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1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane

PubChem CID
6502
Structure
1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane_small.png
1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane_3D_Structure.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • 1,1,1-TRIS(HYDROXYMETHYL)ETHANE
  • 77-85-0
  • Trimethylolethane
  • 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropane-1,3-diol
  • Trimet
Molecular Weight
120.15 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2005-03-26
  • Modify:
    2025-01-18

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane.png

1.2 3D Conformer

1.3 Crystal Structures

COD records with this CID as component

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropane-1,3-diol
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C5H12O3/c1-5(2-6,3-7)4-8/h6-8H,2-4H2,1H3
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 InChIKey

QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.4 SMILES

CC(CO)(CO)CO
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

C5H12O3
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

77-85-0

2.3.2 Deprecated CAS

2014337-54-1, 2182590-62-9

2.3.3 European Community (EC) Number

2.3.4 UNII

2.3.5 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.6 Nikkaji Number

2.3.7 NSC Number

2.3.8 Wikidata

2.3.9 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
120.15 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
XLogP3-AA
Property Value
-1.2
Reference
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
3
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
3
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
3
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
120.078644241 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
120.078644241 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
60.7 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
8
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
50.4
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Physical Description

Dry Powder
Colorless or white solid; [HSDB]

3.2.2 Color / Form

White powder or needles from alcohol
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 3-294
Colorless crystals
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 14th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2001., p. 1133

3.2.3 Boiling Point

283 °C
Hunter WN; Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (2001). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Alcohols, Polyhydric. Online Posting Date: December 4, 2000.
BP: 137 °C at 15 mm Hg
Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. C-450

3.2.4 Melting Point

204 °C
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 3-294

3.2.5 Solubility

Miscible in water and ethanol; insoluble in diethyl ether and benzene; very soluble in acetic acid
Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 3-294
Soluble in water and ethanol
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 14th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2001., p. 1133
In water, 140 g per 100 g at 25 °C
Werle P, Morawietz M; Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 7th ed. (2008). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Alcohols, Polyhydric. Online Posting Date: June 15, 2000.

3.2.6 Density

1.210 g/cu cm at 20 °C
Werle P, Morawietz M; Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 7th ed. (2008). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Alcohols, Polyhydric. Online Posting Date: June 15, 2000.

3.2.7 Other Experimental Properties

Hygroscopic
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 14th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2001., p. 1133

3.3 SpringerMaterials Properties

3.4 Chemical Classes

3.4.1 Polymers

Other Classes -> Alcohols and Polyols, Other

4 Spectral Information

4.1 1D NMR Spectra

1 of 2
1D NMR Spectra
NMR: 6022 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection)
2 of 2
1D NMR Spectra

4.1.1 1H NMR Spectra

1 of 2
Instrument Name
Varian A-60
Source of Sample
Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Copyright
Copyright © 2009-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
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2 of 2
Source of Spectrum
Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.
Source of Sample
Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.
Catalog Number
T87807
Copyright
Copyright © 2021-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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4.1.2 13C NMR Spectra

1 of 2
Source of Sample
Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Instrument Name
Varian CFT-20
Copyright
Copyright © 2002-2024 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
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4.2 Mass Spectrometry

4.2.1 GC-MS

1 of 6
View All
MoNA ID
MS Category
Experimental
MS Type
GC-MS
MS Level
MS1
Instrument
HITACHI M-80
Instrument Type
EI-B
Ionization Mode
positive
Top 5 Peaks

72 99.99

57 88.77

43 39.75

41 32.60

71 20.37

Thumbnail
Thumbnail
License
CC BY-NC-SA
2 of 6
View All
NIST Number
229703
Library
Main library
Total Peaks
68
m/z Top Peak
57
m/z 2nd Highest
72
m/z 3rd Highest
41
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.2.2 Other MS

1 of 2
Other MS
MASS: 70011 (NIST/EPA/MSDC Mass Spectral Database, 1990 Version)
2 of 2
Authors
HASHIMOTO K, KYOTO COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Instrument
HITACHI M-80
Instrument Type
EI-B
MS Level
MS
Ionization Mode
POSITIVE
Ionization
ENERGY 20 eV
Top 5 Peaks

72 999

57 888

43 398

41 326

71 204

Thumbnail
Thumbnail
License
CC BY-NC-SA

4.3 IR Spectra

IR Spectra
IR: 15177 (Sadtler Research Laboratories IR Grating Collection)

4.3.1 FTIR Spectra

1 of 2
Technique
KBr WAFER
Source of Sample
Commercial Solvents Corporation, New York, New York
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
2 of 2
Technique
KBr WAFER
Source of Sample
Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.3.2 ATR-IR Spectra

Source of Sample
Aldrich
Catalog Number
T87807
Copyright
Copyright © 2018-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2018-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.3.3 Vapor Phase IR Spectra

Instrument Name
DIGILAB FTS-14
Technique
Vapor Phase
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

4.4 Raman Spectra

Instrument Name
Bio-Rad FTS 175C with Raman accessory
Technique
FT-Raman
Source of Sample
Commercial Solvents Corporation, New York, New York
Copyright
Copyright © 1980, 1981-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Thumbnail
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6 Chemical Vendors

7 Use and Manufacturing

7.1 Uses

Sources/Uses
Used to make varnishes, drying oils, and polyesters for polyurethane foams, alkyd surface coatings, lubricants, and hydraulic fluids; Also used as a heat stabilizer for polyvinyl chloride resins; [HSDB]
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure

Painting (Solvents) [Category: Paint]

Plastic Composites Manufacturing [Category: Industry]

Conditioning agent; mfr of varnishes, alkyd and polyester resins, synthetic drying oils
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 1281
Used in the manufacture of alkyd surface coatings and polyester resins (polyurethane foams). Heat stabilizer for polyvinyl chloride resins.
Sheftel, V.O.; Indirect Food Additives and Polymers. Migration and Toxicology. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 2000., p. 422
Polyethers are used in ethylene vinyl acetate and polyurethane adhesives.
Hunter WN; Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (2001). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Alcohols, Polyhydric. Online Posting Date: December 4, 2000.
CHEM INT FOR POLYESTERS FOR POLYURETHANE FOAMS
SRI
For more Uses (Complete) data for 1,1,1-TRIS(HYDROXYMETHYL)ETHANE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

7.1.1 Industry Uses

  • Finishing agents
  • Intermediates
  • Other (specify)

7.1.2 Consumer Uses

Intermediates

7.2 Methods of Manufacturing

Trimethylolethane is made by aldol condensation of propionaldehyde with formaldehyde, followed by reaction of the intermediate 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propanal with excess formaldehyde in the presence of sodium hydroxide or lime as basic component. The resulting aqueous solution is freed from excess formaldehyde by distillation under pressure and further concentrated. The formate byproduct can be separated by extracting the trimethylolethane from the residue with organic solvents such as 2-propanol or by almost complete removal of the water and dissolving the trimethylolethane in acetone or methanol.
Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 6th ed.Vol 1: Federal Republic of Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 2003 to Present, p. V2 58 (2003)

7.3 U.S. Production

Aggregated Product Volume

2019: 2,700,000 lb

2018: 2,400,000 lb

2017: 3,500,000 lb

2016: 3,400,000 lb

(1979) 4.76X10+9 GRAMS (ESTIMATE)
SRI
(1981) 4.76X10+9 GRAMS (ESTIMATE)
SRI
Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule.
Year
1986
Production Range (pounds)
>1 million - 10 million
Year
1990
Production Range (pounds)
>1 million - 10 million
Year
1994
Production Range (pounds)
>1 million - 10 million
Year
1998
Production Range (pounds)
>1 million - 10 million
Year
2002
Production Range (pounds)
>1 million - 10 million
US EPA; Non-confidential Production Volume Information Submitted by Companies for Chemicals Under the 1986-2002 Inventory Update Rule (IUR). 1,3-Propanediol, 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl- (77-85-0). Available from, as of January 14, 2008: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/iur/tools/data/2002-vol.html
1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).
EPA/Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program. Available from the Database Query page at: https://www.epa.gov/hpv/pubs/general/opptsrch.htm on 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane (77-85-0) as of January 14, 2008

7.4 U.S. Imports

(1979) No Data
SRI
(1981) No Data
SRI

7.5 U.S. Exports

(1979) No Data
SRI
(1981) No Data
SRI

7.6 General Manufacturing Information

Industry Processing Sectors
  • Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing
  • Paper Manufacturing
  • Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
1,3-Propanediol, 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-: ACTIVE

8 Safety and Hazards

8.1 Hazards Identification

8.1.1 GHS Classification

GHS Hazard Statements

Not Classified

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria by 128 of 143 companies

ECHA C&L Notifications Summary

Aggregated GHS information provided per 143 reports by companies from 5 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 128 of 143 reports by companies. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

There are 4 notifications provided by 15 of 143 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

8.1.2 Hazard Classes and Categories

Not Classified

8.1.3 Hazards Summary

An irritant; [MSDSonline]

8.1.4 Fire Potential

Combustible
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 1281

8.2 Accidental Release Measures

8.2.1 Disposal Methods

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

8.3 Regulatory Information

The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: 1,3-Propanediol, 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-
REACH Registered Substance
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
1,3-Propanediol, 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

9 Toxicity

9.1 Toxicological Information

9.1.1 Acute Effects

9.1.2 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 160
/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 160
/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 160-1

9.2 Ecological Information

9.2.1 Environmental Fate / Exposure Summary

1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane's production and use in the manufacture of varnishes, alkyd and polyester resins, as a conditioning agent and synthetic drying oils may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 1.7X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 30 hours. Particulate-phase 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of less than 1. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.1X10-8 atm-cu m/mole. 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane is unlikely to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane, present at 100 mg/L, reached 4 percent of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test, suggesting that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3.2 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane is produced or used. (SRC)

9.2.2 Artificial Pollution Sources

1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane's production and use in the manufacture of varnishes, alkyd and polyester resins, as a conditioning agent and synthetic drying oils(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).
(1) Lewis RJ Sr, ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 14th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, p. 1133 (2001)

9.2.3 Environmental Fate

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of less than 1(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.1X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.7X10-6 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4). 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane, present at 100 mg/L, reached 4 percent of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test(5), suggesting that biodegradation in soil is not an important environmental fate process(SRC).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992)
(3) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 1283-93 (1991)
(4) Lyman WJ; p. 31 in Environmental Exposure From Chemicals Vol I, Neely WB, Blau GE, eds, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (1985)
(5) NITE; Chemical Risk Information Platform (CHRIP). Biodegradation and Bioconcentration. Ver 2006.01.30 Updated. National Institute of Technology and Evaluation. Tokyo, Japan. Chemcial. Cas No. Available from the database query page at https://www.safe.nite.go.jp/english/kizon/KIZON_start_hazkizon.html as of Jan 25, 2008.
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of less than 1(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.1X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3.2(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of -0.30(6)and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane, present at 100 mg/L, reached 4 percent of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test(8), suggesting that biodegradation in water is not an important environmental fate process(SRC).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992)
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9, 7-4, 7-5, 8-12, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(4) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
(5) Meylan WM, Howard PH; J Pharm Sci 84: 83-92 (1995)
(6) Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999)
(7) NITE; Chemical Risk Information Platform (CHRIP). Biodegradation and Bioconcentration. Ver 2006.01.30 Updated. National Institute of Technology and Evaluation. Tokyo, Japan. Chemcial. Cas No. Available from the database query page at https://www.safe.nite.go.jp/english/kizon/KIZON_start_hazkizon.html as of Jan 25, 2008.
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.7X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 30 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.3X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988)
(2) Lyman WJ; p. 31 in Environmental Exposure From Chemicals Vol I, Neely WB, Blau GE, eds, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (1985)
(3) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993)
(4) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 8-12 (1990)

9.2.4 Environmental Biodegradation

AEROBIC: 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane, present at 100 mg/L, reached 4 percent of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test(1). In a study using gas chromatography to monitor substrate disappearance, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane, at an initial concentration of 50 ppm, did not biodegrade under aerobic conditions(2).
(1) NITE; Chemical Risk Information Platform (CHRIP). Biodegradation and Bioconcentration. Ver 2006.01.30 Updated. National Institute of Technology and Evaluation. Tokyo, Japan. Chemcial. Cas No. Available from the database query page at https://www.safe.nite.go.jp/english/kizon/KIZON_start_hazkizon.html as of Jan 25, 2008.
(2) Kaplan DL et al; Environ Sci Technol 16: 723-5 (1982)
ANAEROBIC: In a study using gas chromatography to monitor substrate disappearance, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane, at an initial concentration of 50 ppm, did not biodegrade under anaerobic conditions(1).
(1) Kaplan DL et al; Environ Sci Technol 16: 723-5 (1982)

9.2.5 Environmental Abiotic Degradation

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.3X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 30 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(2) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993)
(2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5, 8-12 (1990)

9.2.6 Environmental Bioconcentration

An estimated BCF of 3.2 was calculated for 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of -0.30(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).
(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; J Pharm Sci 84: 83-92 (1995)
(2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999)
(3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)

9.2.7 Soil Adsorption / Mobility

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane can be estimated to be less than 1(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane is expected to have very high mobility in soil.
(1) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-67 (1992)
(2) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)

9.2.8 Volatilization from Water / Soil

The Henry's Law constant for 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane is estimated as 1.1X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is unlikely to occur(SRC). 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.7X10-6 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).
(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 1283-93 (1991)
(2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(3) Lyman WJ; p. 31 in Environmental Exposure From Chemicals Vol I, Neely WB, Blau GE, eds, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (1985)

9.2.9 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1090 workers were potentially exposed to 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where it is produced or used(SRC).
(1) NIOSH; NOES. National Occupational Exposure Survey conducted from 1981-1983. Estimated numbers of employees potentially exposed to specific agents by 2-digit standard industrial classification (SIC). Available at https://www.cdc.gov/noes/ as of Jan 25, 2008.

10 Literature

10.1 Consolidated References

10.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

10.3 Springer Nature References

10.4 Thieme References

10.5 Wiley References

10.6 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

10.7 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

10.8 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

11 Patents

11.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

11.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

11.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

11.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

11.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

12 Biological Test Results

12.1 BioAssay Results

13 Classification

13.1 MeSH Tree

13.2 ChemIDplus

13.3 UN GHS Classification

13.4 NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification

13.5 EPA DSSTox Classification

13.6 EPA TSCA and CDR Classification

13.7 EPA Substance Registry Services Tree

13.8 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

14 Information Sources

  1. Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS)
    1,3-Propanediol, 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-
    https://services.industrialchemicals.gov.au/search-inventory/
  2. CAS Common Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
  3. ChemIDplus
    ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
  4. DTP/NCI
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise indicated, all text within NCI products is free of copyright and may be reused without our permission. Credit the National Cancer Institute as the source.
    https://www.cancer.gov/policies/copyright-reuse
  5. EPA Chemical Data Reporting (CDR)
    LICENSE
    The U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce these documents, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. These documents may be freely distributed and used for non-commercial, scientific and educational purposes.
    https://www.epa.gov/web-policies-and-procedures/epa-disclaimers#copyright
    1,3-Propanediol, 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-
    https://www.epa.gov/chemical-data-reporting
  6. EPA Chemicals under the TSCA
    1,3-Propanediol, 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-
    https://www.epa.gov/chemicals-under-tsca
    EPA TSCA Classification
    https://www.epa.gov/tsca-inventory
  7. EPA DSSTox
    2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID2026444
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
  8. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
    LICENSE
    Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: "Source: European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/". Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice page.
    https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/legal-notice
  9. FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS)
    LICENSE
    Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.
    https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
  10. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  11. New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
    LICENSE
    This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International licence.
    https://www.epa.govt.nz/about-this-site/general-copyright-statement/
  12. Crystallography Open Database (COD)
    LICENSE
    All data in the COD and the database itself are dedicated to the public domain and licensed under the CC0 License. Users of the data should acknowledge the original authors of the structural data.
    https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
  13. Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
    LICENSE
    Copyright (c) 2022 Haz-Map(R). All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials from Haz-Map are copyrighted by Haz-Map(R). No part of these materials, either text or image may be used for any purpose other than for personal use. Therefore, reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly prohibited without prior written permission.
    https://haz-map.com/About
    1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane
    https://haz-map.com/Agents/7878
  14. NMRShiftDB
  15. MassBank Europe
  16. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
  17. MassBank of North America (MoNA)
    LICENSE
    The content of the MoNA database is licensed under CC BY 4.0.
    https://mona.fiehnlab.ucdavis.edu/documentation/license
  18. NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
    LICENSE
    Data covered by the Standard Reference Data Act of 1968 as amended.
    https://www.nist.gov/srd/public-law
    1,3-Propanediol, 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-
    http://www.nist.gov/srd/nist1a.cfm
  19. SpectraBase
    1,3-PROPANEDIOL, 2-(HYDROXYMETHYL)-2-METHYL-
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/9cZ82lrAPXp
    2-(HYDROXYMETHYL)-2-METHYL-1,3-PROPANEDIOL
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/C6dnk5idFHh
    2-(HYDROXYMETHYL)-2-METHYL-1,3-PROPANEDIOL
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/H1QWfo7yPaC
    2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/BNUnQS6VMEs
    1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/4OyRU1dpqpQ
    1,3-PROPANEDIOL, 2-HYDROXYMETHYL-2- METHYL-,
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/2MlPbVGNJED
    1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane
    https://spectrabase.com/spectrum/6watSHHGJs
  20. Springer Nature
  21. SpringerMaterials
  22. Thieme Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The Thieme Chemistry contribution within PubChem is provided under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
  23. Wikidata
  24. Wikipedia
  25. Wiley
  26. PubChem
  27. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
    LICENSE
    Works produced by the U.S. government are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any such works found on National Library of Medicine (NLM) Web sites may be freely used or reproduced without permission in the U.S.
    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
    1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/67522756
  28. GHS Classification (UNECE)
  29. NORMAN Suspect List Exchange
    LICENSE
    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
    https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
  30. EPA Substance Registry Services
  31. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  32. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
CONTENTS