(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal
PubChem CID
107526
Structure
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
- 50-99-7
- D(+)-Glucose
- (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal
- Dextrose Anhydrous
- aldehydo-D-glucose
Molecular Weight
180.16 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
- Create:2004-09-16
- Modify:2025-01-18
Description
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Aldehydo-D-glucose is the open chain form of D-glucose. It is a D-glucose and an aldehydo-glucose. It is an enantiomer of an aldehydo-L-glucose.
(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal has been reported in Maclura pomifera, Rehmannia glutinosa, and other organisms with data available.
Chemical Structure Depiction
SVG Image
IUPAC Condensed
aldehydo-Glc
LINUCS
[][aldehydo-D-Glc]{}
IUPAC
aldehydo-D-gluco-hexose
(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal
Computed by Lexichem TK 2.7.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-3(9)5(11)6(12)4(10)2-8/h1,3-6,8-12H,2H2/t3-,4+,5+,6+/m0/s1
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
GZCGUPFRVQAUEE-SLPGGIOYSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
C([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C=O)O)O)O)O)O
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)
C6H12O6
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
8027-56-3
50-99-7
815-92-9
19030-38-7
28823-03-2
58367-01-4
Compound: Polyglucose
111688-73-4, 162222-91-5, 165659-51-8, 50933-92-1, 8012-24-6, 80206-31-1, 8030-23-7
111688-73-4, 162222-91-5, 165659-51-8, 2280-44-6, 8012-24-6, 80206-31-1, 8030-23-7
- Anhydrous Dextrose
- D Glucose
- D-Glucose
- Dextrose
- Dextrose, Anhydrous
- Glucose
- Glucose Monohydrate
- Glucose, (alpha-D)-Isomer
- Glucose, (beta-D)-Isomer
- Glucose, (DL)-Isomer
- Monohydrate, Glucose
- 50-99-7
- D(+)-Glucose
- (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal
- Dextrose Anhydrous
- aldehydo-D-glucose
- D-(+)-Glucose
- Glucose Anhydrous
- DL-Glucose
- Dextrose, anhydrous
- 58367-01-4
- Glucose [JAN]
- 5SL0G7R0OK
- DTXSID4048729
- DTXSID7022910
- CHEBI:42758
- 815-92-9
- Glucose, liquid
- 28823-03-2
- Glucopur
- GLO
- (14C)-Glucose
- (14C)D-Glucose
- (C13)D-Glucose
- (U-14C)Glucose
- Glucose (C-13)
- Glucose (C-14)
- D-(U-14C)Glucose
- Glucose, liquid [NF]
- 8027-56-3
- (U-13C)-D-glucose
- Insta-Glucose
- D-Glucose, labeled with tritium
- NSC-406891
- NCGC00159408-02
- D-Glucose, labeled with carbon-13
- D-Glucose, labeled with carbon-14
- Glucose-40
- Dextrose (D-glucose)
- D-Glucose (Standard)
- D(+)-Glucose;(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal
- anhydrous dextrose (open form)
- GLUCOSE [EP MONOGRAPH]
- CHEMBL448805
- ANHYDROUS DEXTROSE [II]
- Dextrosum (Glucosum) anhydricum
- HY-B0389R
- D-(+)-Glucose pound notanhydrous
- DTXCID701436386
- D-Glucose;Grape sugar;Glucopyranose
- HY-B0389
- Tox21_113165
- Tox21_200145
- MFCD00148912
- s2123
- AKOS006239080
- 1ST3203
- CCG-266428
- DB01914
- CAS-50-99-7
- NCGC00257699-01
- NCGC00386163-02
- 19030-38-7
- ANHYDROUS DEXTROSE [USP MONOGRAPH]
- CAS-58367-01-4
- DB-230493
- DB-264747
- NS00007629
- NS00081306
- SW220288-1
- D85170
- EN300-109407
- SBI-0633535.0002
- AB01274744-01
- AB01274744_02
- A828386
- BRD-K51431759-001-02-9
- Q21036645
- rel-(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal
- (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentakis(oxidanyl)hexanal
- Z1201619321
- 109427F7-ABCA-4F12-91AE-01BC27C22B31
- DEXTROSE (CONSTITUENT OF CRANBERRY LIQUID PREPARATION) [DSC]
- D-GLUCOSE,2-(ACETYLAMINO)-4-O-[2-(ACETYLAMINO)-2-DEOXY-4-O-SULFO-B-D-GALACTOPYRANOSYL]-2-DEOXY-
Property Name
Property Value
Reference
Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
180.16 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
XLogP3
Property Value
-2.9
Reference
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
5
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
6
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
5
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
180.06338810 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
180.06338810 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
118 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
12
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
138
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
4
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Colorless crystals or white granular powder
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 609
Odorless
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 609
Sweet
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 609
greater than 212 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
less than 32 °F (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
146 °C
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 609
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 824
In water, 5.46X10+5 mg/L at 30 °C, 4.79X10+5 mg/L at 20 °C
Yalkowsky, S.H., He, Yan, Jain, P. Handbook of Aqueous Solubility Data Second Edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 2010, p. 308
Very soluble in water
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 3-282
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 3-282
1.2 at 68 °F (est.) (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
1.544
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 609
Density: 1.5620 at 18 °C/4 °C /alpha-Glucose/; 1.54 at 25 °C/4 °C /alpha-Glucose, monohydrate/; 1.5620 at 18 °C/4 °C; needles from alc ohol/beta-Glucose/
Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. C-317
8.0X10-14 mm Hg at 25 °C /extrapolated from a higher solid-phase temperature range/
Oja V, Suuberg EM; J Chem Eng Data 44(1): 26-29 (1999)
log Kow = -3.00
Mazzobre MF et al; Carbohydrate Research 340(6): 1207-1211 (2005)
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for D-(+)-Glucose. Product Number: G8270, Version 4.4 (Revision Date 01/14/2015). Available from, as of January 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Not flammable (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 1861
Thermal decomposition products include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and irritating and toxic fumes and/or gases.
Pohanish, R.P. (ed). Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemical Carcinogens 6th Edition Volume 1: A-K,Volume 2: L-Z. William Andrew, Waltham, MA 2012, p. 1382
pH of 0.5 molar aqueous solution = 5.9 /alpha-glucose/
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 308
pKa = 12.92 at 0 °C
Kortum G et al; Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. London: Butterworth (1961)
Glucose predominantly occurs in nature in the form of the D-enantiomer ... D-Glucose is generally believed to exist in three crystalline forms: anhydrous alpha and beta-D-glucose crystals are both orthorhombic while alpha-D-glucose monohydrate crystals are monoclinic; however, a fourth form, thought to be a hydrated form of beta-D-glucose.
Schenck FW; Glucose and Glucose-Containing Syrups. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 7th ed. (1999-2016). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 15 Dec 2006
Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 1261
Glucose is a reducing sugar, i.e. it reacts with oxidizing agents such as cupric hydroxide ... In water, ... below a temperature of ca 100 °C, the stable, crystalline form of D-glucose is the alpha-form, which crystallizes as a monohydrate below ca 50 °C, above ca 100 °C, the beta-anhydrous form, is most stable.
Schenck FW; Glucose and Glucose-Containing Syrups. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 7th ed. (1999-2016). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 15 Dec 2006
Below 50 °C, alpha-d-glucose hydrate, above 50 °C anhydrous form is obtained and at higher temp beta-d-glucose is formed
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 824
Crystals from hot ethanol or water; MP 146 °C. Specific optical rotation: +112.2 deg to +52.7 deg (c = 10 in water) at 25 °C/D. pH of 0.5 molar aq solution: 5.9. Density of water solution wt/vol: 5% = 1.019 at 17.5 °C/17.5 °C. Index of refraction: 10% Solution 1/3479 at 20 °C/D. One gram dissolves in 1.1 mL water at 25 °C; in 0.8 mL at 30 °C; in 0.41 mL at 50 °C; ... in 120 mL methanol at 20 °C. Very sparingly soluble in and alcohol, ether, acetone; soluble in hot glacial acetic acid, pyridine, aniline. /alpha-Glucose, anhydrous/
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 824
Leaves or plates or orthorombic from water; insoluble in ether /alpha-Glucose, monohydrate/
Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. C-317
Rods, cubes, orthorhombic, needles from alc /alpha-Glucose/
Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. C-317
Crystals from hot water + ethanol, from dil acetic acid, or from pyridine; MP: 148-155 °C. Specific optical rotation: +18.7 deg to +52.7 deg (c = 10 in water) at 25 °C/D /beta-Glucose/
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 824
Very soluble in water; insoluble in ether; sightly soluble in alcohol, methanol; soluble in hot alcohol, hot pyridine /beta-Glucose/
Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. C-317
Pharmaceuticals -> Listed in ZINC15
S55 | ZINC15PHARMA | Pharmaceuticals from ZINC15 | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3247749
Humectant
S13 | EUCOSMETICS | Combined Inventory of Ingredients Employed in Cosmetic Products (2000) and Revised Inventory (2006) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2624118
ANTICAKING AGENT OR FREE-FLOW AGENT, COLOR OR COLORING ADJUNCT, DRYING AGENT, FLAVOR ENHANCER, FLAVORING AGENT OR ADJUVANT, HUMECTANT, LUBRICANT OR RELEASE AGENT, NUTRITIVE SWEETENER, SOLVENT OR VEHICLE, STABILIZER OR THICKENER -> FDA Substance added to food
1D NMR Spectra
NMR: 6245 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection)
MoNA ID
MS Category
Experimental
MS Type
LC-MS
MS Level
MS2
Precursor Type
[M-H]-
Precursor m/z
179.0551
Instrument
Thermo Q Exactive HF
Instrument Type
LC-ESI-QFT
Ionization Mode
negative
Collision Energy
HCD (NCE 20-30-40%)
Retention Time
7.665133
Top 5 Peaks
59.01243 100
71.01245 59.28
89.02303 27.17
113.02307 8.97
101.02313 8.88
MoNA ID
MS Category
Experimental
MS Type
LC-MS
MS Level
MS2
Precursor Type
[M+H]+
Precursor m/z
181.0721
Instrument
SCIEX TripleTOF 6600
Instrument Type
LC-ESI-QTOF
Ionization Mode
positive
Collision Energy
35 eV
Retention Time
1.84265
Top 5 Peaks
124.04926 84
102.04408 36
Other MS
MASS: 894 (National Bureau of Standards EPA-NIH Mass Spectra Data Base, NSRDS-NBS-63) /beta-D-Glucose/
Other MS
MASS: 894 (National Bureau of Standards EPA-NIH Mass Spectra Data Base, NSRDS-NBS-63) /alpha-D-Glucose/
Other MS
MASS: 894 (National Bureau of Standards EPA-NIH Mass Spectra Data Base, NSRDS-NBS-63)
UV: 6-92 (Organic Electronic Spectral Data, Phillips et al, John Wiley & Sons, New York)
Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985., p. V1 661
IR Spectra
IR: 3621 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) /beta-D-Glucose/
IR Spectra
IR: 1298 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) /alpha-D-Glucose/
IR Spectra
IR: 95 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection)
It has the D (right-handed) configuration and is dextrorotary.
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 609
Follow these links to do a live 2D search or do a live 3D search for this compound, sorted by annotation score. This section is deprecated (see here for details), but these live search links provide equivalent functionality to the table that was previously shown here.
Same Connectivity Count
Same Stereo Count
Same Isotope Count
Same Parent, Connectivity Count
Same Parent, Stereo Count
Same Parent, Isotope Count
Same Parent, Exact Count
Mixtures, Components, and Neutralized Forms Count
Similar Compounds (2D)
Similar Conformers (3D)
- D-Glucose (preferred)
- L-Glucose (related)
- DL-Glucose (broader)
- Anhydrous Dextrose (annotation moved to)
beta-D-Glucose; 492-61-5
alpha-D-glucose; 492-62-6
/CLINICAL TRIALS/ ClinicalTrials.gov is a registry and results database of publicly and privately supported clinical studies of human participants conducted around the world. The Web site is maintained by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Each ClinicalTrials.gov record presents summary information about a study protocol and includes the following: Disease or condition; Intervention (for example, the medical product, behavior, or procedure being studied); Title, description, and design of the study; Requirements for participation (eligibility criteria); Locations where the study is being conducted; Contact information for the study locations; and Links to relevant information on other health Web sites, such as NLM's MedlinePlus for patient health information and PubMed for citations and abstracts for scholarly articles in the field of medicine. Glucose is included in the database.
NIH/NLM; ClinicalTrials.Gov. Available from, as of March 17, 2016: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=glucose&Search=Search
2.5-11.5% Dextrose injections are administered by peripheral IV infusion to provide calories and water for hydration; these injections may be admixed with amino acids injections or other compatible IV fluids to provide parenteral nutrition. Hypertonic dextrose injections (concentration greater than 5%) are used to provide adequate calories in a minimal volume of water. 40-70% Dextrose injections are concentrated sources of calories which are admixed with amino acids injections or other compatible IV fluids and administered via central veins to provide parenteral nutrition. 50% Dextrose injections are frequently used in adults and children to restore blood glucose concentrations in the treatment of hypoglycemia resulting from insulin excess or other causes. 10-25% Dextrose injections are used in neonates and infants to restore blood glucose concentrations in the treatment of acute symptomatic hypoglycemia.
American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2015; Drug Information 2015. Bethesda, MD. 2015
On surface of eye, 30% to 50% glucose soln has been used successfully in relieving corneal edema in patients... it has been used as eyedrops, ocular bath, or ointment.
Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 460
During periods of inanition, intravenous injection of isotonic solution of dextrose provides both fluid and carbohydrate. ... Body protein is spared, and starvation-ketosis and acidosis are prevented. ... Hypertonic solutions of dextrose are also admin intravenously to initiate osmotic diuresis.
Troy, D.B. (Ed); Remmington The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. 21 st Edition. Lippincott Williams & Williams, Philadelphia, PA 2005, p. 1323
For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for D(+)-Glucose (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
... the sugar itself may be source of pyrogens, and extreme care must be observed throughout the preparation of dextrose injections to prevent contamination, for conditions are practically ideal for the development of bacteria and, therefore, pyrogens.
Troy, D.B. (Ed); Remmington The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. 21 st Edition. Lippincott Williams & Williams, Philadelphia, PA 2005, p. 1323
Hyperglycemia and glycosuria may result /from dextrose injection/, depending on the infusion rate and metabolic status. Because of both the dilution of extracellular fluid and endocellular movement of potassium during glucose uptake, hypokalemia may be a consequence. Reactive hypoglycemia may result from the abrupt termination of administration.
Troy, D.B. (Ed); Remmington The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. 21 st Edition. Lippincott Williams & Williams, Philadelphia, PA 2005, p. 1323
Prolonged parenteral nutrition with dextrose solutions may adversely affect the production of insulin; to avoid this potential adverse effect, and to minimize hyperglycemia and consequent glycosuria, it may be necessary to add insulin to the infusion. Blood and urinary glucose should be monitored periodically. When infusions of concentrated dextrose are discontinued, it is advisable to substitute a 5 or 10% dextrose solution to prevent rebound hypoglycemia.
American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2015; Drug Information 2015. Bethesda, MD. 2015
Dextrose solutions which do not contain electrolytes should not be administered concomitantly with blood through the same IV infusion set because of the possibility of agglomeration.
American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2015; Drug Information 2015. Bethesda, MD. 2015
For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for D(+)-Glucose (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Substance
Used for (Technical Effect)
ANTICAKING AGENT OR FREE-FLOW AGENT, COLOR OR COLORING ADJUNCT, DRYING AGENT, FLAVOR ENHANCER, FLAVORING AGENT OR ADJUVANT, HUMECTANT, LUBRICANT OR RELEASE AGENT, NUTRITIVE SWEETENER, SOLVENT OR VEHICLE, STABILIZER OR THICKENER
Sweetening Agents
Substances that sweeten food, beverages, medications, etc., such as sugar, saccharine or other low-calorie synthetic products. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed) (See all compounds classified as Sweetening Agents.)
Normal fasting blood-sugar values for adults are 80 to 120 mg/dL; true glucose is 65 to 100 mg/dL. When the blood-sugar values exceed 120 (hyperglycemia), diabetes mellitus should be suspected and can be confirmed by evidence of diminished carbohydrate tolerance. ... Hyperglycemia and decreased glucose tolerance are seen in diabetes mettilus (to 500 mg/dL) and hyperactivity of the adrenal, pituitary, and thyroid glands. Hypoglycemia, with a blood-sugar value of <60 mg/dL and increased glucose tolerance, is encountered in insulin overdose, glucagon deficiencies, and hypoactivity of various endocrine glands.
Troy, D.B. (Ed); Remmington The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. 21 st Edition. Lippincott Williams & Williams, Philadelphia, PA 2005, p. 576-7
O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 824
In the skeletal system glucose serves as an essential source of energy for the development, growth, and maintenance of bone and articular cartilage. It is particularly needed for skeletal morphogenesis during embryonic growth and fetal development. Glucose is vital for osteogenesis and chondrogenesis, and is used as a precursor for the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. Glucose sensors are present in tissues and organs that carry out bulk glucose fluxes (i.e., intestine, kidney, and liver). The beta cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans respond to changes in blood glucose concentration by varying the rate of insulin synthesis and secretion. Neuronal cells in the hypothalamus are also capable of sensing extracellular glucose. Glucosensing neurons use glucose as a signaling molecule to alter their action potential frequency in response to variations in ambient glucose levels. Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue can respond to changes in circulating glucose but much less is known about glucosensing in bone and cartilage. Recent research suggests that bone cells can influence (and be influenced by) systemic glucose metabolism.
Mobasheri A; Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 3: 153 (2012)
Brain. Glucose is virtually the sole fuel for the human brain, except during prolonged starvation. The brain lacks fuel stores and hence requires a continuous supply of glucose. It consumes about 120 g daily, which corresponds to an energy input of about 420 kcal (1760 kJ), accounting for some 60% of the utilization of glucose by the whole body in the resting state. Much of the energy, estimates suggest from 60% to 70%, is used to power transport mechanisms that maintain the Na+-K+ membrane potential required for the transmission of the nerve impulses. The brain must also synthesize neurotransmitters and their receptors to propagate nerve impulses. Overall, glucose metabolism remains unchanged during mental activity, although local increases are detected when a subject performs certain tasks.
Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L; Biochemistry 5th ed (2002)
Members of the IL-6 family, IL-6 and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), have been shown to increase glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle. However, the metabolic effects of another family member, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), are not well characterized. Effects of LIF on skeletal muscle glucose uptake and palmitate oxidation and signaling were investigated in ex vivo incubated mouse soleus and EDL muscles from muscle-specific AMPKalpha2 kinase-dead, muscle-specific SOCS3 knockout, and lean and high-fat-fed mice. Inhibitors were used to investigate involvement of specific signaling pathways. LIF increased muscle glucose uptake in dose (50-5,000 pM/l) and time-dependent manners with maximal effects at the 30-min time point. LIF increased Akt Ser(473) phosphorylation (P) in soleus and EDL, whereas AMPK Thr(172) P was unaffected. Incubation with parthenolide abolished LIF-induced glucose uptake and STAT3 Tyr(705) P, whereas incubation with LY-294002 and wortmannin suppressed both basal and LIF-induced glucose uptake and Akt Ser(473) P, indicating that JAK and PI 3-kinase signaling is required for LIF-stimulated glucose uptake. Incubation with rapamycin and AZD8055 indicated that mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC)2, but not mTORC1, also is required for LIF-stimulated glucose uptake. In contrast to CNTF, LIF stimulation did not alter palmitate oxidation. LIF-stimulated glucose uptake was maintained in EDL from obese insulin-resistant mice, whereas soleus developed LIF resistance. Lack of SOCS3 and AMPKalpha2 did not affect LIF-stimulated glucose uptake. In conclusion, LIF acutely increased muscle glucose uptake by a mechanism potentially involving the PI 3-kinase/mTORC2/Akt pathway and is not impaired in EDL muscle from obese insulin-resistant mice.
Brandt N et al; Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 309 (2): E142-53 (2015)
The aim of the work is to analyze the relationship between consumption of glucose solution by rats and its absorption, and to use this fact for assessment of the absorptive capacity of the small intestine in non anesthetized animals in vivo. Consumption of glucose solution (200 g/L) by fasted rats was recorded in the control, and after administration of phloridzin--inhibitor of glucose active transport- or 3 hours after the restriction stress. On the mathematical model we studied the relative role of factors that can influence the temporal dynamics of glucose consumption by rats. The rate of glucose consumption was observed being decreased in the presence of phloridzin (1 mM), and be increased after the stress. The results of modeling are consistent with the experimental data and show that the rate of consumption of glucose solutions considerably more depends on the transport activity of the small intestine than on glucose concentration in the solution, or on the substrate regulation of the stomach emptying. Analysis of dynamics of consumption of glucose solution by intact rats may be considered as one of promising approaches to assessing the absorptive capacity of the small intestine under natural conditions.
Gruzdkov AA et al; Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova 101 (6): 708-20 (2015)
Facilitated diffusion involves carrier substance within placenta, which acts to incr rate of transfer beyond that which would be expected... glucose is apparently transferred in this manner. ...No metabolic energy may be required, & transfer is in direction of concn gradient.
LaDu, B.N., H.G. Mandel, and E.L. Way. Fundamentals of Drug Metabolism and Disposition. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1971., p. 89
When excesses are given IV blood sugar values usually return near normal within an hour or two, most of excess having been eliminated through kidneys, & CA 40% dialyzes into tissues with small amt destroyed by oxidation.
Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1974., p. 240
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for D(+)-Glucose (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Growth of Escherichia coli on glucose in batch culture is accompanied by the excretion of acetate, which is consumed by the cells when glucose is exhausted. This glucose-acetate transition is classically described as a diauxie (two successive growth stages). Here, we investigated the physiological and metabolic properties of cells after glucose exhaustion through the analysis of growth parameters and gene expression. We found that E. coli cells grown on glucose in batch culture produce acetate and consume it after glucose exhaustion but do not grow on acetate. Acetate is catabolized, but key anabolic genes--such as the genes encoding enzymes of the glyoxylate shunt--are not upregulated, hence preventing growth. Both the induction of the latter anabolic genes and growth were observed only after prolonged exposure to low concentrations of acetate and could be accelerated by high acetate concentrations. We postulate that such decoupling between acetate catabolism and acetate anabolism might be an advantage for the survival of E. coli in the ever-changing environment of the intestine. The glucose-acetate transition is a valuable experimental model for comprehensive investigations of metabolic adaptation and a current paradigm for developing modeling approaches in systems microbiology. Yet, the work reported in our paper demonstrates that the metabolic behavior of Escherichia coli during the glucose-acetate transition is much more complex than what has been reported so far. A decoupling between acetate catabolism and acetate anabolism was observed after glucose exhaustion, which has not been reported previously. This phenomenon could represent a strategy for optimal utilization of carbon resources during colonization and persistence of E. coli in the gut and is also of significant interest for biotechnological applications.
Enjalbert B et al; J Bacteriol 197 (19): 3173-81 (2015)
When V. cholerae encounters nutritional stress, it activates (p)ppGpp-mediated stringent response. The genes relA and relV are involved in the production of (p)ppGpp, whereas the spoT gene encodes an enzyme that hydrolyzes it. Herein, we show that the bacterial capability to produce (p)ppGpp plays an essential role in glucose metabolism. The V. cholerae mutants defective in (p)ppGpp production (i.e. deltarelAdeltarelV and deltarelAdeltarelVdeltaspoT mutants) lost their viability because of uncontrolled production of organic acids, when grown with extra glucose. In contrast, the deltarelAdeltaspoT mutant, a (p)ppGpp overproducer strain, exhibited better growth in the presence of the same glucose concentration. An RNA sequencing analysis demonstrated that transcriptions of genes consisting of an operon for acetoin biosynthesis were markedly elevated in N16961, a seventh pandemic O1 strain, but not in its (p)ppGpp(0) mutant during glucose-stimulated growth. Transposon insertion in acetoin biosynthesis gene cluster resulted in glucose-induced loss of viability of the deltarelAdeltaspoT mutant, further suggesting the crucial role of acetoin production in balanced growth under glucose-rich environments. Additional deletion of the aphA gene, encoding a negative regulator for acetoin production, failed to rescue the (p)ppGpp(0) mutant from the defective glucose-mediated growth, suggesting that (p)ppGpp-mediated acetoin production occurs independent of the presence of AphA. Overall, our results reveal that (p)ppGpp, in addition to its well known role as a stringent response mediator, positively regulates acetoin production that contributes to the successful glucose metabolism and consequently the proliferation of V. cholerae cells under a glucose-rich environment, a condition that may mimic the human intestine.
Oh YT et al; J Biol Chem 290 (21): 13178-90 (2015)
Heterogeneity within the same tumor type has been described to be complex and occur at multiple levels. Less is known about the heterogeneity at the level of metabolism, within a tumor set, yet metabolic pathways are highly relevant to survival signaling in tumors. In this study, we profiled the glucose metabolism of several non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines and could show that, NSCLC display distinct glycolytic metabolism. Genetic and pharmacological perturbation of glycolysis was selectively toxic to NSCLCs with high rates of glycolysis. Furthermore, high expression of hexokinase-2, localized at the mitochondria, was a feature of the NSCLCs dependent on glucose catabolism. Our study provides evidence for quantitative metabolic diversity in NSCLCs and indicates that glucose metabolism provide differential prosurvival benefits to NSCLCs.
Wu R et al; Biochem Biophys Res Commun 460 (3): 572-7 (2015)
To observe the influence of different concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA) on glucose metabolism and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) expression in rat Sertoli cells in vitro and investigate the mechanisms of BPA inducing male infertility. Using two-step enzyme digestion, we isolated Sertoli cells from male Wistar rats and constructed a primary Sertoli cell system, followed by immunohistochemical FasL staining. We randomly divided the Sertoli cells into a control group to be cultured in the serum-free minimal essential medium (MEM) plus dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and three experimental groups to be treated with 100 nmol/L, 10 umol/L, and 1 mmol/L BPA, respectively, in the MEM plus DMSO. After 48 hours of treatment, we measured the proliferation of the cells by CCK-8 assay, determined the concentrations of metabolites by NMR spectroscopy, and detected the expression of LDH in the Sertoli cells by RT-PCR and Western blot. The purity of the isolated Sertoli cells was (96.05 +/- 1.28)% (n = 10). Compared with the control group, the 100 nmol/L, 10 umol/L, and 1 mmol/L BPA groups showed no remarkable changes in the proliferation of Sertoli cells ([98 +/- 8]%, [96 +/- 3]%, and [95 +/- 3]%, P >0.05), but the 10 umol/L and 1 mmol/L of BPA groups exhibited significantly decreased concentrations of intracellular glucose ([3.89 +/- 0.07] vs [3.36 +/- 0.24] and [3.04 +/- 0.21] pmol/cell, P <0.05) and lactate ([0.43 +/- 0.06] vs [0.29 +/- 0.05] and [0.20 +/- 0.03] pmol/cell, P <0.05). The expression of LDH mRNA was decreased with the increased concentration of BPA, while that of LDH protein reduced only in the 1 mmol/L BPA group (P <0.05). High-concentration BPA decreases the expression of LDH and alters glucose metabolism in Sertoli cells, and therefore may reduce the provision of lactate for germ cells and impair spermatogenesis.
Huang W et al; Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 21 (2): 119-23 (2015)
For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for D(+)-Glucose (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Vascular calcification is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. Glucose stimulates calcification in culture of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. We observed that high glucose levels stimulated mouse and human VSMC trans-differentiation into chondrocytes, with increased levels of Sox9, type II collagen, glycosaminoglycan and Runx2 expression, and increased alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization. These effects were associated with increased expression of IL-1beta, which stimulated alkaline phosphatase and calcification, suggesting that glucose induces chondrocyte differentiation of VSMCs, possibly through IL-1beta activation.
Bessueille L et al; FEBS Lett 589 (19 Pt B): 2797-804 (2015)
EPA CPDat Chemical and Product Categories
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products, Scientific Data, volume 5, Article number: 180125 (2018), DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.125
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 609
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) are a diverse family of plant-specialized metabolites that include the pharmaceuticals codeine and morphine and their derivatives. Microbial synthesis of BIAs holds promise as an alternative to traditional crop-based manufacturing. Here we demonstrate the production of the key BIA intermediate (S)-reticuline from glucose in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To aid in this effort, we developed an enzyme-coupled biosensor for the upstream intermediate L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). Using this sensor, we identified an active tyrosine hydroxylase and improved its L-DOPA yields by 2.8-fold via PCR mutagenesis. Coexpression of DOPA decarboxylase enabled what is to our knowledge the first demonstration of dopamine production from glucose in yeast, with a 7.4-fold improvement in titer obtained for our best mutant enzyme. We extended this pathway to fully reconstitute the seven-enzyme pathway from L-tyrosine to (S)-reticuline. Future work to improve titers and connect these steps with downstream pathway branches, already demonstrated in S. cerevisiae, will enable low-cost production of many high-value BIAs.
DeLoache WC et al; Nat Chem Biol 11 (7): 465-71 (2015)
Nutrient (carbohydrate) replenisher in pharmaceuticals; food component; fluid replenisher
SRI
...Instead of lactose, as a supplement to milk for infant feeding.
Troy, D.B. (Ed); Remmington The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. 21 st Edition. Lippincott Williams & Williams, Philadelphia, PA 2005, p. 1085
For more Uses (Complete) data for D(+)-Glucose (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Cosmetics -> Humectant
S13 | EUCOSMETICS | Combined Inventory of Ingredients Employed in Cosmetic Products (2000) and Revised Inventory (2006) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2624118
Dextrose is manufactured almost exclusively from corn (maize) starch in the United States. In other countries, starch from sorghum (milo), wheat, rice, potato, tapioca (yucca, cassava), arrowroot, and sago are used to varying degrees along with corn starch. Prior to the 1960s, commercial dextrose was produced using acid and acid-enzyme hydrolysis processes that yielded only about 86 and 92-94% dextrose, respectively. The development of thermostable bacterial a-amylase enzymes led to total enzyme processes that eliminated acid degradation products and increased dextrose yield to about 95-97%. In an enzymatic process, starch is hydrolyzed (thinned or liquefied) with a bacterial a-amylase. The resulting substrate is then hydrolyzed to dextrose (saccharified) using glucoamylase, a fungal enzyme that preferentially cleaves dextrose from the partially degraded starch. The initial extent of liquefaction is generally in the range of 10-20 dextrose equivalent (DE). DE is a measure of the reducing-sugar content calculated as dextrose and expressed as a percentage of the total dry substance. Several industrial enzyme liquefaction processes are used commercially. These processes are referred to as (1) enzyme-heat-enzyme, (2) low temperature, (3) dual enzyme/dual heating, (4) dual enzyme/single heating, and (5) thermal liquefaction.
Hebeda RE; Syrups. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (1999-2016). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Online Posting Date: May 18, 2007
Hydrolysis of cornstarch with acids or enzymes, hydrolysis of cellulosic wastes.
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 609
Grade: Technical, USP, anhydrous, hydrated.
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 609
Commercial dextrose products are produced in both dry and syrup forms. Dry products are prepared by crystallization to either an anhydrous, C6H12O6, or hydrated, C6H12O6.H2O, form. These include dextrose hydrate, anhydrous alpha-D-glucose, and anhydrous beta-D-glucose. Syrup products are produced that contain from 95 to over 99% dextrose.
Hebeda RE; Syrups. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (1999-2016). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Online Posting Date: May 18, 2007
Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA12 (86) 468
Approximately 100% as a nutrient and fluid replenisher
SRI
In 10+3 t, commercial basis: (1965) 467; (1970) 549; (1975) 562; (1980) 512; (1982) 481; (1983) 490; (1984) 467; (1985) 478; (1986) 510 /Crystalline glucose/
Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA12 (89) 459
In 10+3 t, commercial basis, Bakery: (1965) 177; (1970) 172; (1975) 159; (1980) 50; (1982) 50; (1983) 54; (1984) 54; (1985) 57; (1986) 73 /Crystalline glucose/
Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA12 (89) 459
In 10+3 t, commercial basis, Beverage: (1965) 9; (1970) 9; (1975) 18; (1980) 68; (1982) 77; (1983) 82; (1984) 86; (1985) 82; (1986) 79 /Crystalline glucose/
Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA12 (89) 459
For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for D(+)-Glucose (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: D-Glucose. National Production Volume: 50,000,000 - 100,000,000 lb/yr.
USEPA/Pollution Prevention and Toxics; 2012 Chemical Data Reporting Database. D-Glucose (50-99-7). Available from, as of February 19, 2016: https://java.epa.gov/oppt_chemical_search/
(1972) 2.03X10+8 GRAMS
SRI
(1975) 2.00X10+8 GRAMS
SRI
(1984) 1.10X10+10 g /dextrose and dextrose syrup combined/
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION AND GENERAL IMPORTS 1984 p.1-42
(1972) 2.65X10+9 grams (minus pharmaceuticals)
SRI
(1975) 2.04X10+9 grams (minus pharmaceuticals)
SRI
(1984) 1.69X10+10 g /dextrose and glucose sirup/
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. U.S. EXPORTS, SCHEDULE E, 1984 p.2-26
Dextrose (D-glucose) is by far the most abundant sugar in nature. It occurs either in the monosaccharide form (free state) or in a polymeric form of anhydrodextrose units. As a monosaccharide, dextrose is present in substantial quantities in honey, fruits, and berries. As a polymer, dextrose occurs in starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
Hebeda RE; Syrups. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (1999-2016). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Online Posting Date: May 18, 2007
Glucose meters for use on whole blood are widely available for home use by human diabetic patients. These yield acceptably accurate results on animal blood, although an unexpected hypoglycemia should be confirmed by a professional laboratory. Fresh whole blood may be used, but fluoride blood or plasma is the preferred sample if analysis is not immediate.
Kahn, C.M (ed.).; The Merck Veterinary Manual 10th Edition. Merck & Co. Whitehouse Station NJ. 2010, p. 1472
A low density /carbon nanotube/ (CNT) forest was fabricated by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, and Ni nanoclusters were well distributed on the sidewall and on top of CNT forest by magnetron sputtering. The Ni deposition time plays an important role in electrochemical properties of the CNT/Ni electrodes, and the optimized deposition time is 150 to 240 s. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry were used to evaluate the catalytic activities of the CNT/Ni electrodes. The sensitivity of the glucose sensor based on a Ni24OS electrode is able to reach 1433 uA mM(-1) per sq cm, which is much higher than that found using a NiOS electrode.
Zhu Z et al; J Nanosci Nanotechnol 15 (4): 3196-9 (2015)
Acrylamide (AA) is a known lethal neurotoxin and carcinogen. AA is formed in foods during the browning process by the Maillard reaction of glucose(GL) with asparagine (AS). For the first time, the simultaneous online preconcentration and separation of AA, AS and GL using analyte focusing by ionic liquid micelle collapse capillary electrophoresis (AFILMC) was presented. Samples were prepared in a 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (BMIMBr) micellar matrix with a conductivity 4 times greater than that of the running buffer (12.5 mmol L(-1) phosphate buffer at pH 8.5). Samples were hydrodynamically injected into a fused silica capillary at 25.0 mbar for 25.0 s. Separations were performed by applying a voltage of 25.0 kV and a detection at 200.0 nm. To sufficiently reduce BMIMBr adsorption on the interior surface of capillary, an appropriate rinsing procedure by hydrochloric acid and water was optimized. AFILMC measurements of analytes within the concentration range of 0.05-10.0 ?mol L(-1) achieved adequate reproducibility and accuracy with RSD 1.14-3.42% (n=15) and recovery 98.0-110.0%, respectively. Limits of detections were 0.71 ng g(-1) AA, 1.06 ng g(-1) AS and 27.02 ng g(-1) GL with linearity ranged between 2.2 and 1800 ng g(-1). The coupling of AFILMC with IL based ultrasonic assisted extraction (ILUAE) was successfully applied to the efficient extraction and determination of AA, AS and GL in bread samples. The structure of ILs has significant effects on the extraction efficiency of analytes. The optimal extraction efficiency (97.8%) was achieved by an aqueous extraction with 4:14 ratio of sample: 3.0 mol L(-1) BMIMBr followed by sonication at 35 °C. The proposed combination of ILUAE and AFILMC was simple, ecofriendly, reliable and inexpensive to analyze a toxic compound and its precursors in bread which is applicable to food safety.
Abd El-Hady D, Albishri HM; Food Chem 188: 551-8 (2015)
In this study, we demonstrated a simple, rapid and inexpensive fabrication method to develop a novel gold nanobouquet structure fabricated indium tin oxide (GNB/ITO) electrode based on electrochemical deposition of gold ions onto ITO substrate. The morphology of the fabricated electrode surface was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to confirm the GNB formation. Enzyme-free detection of glucose using a GNB/ITO electrode was described with high sensitivity and selectivity based on cyclic voltammetry assay. The results demonstrate a linear relation within wide concentration range (500 nM to 10 mM) of glucose, with a correlation coefficient of 0.988. The interference effect of uric acid was effectively avoided for the detection of glucose (1 uM to 10 mM). Moreover, the developed sensor was applied to determine the concentration of glucose in the presence of human serum to indicate the ability of GNB/ITO electrodes in real samples. Hence, newly developed GNB/ITO electrode has potential application in enzyme-free glucose sensor with highly sensitivity and selectivity.
Lee JH et al; J Nanosci Nanotechnol 14 (11): 8432-8 (2014)
AOAC Method 945.29. Sugars (total reducing) in brewing sugars and sirups.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. and Supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Analytical Chemists, 1990, p. 1734
For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for D(+)-Glucose (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
A novel biosensor for the determination of hydrogen peroxide and glucose was developed based on EGN-TDZ-Pd, as an electrocatalyst. The preparation of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets was functionalized by combining it with 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol (TDZ) and by covalently bonding it to palladium (Pd) nanoparticles (GO-TDZ-Pd). In the electrochemical investigation, EGN-TDZ-Pd was characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) were used to characterize the performance of EGN-TDZ-Pd. The proposed H2O2 biosensor exhibited a wide linear range from 10 uM to 6.5 mM. Also, aglucose biosensor was prepared using glucose oxidase and EGN-TDZ-Pd placed onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The GOx/EGN-TDZ-Pd/GCE was easily prepared using a rapid and simple procedure, and it was utilized for highly sensitive glucose determination.
You JM et al; J Nanosci Nanotechnol 15 (8): 5691-8 (2015)
The highly sensitive, interference-free and non-enzymatic optical sensing of glucose has been made possible for the first time using the hydrothermally synthesized ZnO nanorods. The UV irradiation of glucose-treated ZnO nanorods decomposes glucose into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and gluconic acid by UV oxidation. The ZnO nanorods play the role of a catalyst similar to the oxidase used in the enzymatic glucose sensors. The photoluminescence (PL) intensity of the near-band edge emission of the ZnO nanorods linearly decreased with the increased concentration of H2O2. Therefore, the glucose concentration is monitored over the wide range of 0.5-30 mM, corresponding to 9-540 mg/dL. The concentration range of the linear region in the calibration curve is suitable for its clinical use as a glucose sensor, because the glucose concentration of human serum is typically in the range of 80-120 mg/dL. In addition, the optical glucose sensor made of the ZnO nanorods is free from interference by bovin serum albumin, ascorbic acid or uric acid, which are also present in human blood. The non-enzymatic ZnO-nanorod sensor has been demonstrated with human serum samples from both normal persons and diabetic patients. There is a good agreement between the glucose concentrations measured by the PL quenching and standard clinical methods.
Sarangi SN et al; J Biomed Nanotechnol 11 (6): 988-96 (2015)
Inspired by a sequential hydrolysis-precipitation mechanism, morphology-controllable hierarchical cupric oxide (CuO) nanostructures are facilely fabricated by a green water/ethanol solution-phase transformation of Cu(x)(OH)(2x-2)(SO4) precursors in the absence of any organic capping agents and without annealing treatment in air. Antlerite Cu3(OH)4(SO4) precursors formed in a low volume ratio between water and ethanol can transform into a two-dimensional (2D) hierarchical nanoporous CuO ribbon assembly of free-standing nanoneedle building blocks and hierarchical nanoneedle-aggregated CuO flowers. Brochantite Cu4(OH)6(SO4) precursors formed in a high volume ratio between water and ethanol can transform into hierarchical nanoplate-aggregated CuO nanoribbons and nanoflowers. Such 2D hierarchical nanoporous CuO ribbons serving as a promising electrode material for nonenzymatic glucose detection show high sensitivity, a low detection limit, fast amperometric response and good selectivity. Significantly, this green water-induced precursor-hydrolysis method might be used to control effectively the growth of other metal oxide micro-/nanostructures.
Sun S et al; Analyst 140 (15): 5205-15 (2015)
An amperometric glucose biosensor based on direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase (GOD) self-assembled on the surface of partially unzipped carbon nanotubes (PUCNTs) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) has been successfully fabricated. PUCNTs were synthesized via a facile chemical oxidative etching CNTs and used as a novel immobilization matrix for GOD. The cyclic voltammetric result of the PUCNT/GOD/GCE showed a pair of well-defined and quasi-reversible redox peaks with a formal potential of -0.470V and a peak to peak separation of 37mV, revealing that the fast direct electron transfer between GOD and the electrode has been achieved. It is notable that the glucose determination has been achieved in mediator-free condition. The developed biosensor displayed satisfactory analytical performance toward glucose including high sensitivity (19.50uA mM(-1)cm(-2)), low apparent Michaelis-Menten (5.09mM), a wide linear range of 0-17mM, and also preventing the interference from ascorbic acid, uric acid and dopamine usually coexisting with glucose in human blood. In addition, the biosensor acquired excellent storage stabilities. This facile, fast, environment-friendly and economical preparation strategy of PUCNT-GOD may provide a new platform for the fabrication of biocompatible glucosebiosensors and other types of biosensors.
Hu H et al; Talanta 141: 66-72 (2015)
An analytical method for the determination of trehalose, maltose, and glucose in biotransformation samples was developed by using high performance anion exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed ampere detection (HPAEC-PAD). The analysis was performed on a CarboPac 10 column (250 mm x 2 mm) with the gradient elution of NaOH-NaAc as the mobile phase. The column temperature was set at 30 °C, the flow rate was 0.30 mL/min. The results showed that trehalose, maltose, and glucose in biotransformation system were completely separated and determined in 15 min. The linear ranges and the working curves were determined by using standard samples. The correlation coefficients of three kinds of carbohydrates were over 0.9998. The detection limits (LODs) were 0.010 - 0.100 mg/L. Under the optimized separation conditions, the recoveries of saccharides in the transformation system at three different spiked levels ranged from 89.4% to 103.2%. In biotransformation system, 50 IU trehalose synthase were added into 200 g/L maltose for reaction of 8 hr at 37 °C, pH 8.0. Under the above conditions, the concentration of trehalose in biotransformation sample was 101.084 g/L, and the conversion rate of trehalose reached 50.5%. The method can be applied to determine the composition in the transformation system with the advantages of simplicity and convenience.
Xu Y et al; Se Pu 32 (12): 1400-3 (2014)
No toxicity (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
None needed (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for D-(+)-Glucose. Product Number: G8270, Version 4.4 (Revision Date 01/14/2015). Available from, as of January 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for D-(+)-Glucose. Product Number: G8270, Version 4.4 (Revision Date 01/14/2015). Available from, as of January 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
For any fire, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) in pressure-demand, MHSA/NIOSH (approved or equivalent), and full protective gear. ... On fire use water spray, dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or appropriate foam.
Pohanish, R.P. (ed). Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemical Carcinogens 6th Edition Volume 1: A-K,Volume 2: L-Z. William Andrew, Waltham, MA 2012, p. 1382
ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas; Environmental precautions: No special environmental precautions required; Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for D-(+)-Glucose. Product Number: G8270, Version 4.4 (Revision Date 01/14/2015). Available from, as of January 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Provide adequate ventilation. Avoid generating dust. Vacuum or sweep up material and place into a suitable disposal container. Clean up spills immediately, using the appropriate protective equipment.
Pohanish, R.P. (ed). Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemical Carcinogens 6th Edition Volume 1: A-K,Volume 2: L-Z. William Andrew, Waltham, MA 2012, p. 1382
SRP: Expired or waste pharmaceuticals shall carefully take into consideration applicable DEA, EPA, and FDA regulations. It is not appropriate to dispose by flushing the pharmaceutical down the toilet or discarding to trash. If possible return the pharmaceutical to the manufacturer for proper disposal being careful to properly label and securely package the material. Alternatively, the waste pharmaceutical shall be labeled, securely packaged and transported by a state licensed medical waste contractor to dispose by burial in a licensed hazardous or toxic waste landfill or incinerator.
Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for D-(+)-Glucose. Product Number: G8270, Version 4.4 (Revision Date 01/14/2015). Available from, as of January 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.
Precautions for safe handling: Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for D-(+)-Glucose. Product Number: G8270, Version 4.4 (Revision Date 01/14/2015). Available from, as of January 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Appropriate engineering controls: General industrial hygiene practice.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for D-(+)-Glucose. Product Number: G8270, Version 4.4 (Revision Date 01/14/2015). Available from, as of January 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for D-(+)-Glucose. Product Number: G8270, Version 4.4 (Revision Date 01/14/2015). Available from, as of January 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Hygroscopic. Keep in a dry place.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for D-(+)-Glucose. Product Number: G8270, Version 4.4 (Revision Date 01/14/2015). Available from, as of January 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
General storage may be used. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from strong oxidizers, strong acids.
Pohanish, R.P. (ed). Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemical Carcinogens 6th Edition Volume 1: A-K,Volume 2: L-Z. William Andrew, Waltham, MA 2012, p. 1382
Unless specifically excluded, residues resulting from the use of the following substance as either an inert or an active ingredient in a pesticide chemical formulation, including antimicrobial pesticide chemicals, is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance under FFDCA section 408, if such use is in accordance with good agricultural or manufacturing practices. Dextrose is included on this list.
40 CFR 180.950 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 8, 2016: https://www.ecfr.gov
None needed (USCG, 1999)
U.S. Coast Guard. 1999. Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) - Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Eye/face protection: Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for D-(+)-Glucose. Product Number: G8270, Version 4.4 (Revision Date 01/14/2015). Available from, as of January 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Skin protection: Handle with gloves.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for D-(+)-Glucose. Product Number: G8270, Version 4.4 (Revision Date 01/14/2015). Available from, as of January 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Body Protection: Choose body protection in relation to its type, to the concentration and amount of dangerous substances, and to the specific work-place. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for D-(+)-Glucose. Product Number: G8270, Version 4.4 (Revision Date 01/14/2015). Available from, as of January 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Respiratory protection: Respiratory protection is not required. Where protection from nuisance levels of dusts are desired, use type N95 (US) or type P1 (EN 143) dust masks. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for D-(+)-Glucose. Product Number: G8270, Version 4.4 (Revision Date 01/14/2015). Available from, as of January 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Eyes: Wear appropriate protective eyelgasses or chemical safety goggles as described by OSHA's eye and face protection regulations in 29 CFR 1910.133 or European Standard EN166. Skin: Protective garments not normally required. Clothing: Protective garments not normally required.
Pohanish, R.P. (ed). Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemical Carcinogens 6th Edition Volume 1: A-K,Volume 2: L-Z. William Andrew, Waltham, MA 2012, p. 1382
Water soluble.
Alcohols and Polyols
Water and Aqueous Solutions
A weak reducing agent.
Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for D-(+)-Glucose. Product Number: G8270, Version 4.4 (Revision Date 01/14/2015). Available from, as of January 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
Mixtures with alkali release carbon monoxide when heated.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 1861
Potentially explosive reaction with potassium nitrate + sodium peroxide when heated in a sealed container.
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 1861
A micro Parr calorimeter exploded when the wrong proportions of /sodium peroxide, dextrose, and potassium nitrate/ were used. The intended mixture was 4.0 g sodium peroxide, 0.2 g dextrose, and 0.2 g potassium nitrate; actual proportions were 0.35 g, 2.59 g, and 0.2 g respectively. There was insufficient sodium peroxide to dissolve decomposition gases, hence a rapid temperature and pressure build-up caused the Parr bomb to burst.
National Fire Protection Association; Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 14TH Edition, Quincy, MA 2010, p. 491-183
Dust may form explosive mixture with air. Dextrose is a weak reducing material; keep away from strong oxidizers, strong acids, halogenated agents, nitrates, and permanganates.
Pohanish, R.P. (ed). Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemical Carcinogens 6th Edition Volume 1: A-K,Volume 2: L-Z. William Andrew, Waltham, MA 2012, p. 1382
The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals
Chemical: Liquid glucose
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status
Liquid glucose: Does not have an individual approval but may be used as a component in a product covered by a group standard. It is not approved for use as a chemical in its own right.
Unless specifically excluded, residues resulting from the use of the following substance as either an inert or an active ingredient in a pesticide chemical formulation, including antimicrobial pesticide chemicals, is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance under FFDCA section 408, if such use is in accordance with good agricultural or manufacturing practices. Dextrose is included on this list.
40 CFR 180.950 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 8, 2016: https://www.ecfr.gov
Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
21 CFR 184.1857 (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 16, 2016: https://www.ecfr.gov
Chemical Assessment
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture: Carbon oxides
Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for D-(+)-Glucose. Product Number: G8270, Version 4.4 (Revision Date 01/14/2015). Available from, as of January 29, 2016: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center.html
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Glucose forms colorless crystals or white granular powder. It is used in confectionary, infant foods, medicine, brewing and wine making, caramel coloring, baking and canning, source of methane by anaerobic fermentation, source of certain amino acids by fermentation. A principal industrial fermentation use of glucose is for the production of fuel ethanol as an oxygenate or octane enhancer. Glucose is hydrogenated to sorbitol for use in various food and nonfood applications. Liquid glucose is an ingredient of Cocoa Syrup, It is used as a tablet binder and coating agent, and as a diluent in pilular extracts; it has replaced glycerin in many pharmaceutical preparations. It is sometimes given per rectum as a food in cases when feeding by stomach is impossible. It should not be used in the place of dextrose for intravenous injection. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Normal fasting blood-sugar values for adults are 80 to 120 mg/dL; true glucose is 65 to 100 mg/dL. When the blood-sugar values exceed 120 (hyperglycemia), diabetes mellitus should be suspected and can be confirmed by evidence of diminished carbohydrate tolerance. Hyperglycemia and decreased glucose tolerance are seen in diabetes mettilus (to 500 mg/dL) and hyperactivity of the adrenal, pituitary, and thyroid glands. Hypoglycemia, with a blood-sugar value of <60 mg/dL and increased glucose tolerance, is encountered in insulin overdose, glucagon deficiencies, and hypoactivity of various endocrine glands. Injection of 5% soln into superficial temporal artery caused edema of eyelids, protrusion of eye, inability to move eye, necrosis of soft tissues and opacification of cornea. In one of the eyes, extensive atrophy of temporal half of choroid was observed. Maternal hyperglycemia may lead to an increased fetal lactate production resulting in metabolic acidosis. Fetal glucose excess may stimulates fetal oxidative metabolism with increases in fetal glucose and lactate entry and stimulation of fetal oxygen consumption. ANIMAL STUDIES: Calves fed with a mixture of glucose and milk substitute in the ratio of 2:1 instead of the recommended 1:1 showed depression and diarrhea, with four animals dying overnight. The post-mortem findings included dehydration, sunken eyes, congested abomasal mucosa, and distended intestines. The lungs were congested and the urinary bladder distended, the urine having a glucose content of over 0.5 g/dL. It was found that hyperglycemia increases the threshold for shivering, whereas hypoglycemia lowers the threshold on rabbits. In developmental studies in mice it was found that maternal diabetes and high glucose in vitro induce DNA damage and activates DNA damage response through oxidative stress, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes-associated embryopathy.
Recent studies suggest that meat intake is associated with diabetes-related phenotypes. However, whether the associations of meat intake and glucose and insulin homeostasis are modified by genes related to glucose and insulin is unknown. We investigated the associations of meat intake and the interaction of meat with genotype on fasting glucose and insulin concentrations in Caucasians free of diabetes mellitus. Fourteen studies that are part of the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology consortium participated in the analysis. Data were provided for up to 50,345 participants. Using linear regression within studies and a fixed-effects meta-analysis across studies, we examined 1) the associations of processed meat and unprocessed red meat intake with fasting glucose and insulin concentrations; and 2) the interactions of processed meat and unprocessed red meat with genetic risk score related to fasting glucose or insulin resistance on fasting glucose and insulin concentrations. Processed meat was associated with higher fasting glucose, and unprocessed red meat was associated with both higher fasting glucose and fasting insulin concentrations after adjustment for potential confounders [not including body mass index (BMI)]. For every additional 50-g serving of processed meat per day, fasting glucose was 0.021 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.011, 0.030 mmol/L) higher. Every additional 100-g serving of unprocessed red meat per day was associated with a 0.037-mmol/L (95% CI: 0.023, 0.051-mmol/L) higher fasting glucose concentration and a 0.049-ln-pmol/L (95% CI: 0.035, 0.063-ln-pmol/L) higher fasting insulin concentration. After additional adjustment for BMI, observed associations were attenuated and no longer statistically significant. The association of processed meat and fasting insulin did not reach statistical significance after correction for multiple comparisons. Observed associations were not modified by genetic loci known to influence fasting glucose or insulin resistance. The association of higher fasting glucose and insulin concentrations with meat consumption was not modified by an index of glucose- and insulin-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms.
Fretts AM et al; Am J Clin Nutr 102 (5): 1266-78 (2015)
Recent studies demonstrated an adverse effect of chronic exposure to air pollution (AP) on metabolic syndrome and its components. In a population-based study, we investigated the association between exposure to ambient AP and serum glucose (SG), among subjects with normal glucose, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and diabetes mellitus (DM).We included 1,063,887 SG tests performed in 131,882 subjects (years 2001-2012). Exposure data included daily levels of SO2, NO2 and other pollutants of industrial, traffic, and nonanthropogenic sources. Demographical, clinical, and medications purchase data were assessed. Log-transformed SG levels were analyzed by linear mixed models adjusted for seasonal variables and personal characteristics.SG increases (%increase [95% CI]), among subjects with normal glucose, IFG, and DM, respectively, were associated with 6.36 ?ppb increase of NO2 measured 24 to 72? hours before the test (0.40% [0.31%; 0.50%], 0.56% [0.40%; 0.71%], and 1.08% [0.86%; 1.29%]); and with 1.17?ppb increase of SO2 measured 24 ?hours before the test (0.29% [0.22%; 0.36%], 0.20% [0.10%; 0.31%], and 0.33% [0.14%; 0.52%]). Among DM population, weakest association was observed among patients treated with Metformin (0.56% increase in SG [0.18%; 0.95%]). In conclusion, NO2 and SO2 exposure is associated with small but significantly increased levels of SG. Although DM patients were found to be more susceptible to the AP induced SG variations, Metformin treatment seem to have a protective effect. Given the chronic lifetime exposure to AP and the broad coverage of the population, even small associations such as those found in our study can be associated with detrimental health effects and may have profound public health implications.
Sade MY et al; Medicine (Baltimore) 94 (27): e1093 (2015)
Maternal diabetes-induced birth defects remain a significant health problem. Studying the effect of natural compounds with antioxidant properties and minimal toxicities on diabetic embryopathy may lead to the development of new and safe dietary supplements. Punicalagin is a primary polyphenol found in pomegranate juice, which possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic properties, suggesting a protective effect of punicalagin on diabetic embryopathy. Here, we examined whether punicalagin could reduce high glucose-induced neural tube defects (NTDs), and if this rescue occurs through blockage of cellular stress and caspase activation. Embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5) mouse embryos were cultured for 24 or 36 hr with normal (5 mM) glucose or high glucose (16.7 mM), in presence or absence of 10 or 20 uM punicalagin. 10 uM punicalagin slightly reduced NTD formation under high glucose conditions; however, 20 uM punicalagin significantly inhibited high glucose-induced NTD formation. Punicalagin suppressed high glucose-induced lipid peroxidation marker 4-hydroxynonenal, nitrotyrosine-modified proteins, and lipid peroxides. Moreover, punicalagin abrogated endoplasmic reticulum stress by inhibiting phosphorylated protein kinase ribonucleic acid (RNA)-like ER kinase (p-PERK), phosphorylated inositol-requiring protein-1alpha (p-IRE1alpha), phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha (p-eIF2alpha), C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) and x-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) mRNA splicing. Additionally, punicalagin suppressed high glucose-induced caspase 3 and caspase 8 cleavage. Punicalagin reduces high glucose-induced NTD formation by blocking cellular stress and caspase activation. These observations suggest punicalagin supplements could mitigate the teratogenic effects of hyperglycemia in the developing embryo, and possibly prevent diabetes-induced NTDs.
Zhong J et al; Biochem Biophys Res Commun 467 (2): 179-84 (2015)
Pancreatic beta cells are highly sensitive to oxidative stress, which might play an important role in beta cell death in diabetes. The protective effect of 6,6'-bieckol, a phlorotannin polyphenol compound purified from Ecklonia cava, against high glucose-induced glucotoxicity was investigated in rat insulinoma cells. High glucose (30 mM) treatment induced the death of rat insulinoma cells, but treatment with 10 or 50 ug/mL 6,6'-bieckol significantly inhibited the high glucose-induced glucotoxicity. Furthermore, treatment with 6,6'-bieckol dose-dependently reduced the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, and the level of nitric oxide, all of which were increased by high glucose concentration. In addition, 6,6'-bieckol protected rat insulinoma cells from apoptosis under high-glucose conditions. These effects were associated with increased expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and reduced expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax. These findings indicate that 6,6'-bieckol could be used as a potential nutraceutical agent offering protection against the glucotoxicity caused by hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress associated with diabetes.
Park MH et al; Fitoterapia 106: 135-40 (2015)
/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3rd revised edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2007, p. 160
/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3rd revised edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2007, p. 160
/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3rd revised edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2007, p. 160-1
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between fetal blood glucose concentrations and acid-base and metabolic status after continuous maternal glucose infusion during normal labor. This was a prospective randomized clinical trial in which 83 gravid women with low-risk pregnancies at term were randomized to receive either 10% glucose solution (glucose group) or Ringer's lactate solution (control group) as the maintenance intravenous fluid during active labor. All women underwent spontaneous vaginal delivey. Umbilical arterial and venous cord blood was assessed for glucose, lactate and pyruvate levels and acid-base status. Compared to fetuses in the control group, fetuses in the glucose group had a significantly lower umbilical arterial pH (7.21 +/- 0.02 vs. 7.27 +/- 0.014, p<0.05), significantly higher arterial lactate (4.9 +/- 0.54 mmol/L vs. 3.7 +/- 0.23 mmol/L, p<0.05) and pyruvate (0.17 +/- 0.02 mmol/L vs. 0.13 +/- 0.01 mmol/L, p<0.05) levels and a significantly lower base excess (-8.6 +/- 1.1 mEq/L vs. -5.3+/-0.5 mEq/L, p<0.01). Bicarbonate levels were significantly lower in the glucose group (18.8 +/- 0.7 mEq/L vs. 21.4 +/- 0.4 mEq/L, p<0.001). Lactate/pyruvate ratio, pCO2 and pO2 did not significantly differ between the two groups. There was a significant negative correlation between the pH and fetal blood glucose concentrations (r= -0.4, p<0.01). Lactate levels and base excess demonstrated a significant positive correlation with blood glucose levels (r=0.5, p<0.01 and r=0.54, p<0.001, respectively). Maternal hyperglycemia may lead to an increased fetal lactate production resulting in metabolic acidosis. Fetal glucose excess may stimulates fetal oxidative metabolism with increases in fetal glucose and lactate entry and stimulation of fetal oxygen consumption. These findings may be of particular clinical importance when fetal distress (reflected by a non-reassuring FHR trace) or fetal hypoxemia is due to other perinatal events. Under these circumstances, acute maternal glucose infusion may further contribute to fetal metabolic acidosis.
Thaler I; Am J Obstet Gynecol 197 (6 Suppl): S182 (2007)
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... Injection of 5% soln into superficial temporal artery caused ... edema of eyelids, protrusion of eye, inability to move eye, necrosis of soft tissues and opacification of cornea. In 1 of the eyes, extensive atrophy of temporal half of choroid was observed ...
Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 460
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Normal fasting blood-sugar values for adults are 80 to 120 mg/dL; true glucose is 65 to 100 mg/dL. When the blood-sugar values exceed 120 (hyperglycemia), diabetes mellitus should be suspected and can be confirmed by evidence of diminished carbohydrate tolerance. ... Hyperglycemia and decreased glucose tolerance are seen in diabetes mettilus (to 500 mg/dL) and hyperactivity of the adrenal, pituitary, and thyroid glands. Hypoglycemia, with a blood-sugar value of <60 mg/dL and increased glucose tolerance, is encountered in insulin overdose, glucagon deficiencies, and hypoactivity of various endocrine glands.
Troy, D.B. (Ed); Remmington The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. 21 st Edition. Lippincott Williams & Williams, Philadelphia, PA 2005, p. 576-7
/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ The objective of this study was to explore the effects of high glucose/high insulin on AIP1 expression in HUVECs and the possible regulation of HIF-1alpha signaling by AIP1. We investigated the expression of AIP1 and HIF-1alpha signaling in HUVECs at the levels of mRNA and protein following exposure to 30 mmol/L glucose (high glucose), 1 nmol/L insulin (high insulin), and the combination of the two (high glucose/high insulin). We detected changes in HIF-1alpha and VEGF expression with AIP1 siRNA interference by real-time PCR and western blotting. The CCK8 cell proliferation assay, the scratch/wound-healing assay, and flow cytometry were used to assess cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis, respectively. Matrigel was used to perform a tubule formation assay. Compared with 5.5 mmol/L glucose alone (control), high glucose, high insulin, and the combination of high glucose+high insulin increased AIP1 expression at 24 hr at the mRNA and protein levels. High glucose, high insulin, and high glucose+high insulin decreased HIF-1alpha expression at the mRNA and protein levels. AIP1 knockdown significantly increased HIF-1alpha and VEGF expression at both the mRNA and protein levels in HUVECs under high glucose conditions. In the presence of high insulin, the effect of high glucose on target gene expression was altered. The downregulation of AIP1 promoted cell proliferation, migration, and tubule formation, and it decreased apoptosis. High glucose increases AIP1 expression and decreases the expression of HIF-1alpha and downstream molecules. Decreased HIF-1alpha signaling may be regulated by increased AIP1 under high glucose.
Li S et al; Diabetes Res Clin Pract 109 (1): 48-56 (2015)
For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for D(+)-Glucose (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ We previously reported that refeeding after a 48-hr fast, used as a study model of starvation and refeeding, promotes acute liver inflammatory gene expression, which is at least partly mediated by toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). We also previously demonstrated that dietary carbohydrates play critical roles in this process. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of refeeding with different carbohydrate sources. Mice were fasted for 46 hr and then refed with 1.5% (w/w) agar gel containing 19% carbohydrate (sources: alpha-cornstarch, glucose, sucrose, or fructose). The liver expression of inflammatory and other specific genes was then sequentially measured for the first 14 hr after refeeding initiation. Fasting for 46 hr up-regulated the liver expression of endogenous ligands for TLRs (HspA5, Hsp90 aa1, and Hspd1). Refeeding with agar gel containing alpha-cornstarch or glucose increased the liver expression of Tlr2, proinflammatory genes (Cxcl2, Cxcl10, Cxcl1, Nfkb1, Nfkb2, RelB, Sectm1alpha, Il1beta), stress response genes (Atf3, Asns, Gadd45 a, Perk, Inhbe), detoxification genes (Hmox1, Gsta1, Abca8b), genes involved in tissue regeneration (Gdf15, Krt23, Myc, Tnfrsf12a, Mthfd2), and genes involved in tumor suppression (p53, Txnrd1, Btg2). This refeeding also moderately but significantly elevated the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase. These effects were attenuated in mice refed with agar gel containing sucrose or fructose. Dietary glucose, rather than fructose, plays a critical role in refeeding-induced acute liver inflammatory gene expression and moderate hepatocyte destruction.
Oarada M et al; Nutrition 31 (5): 757-65 (2015)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ DNA damage and DNA damage response (DDR) in neurulation stage embryos under maternal diabetes conditions are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether maternal diabetes and high glucose in vitro induce DNA damage and DDR in the developing embryo through oxidative stress. In vivo experiments were conducted by mating superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) transgenic male mice with wild-type (WT) female mice with or without diabetes. Embryonic day 8.75 (E8.75) embryos were tested for the DNA damage markers, phosphorylated histone H2A.X (p-H2A.X) and DDR signaling intermediates, including phosphorylated checkpoint 1 (p-Chk1), phosphorylated checkpoint 2 (p-Chk2), and p53. Levels of the same DNA damage markers and DDR signaling intermediates were also determined in the mouse C17.2 neural stem cell line. Maternal diabetes and high glucose in vitro significantly increased the levels of p-H2A.X. Levels of p-Chk1, p-Chk2, and p53, were elevated under both maternal diabetic and high glucose conditions. SOD1 overexpression blocked maternal diabetes-induced DNA damage and DDR in vivo. Tempol, a SOD1 mimetic, diminished high glucose-induced DNA damage and DDR in vitro. In conclusion, maternal diabetes and high glucose in vitro induce DNA damage and activates DDR through oxidative stress, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes-associated embryopathy.
Dong D et al; Biochem Biophys Res Commun 467 (2): 407-12 (2015)
/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Vascular calcification is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. Glucose stimulates calcification in culture of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. We observed that high glucose levels stimulated mouse and human VSMC trans-differentiation into chondrocytes, with increased levels of Sox9, type II collagen, glycosaminoglycan and Runx2 expression, and increased alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization. These effects were associated with increased expression of IL-1beta, which stimulated alkaline phosphatase and calcification, suggesting that glucose induces chondrocyte differentiation of VSMCs, possibly through IL-1beta activation.
Bessueille L et al; FEBS Lett 589 (19 Pt B): 2797-804 (2015)
/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Neurotensin (NT) is a neurohormone produced in the central nervous system and in the gut epithelium by the enteroendocrine N cell. NT may play a role in appetite regulation and may have potential in obesity treatment. Glucose ingestion stimulates NT secretion in healthy young humans, but the mechanisms involved are not well understood. Here, we show that rats express NT in the gut and that glucose gavage stimulates secretion similarly to oral glucose in humans. Therefore, we conducted experiments on isolated perfused rat small intestine with a view to characterize the cellular pathways of secretion. Luminal glucose (20% wt/vol) stimulated secretion but vascular glucose (5, 10, or 15 mmol/L) was without effect. The underlying mechanisms depend on membrane depolarization and calcium influx, since the voltage-gated calcium channel inhibitor nifedipine and the KATP channel opener diazoxide, which causes hyperpolarization, eliminated the response. Luminal inhibition of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) (by phloridzin) eliminated glucose-stimulated release as well as secretion stimulated by luminal methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (20% wt/vol), a metabolically inactive SGLT1 substrate, suggesting that glucose stimulates secretion by initial uptake by this transporter. However, secretion was also sensitive to GLUT2 inhibition (by phloretin) and blockage of oxidative phosphorylation (2-4-dinitrophenol). Direct KATP channel closure by sulfonylureas stimulated secretion. Therefore, glucose stimulates NT secretion by uptake through SGLT1 and GLUT2, both causing depolarization either as a consequence of sodium-coupled uptake (SGLT1) or by closure of KATP channels (GLUT2 and SGLT1) secondary to the ATP-generating metabolism of glucose.
Kuhre RE et al; Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 308 (12): E1123-3 (2015)
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for D(+)-Glucose (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
LD50 Rat oral 25,800 mg/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 1861
LD50 Mouse intravenous 9 g/kg
Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 1861
EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of December 17, 2015: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]
Dextrose solutions should be used with caution in patients with overt or known subclinical diabetes mellitus or with carbohydrate intolerance for any reason.
American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2015; Drug Information 2015. Bethesda, MD. 2015
D(+)-Glucose's production and use in food confectionery, baking, canning, brewing and wine making and in beverages and syrups may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. D(+)-Glucose is formed in plants by photosynthesis. Normal human blood contains 0.08-0.1% D(+)-glucose. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 8X10-14 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates D(+)-glucose will exist solely in the particulate phase in the atmosphere. Particulate-phase D(+)-glucose will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. D(+)-Glucose absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, D(+)-glucose is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 10. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.5X10-20 atm-cu m/mole. D(+)-Glucose is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation is expected to be the important fate process in soil and water since various screening studies have found D(+)-glucose to be readily biodegradable. Soil half-lives on the order of 1 day are reported, but a range of 0.25-19 days has also been observed. If released into water, D(+)-glucose is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. A biodegradation half-life of about 1 day has been reported for aquifer material. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to D(+)-glucose may occur through inhalation in dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where D(+)-glucose is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to D(+)-glucose via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and beverages, and dermal contact with consumer products containing D(+)-glucose. (SRC)
D(+)-Glucose is formed in plants by photosynthesis(1). D(+)-Glucose is a main source of energy for living organisms and occurs naturally and in the free state in fruits and other parts of plants(2). Normal human blood contains 0.08-0.1% D(+)-glucose(1,2). Glucose predominantly occurs in nature in the form of the D-enantiomer(3). D(+)-Glucose can be considered the parent compound of the monosaccharide family, because it is the most abundant monosaccharide in nature. It occurs as such in many fruits and plants and constitutes the basic building unit of starch, cellulose, and glycogen(4).
(1) Lewis RJ Sr; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th ed., New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 609 (2007)
(2) O'Neil MJ, ed; The Merck Index. 15th ed., Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, p. 824 (2013)
(3) Schenck FW; Glucose and Glucose-Containing Syrups. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 7th ed. (1999-2016). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 15 Dec 2006.
(4) Lichtenthaler FW; Carbohydrates: Occurrence, Structures and Chemistry. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 7th ed. (1999-2015). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 15 April 2010.
D(+)-Glucose's production and use in food confectionery, baking, canning, brewing and wine making and in beverages and syrups(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).
(1) Schenck FW; Glucose and Glucose-Containing Syrups. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 7th ed. (1999-2016). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 15 Dec 2006.
(2) Lewis RJ Sr; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th ed., New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. 609 (2007)
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that D(+)-glucose is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of D(+)-glucose from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.5X10-20 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 8X10-14 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 5.46X10+5 mg/L(4). D(+)-Glucose is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). D(+)-Gglucose absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight on soil surfaces(SRC). The dominant fate process in soil is expected to be biodegradation(SRC). Various screening studies have found D(+)-glucose to be readily biodegrade(6-10). Soil half-lives on the order of 1 day are reported(7), but a range of 0.25-19 days has also been observed(11).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of March 10, 2016: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools
(3) Oja V, Suuberg EM; J Chem Eng Data 44: 26-29 (1999)
(4) Yalkowsky SH et al; Handbook of Aqueous Solubility Data. 2nd ed., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, p. 308 (2010)
(5) Kaijanen L et al; Int J Electrochem Sci 10: 2950-2961 (2015). Available from, as of March 11, 2016: https://www.electrochemsci.org/papers/vol10/100402950.pdf
(6) Zahn R, Wellens H; Zeitschrift fur Wasser und Abwasser Forschung. 13: 1-7 (1980)
(7) Van Beelen P; Stygologia 5: 199-212 (1990)
(8) Urano K, Kato Z; J Hazard Materials 13: 147-159 (1986)
(9) Takemoto S et al; Suishitsu Odaku Kenkyu 4: 80-90 (1981)
(10) Pitter P; Water Research 10: 231-35 (1976)
(11) Konopka A, Turco R; Appl Environ Microbiol 57: 2260-68 (1991)
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that D(+)-glucose is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.5X10-20 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 8X10-14 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 5.46X10+5 mg/L(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of -3.00(6) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Various screening studies have found D(+)-glucose to be readily biodegrade(8-12). A biodegradation half-life of about one day was reported for aquifer material(9). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3).
(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
(2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of March 10, 2016: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4,7-5, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(4) Oja V, Suuberg EM; J Chem Eng Data 44: 26-29 (1999)
(5) Yalkowsky SH et al; Handbook of Aqueous Solubility Data. 2nd ed., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, p. 308 (2010)
(6) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
(7) Mazzobre MF et al; Carbohydrate Research 340: 1207-11 (2005)
(8) Zahn R, Wellens H; Zeitschrift fur Wasser und Abwasser Forschung. 13: 1-7 (1980)
(9) Van Beelen P; Stygologia 5: 199-212 (1990)
(10) Urano K, Kato Z; J Hazard Materials 13: 147-59 (1986)
(11) Takemoto S et al; Suishitsu Odaku Kenkyu 4: 80-90 (1981)
(12) Pitter P; Water Research 10: 231-35 (1976)
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), D(+)-glucose, which has a vapor pressure of 8X10-14 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase D(+)-glucose may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). D(+)-Glucose absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988)
(2) Oja V, Suuberg EM; J Chem Eng Data 44: 26-29 (1999)
(3) Kaijanen L et al; Int J Electrochem Sci 10: 2950-2961 (2015). Available from, as of March 11, 2016: https://www.electrochemsci.org/papers/vol10/100402950.pdf
AEROBIC: D(+)-Glucose, present at 1000 mg/L, reached >90% of its theoretical BOD in 2 days using a non-adapted activated sludge inoculum at 1 g/L (dry matter) in a Zahn-Wellens static test(1). The biodegradation half-life of D(+)-glucose in aerobic aquifer material (not heavily polluted), including Ontario loam and sand, South Carolina sand and Holland sand, is reported to range from 0.6-1.1 days(2). Using an electrolytic respirometry method with a 100 mg/L compound concentration and an activated sludge inoculum, D(+)-glucose was easily biodegraded with a 46-56% theoretical BOD in 100-110 hours(3). Using standard and seawater dilution methods, the 5-day BOD of D(+)-glucose was determined as 74.8 and 75.2% respectively(4). D(+)-Glucose was readily biodegradable in batch tests using adapted activated sludge with a biodegradation rate of 180.0 mg COD/g-hour(5). Biodegradation of D(+)-glucose in various samples of aquifer, saturated zone, and surface soils was found to occur rapidly with somewhat slower rates in till soil samples(6); based on measured rate constants(6), the biodegradation half-life ranged from 0.25 to 19 days.
(1) Zahn R, Wellens H; Zeitschrift fur Wasser und Abwasser Forschung. 13: 1-7 (1980)
(2) Van Beelen P; Stygologia 5(4): 199-212 (1990)
(3) Urano K, Kato Z; J Hazard Materials 13: 147-159 (1986)
(4) Takemoto S et al; Suishitsu Odaku Kenkyu 4: 80-90 (1981)
(5) Pitter P; Water Research 10:231-235 (1976)
(6) Konopka A, Turco R; Appl Environ Microbiol 57(8): 2260-2268 (1991)
ANAEROBIC: An anaerobic test system using digester sludge was used to assess the mineralization 14C-radio-labeled compounds. D(+)-Glucose had a first-order rate constant of 0.53/day(1) which corresponds to a half-life of 1.3 days(SRC).
(1) Nuck BA, Federle TW; Environ Sci Technol 30: 3597-3603 (1996)
The rate constant for the estimated OH radical reaction of D(+)-glucose with hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solutions is 1.5X10+9 L/mol-sec(1); this corresponds to an aquatic half-life of about 530 days at an aquatic concentration of 1X10-17 hydroxyl radicals per liter(2). D(+)-Glucose is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). D(+)-Glucose absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(4,5) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Direct photolysis studies of D(+)-glucose in aqueous solution identified gluconic acid, arabinose and tetrose as photolysis products(5).
(1) Buxton GV et al; J Phys Chem Ref Data 17: 513-882 (1988)
(2) Mill T et al; Science 207: 886-887 (1980)
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990)
(4) Kaijanen L et al; Int J Electrochem Sci 10: 2950-2961 (2015). Available from, as of March 11, 2016: https://www.electrochemsci.org/papers/vol10/100402950.pdf
(5) Thomas O, Burgess C, ed; UV-Visible Spectrophotometry of Water and Wastewater. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, p. 86 (2007)
(6) Phillips GO, Rickards T; J Chem Soc B: Physical Organic 1969: 455-461 (1969)
An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for D(+)-glucose(SRC), using a log Kow of -3.00(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).
(1) Mazzobre MF et al; Carbohydrate Research 340: 1207-11 (2005)
(2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of March 10, 2016: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools
(3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of D(+)-glucose can be estimated to be 10(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that D(+)-glucose is expected to have very high mobility in soil.
(1) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of March 10, 2016: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools
(2) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)
The Henry's Law constant for D(+)-glucose is estimated as 3.5X10-20 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 8X10-14 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 5.46X10+5 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that D(+)-glucose is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(3). D(+)-Glucose's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to occur(SRC). D(+)-Glucose is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).
(1) Oja V, Suuberg EM; J Chem Eng Data 44(1): 26-29 (1999)
(2) Yalkowsky SH et al; Handbook of Aqueous Solubility Data. 2nd ed., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, p. 308 (2010)
(3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
SURFACE WATER: Water samples collected from three stations (coastal North Sea, English channel, Scheldt Esturay) in 1977-1978 contained D(+)-glucose concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.08 umol/L(1). Water samples collected from six stations of the lower Tama River, Japan in June 1986 contained D(+)-glucose levels of 83.2-442.5 ug/L(2).
(1) Billen G et al; Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 11: 279-9 (1980)
(2) Ochiai M et al; Marine Chem 25: 265-278 (1988)
D(+)-Glucose as alpha- and beta-form was present in open burn smoke particulate matter at 7.9, 12.4 and 48.4 ng/mg smoke particles from open-burning of plastic shopping bags, roadside trash and landfill garbage, respectively, in Concon Chile. It was not detected in particulate matter smoke from burning new plastic shopping bags from the United States. It was not detected in any of the plastic surface extracts prior to burning(1).
(1) Simoneit BRT et al; Environ Sci Technol 39: 6961-70 (2005)
URBAN/SUBURBAN: Air monitoring conducted in Nanjing China during 2004-2005 detected D(+)-glucose in the aerosol particulates at concentrations ranging from 8.10-51.9 ng/cu m in the summertime and 2.89-20.51 ng/cu m in the wintertime(1). D(+)-Glucose was detected in atmospheric particulate matter in 2011-2012 monitoring in Beijing, China(2).
(1) Wang G, Kawamura K; Environ Sci Technol 39: 7430-7438 (2005)
(2) Liang LL et al; Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2015 36(11): 3935-42 (2015)
RURAL/REMOTE: Air samples collected from three locations of the San Joaquin Valley CA between Dec 1995 and Jan 1996 contained D(+)-glucose concentrations of 5.4-15 ng/cu m(1).
(1) Nolte CG et al; Environ Sci Technol 35: 1912-1919 (2001)
The D(+)-glucose concentration in varietal grape juices from 56 Canadian cultivars pressed in the 1988-1989 season ranged from 4.91 to 9.99 g/100 mL(1). The D(+)-glucose concentration in five prunes juices obtained from markets in Davis, CA ranged from 4.35 to 11.60 g/100 mL juice(2). The D(+)-glucose concentration in fresh apple, cherry, grape, nectarine, peach, pear, plum, kiwi fruit and strawberry juices (California-grown) were 2.14, 7.50, 9.59, 0.85, 0.67, 1.68, 4.28, 6.94 and 1.80 g/100 mL juice, respectively(2).
(1) Fuleki T, Pelayo E; Journal of AOAC International 76: 59-66 (1993)
(2) van Gorsel H et al; J Agric Food Chem 40: 784-789 (1992)
D(+)-Glucose levels in some plants(1).
Table: Top 10 Plants
Genus species
Family
Common name(s)
Part
Low/High concn (ppm)
Genus species
Phoenix dactylifera
Family
Arecaceae
Common name(s)
Date Palm
Part
Fruit
Low/High concn (ppm)
not reported/357000.0
Genus species
Prosopis juliflora
Family
Fabaceae
Common name(s)
Mesquite
Part
Fruit
Low/High concn (ppm)
not reported/302500.0
Genus species
Tamarindus indica
Family
Fabaceae
Common name(s)
Kilytree, Tamarind, Indian Tamarind
Part
Fruit
Low/High concn (ppm)
210000.0/280000.0
Genus species
Curcuma longa
Family
Zingiberaceae
Common name(s)
Indian Saffron, Turmeric
Part
Rhizome
Low/High concn (ppm)
not reported/280000.0
Genus species
Annona squamosa
Family
Annonaceae
Common name(s)
Sweetsop, Sugar-Apple
Part
Fruit
Low/High concn (ppm)
72900.0/272500.0
Genus species
Teucrium montanum
Family
Lamiaceae
Common name(s)
Mountain Germander
Part
Leaf
Low/High concn (ppm)
not reported/260000.0
Genus species
Sambucus nigra
Family
Adoxaceae
Common name(s)
Elder, European Elderberry
Part
Fruit
Low/High concn (ppm)
31000.0/221410.0
Genus species
Schinus molle
Family
Anacardiaceae
Common name(s)
Mastic-Tree, California Peppertree
Part
Fruit
Low/High concn (ppm)
not reported/190000.0
Genus species
Asimina triloba
Family
Annonaceae
Common name(s)
Pawpaw
Part
Fruit
Low/High concn (ppm)
18000.0/170940.0
Genus species
Linum usitatissimum
Family
Linaceae
Common name(s)
Flax, Linseed
Part
Seed
Low/High concn (ppm)
111000.0/146000.0
(1) USDA; Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. Plants with a chosen chemical. Glucose. Washington, DC: US Dept Agric, Agric Res Service. Available from, as of March 14, 2016: https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/search
d-Glucose has been identified in 37 plants. Levels in some plants are as follows(1): /d-Glucose/
Genus species
Family
Common name(s)
Part
Low/High concn (ppm)
Genus species
Rehmannia glutinosa
Family
Scrohulariaceae
Common name(s)
Chinese Foxglove
Part
Root
Low/High concn (ppm)
17000/91000
Genus species
Daucus carota
Family
Apiaceae
Common name(s)
Carrot
Part
Root
Low/High concn (ppm)
not reported/80000
Genus species
Panax quinquefolius
Family
Araliaceae
Common name(s)
Ginseng
Part
Plant
Low/High concn (ppm)
5340/1500
(1) USDA; Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. Plants with a chosen chemical. d-Glucose. Washington, DC: US Dept Agric, Agric Res Service. Available from, as of Jun 13, 2016: https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/search
ENVIRONMENTAL: Glucose levels in 188 quarter for milks from different cows were determined by an enzymic procedure. Mean glucose content was 0.22 mM (standard error +/- 0.009) and results ranged from 0.02-0.57 mM. Abnormal quarters had lower glucose levels (P less than 0.01) than normal quarters but variability within each classification was large. Glucose content was negatively correlated with both somatic cell count (r = 0.49) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase level (r = -0.61). Milk glucose was considered to be of limited value as a diagnostic test for mastitis.
Marschke RJ, Kitchen BJ; J Dairy Res 51(2): 233-237 (1984)
The emission rate of D(+)-glucose in wood smoke from burning oak, eucalyptus and pine was found to be 0.5-0.8 ug/g wood burned(1).
(1) Nolte CG et al; Environ Sci Technol 35: 1912-1919 (2001)
According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 7 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of D(+)-glucose in the United States may be as low as <10 workers and as high as 100-499 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).
(1) US EPA; Chemical Data Reporting (CDR). Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting information on chemical production and use in the United States. Available from, as of March 10, 2016: https://java.epa.gov/oppt_chemical_search/
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 6,652 workers (2,898 of these are female) were potentially exposed to D(+)-glucose in the US(1). Occupational exposure to glucose may occur through inhalation in dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where D(+)-glucose is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to D(+)-glucose via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and beverages, and dermal contact with consumer products containing D(+)-glucose(SRC).
(1) NIOSH; NOES. National Occupational Exposure Survey conducted from 1981-1983. Estimated numbers of employees potentially exposed to specific agents by 2-digit standard industrial classification (SIC). Available from, as of March 10, 2016: https://www.cdc.gov/noes/noes1/agtindex.html
Normal human blood contains 0.08-0.1% D(+)-glucose(1).
(1) O'Neil MJ, ed; The Merck Index. 15th ed., Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, p. 824 (2013)
Patents are available for this chemical structure:
https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/result.jsf?inchikey=GZCGUPFRVQAUEE-SLPGGIOYSA-N
The LOTUS Initiative for Open Natural Products Research: frozen dataset union wikidata (with metadata) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.5794106
The LOTUS Initiative for Open Natural Products Research: frozen dataset union wikidata (with metadata) | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.5794106
- Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS)
- CAMEO ChemicalsLICENSECAMEO Chemicals and all other CAMEO products are available at no charge to those organizations and individuals (recipients) responsible for the safe handling of chemicals. However, some of the chemical data itself is subject to the copyright restrictions of the companies or organizations that provided the data.https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/help/reference/terms_and_conditions.htm?d_f=falseDEXTROSE SOLUTIONhttps://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/18002CAMEO Chemical Reactivity Classificationhttps://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/browse/react
- CAS Common ChemistryLICENSEThe data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
- ChemIDplusD-Glucose, labeled with carbon-14https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/?source=chemidplus&sourceid=0000815929D-Glucose, labeled with carbon-13https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/?source=chemidplus&sourceid=0019030387D-Glucose, labeled with tritiumhttps://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/?source=chemidplus&sourceid=0028823032ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classificationhttps://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
- EPA DSSToxCompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Listshttps://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
- FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS)LICENSEUnless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linkingANHYDROUS DEXTROSEhttps://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/5SL0G7R0OK
- Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)D(+)-Glucosehttps://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/489
- New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)LICENSEThis work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International licence.https://www.epa.govt.nz/about-this-site/general-copyright-statement/
- ChEBIAldehydo-D-glucosehttps://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:42758
- LOTUS - the natural products occurrence databaseLICENSEThe code for LOTUS is released under the GNU General Public License v3.0.https://lotus.nprod.net/(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanalhttps://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21036645(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanalhttps://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56071533LOTUS Treehttps://lotus.naturalproducts.net/
- ChEMBLLICENSEAccess to the web interface of ChEMBL is made under the EBI's Terms of Use (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html). The ChEMBL data is made available on a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/).http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.htmlChEMBL Protein Target Treehttps://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/targets
- Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD)LICENSEIt is to be used only for research and educational purposes. Any reproduction or use for commercial purpose is prohibited without the prior express written permission of NC State University.http://ctdbase.org/about/legal.jsp
- Drug Gene Interaction database (DGIdb)LICENSEThe data used in DGIdb is all open access and where possible made available as raw data dumps in the downloads section.http://www.dgidb.org/downloadsANHYDROUS DEXTROSEhttps://www.dgidb.org/drugs/rxcui:349730
- EPA Chemical and Products Database (CPDat)EPA CPDat Classificationhttps://www.epa.gov/chemical-research/chemical-and-products-database-cpdat
- EU Clinical Trials Register
- FDA Substances Added to FoodLICENSEUnless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required.https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
- IUPAC Digitized pKa Dataset
- Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
- MassBank of North America (MoNA)LICENSEThe content of the MoNA database is licensed under CC BY 4.0.https://mona.fiehnlab.ucdavis.edu/documentation/license
- NORMAN Suspect List ExchangeLICENSEData: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/DextroseNORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classificationhttps://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/
- Protein Data Bank in Europe (PDBe)
- RCSB Protein Data Bank (RCSB PDB)LICENSEData files contained in the PDB archive (ftp://ftp.wwpdb.org) are free of all copyright restrictions and made fully and freely available for both non-commercial and commercial use. Users of the data should attribute the original authors of that structural data.https://www.rcsb.org/pages/policies
- Rhea - Annotated Reactions DatabaseLICENSERhea has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This means that you are free to copy, distribute, display and make commercial use of the database in all legislations, provided you credit (cite) Rhea.https://www.rhea-db.org/help/license-disclaimer
- Springer Nature
- SpringerMaterials
- Thieme ChemistryLICENSEThe Thieme Chemistry contribution within PubChem is provided under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
- Wikidataaldehydo-D-glucosehttps://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21036645
- Wiley
- Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)LICENSEWorks produced by the U.S. government are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any such works found on National Library of Medicine (NLM) Web sites may be freely used or reproduced without permission in the U.S.https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.htmlSweetening Agentshttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68013549
- PubChem
- EPA Safer ChoiceEPA Safer Chemical Ingredients Classificationhttps://www.epa.gov/saferchoice
- GHS Classification (UNECE)GHS Classification Treehttp://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_welcome_e.html
- Consumer Product Information Database (CPID)LICENSECopyright (c) 2024 DeLima Associates. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials from CPID are copyrighted by DeLima Associates. No part of these materials, either text or image may be used for any purpose other than for personal use. Therefore, reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly prohibited without prior written permission.https://www.whatsinproducts.com/contents/view/1/6Consumer Products Category Classificationhttps://www.whatsinproducts.com/
- NCI Thesaurus (NCIt)LICENSEUnless otherwise indicated, all text within NCI products is free of copyright and may be reused without our permission. Credit the National Cancer Institute as the source.https://www.cancer.gov/policies/copyright-reuseNCI Thesaurushttps://ncit.nci.nih.gov
- EPA Chemicals under the TSCAEPA TSCA Classificationhttps://www.epa.gov/tsca-inventory
- Glycan Naming and Subsumption Ontology (GNOme)GNOme
- MolGenieMolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontologyhttps://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
- PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)SID 403029456https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/403029456
CONTENTS