024, Guide 131 (Propylene chlorohydrin)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

10.6.1 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)

1.0 [ppm]

10.6.2 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines

Emergency Response: ERG 2024, Guide 131 (Propylene chlorohydrin)

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: Methanol (UN1230) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

10.6.3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. Splash proof safety goggles should be worn while handling this chemical. Alternatively, a full face respirator, equipped as above, may be used to provide simultaneous eye and respiratory protection.

RECOMMENDED GLOVE MATERIALS: If this chemical makes direct contact with your gloves, or if a tear, puncture or hole develops, replace them at once.

Glove Type Model Number Thickness Bkthru Time

Nitrile Edmont 37-175 0.64 mm 190 min

PVA Edmont 25-545 0.89 mm 480 min

PVC Edmont 34-100 0.20 mm 5 min

Viton North F-101 0.36 mm 480 min

Butyl rubber North B-144 0.43 mm 480 min (NTP, 1992)

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

10.7 Stability and Reactivity

10.7.1 Air and Water Reactions

Water soluble.
Flammable. Water soluble.

10.7.2 Reactive Group

Alcohols and Polyols

Halogenated Organic Compounds

10.7.3 Reactivity Profile

2-CHLORO-1-PROPANOL may be sensitive to prolonged exposure to light. This chemical can react with oxidizing agents. (NTP, 1992).
National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
PROPYLENE CHLOROHYDRIN generates flammable and/or toxic gases with alcohols, with alkali metals, nitrides, and other strong reducing agents. Reacts with acids to form esters plus water. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. They may initiate the polymerization of isocyanates and epoxides.

10.8 Transport Information

10.8.1 DOT Emergency Guidelines

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2012
For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 2-CHLORO-1-PROPANOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.8.2 Shipping Name / Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO

UN 2611; 2-Chloro-propanol
IMO 6.1; 2-Chloro-1-propanol

10.8.3 Shipment Methods and Regulations

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
49 CFR 171.2 (7/1/96)
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.
IMDG; International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code; International Maritime Organization p.6214 (1988)

10.8.4 DOT Label

Poison Flammable Liquid

10.9 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: 1-Propanol, 2-chloro-
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
1-Propanol, 2-chloro-: Does not have an individual approval but may be used as a component in a product covered by a group standard. It is not approved for use as a chemical in its own right.

10.10 Other Safety Information

Chemical Assessment
IMAP assessments - 1-Propanol, 2-chloro-: Human health tier I assessment

10.10.1 Special Reports

Yang RS; Propylene Chlorohydrines: Toxicology, Metabolism, and Environmental Fate; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 99: 47-59 (1987)
Omura M et al; Comparative Testicular Toxicities of Two Isomers of Dichloropropanol, 2,3-Dichloro-1-Propanol, and 1,3-Dichloro-2-Propanol, and their Metabolites alpha-Chlorohydrin and Epichlorohydrin, and the Potent Testicular Toxicant 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 55 (1): 1-7 (1995)

11 Toxicity

11.1 Toxicological Information

11.1.1 Adverse Effects

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

11.1.2 Acute Effects

11.1.3 Toxicity Data

LCLo (rat) > 500 ppm/4h

11.1.4 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Higher alcohols (> 3 carbons) and related compounds/
Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 200-01
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or has severe pulmonary edema. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques, with a bag-valve-mask device, may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Monitor for signs of hypoglycemia (decreased LOC, tachycardia, pallor, dilated pupils, diaphoresis, and/or dextrose strip or glucometer readings below 50 mg) and administer 50% dextrose if necessary ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Higher alcohols (> 3 carbons) and related compounds/
Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 201

11.1.5 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

RATED 7 ON RABBIT EYES. ...TESTED EXTERNALLY ON EYES OF RABBITS &...RATED NUMERICALLY ON SCALE OF 1-10 ACCORDING TO DEGREE OF INJURY...AFTER 24 HR /OBSERVATION/, PAYING PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO CONDITION OF CORNEA. MOST SEVERE INJURIES HAVE BEEN RATED 10.
Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 1008
MODIFIED AMES TEST WITHOUT LIVER-MICROSOME ACTIVATION SYSTEM TESTED ACTIVITIES OF ETHYLENE- & PROPYLENE OXIDE & CMPD PRESENT IN FOODS AFTER FUMIGATION WITH THEM. 2-CHLORO-1-PROPANOL INDUCED DOSE-DEPENDENT INCR REVERTANT MUTATIONS IN HIS-S TYPHIMURIUM TA1535 & TA100.
PFEIFFER ET AL; FOOD COSMET TOXICOL 18: 115 (1980)
Rats given 15 exposures by inhalation (6 hr each) of 250 ppm 1-chloro-2-propanol displayed lethargy, irregular weight gains, congestion, and perivascular edema in the lungs. At 100 ppm, the lungs were observed congested with perivascular edema; no effects were observed at 30 ppm. In a 21 day oral study, rats were dosed with either 7.6, 25.4, or 76 mg/kg/day propylene chlorohydrin ... . No systemic toxicity was observed.
Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 2736
In a 13 week study, Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed by oral gavage with 1, 7, and 50 mg/kg/day propylene chlorohydrin (75:25 1-chloro-2-propanol and 2-chloro-1-propanol). ... No findings of note except for histopathological changes in the acinar cells of the pancreas.
Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 2737
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 2-CHLORO-1-PROPANOL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.1.6 Non-Human Toxicity Values

LD50 Rat oral 218 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 825
LD50 Rabbit skin 529 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 825
LD50 Guinea pig oral 720 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 825
LD50 Rat oral 100 to 300 mg/kg, 381 mg/kg, and 0.22 mL/kg
Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 2736
LD50 Rabbit dermal is 480 mg/kg, 0.48 mL/kg, and 0.5 g/kg
Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 2736

11.2 Ecological Information

11.2.1 Environmental Fate / Exposure Summary

2-Chloro-1-propanol's production and use in the preparation of propylene oxide may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an experimental vapor pressure of 5.25 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 2-chloro-1-propanol will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-chloro-1-propanol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7 days. If released to soil, 2-chloro-1-propanol is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 2. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.7X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. The importance of biodegradation in soil and water is unknown. If released into water, 2-chloro-1-propanol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in the water column based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. 2-Chloro-1-propanol may slowly hydrolyze in basic waters with a half-life of approximately 140 days at pH 8. Occupational exposure to 2-chloro-1-propanol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2-chloro-1-propanol is produced or used. (SRC)

11.2.2 Artificial Pollution Sources

2-Chloro-1-propanol's production and use in the preparation of propylene oxide(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).
(1) Budavari S; The Merck Index: an Encyclopedia of Chemicals And Drugs. 12th Ed. Whitehouse Station,NJ: Merck And Co, Inc (1996)

11.2.3 Environmental Fate

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2-chloro-1-propanol is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 2-chloro-1-propanol from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.7X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), obtained using a fragment constant estimation method(3). 2-Chloro-1-propanol may volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an experimental vapor pressure of 5.25 mm Hg(4). The importance of biodegradation in soil is unknown.
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 23 (1983)
(2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992)
(3) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 1283-93 (1991)
(4) Weber RC et al; Vapor Pressure Distribution of Selected Organic Chemicals USEPA-600/2-81-021 (1981)
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2-chloro-1-propanol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be important(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.7X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). The importance of biodegradation in water is unknown. According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(3,SRC), from an estimated log Kow(6,SRC), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). 2-Chloro-1-propanol may slowly hydrolyze with a half-life of approximately 140 days at pH 8(7).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 23 (1983)
(2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992)
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington,DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9, 5-4, 5-10, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(4) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 1283-93 (1991)
(5) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
(6) Meylan WM, Howard PH; J Pharm Sci 84: 83-92 (1995)
(7) Lande SS et al; Investigation of Selected Potential Environmental Contaminants: Haloalcohols. USEPA 560/11-80-004 (1981)
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2-chloro-1-propanol, which has an experimental vapor pressure of 5.25 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-chloro-1-propanol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7 days(SRC) from its estimated rate constant of 2.27X10-12 atm cu m/mol(3).
(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988)
(2) Weber RC et al; Vapor Pressure Distribution of Selected Organic Chemicals USEPA-600/2-81-021 (1981)
(3) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993)

11.2.4 Environmental Abiotic Degradation

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2-chloro-1-propanol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 7 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). By analogy to 2,3-dichloro-1-propanol, which has a neutral first-order hydrolysis rate constant of 5.3X10-5 1/s and a base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant of 20.6 L/mole-hour(2), 2-chloro-1-propanol is expected to have a half-live of approximately 1.5 years at pH 7 and 140 days at pH 8(3,SRC). 2-Chloro-1-propanol is not expected to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental spectrum(3).
(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993)
(2) Ellington JJ; Hydrolysis Rate Constants for Enhancing Property-Reactivity Relationships USEPA/600/3-89/063, NTIS PB89-220479 (1989)
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington,DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990)

11.2.5 Environmental Bioconcentration

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for 2-chloro-1-propanol(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 0.53(1,SRC) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.
(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; J Pharm Sci 84: 83-92 (1995)
(2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington,DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 5-4, 5-10 (1990)
(3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)

11.2.6 Soil Adsorption / Mobility

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for 2-chloro-1-propanol can be estimated to be about 2(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2-chloro-1-propanol is expected to have very high mobility in soil.
(1) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992)
(2) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 23 (1983)

11.2.7 Volatilization from Water / Soil

The Henry's Law constant for 2-chloro-1-propanol is estimated as 1.7X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2-chloro-1-propanol is expected to be essentially nonvolatile(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 210 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 1500 days(SRC). 2-Chloro-1-propanol's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to occur(SRC). 2-Chloro-1-propanol may volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an experimental vapor pressure of 5.25 mm Hg(3).
(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 1283-93 (1991)
(2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington,DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(3) Weber RC et al; Vapor Pressure Distribution of Selected Organic Chemicals USEPA-600/2-81-021 (1981)

11.2.8 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 219 workers (6 of these are female) are potentially exposed to 2-chloro-1-propanol in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 2-chloro-1-propanol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2-chloro-1-propanol is produced or used(SRC).
(1) NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983)

12 Associated Disorders and Diseases

Associated Occupational Diseases with Exposure to the Compound
Solvents, acute toxic effect [Category: Acute Poisoning]

13 Literature

13.1 Consolidated References

13.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

13.3 Springer Nature References

13.4 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

13.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

13.6 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

14 Patents

14.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

14.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

14.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

14.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

14.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

15 Biological Test Results

15.1 BioAssay Results

16 Classification

16.1 MeSH Tree

16.2 NCI Thesaurus Tree

16.3 ChemIDplus

16.4 CAMEO Chemicals

16.5 UN GHS Classification

16.6 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

16.7 EPA DSSTox Classification

16.8 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

16.9 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

16.10 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

17 Information Sources

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    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
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  10. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  11. Human Metabolome Database (HMDB)
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  13. Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)
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  16. NITE-CMC
    2-Chloro-1-propanol - FY2015 (New/original classication)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/15-mhlw-0005e.html
  17. FDA Substances Added to Food
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    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  18. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
  19. Metabolomics Workbench
  20. NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
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    https://www.nist.gov/srd/public-law
  21. SpectraBase
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  24. Wikipedia
  25. PubChem
  26. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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    Works produced by the U.S. government are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any such works found on National Library of Medicine (NLM) Web sites may be freely used or reproduced without permission in the U.S.
    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
  27. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  28. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
    LICENSE
    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  29. EPA Substance Registry Services
  30. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  31. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
CONTENTS