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1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane

PubChem CID
6427
Structure
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane_small.png
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane_3D_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • 76-12-0
  • 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane
  • 1,2-Difluorotetrachloroethane
  • Freon R 112
  • Daiflon 112
Molecular Weight
203.8 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-03-27
  • Modify:
    2025-01-18
Description
1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane appears as colorless low-melting solid or liquid with a slight ethereal odor. Mp: 26.5 °C; bp: 92.5 °C. Density (of liquid): 1.64 g cm-3 at 30 °C. Used as a refrigerant, a solvent extractant, and in dry cleaning.

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane.png

1.2 3D Conformer

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C2Cl4F2/c3-1(4,7)2(5,6)8
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

UGCSPKPEHQEOSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

C(C(F)(Cl)Cl)(F)(Cl)Cl
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

C2Cl4F2
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
CCl2FCCl2F

C2Cl4F2

Cl2FCCCl2F

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

76-12-0

2.3.2 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.3 UNII

2.3.4 UN Number

2.3.5 ChEMBL ID

2.3.6 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.7 ICSC Number

2.3.8 Nikkaji Number

2.3.9 RTECS Number

2.3.10 Wikidata

2.3.11 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
203.8 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
XLogP3
Property Value
3.4
Reference
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
2
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
203.869267 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
201.872217 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
0 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
8
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
78
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane appears as colorless low-melting solid or liquid with a slight ethereal odor. Mp: 26.5 °C; bp: 92.5 °C. Density (of liquid): 1.64 g cm-3 at 30 °C. Used as a refrigerant, a solvent extractant, and in dry cleaning.
Colorless solid or liquid (above 77 degrees F) with a slight, ether-like odor; [NIOSH]
COLOURLESS-TO-WHITE SOLID IN VARIOUS FORMS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.
Colorless solid or liquid (above 77 °F) with a slight, ether-like odor.

3.2.2 Color / Form

Colorless solid or liquid (above 77 degrees F) ...
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg, p. 298
Liquids or crystals
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3376

3.2.3 Odor

Slight camphor-like odor when concentrated
Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 1083
... Slight ether-like odor
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg, p. 298

3.2.4 Boiling Point

199 °F at 760 mmHg (NIOSH, 2024)
92.8 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 2010-2011, p. 3-470
93 °C
199 °F

3.2.5 Melting Point

77 °F (NIOSH, 2024)
26 °C
Lide, D.R., G.W.A. Milne (eds.). Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volume I. 3rd ed. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton ,FL. 1994., p. V3: 2655
77 °F

3.2.6 Solubility

0.01 % at 77 °F (NIOSH, 2024)
In water, 120 mg/L at 25 °C
Riddick, J.A., W.B. Bunger, Sakano T.K. Techniques of Chemistry 4th ed., Volume II. Organic Solvents. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons., 1985.
Haynes, W.M. (ed.) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 2010-2011, p. 3-470
Solubility in water, g/100ml: 0.012
(77 °F): 0.01%

3.2.7 Density

1.65 (NIOSH, 2024) - Denser than water; will sink
1.6447 g/cu cm at 25 °C
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3376
1.65 g/cm³
1.65

3.2.8 Vapor Density

7.03 (Air = 1)
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3376
Relative vapor density (air = 1): 7.0

3.2.9 Vapor Pressure

40 mmHg (NIOSH, 2024)
50.5 [mmHg]
50.5 mm Hg at 25 °C
Daubert, T.E., R.P. Danner. Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, D.C.: Taylor and Francis, 1989.
Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 5.3
40 mmHg

3.2.10 Decomposition

Decomposes on contact with hot surfaces or flames. This produces toxic fumes including hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride and phosgene.
International Program on Chemical Safety/Commission of the European Union; International Chemical Safety Card on 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane (76-12-0) (November 27, 2003). Available from, as of March 8, 2013: https://www.inchem.org/pages/icsc.html
Under certain conditions, /chlorofluorocarbon/ vapors may decompose on contact with flames or hot surfaces, creating the potential hazard of inhalation of toxic decomposition products. /Chlorofluorocarbon/
Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 1195
The appearance of toxic decomposition products serves as warning of the occurrence of thermal decompositon and detection of a sharp acrid odor warns of the presence of these products. /Fluorocarbons/
Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 3101

3.2.11 Viscosity

121 cP at 25 °C (liquid)
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V10: 862 (1980)

3.2.12 Heat of Vaporization

155 kJ/kg at boiling point
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V10: 862 (1980)

3.2.13 Surface Tension

23 dyn/cm at 30 °C
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V10: 862 (1980)

3.2.14 Ionization Potential

11.30 eV

3.2.15 Refractive Index

Index of refraction: 1.4130 at 25 °C/D
Lide, D.R., G.W.A. Milne (eds.). Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volume I. 3rd ed. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton ,FL. 1994., p. V3: 2655

3.2.16 Relative Evaporation Rate

>1 (Butyl acetate = 1)
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2

3.2.17 Kovats Retention Index

Standard non-polar
702.1 , 709 , 704 , 694 , 704.2 , 704
Semi-standard non-polar
681 , 691 , 681
Standard polar
888 , 870

3.2.18 Other Experimental Properties

MP: 24.8 °C; density: 1.5951 g/cu cm at 50 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 2010-2011, p. 3-470
Thermal conductivity: 0.040 Btu/hr at 25 °C; dielectric constant: 2.54 at 25 °C
DuPont, "Freon" Fluorocarbons Properties and Applications, DeNemours Co., 1980

3.3 SpringerMaterials Properties

3.4 Chemical Classes

3.4.1 Solvents

Solvents -> Chlorofluorocarbons

4 Spectral Information

4.1 1D NMR Spectra

1D NMR Spectra

4.1.1 13C NMR Spectra

1 of 2
Copyright
Copyright © 2002-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
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Instrument Name
Special
Copyright
Copyright © 2002-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
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4.1.2 19F NMR Spectra

1 of 2
Copyright
Copyright © 2016-2024 W. Robien, Inst. of Org. Chem., Univ. of Vienna. All Rights Reserved.
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2 of 2
Copyright
Copyright © 2016-2024 W. Robien, Inst. of Org. Chem., Univ. of Vienna. All Rights Reserved.
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4.2 Mass Spectrometry

4.2.1 GC-MS

1 of 5
View All
NIST Number
230277
Library
Main library
Total Peaks
82
m/z Top Peak
101
m/z 2nd Highest
103
m/z 3rd Highest
167
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 5
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NIST Number
34390
Library
Replicate library
Total Peaks
88
m/z Top Peak
101
m/z 2nd Highest
103
m/z 3rd Highest
167
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.2.2 Other MS

Other MS
MASS: 34390 (NIST/EPA/MSDC Masss SPectral Database, 1990 version); 870 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York)

4.3 IR Spectra

IR Spectra
IR: 6524 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Prism Collection)

4.3.1 FTIR Spectra

Technique
MELT (LIQUID PHASE)
Source of Sample
Tokyo Kasei Kogyo Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.3.2 ATR-IR Spectra

Technique
ATR-Melt
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.3.3 Vapor Phase IR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
DIGILAB FTS-14
Technique
Vapor Phase
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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2 of 2
Instrument Name
DIGILAB FTS-14
Technique
Vapor Phase
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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6 Chemical Vendors

7 Drug and Medication Information

7.1 Therapeutic Uses

THER (VET): orally effective in removal of adult Fasciola hepatica from sheep, & paramphistomum spp only from rumen of sheep. /Former/
Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1974., p. 586

8 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

8.1 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

... Main factor affecting fate of fluorocarbons is body fat, where they are concentrated & slowly released into blood at concentration that should not cause any risk of cardiac sensitization.
National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977., p. 781
There is a significant accumulation of propellant in the brain, liver and lung compared to blood levels, signifying a tissue distribution of propellant similar to that of chloroform. /Fluorocarbons/
Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 1203
Regardless of the route of entry, chlorofluorocarbons appear to be eliminated almost exclusively through the respiratory tract. Little, if any, chlorofluorocarbon or metabolite has ever been reported in urine or feces. /Chlorofluorocarbons/
WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons p.60 (1990)

9 Use and Manufacturing

9.1 Uses

Sources/Uses
CFC-112 has been used mainly as a refrigerant. [ACGIH]
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.
Restricted Notes
See CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS
... In dry cleaning industry for wool, cotton, dacron, and leather materials in combination with other solvents as azeotropic mixture. ... /Former use/
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3
... Used in electric or electronic industries for cleaning rosin fluxes from circuit boards, and as a cleaning solvent for complex electronic parts and magnetic tapes. /Former use/
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3
Use in polymer and plastics industry as a blowing agent for cellular and microporous materials. /Former use/
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3
... Solvent extractant from separation and purification of biological material. ... Dye solvent to give brighter colors, and to detect surface cracks or defects in metals. /Former use/
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3
For more Uses (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLORO-1,2-DIFLUOROETHANE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

9.2 Methods of Manufacturing

By reaction of perchloroethylene and hydrogen fluoride in the presence of a catalyst
SRI
The most important commercial method for manufacturing CFCs and HCFCs is the successive replacement of chlorine by fluorine using hydrogen fluoride. The traditional, liquid-phase process uses antimony pentafluoride or a mixture of antimony trifluoride and chlorine as catalysts. Continuous vapor-phase processes that employ gaseous hydrogen fluoride in the presence of heterogenous chromium, iron, or fluorinated alumina catalysts also are widely used. Carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and hexachloroethane (or tetrachloroethylene plus chlorine) are commonly used starting materials for one- and two-carbon chlorofluorocarbons. The extent of chlorine exchange can be controlled by varying the hydrogen fluoride concentration, the contact time, or the reaction temperature. /CFCs and HCFCs/
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V11 507 (1994)

9.3 Impurities

Chlorofluoroalkanes (and also the alternative HCFCs and HFCs) produced on an industrial scale are subject to stringent standards. Impurities must not exceed the following limits (vol %): acids, 0; moisture, <0.001; higher-boiling fractions, <0.05; and other gases, 2. /Chlorofluoroalkanes/
Siegemund G et al; Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2013). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Fluorine Compounds, Organic. Online Posting Date: June 15, 2000

9.4 Formulations / Preparations

Grades: purified; solvent
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 1217

9.5 U.S. Production

Less than 4.54X10+5 grams
SRI
SRI
Not produced commercially in USA
SRI

9.6 General Manufacturing Information

EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoro-: ACTIVE
SRP: The EPA has organized groups of chemicals into two classes according to their ozone-depletion potential. Class I controlled substances are those with an ozone-depletion potential of 0.2 or higher. Class II controlled substances are those with an ozone-potential of less than 0.2. Class II controlled substances are all hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs).
In the United States, "Class I" substances were subject to the first round of phaseout targets. Class I substances have an ozone depletion potential (ODP) of 0.2 or higher, and include halons, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl bromide. Section 604 of the Clean Air Act sets the phaseout targets for Class I substances. The ban on production and import of halons took effect on January 1, 1994. The ban on production and import of other Class I ODS /ozone-depleting substance/ - excluding methyl bromide - took effect on January 1, 1996.
USEPA; Ozone Layer Protection-Regulatory Programs. Phaseout of Class I Ozone-Depleting Substances. Available from, as of March 16, 2013: https://www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/phaseout/classone.html
  • The numbers in the "ODP1" column are from the Montreal Protocol. Some numbers have been updated as per amendments to the protocol. The "ODP2" column numbers are from the stratospheric ozone protection regulations at 40 CFR Part 82, as required by Title VI of the Clean Air Act amendments. These numbers include the amendments of July 18, 2003 (68 FR 42892). Data in the "ODP3" column come from WMO's /World Meteorological Organization/ Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006. ODP values listed are semi-empirical and can be found in Table 8-1 of the document. All GWP values represent global warming potential over a 100-year time horizon. The numbers in the "GWP1" column are from Table 1-6 of The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 2002, a report of the World Meteorological Association's Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project. The GWPs in the "GWP1" column that were not provided Table 1-6 of the 2002 report have not been updated since 1998 and are from The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 1998. "GWP2" column numbers are from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Third Assessment Report: Climate Change 2001, and "GWP3" column numbers are from 40 CFR Part 82, stratospheric ozone protection regulations required by Title VI of the Clean Air Act amendments. The data in the "GWP4" column come from the IPCC Special Report on Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System: Issues related to Hydrofluorocarbons and Perfluorocarbons ("SROC"). The values listed are for direct radiative forcing and can be found in Table 2.7 in the document. The numbers in the "GWP5" column come from the WMO's Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006. The values listed are for direct radiative forcing and can be found in Table 8-2 of the document.
  • Table: Class I Ozone-depleting Substances
    Chemical Name
    CFC-112 Tetrachlorodifluoroethane
    ODP2 (40 CFR 82)
    1
    ODP1 (Montreal Protocol)
    1
USEPA; Ozone Layer Protection-Science. Ozone-Depleting Substances. Class I Ozone-Depleting Substances. Available from, as of March 13, 2013: https://www.epa.gov/ozone/strathome.html
... /The use of chlorofluorocarbons/ for aerosol sprays was prohibited as of 1979, except for a few specialized items, because of their depleting effect on stratospheric ozone. /Chlorofluorocarbons/
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 281
For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLORO-1,2-DIFLUOROETHANE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10 Identification

10.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

Method: NIOSH 1016, Issue 2; Procedure: gas chromatography with flame ionization detection; Analyte: 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane; Matrix: air; Detection Limit: 0.3 mg/sample.
CDC; NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th ed. 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethan (76-12-0). Available from, as of March 5, 2013: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/
Fluorocarbons in air of working area & in exhaled air can be analyzed by IR spectrometry. /Fluorocarbons/
TRIEBIG G, BURKHARDT K; INT ARCH OCCUP ENVIRON HEALTH 42 (2): 129-36 (1979)

10.2 Clinical Laboratory Methods

Gas chromatographic method for determination of fluorocarbons in body fluids is described. /Fluorocarbons/
RAUWS ET AL; J PHARM PHARMACOL 25 (9): 718-22 (1973)
Hexane extraction procedure for the determination of common fluorocarbon propellants in blood was evaluated. An analysis of sample headspace was also evaluated for determining chloropentafluoroethane in blood. Both procedures involved analysis by gas chromatography using electron capture detection. The widely used hexane extraction procedure for determining ppm levels of volatile halocarbons in tissue was evaluated by a combination of radiochemical and gas chromatographic techniques. The data suggest that hexane extraction gives significantly low results. /Fluorocarbons/
TERRILL JB; AMER IND HYG ASSOC J 33 (11): 736-44 (1972)

10.3 NIOSH Analytical Methods

11 Safety and Hazards

11.1 Hazards Identification

11.1.1 GHS Classification

1 of 4
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Note
This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 75% (3 of 4) of all reports. Pictograms displayed are for 25% (1 of 4) of reports that indicate hazard statements.
Pictogram(s)
Irritant
Signal
Warning
GHS Hazard Statements
H302 (25%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]
Precautionary Statement Codes

P264, P270, P301+P317, P330, and P501

(The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 4 reports by companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 3 of 4 reports by companies. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

There is 1 notification provided by 1 of 4 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

11.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Acute Tox. 4 (25%)

Skin corrosion/irritation - Category 2

Serious eye damage/eye irritation - Category 2B

11.1.3 Health Hazards

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane:

Exposure Routes: Inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Symptoms: In Animals: irritation eyes, skin; conjunctivitis; pulmonary edema; narcosis

Target Organs: Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system (NIOSH, 2024)

11.1.4 Fire Hazards

Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

Some may burn but none ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket. CAUTION: Aerosols (UN1950) may contain a flammable propellant. (ERG, 2024)

Not combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

11.1.5 Hazards Summary

Rats exposed to 10,000 ppm for 2 hours show signs of intoxication. Exposure to 20,000 to 30,000 ppm for 1 to 2.5 hours causes fatal pulmonary hemorrhages. It is concluded that CFC-112 at concentrations of 1% (10,000 ppm) or more is a pulmonary irritant. [ACGIH] See CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS
ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.

11.1.6 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane might cause irritation of the eyes & skin.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2
A skin and eye irritant.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3376

11.2 Safety and Hazard Properties

11.2.1 Flammable Limits

Flammability
Noncombustible Solid

11.2.2 Critical Temperature & Pressure

Critical temperature: 278 °C; critical pressure: 3.44 MPa
Smart BE, Fernandez RE; Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (1999-2012). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Fluorinated Aliphatic Compounds. Online Posting Date: Dec. 4, 2000

11.2.3 OSHA Standards

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 500 ppm (4170 mg/cu m).
29 CFR 1910.1000 (USDOL); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 27, 2013: https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/ECFR?page=browse

11.2.4 NIOSH Recommendations

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hour Time-Weighted Average: 500 ppm (4170 mg/cu m).
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg

11.3 First Aid Measures

Inhalation First Aid
Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.
Skin First Aid
Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.
Eye First Aid
First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.
Ingestion First Aid
Rinse mouth.

11.3.1 First Aid

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane:

Eye: IRRIGATE IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: SOAP WASH PROMPTLY - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.

Swallow: MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 2024)

(See general first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

11.4 Fire Fighting

Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

Use extinguishing agent suitable for type of surrounding fire.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. Some of these materials, if spilled, may evaporate leaving a flammable residue. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

11.4.1 Fire Fighting Procedures

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.
International Program on Chemical Safety/Commission of the European Union; International Chemical Safety Card on 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane (76-12-0) (November 27, 2003). Available from, as of March 8, 2013: https://www.inchem.org/pages/icsc.html
/During firefighting wear/ self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 4

11.5 Accidental Release Measures

11.5.1 Isolation and Evacuation

Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 500 meters (1/3 mile).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

11.5.2 Spillage Disposal

Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

11.5.3 Cleanup Methods

Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do not let this chemical enter the environment.
International Program on Chemical Safety/Commission of the European Union; International Chemical Safety Card on 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane (76-12-0) (November 27, 2003). Available from, as of March 8, 2013: https://www.inchem.org/pages/icsc.html
If ... spilled or leaked, the following steps should be taken: 1. Ventilate area of spill or leak. 2. If in the liq form, collect for reclamation or absorb in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material. 3. If in the solid form, collect spilled material in the most convenient & safe manner for reclamation or for disposal in ... /an approved/ landfill.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3

11.5.4 Disposal Methods

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.
SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.
1. If in the liquid form, by absorbing it in vermiculite, dry sand, earth or similar material and disposing in ... /an approved/ landfill. 2. If in the solid form, by disposing in ... /an approved/ landfill.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 3

11.5.5 Preventive Measures

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.
SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.
The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg
For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLORO-1,2-DIFLUOROETHANE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.6 Handling and Storage

11.6.1 Nonfire Spill Response

Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Allow substance to evaporate. Ventilate the area. (ERG, 2024)

11.6.2 Safe Storage

See Chemical Dangers. Well closed.

11.6.3 Storage Conditions

Well closed.
International Program on Chemical Safety/Commission of the European Union; International Chemical Safety Card on 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane (76-12-0) (November 27, 2003). Available from, as of March 8, 2013: https://www.inchem.org/pages/icsc.html

11.7 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAK)
200.0 [ppm]

11.7.2 Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)

500.0 [ppm]
PEL-TWA (8-Hour Time Weighted Average)
500 ppm (4170 mg/m³)
TWA 500 ppm (4170 mg/m3)

11.7.3 Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)

2000 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

2000.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Other animal data: Rats exposed to 10,000 ppm for 1.5 to 2 hours showed slight signs of intoxication but no loss of reflexes, while 20,000 to 30,000 ppm was fatal in 1.0 to 2.5 hours [Greenberg and Lester 1950].

2000 ppm
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg
200 ppm

2000 ppm

See: 76120

11.7.4 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)

50.0 [ppm]
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 50 ppm
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH 2012, p. 55
Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH 2012, p. 5
50 ppm as TWA.
TLV-TWA (Time Weighted Average)
50 ppm [2007]

11.7.5 Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL)

MAK (Maximale Arbeitsplatz Konzentration)
1700 mg/m

11.7.6 Other Standards Regulations and Guidelines

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was designed to reduce the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances in order to reduce their abundance in the atmosphere, and thereby protect the earth's fragile ozone Layer. The original Montreal Protocol was agreed on 16 September 1987 and entered into force on 1 January 1989. The Montreal Protocol includes a unique adjustment provision that enables the Parties to the Protocol to respond quickly to new scientific information and agree to accelerate the reductions required on chemicals already covered by the Protocol. These adjustments are then automatically applicable to all countries that ratified the Protocol. Since its initial adoption, the Montreal Protocol has been adjusted five times. Specifically, the Second, Fourth, Seventh, Ninth, Eleventh and Nineteenth Meetings of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol adopted, in accordance with the procedure laid down in paragraph 9 of Article 2 of the Montreal Protocol, certain adjustments and reductions of production and consumption of the controlled substances listed in the Annexes of the Protocol. These adjustments entered into force, for all the Parties, on 7 March 1991, 23 September 1993, 5 August 1996, 4 June 1998, 28 July 2000 and 14 May 2008, respectively. In addition to adjusting the Protocol, the Parties to the Montreal Protocol have amended the Protocol to enable, among other things, the control of new chemicals and the creation of a financial mechanism to enable developing countries to comply. Specifically, the Second, Fourth, Ninth and Eleventh Meetings of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol adopted, in accordance with the procedure laid down in paragraph 4 of Article 9 of the Vienna Convention, four Amendments to the Protocol - the London Amendment (1990), the Copenhagen Amendment (1992), the Montreal Amendment (1997) and the Beijing Amendment (1999). Unlike adjustments to the Protocol, amendments must be ratified by countries before their requirements are applicable to those countries. The London, Copenhagen, Montreal and Beijing Amendments entered into force on 10 August 1992, 14 June 1994, 10 November 1999 and 25 February 2002, respectively, only for those Parties which ratified the particular amendments. In addition to adjustments and amendments to the Montreal Protocol, the Parties to the Protocol meet annually and take a variety of decisions aimed at enabling effective implementation of this important legal instrument. Through the 22nd Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, the Parties have taken over 720 decisions.
United Nations Environment Programme; Ozone Secretariat - The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Available from, as of May 30, 2013: https://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/montreal_protocol.php

11.7.7 Inhalation Risk

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached rather slowly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

11.7.8 Effects of Short Term Exposure

The substance is mildly irritating to the eyes, respiratory tract and skin. Inhalation of high levels may cause lung oedema. The substance may cause effects on the cardiovascular system and central nervous system. This may result in cardiac disorders and central nervous system depression. Exposure could cause lowering of consciousness.

11.7.9 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the workshift. (NIOSH, 2024)

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg
Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg
Respirator Recommendations: Up to 2000 ppm:
Assigned Protection Factor (APF)
APF = 10
Respirator Recommendations
Any supplied-air respirator.
Assigned Protection Factor (APF)
APF = 50
Respirator Recommendations
Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg
Respirator Recommendations: Emergency or planned entry into unknown concentrations or IDLH conditions:
Assigned Protection Factor (APF)
APF = 10,000
Respirator Recommendations
Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.
Assigned Protection Factor (APF)
APF = 10,000
Respirator Recommendations
Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained positive-pressure breathing apparatus.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg
For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLORO-1,2-DIFLUOROETHANE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(See personal protection and sanitation codes)

Skin: Prevent skin contact - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: Prevent eye contact - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: When contaminated

Remove: When wet or contaminated

Change: No recommendation

11.7.10 Respirator Recommendations

NIOSH/OSHA

Up to 2000 ppm:

(APF = 10) Any supplied-air respirator

(APF = 50) Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece

Emergency or planned entry into unknown concentrations or IDLH conditions:

(APF = 10,000) Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode

(APF = 10,000) Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained positive-pressure breathing apparatus

Escape:

(APF = 50) Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister

Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus

Important additional information about respirator selection

11.7.11 Preventions

Inhalation Prevention
Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.
Skin Prevention
Protective gloves.
Eye Prevention
Wear safety spectacles.
Ingestion Prevention
Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

11.8 Stability and Reactivity

11.8.1 Air and Water Reactions

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

11.8.2 Reactive Group

Fluorinated Organic Compounds

11.8.3 Reactivity Profile

1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-Difluoroethane is non-flammable. Incompatible with active metals such as potassium, sodium, beryllium, powdered aluminum, zinc, magnesium, and calcium. Reacts with acids.

11.8.4 Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities

Reacts with chemically active metals such as sodium, potassium, beryllium ... .
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2
Chemically-active metals such as potassium, berryllium, powdered aluminum, zinc, magnesium, calcium, & sodium; acids.
NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-168 (2010). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg
Attacks plastics, rubber and coatings.
International Program on Chemical Safety/Commission of the European Union; International Chemical Safety Card on 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane (76-12-0) (November 27, 2003). Available from, as of March 8, 2013: https://www.inchem.org/pages/icsc.html

11.9 Transport Information

11.9.1 DOT Emergency Guidelines

/GUIDE 126: GASES - COMPRESSED OR LIQUEFIED (INCLUDING REFRIGERANT GASES)/ Fire or Explosion: Some may burn, but none ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket. /Refrigerant gas, NOS/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2008 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2008
/GUIDE 126: GASES - COMPRESSED OR LIQUEFIED (INCLUDING REFRIGERANT GASES)/ Health: Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. /Refrigerant gas, NOS/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2008 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2008
/GUIDE 126: GASES - COMPRESSED OR LIQUEFIED (INCLUDING REFRIGERANT GASES)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Refrigerant gas, NOS/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2008 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2008
/GUIDE 126: GASES - COMPRESSED OR LIQUEFIED (INCLUDING REFRIGERANT GASES)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Refrigerant gas, NOS/
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2008 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2008
For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLORO-1,2-DIFLUOROETHANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

11.9.2 DOT Label

Non-Flammable Gas

11.10 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoro-
REACH Registered Substance
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane: Does not have an individual approval but may be used as a component in a product covered by a group standard. It is not approved for use as a chemical in its own right.

11.10.1 FDA Requirements

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), after consultation with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), is amending FDA's regulation on the use of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) in selfpressurized containers to remove the essential-use designations for flunisolide, triamcinolone, metaproterenol, pirbuterol, albuterol and ipratropium in combination, cromolyn, and nedocromil used in oral pressurized metered-dose inhalers (MDIs). The Clean Air Act requires FDA, in consultation with the EPA, to determine whether an FDA-regulated product that releases an ODS is an essential use of the ODS. FDA has concluded that there are no substantial technical barriers to formulating flunisolide, triamcinolone, metaproterenol, pirbuterol, albuterol and ipratropium in combination, cromolyn, and nedocromil as products that do not release ODSs, and therefore they will no longer be essential uses of ODSs as of the effective dates of this rule. MDIs for these active moieties containing an ODS may not be marketed after the relevant effective date. DATES: Removal of Part 2.125(e)(2)(iii) and 2.125(e)(4)(vii) is effective June 14, 2010. Removal of Part 2.125(e)(1)(v) and 2.125(e)(4)(iv) is effective December 31, 2010. Removal of Part 2.125(e)(1)(iii) is effective June 30, 2011. Removal of 2.125(e)(2)(iv) and Part 2.125(e)(4)(viii) is effective December 31, 2013. /Ozone-Depleting Substances/
75 FR 19213 (4/14/2010). Available from, as of March 14, 2013: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR
Use of ozone-depleting substances in foods, drugs, devices, or cosmetics. (a) As used in this section, ozone-depleting substance (ODS) means any class I substance as defined in 40 CFR part 82, appendix A to subpart A, or class II substance as defined in 40 CFR part 82, appendix B to subpart A. (b) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, any food, drug, device, or cosmetic that is, consists in part of, or is contained in an aerosol product or other pressurized dispenser that releases an ODS is not an essential use of the ODS under the Clean Air Act. (c) A food, drug, device, or cosmetic that is, consists in part of, or is contained in an aerosol product or other pressurized dispenser that releases an ODS is an essential use of the ODS under the Clean Air Act if paragraph (e) of this section specifies the use of that product as essential. For drugs, including biologics and animal drugs, and for devices, an investigational application or an approved marketing application must be in effect, as applicable. ... (e) The use of ODSs in the following products is essential: ... (2) Metered-dose short-acting adrenergic bronchodilator human drugs for oral inhalation. Oral pressurized metered-dose inhalers containing the following active moieties: ... (iv) Pirbuterol. ... (4) Other essential uses. (iii) Anesthetic drugs for topical use on accessible mucous membranes of humans where a cannula is used for application. ... (vi) Metered-dose atropine sulfate aerosol human drugs administered by oral inhalation. ... (viii) Metered-dose ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate, in combination, administered by oral inhalation for human use. (ix) Sterile aerosol talc administered intrapleurally by thoracoscopy for human use. /Ozone-Depleting Substances/
21 CFR 2.125 (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of March 14, 2013: https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/ECFR?page=browse

11.11 Other Safety Information

11.11.1 Toxic Combustion Products

All fluorocarbons will undergo thermal decomposition when exposed to flame or red-hot metal. Decomposition products of the chlorofluorocarbons will include hydrofluoric & hydrochloric acid along with smaller amounts of phosgene & carbonyl fluoride. The last compound is very unstable to hydrolysis & quickly changes to hydrofluoric acid & carbon dioxide in the presence of moisture. /Fluorocarbons/
International Labour Office. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. 4th edition, Volumes 1-4 1998. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1998., p. 104.185
In contact with open flame or very hot surface fluorocarbons may decomp into highly irritant & toxic gases: chlorine, hydrogen fluoride or chloride, & even phosgene.
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-159

11.11.2 Special Reports

Zakhari S, Aviado DM; Cardiovascular Toxicology of Aerosol Propellants, Refrigerants and Related Solvents; Target Organ Toxicology Series: Cardiovascular Toxicology, XII+ 388 pages; Raven Press: New York 281-326 (1982). Review of the toxicology of aerosol propellants, refrigerants and related solvents on the cardiovascular system of humans.
Production and Consumption of Ozone Depleting Substances under the Montreal Protocol 1986 - 2004[UNEP; Ozone Secretariat UNEP November 2005, Production and Consumption of Ozone Depleting Substances under the Montreal Protocol 1986 - 2004. Available from, as of march 11, 2013: http://ozone.unep.org/Publications/Production_and_consumption2005.pdf]
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer[UNEP; Ozone Secretariat United Nations Environment Programme, The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Available from, as of March 11, 2013: http://ozone.unep.org/pdfs/Montreal-Protocol2000.pdf]
Achievements in Stratospheric Ozone Protection Progress Report: This report covers the important and substantial achievements of the people, programs, and organizations that are working to protect the Earth's ozone layer. As impressive as these accomplishments are, our work is not done. Even though we have reduced or eliminated the use of many ozone-depleting substances, some still remain. Additionally, since ozone-depleting substances persist in the air for long periods of time, the past use of these substances continues to affect the ozone layer today. We must also continue to ensure that the alternatives being brought to the market support the country's long-term environmental goals in a cost-effective manner.[EPA; Achievements in Stratospheric Ozone Protection Progress Report, Available from, as of March 11, 2013: http://www.epa.gov/ozone/downloads/spd-annual-report_final.pdf]
For more Special Reports (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLORO-1,2-DIFLUOROETHANE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12 Toxicity

12.1 Toxicological Information

12.1.1 NIOSH Toxicity Data

12.1.2 Exposure Routes

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour.
inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

12.1.3 Symptoms

Inhalation Exposure
Cough. Sore throat. Laboured breathing. Shortness of breath. Irregular heartbeat. Confusion. Drowsiness. Unconsciousness.
Skin Exposure
Redness.
In Animals: irritation eyes, skin; conjunctivitis; pulmonary edema; narcosis

12.1.4 Target Organs

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system

12.1.5 Adverse Effects

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

12.1.6 Acute Effects

12.1.7 Toxicity Data

LC50 (rat) = 20,000 ppm/15 min

12.1.8 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

Victims of freon inhalation require management for hypoxic, CNS anesthetic, & cardiac symptoms. Patients must be removed from the exposure environment, & high flow supplemental oxygen should be utilized. The respiratory system should be evaluated for injury, aspiration, or pulmonary edema & treated appropriately. CNS findings should be treated supportively. A calm environment with no physical exertion is imperative to avoid increasing endogenous adrenegic levels. Exogenous adrenergic drugs must not be used to avoid inducing sensitized myocardial dysrhythmias. Atropine is ineffective in treating bradyarrhythmias. For ventricular dysrhythmias, diphenylhydantoin & countershock may be effective. Cryogenic dermal injuries should be treated by water bath rewarming at 40-42 °C until vasodilatory flush has returned. Elevation of the limb & standard frostbite management with late surgical debridement should be utilized. Ocular exposure requires irrigation & slit lamp evaluation for injury. /Freons/
Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990., p. 1282
Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 221
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations as needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Minimize physical activity and provide a quiet atmosphere. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. Rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... . /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 222
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia,administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 222
For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLORO-1,2-DIFLUOROETHANE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.1.9 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Early ... human experience indicated that high vapor concentration (eg, 20%) may cause confusion, pulmonary irritation, tremors & rarely coma, but ... these effects were generally transient & without late sequelae. /Fluorocarbon Refrigerants & Propellants/
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-159
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... Cause of death /from abuse of fluorocarbons/ ... in ... doubt. Laryngeal spasm or edema, oxygen displacement, sensitization of myocardium to endogenous catecholamines with ... ventricular fibrillation appear to be ... possibilities. /Fluorocarbon Refrigerants & Propellants/
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-159
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Aerosol sprays containing fluorocarbon propellants including CFC-112 are a source of solvent intoxication. Prolonged exposure or daily use may result in damage to several organ systems. Clinical problems include cardiac arrhythmias, bone marrow depression, cerebral degeneration, and damage to liver, kidney, and peripheral nerves. Death occasionally has been attributed to inhalant abuse, probably via the mechanism of cardiac arrhythmia, especially accompanying exercise or upper airway obstruction.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the TLV's and BEI's 7th Edition. 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-Difluoroethane. p. 2. CD-ROM Cincinnati, OH 45240-4148 2012.
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... Cause of death /from abuse of fluorocarbons/ is in ... doubt. Freezing of airway soft tissues can probably be eliminated ... except in cases where product was sprayed directly into mouth from container or balloon containing some liq. /Fluorocarbon refrigerants & propellants/
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-159
For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLORO-1,2-DIFLUOROETHANE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.1.10 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Effect of 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-Difluoroethane on pulmonary surfactant studied. IV injection in rats produced acute pulmonary alveolar instability & atelectasis. It can dissolve & displace lipid portion of alveolar surfactant thus causing alveolar instability.
ALARIE ET AL; TOXICOL APPL PHARMACOL 31 (2): 233-42 (1975)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Instilled in the eyes of rabbits, it produced mild conjunctival irritation.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 2
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Early animal ... experience indicated that high vapor concn (eg, 20%) may cause confusion, pulmonary irritation, tremors & rarely coma, but that these effects were generally transient & without late sequelae. /Fluorocarbon Refrigerants & Propellants/
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-159
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Chlorofluorocarbons could sensitize the canine myocardium to adrenaline, resulting in serious cardiac arrhythmias. /CFCs/
Rom, W.N. (ed.). Environmental and Occupational Medicine. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 1992., p. 1300
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLORO-1,2-DIFLUOROETHANE (26 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

12.1.11 Non-Human Toxicity Values

LC50 Rat inhalation 2 parts per hundred (pph)/ 15 min
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3376
LD50 Mouse oral 800 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3376

12.1.12 Ongoing Test Status

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from, as of March 1, 2013: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=76-12-0]

12.1.13 National Toxicology Program Studies

The National Cancer Institute and National Toxicology Program have performed 2-year toxicology and carcinogenesis studies with a number of ethanes substituted with chlorine or bromine. A review of the results of studies with these halogenated ethanes has revealed several consistencies between the pattern of halogen substitution and neoplastic responses in some affected organs. One of these consistencies was the finding of a modest increase in the incidence of renal tubule cell neoplasms in male rats administered penta- or hexachloroethane. Certain aspects of the nephropathy also noted in these studies resembled what is now recognized as a distinct hyaline droplet nephropathy typically associated with the accumulation of alpha2u-globulin in renal tubule cells. In an attempt to determine some of the structure activity relationships involved in the induction of hyaline droplet nephropathy by halogenated ethanes, a series of commercially available ethanes substituted with three or more chlorines, four or more bromines, or a combination of chlorines and fluorines was studied in a short-term renal toxicity assessment in male F344/N rats. ... Groups of five male rats were administered the vehicle (corn oil) or 0.62 or 1.24 mmol/kg 1,1,2,2-TC-1,2-DFE ... by gavage in a corn oil vehicle (5 mL/kg body weight) 7 days a week for 3 weeks. Additionally, five male and five female rats received the corn oil vehicle only, and five females designated as negative controls were administered 1.24 mmol/kg PCE. ... Necropsies were performed on all rats that survived to the end of the study and on four rats administered 0.62 mmol/kg 1,1,2,2-TBE that died early. The right kidney, liver, and right testis were weighed. ... All male rats administered 1,1,2,2-TC-1,2-DFE survived until the end of the study. The final mean body weights and mean body weight gains of dosed males were similar to those of the controls . There were no clinical signs of toxicity. There were no significant differences in organ weights between dosed and control males. Males in the 0.62 and 1.24 mmol/kg groups had a greater urine AST activity than the controls, and the 1.24 mmol/kg group also had slightly higher NAG activity than the controls. No microscopic effects attributable to 1,1,2,2-TC-1,2-DFE administration were present in either the kidney or the liver at either dose level. PCNA staining was not performed due to the absence of a detectable treatment effect in routine sections. The chlorofluorocarbon ... 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane ... did not induce hyaline droplet nephropathy, and rats administered these compounds had no appreciable signs of toxicity except for a modest increase in urinary AST and NAG activities with 1,1,2,2,tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane. Renal toxicity of some fluorinated chemicals such as methoxyflurane has been reported and attributed, at least in part, to fluoride ions released during metabolism, although studies of other ethane-based chlorofluorocarbons generally do not indicate the kidney as a target of toxicity.
DHHS/NTP; NTP Technical Report on Renal Toxicity Studies of Selected Halogenated Ethanes Administered by Gavage to F344/N Rats (1996) Technical Rpt Series No. 45 NIH Publication 96-3935. Available from, as of April 4, 2013: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/ST_rpts/tox045.pdf

12.1.14 Populations at Special Risk

In persons with impaired pulmonary function, especially those with obstructive airway diseases, the breathing of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-dichloroethane might cause exacerbation of symptoms due to its irritant properties.
Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1

12.2 Ecological Information

12.2.1 ICSC Environmental Data

Avoid release to the environment because of its impact on the ozone layer.

12.2.2 Environmental Fate / Exposure Summary

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane's former production and use in the US as a refrigerant resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 50.5 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane is extremely stable in the troposphere where it does not react with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals, ozone molecules, or nitrate radicals. Once in the upper stratosphere, it is dissociated through photolysis, reaction with hydroxyl radical and excited atomic oxygen resulting in the release of chlorine. These chlorine atoms then become part of a catalytic process that contributes to the destruction of the ozone layer. If released to soil, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane is expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 200. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.1X10-1 atm-cu m/mole. 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Structurally similar compounds have been shown to biodegrade under anaerobic conditions, but are generally slow to degrade under aerobic conditions. If released into water, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1.5 hours and 5.6 days, respectively. BCF values of 36 to 106 measured in carp suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high. Chemical hydrolysis of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane is not an important environmental fate process. Occupational exposure to 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane is produced or used. However, since this compound is no longer produced in the US, very little occupational exposure among US workers is expected. The ban on production and import of Class I ODS (Ozone-Depleting Substances) took effect on January 1, 1996. Due to its long atmospheric residence time, the general population is exposed to 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane through inhalation of ambient air. (SRC)

12.2.3 Artificial Pollution Sources

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane's former production and use as a refrigerant(1) resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).
(1) DuPont, "Freon" Fluorocarbons Properties and Applications, DeNemours Co., 1980

12.2.4 Environmental Fate

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 200(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 50.5 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 120 mg/L(4). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). Structurally similar compounds such as Freon 12 and Freon 114 have been shown to biodegrade under anaerobic conditions(5), suggesting that 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane may also biodegrade under anaerobic conditions(SRC).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992)
(3) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis (1989)
(4) Riddick JA et al; Organic Solvents: Physical Properties and Methods of Purification. 4th ed. New York, NY: Wiley Interscience p. 568 (1986)
(5) Sylvestre M et al; Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 27: 87-111 (1997)
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 200(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 50.5 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 120 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1.5 hours and 5.6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), BCF values of 36-106 measured in carp(7), suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high(SRC). Structurally similar compounds such as Freon 12 and Freon 114 have been shown to biodegrade under anaerobic conditions(8), suggesting that 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane may also biodegrade under anaerobic conditions(SRC).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992)
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(4) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis (1989)
(5) Riddick JA et al; Organic Solvents: Physical Properties and Methods of Purification. 4th ed. New York, NY: Wiley Interscience p. 568 (1986)
(6) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
(7) Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute. Japan Chemical Industry Ecology - Toxicology and Information Center. ISBN 4-89074-101-1 (1992)
(8) Sylvestre M et al; Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 27: 87-111 (1997)
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane, which has a vapor pressure of 50.5 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane is extremely stable in the troposphere(3); this compound does not react with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals, ozone molecules, or nitrate radicals in the troposphere(4). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane will gradually diffuse into the stratosphere above the ozone layer where it will slowly degrade due to direct photolysis from UV-C radiation and contribute to the catalytic removal of stratospheric ozone(4).
(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988)
(2) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis (1989)
(3) Makide T et al; Chem Lett 4: 355-8 (1979)
(4) Fabian P, Gomer D; Fresnius Z Anal Chem 319: 890-97 (1984)

12.2.5 Environmental Biodegradation

ANAEROBIC: Structurally similar compounds such as Freon 12 and Freon 114 have been shown to biodegrade under anaerobic conditions(1), suggesting that 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane may also biodegrade under anaerobic conditions(SRC).
(1) Sylvestre M et al; Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 27: 87-111 (1997)

12.2.6 Environmental Abiotic Degradation

Vapor-phase 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane is extremely stable and will not undergo direct photolysis in the troposphere(1); this compound does not react with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals, ozone molecules, or nitrate radicals in the troposphere(2). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane will however gradually diffuse into the stratosphere above the ozone layer where it does slowly degrade due to direct photolysis from UV-C radiation and contribute to the catalytic removal of stratospheric ozone(SRC). Once in the upper stratosphere, it is dissociated through photolysis, reaction with hydroxyl radical and excited atomic oxygen resulting in the release of chlorine. These chlorine atoms then become part of a catalytic process that contributes to the destruction of the ozone layer(3-5). By analogy to other Freon compounds, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane is predicted to have a stratospheric lifetime on the order of several decades(6). Chemical hydrolysis of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane is not an important environmental fate process(6). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(7). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane does not contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(7) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
(1) Makide T et al; Chem Lett 4: 355-8 (1979)
(2) Fabian P, Gomer D; Fresnius Z Anal Chem 319: 890-97 (1984)
(3) Atkinson R; Chem Rev 85: 69-201 (1985)
(4) Midgley PM et al; Atmos Environ 27A: 2215-2223 (1993)
(5) Chou CC et al; J Phys Chem 82: 1-7 (1978)
(6) Du Pont de Nemours Co; Freon Products Information B-2; A98825 12/80 (1980)
(7) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5, 8-12 (1990)

12.2.7 Environmental Bioconcentration

BCF values of 36-106 were measured in carp exposed to 50 ug/L of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane over a 6 week incubation period(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCF values suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high(SRC).
(1) Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute. Japan Chemical Industry Ecology - Toxicology and Information Center. ISBN 4-89074-101-1 (1992)
(2) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)

12.2.8 Soil Adsorption / Mobility

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane can be estimated to be 200(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane is expected to have moderate mobility in soil.
(1) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992)
(2) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)]

12.2.9 Volatilization from Water / Soil

The Henry's Law constant for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane is estimated as 0.11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 50.5 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 120 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 1.5 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 5.6 days(SRC). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane from dry soil surfaces may exist based upon its vapor pressure(1).
(1) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis (1989)
(2) Riddick JA et al; Organic Solvents: Physical Properties and Methods of Purification. 4th ed. New York, NY: Wiley Interscience p. 568 (1986)
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)

12.2.10 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1,434 workers (191 of these were female) were potentially exposed to 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane is produced or used. However, since this compound is no longer produced in the US, very little occupational exposure among US workers is expected. The ban on production and import of halons took effect on January 1, 1994. The ban on production and import of other Class I ODS (Ozone-Depleting Substances) - excluding methyl bromide - took effect on January 1, 1996(2). Due to its long atmospheric residence time, the general population is exposed to 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane through inhalation of ambient air(SRC).
(1) NIOSH; NOES. National Occupational Exposure Survey conducted from 1981-1983. Estimated numbers of employees potentially exposed to specific agents by 2-digit standard industrial classification (SIC). Available from, as of Dec 27, 2012: https://www.cdc.gov/noes/
(2) USEPA; Ozone Layer Protection-Regulatory Programs. Phaseout of Class I Ozone-Depleting Substances. Available from, as of March 16, 2013: https://www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/phaseout/classone.html

13 Associated Disorders and Diseases

Associated Occupational Diseases with Exposure to the Compound
Solvents, acute toxic effect [Category: Acute Poisoning]

14 Literature

14.1 Consolidated References

14.2 Springer Nature References

14.3 Thieme References

14.4 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

14.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

14.6 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

15 Patents

15.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

15.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

15.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

15.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

15.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

16 Biological Test Results

16.1 BioAssay Results

17 Classification

17.1 ChemIDplus

17.2 CAMEO Chemicals

17.3 UN GHS Classification

17.4 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

17.5 EPA DSSTox Classification

17.6 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

17.7 PFAS and Fluorinated Organic Compounds in PubChem

17.8 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

17.9 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

18 Information Sources

  1. Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS)
    Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoro-
    https://services.industrialchemicals.gov.au/search-inventory/
  2. CAMEO Chemicals
    LICENSE
    CAMEO Chemicals and all other CAMEO products are available at no charge to those organizations and individuals (recipients) responsible for the safe handling of chemicals. However, some of the chemical data itself is subject to the copyright restrictions of the companies or organizations that provided the data.
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/help/reference/terms_and_conditions.htm?d_f=false
    1,1,2,2-TETRACHLORO-1,2-DIFLUOROETHANE
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/25072
    CAMEO Chemical Reactivity Classification
    https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
  3. ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
  4. CAS Common Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
  5. ChemIDplus
    ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
  6. EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
    Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoro-
    https://www.epa.gov/chemicals-under-tsca
    EPA TSCA Classification
    https://www.epa.gov/tsca-inventory
  7. EPA DSSTox
    1,2-Difluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID5026091
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
  8. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
    LICENSE
    Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: "Source: European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/". Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice page.
    https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/legal-notice
    Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane
    https://chem.echa.europa.eu/100.000.851
  9. FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS)
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  10. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
    1,1,2,2-TETRACHLORO-1,2-DIFLUOROETHANE
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/144
  11. New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
    LICENSE
    This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International licence.
    https://www.epa.govt.nz/about-this-site/general-copyright-statement/
  12. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
    LICENSE
    Materials created by the federal government are generally part of the public domain and may be used, reproduced and distributed without permission. Therefore, content on this website which is in the public domain may be used without the prior permission of the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL). Warning: Some content - including both images and text - may be the copyrighted property of others and used by the DOL under a license.
    https://www.dol.gov/general/aboutdol/copyright
    1,1,2,2-TETRACHLORO-1,2-DIFLUOROETHANE
    https://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/606
  13. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    LICENSE
    The information provided using CDC Web site is only intended to be general summary information to the public. It is not intended to take the place of either the written law or regulations.
    https://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html
    Ethane, 1,2-difluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-
    https://www.cdc.gov/niosh-rtecs/KI15AAE0.html
    1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane
    https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0596.html
  14. Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
    LICENSE
    Copyright (c) 2022 Haz-Map(R). All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials from Haz-Map are copyrighted by Haz-Map(R). No part of these materials, either text or image may be used for any purpose other than for personal use. Therefore, reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly prohibited without prior written permission.
    https://haz-map.com/About
    1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane
    https://haz-map.com/Agents/647
  15. ChEMBL
    LICENSE
    Access to the web interface of ChEMBL is made under the EBI's Terms of Use (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html). The ChEMBL data is made available on a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/).
    http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html
  16. NITE-CMC
    1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane (synonym: CFC-112) - FY2006 (New/original classication)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/06-imcg-0828e.html
    1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane; CFC-112 - FY2022 (Revised classification)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/22-moe-2015e.html
    1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane; CFC-112; R112 - FY2023 (Revised classification)
    https://www.chem-info.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/23-jniosh-2001e.html
  17. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
  18. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods
    LICENSE
    The information provided using CDC Web site is only intended to be general summary information to the public. It is not intended to take the place of either the written law or regulations.
    https://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html
  19. NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
    LICENSE
    Data covered by the Standard Reference Data Act of 1968 as amended.
    https://www.nist.gov/srd/public-law
    Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoro-
    http://www.nist.gov/srd/nist1a.cfm
  20. SpectraBase
    Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoro-
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/DWGUlnr0S2D
    Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoro-
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/HSXmMerSNRy
    1,1,2,2-TETRACHLORODIFLUOROETHANE
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/Ea7dR5UdW8B
    1,2-DIFLUORO-1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/LNLdyyBbgml
    ETHANE, 1,2-DIFLUORO-1,1,2,2-TETRA- CHLORO-,
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/7yuNFMp3I7D
    1,1,2,2-TETRACHLORO-1,2-DIFLUOROETHANE
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/1u8GUeykce0
    1,1,2,2-TETRACHLORO-1,2-DIFLUORO-ETHANE
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/IFODVQjak4U
    1,1,2,2-Tetrachlorodifluoroethane
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/Bzv5V536pmD
    ETHANE, 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLORO-1,2-DIFLUORO-
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/6LLZtVpSc50
    1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoro-ethane
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/IpCjdU1w1M0
  21. NMRShiftDB
  22. Springer Nature
  23. SpringerMaterials
  24. Thieme Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The Thieme Chemistry contribution within PubChem is provided under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
  25. Wikidata
    1,2-difluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
    https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2806548
  26. Wikipedia
  27. PubChem
  28. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  29. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
    LICENSE
    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  30. EPA Substance Registry Services
  31. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  32. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
  33. NCBI
CONTENTS