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Tritium oxide

PubChem CID
104752
Structure
Tritium oxide_small.png
Molecular Formula
Synonyms
  • Tritium oxide
  • Tritiated water
  • Water, tritiated
  • Water-t2
  • ditritium oxide
Molecular Weight
22.031 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Dates
  • Create:
    2004-09-16
  • Modify:
    2025-01-11
Description
Ditritium oxide is a water and a tritiated compound.

1 Structures

1.1 2D Structure

Chemical Structure Depiction
Tritium oxide.png

2 Names and Identifiers

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 InChI

InChI=1S/H2O/h1H2/i/hT2
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.2 InChIKey

XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-PWCQTSIFSA-N
Computed by InChI 1.0.6 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.1.3 SMILES

[3H]O[3H]
Computed by OEChem 2.3.0 (PubChem release 2024.12.12)

2.2 Molecular Formula

H2O
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)

2.3 Other Identifiers

2.3.1 CAS

2.3.2 ChEBI ID

2.3.3 ChEMBL ID

2.3.4 DSSTox Substance ID

2.3.5 Nikkaji Number

2.3.6 Wikidata

2.3.7 Wikipedia

2.4 Synonyms

2.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

tritium oxide

2.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

3.1 Computed Properties

Property Name
Molecular Weight
Property Value
22.031 g/mol
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
XLogP3-AA
Property Value
-0.5
Reference
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Rotatable Bond Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Exact Mass
Property Value
22.027013182 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Monoisotopic Mass
Property Value
22.027013182 Da
Reference
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Topological Polar Surface Area
Property Value
1 Ų
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Heavy Atom Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Formal Charge
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Complexity
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Property Name
Isotope Atom Count
Property Value
2
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
Property Value
0
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
Property Value
1
Reference
Computed by PubChem
Property Name
Compound Is Canonicalized
Property Value
Yes
Reference
Computed by PubChem (release 2021.10.14)

3.2 Experimental Properties

3.2.1 Color / Form

Colorless liquid
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 94th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2013-2014, p. 4-98

3.2.2 Boiling Point

101.51 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 94th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2013-2014, p. 4-98

3.2.3 Melting Point

4.48 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 94th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2013-2014, p. 4-98

3.2.4 Density

1.2138 g/cu cm at 25 °C
Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 94th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2013-2014, p. 4-98

3.2.5 Vapor Pressure

Liquid vapor pressure: 2.64 kPa at 25 °C
Katz JJ; Deuterium and Tritium. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (1999-2014). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 13 Feb 2004

3.2.6 Heat of Vaporization

45.81 J/mol K at 25 °C
Katz JJ; Deuterium and Tritium. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (1999-2014). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 13 Feb 2004

3.2.7 Other Experimental Properties

Ionization constant: approximately 6X10-16 at 25 °C
Katz JJ; Deuterium and Tritium. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (1999-2014). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 13 Feb 2004
Tritium oxide is generally indistinguishable from normal water and can move rapidly through the environmental in same manner as water.
Argonne National Laboratory; Radiological and Chemical Fact Sheets to Support Health Risk Analyses for Contaminated Areas. Tritium. Human Health Fact Sheet, August 2005. Available from, as of Feb 28, 2014: https://www.remm.nlm.gov/ANL_ContaminantFactSheets_All_070418.pdf

3.3 Chemical Classes

Physical/Radiation -> Radioactive Compounds

4 Spectral Information

4.1 1D NMR Spectra

4.1.1 1H NMR Spectra

Source of Spectrum
Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.
Source of Sample
Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.
Catalog Number
293040
Copyright
Copyright © 2021-2024 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. - Database Compilation Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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6 Chemical Vendors

7 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

7.1 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

The biokinetics of tritium during continuous ingestion of tritiated water and tritiated wheat were investigated to estimate the radiation dose rates at the end of two modes of chronic exposure. Wistar strain male rats continuously ingested tritiated water as drinking water and tritiated wheat as food for 14 weeks. Urine and tissue samples were obtained and total tritium in the fresh wet samples and organically bound tritium (OBT) in the freeze-dried samples were determined. The biokinetics of tritium was different between the two modes of exposure. The concentration of total tritium in the tissues exposed to tritiated water attained a steady-state condition by 2-3 weeks. The steady-state condition in the case of exposure to tritiated wheat was not observed for 10 weeks after the start of exposure in the majority of tissues. The relatively efficient and prolonged OBT formation during chronic exposure to tritiated wheat resulted in relatively high incorporation and retention of tritium in the tissues compared with those for exposure to the same activity of tritiated water.Radiation dose rates estimated at the end of continuous ingestion showed that tritiated wheat gave higher dose rates than tritiated water by a factor of 1.3 to 4.5, but the factors were within 2.0 in the majority of tissues except for small intestine and adipose tissue.
Takeda H et al; Int J Radiat Biol 77 (3): 375-81 (2001)
Scarce published data on the long-term excretion of tritiated water from the human body have been re-evaluated in order to develop a biokinetic model describing the retention in the human body of 3H from tritiated water (HTO) that could be used for both prospective and retrospective radiation protection. A three-component exponential function is proposed to describe the elimination of 3H from HTO with biological half-times of 10 d (99.00%), 40 d (0.98%) and 350 d (0.02%) respectively. The model predicts a committed effective dose of 1.7 x 10(-11) Sv Bq(-1), comparable with that of the current ICRP Publication 56 and 72 models, and estimates the retention of 3H to within a factor of about 2 of the measured values up to 40 d after intake and about 5 at times longer than 100 d. The derivation of the model and the uncertainties associated with the various parameters are discussed.
Taylor DM; Radiat Prot Dosimetry 105 (1-4): 225-8 (2003)
Wistar strain male rats were continuously given tritiated water or tritiated wheat as drinking water or food for 70 days. During the ingestion, the tritium incorporation into rat tissues was examined in both wet and dry samples of liver, kidney, testis and blood. The concentration of organically bound tritium (OBT) in dry tissues of rats exposed to tritiated water (HTO) and (3)H-food (tritiated wheat) attained an equilibrium within 2-3 weeks after the exposure. The concentration of OBT in dry tissues of rats exposed to HTO also reached an equilibrium within 3-4 weeks after the exposure. However, rats exposed to (3)H-food, except for the liver, such an equilibrium state was not reached in other tissues and the OBT concentrations increased gradually throughout the exposure. The relative concentrations of total (3)H and OBT at the end of the chronic ingestion of (3)H food (70 day), expressed in percentages of the total activity were 1 and 9 times higher than those in rats exposed to HTO, respectively. In both groups, OBT as well as total (3)H was almost uniformly distributed among the tissues examined.
Lu HM, Takeda H; Chin Med J (Engl) 105 (7): 594-7 (1992)
/Tritiated water/ HTO rapidly crosses the placenta. Since the fetus has a higher water concentration than an adult, the dose to the fetus is about 40 to 70% higher than to the mother.
Gusev, I.A., Guskova, A.K., Mettler, F.A. (eds) Medical Management of Radiation Accidents. Second Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 2001, p. 534

7.2 Biological Half-Life

Tritium ... is excreted from the body with an effective half-life in the order of 10 days.
Kim HG, Kong TY; Radiat Prot Dosimetry 152 (4): 406-9 (2012)

8 Use and Manufacturing

8.1 Uses

Moderator in pressurized heavy water reactors
Singh VP et al; Radiat Prot Dosimetry 150(4): 508-15 (201)
Used for life science and drug metabolism studies to ensure the safety of potential new drugs ... for self-luminous aircraft and commercial exit signs ... for luminous dials, gauges and wrist watches ... and to produce luminous paint /Tritium/
Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. Nuclear Data Evaluation Lab. 2000. Nuclide Table. Available from, as of Feb 28, 2014: https://atom.kaeri.re.kr/ton/

8.2 Methods of Manufacturing

Prepared by catalytic oxidation of T2 or by reduction of copper oxide using tritium gas.
Katz JJ; Deuterium and Tritium, Tritium. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (1999-2014). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Online Posting Date: December 4, 2000

8.3 General Manufacturing Information

Tritium (hydrogen of atomic weight of 3) combines with oxygen to give ... a variety of heavy water ... tritium oxide
Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 634
The isotopes of hydrogen are probably the best known and most widely used nuclides, and have therefore been given individual names: (2)H is called deuterium and is abbreviated D; (3)H is called tritium and is abbreviated T.
Miller MA, Carey AA; Isotopes, Natural. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. (1999-2014). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: March 15, 2001

9 Safety and Hazards

9.1 Hazards Identification

9.1.1 Hazards Summary

See Tritium. See Radiation, ionizing.]

9.2 Accidental Release Measures

9.2.1 Disposal Methods

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

10 Toxicity

10.1 Toxicological Information

10.1.1 Evidence for Carcinogenicity

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of hydrogen-3. /Hydrogen-3/
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V100D 297 (2012)

10.1.2 Antidote and Emergency Treatment

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 160
/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 160
/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 160-1
/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Radioactives I, II, and III/
Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 166
For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for Tritium oxide (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.1.3 Human Toxicity Excerpts

/SURVEILLANCE/ Earlier study of acute tritiated water intakes in humans has demonstrated that the dose contribution from metabolized organically bound tritium is less than 10% of the body water dose. To further demonstrate that the dose contribution from the organically bound tritium per unit intake of tritiated water is the same, regardless of whether the intake is acute (all at once) or chronic (spread over time), urine samples from six male radiation workers with chronic tritiated water intakes were collected and analyzed for tritium. These workers have a well-documented dose history and a well-controlled tritium bioassay database, providing assurance that their tritium intakes were in the form of tritiated water. Each month for a full calendar year, urine samples were collected from each exposed worker. The monthly concentration of tritiumin-urine for each exposed worker was no lower than 10+4 Bq/L but no higher than 10+5 Bq/L. These urine samples were analyzed for tritiated water and organically bound tritium to determine the ratio of these tritiated species in urine. The average ratio of tritiated water to organically bound tritium in urine for each exposed worker was 330 +/- 129 (range, 297-589). In calculating the dose to these workers, we assumed that, under steady-state conditions, the ratio of the specific activity of tritium ((3)H activity per gH) in the organic matter and water fractions of urine is representative of the ratio of the specific activity of tritium in the organic matter and water fractions of soft tissue. A mathematical model was developed and used to estimate the dose increase from the metabolized organically bound tritium based on the ratio of tritiated water to organically bound tritium in urine. The resulting average dose from the organically bound tritium was 6.9 +/- 3.1% (range, 4.7-9.9%) of the body water dose for the six male workers, and agrees well with the value obtained from our acute tritiated water intakes study in humans. The observed dose contribution from organically bound tritium, relative to body water dose, is in agreement with current recommendations of assigning 10% of total body water dose for organically bound tritium in soft tissues after tritiated water intakes.
Trivedi A et al; Health Phys 78 (1): 2-7 (2000)
/SURVEILLANCE/ In general, internal exposure from tritium at pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs) accounts for approx. 20-40 % of the total radiation dose. Tritium usually reaches the equilibrium concentration after a few hours inside the body and is then excreted from the body with an effective half-life in the order of 10 d. In this study, tritium metabolism was reviewed using its excretion rate in urine samples of workers at Korean PHWRs. The tritium concentration in workers' urine samples was also measured as a function of time after intake. On the basis of the monitoring results, changes in the tritium concentration inside the body were then analyzed.
Kim HG, Kong TY; Radiat Prot Dosimetry 152 (4): 406-9 (2012)
/GENOTOXICITY/ The present study was carried out to evaluate the genotoxicity of tritium, administered as tritiated water, in peripheral blood human lymphocyte cultures. Sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) and chromosome aberrations (CA) were scored as genetic endpoints. From our results we can conclude that beta-radiation from low concentrations of tritium was able to induce a significant increase in the frequency of CA, although it was ineffective in increasing the frequency of SCE.
Ribas G et al; Toxicol Lett 70 (1): 63-9 (1994)
/GENOTOXICITY/ Tritiated water (HTO) is a major toxic effluent from the nuclear power industry, that is released into the environment in large quantities. The low dose radiation effect and dose rate effect of HTO on human lymphocytes and bone marrow cells have not been well studied. The present study was therefore undertaken to investigate the HTO dose-response relationship for chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes and bone marrow cells at low in vitro radiation doses ranging from 0.1 to 1 Gy. Lymphocytes (G0 stage) and bone marrow cells were incubated for 10-150 min with HTO at a dose rate of 2 cGy/min (555 MBq/mL). The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of HTO was calculated with respect to (60)Co gamma-rays for the induction of dicentric and centric ring chromosomes at low radiation doses. The RBE value for HTO beta-rays relative to (60)Co gamma-rays was 2.7 for lymphocytes and 3.1 for chromatid aberrations in bone marrow cells. Lymphocytes were also chronically exposed to HTO for 6.7-80 hr at dose rates of 0.5 cGy/min (138.5 MBq/mL) and 0.02 cGy/min (5.6 MBq/mL). There was a 71.5% decrease in the yield of dicentrics and centric rings at the dose rate of 0.02 cGy/min, indicating a clear dose rate effect of HTO. The RBE value for HTO relative to (137)Cs gamma-rays was 2.0 at a dose rate of 0.02 cGy/min, suggesting that low HTO dose rates produce no increase of the RBE values and that the values may be constant between 2 and 3 within these dose rates. These results should prove useful in assessment of the health risk for humans exposed to low levels of HTO.
Tanaka K et al; Mutat Res 323 (1-2): 53-61 (1994)
For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Tritium oxide (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.1.4 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ A series of experiments was carried out using female (C57BL/6N x C3H/He)F1 mice (BCF1) to assess the carcinogenic effect of tritiated water (HTO) following a preliminary experiment in which the acute effect of HTO was studied in young female mice of C57BL/6L strain in an attempt to gain basic information on the long-term experiment, and the results were compared with those of fission spectrum neutrons and gamma-rays. The obtained findings are summarized as follows. 1) C57BL/6N mice receiving a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of HTO, 7.4 x 10+8 Bq (20 mCi) or more, died of bone marrow failure within 20 days. 2) In long-term experiment, BCF1 mice given 1.4 x 10+8 Bq to 5.6 x 10+8 Bq developed solid tumors in a variety of tissues but with no obvious dose dependency. 3) The fractionated exposure of 7.4 x 10+8 Bq (1.9 x 10+8 each, at 7-day intervals) was highly effective in induction of malignant T-cell lymphomas (85%) with a shorter latency than that of a single exposure (15%). 4) A protracted irradiation of 0.27 Gy of (137)Cs, designed to simulate the decreasing absorption rate with time after a single i.p. injection of an equivalent dose of HTO resulted in a drastic reduction in induction rate of ovarian tumors as compared with that of an acute (60)Co gamma irradiation. 5) The carcinogenic potential of HTO, given as a single i.p. injection, was quite similar to that of acute(60)Co gamma ray irradiation at both 2.7 Gy and 0.27 Gy levels. On the other hand, the effect of HTO was slightly higher than that of protracted gamma-ray irradiation. 6) 252Cf fission neutrons was found to be more potent in tumor induction than gamma-rays or HTO beta-rays under the present experimental conditions.
Seyama T et al; J Radiat Res 32 Suppl 2: 132-42 (1991)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ The purpose of this study was to determine the carcinogenicity and retention of tritiated water (HTO) in mice. A two-part study was undertaken. In an HTO-incorporation study, both sexes of 12-day old C3H/HeN mice were i.p. injected with 3.70 MBq/pup of HTO and sacrificed 3 hr and 1, 3, 7, 14 days after HTO administration; in a carcinogenicity study, pups were given a single i.p. injection of HTO at doses of 0, 0.23, 0.92 and 3.70 MBq/mouse, and then observed for 14 months. The survival rates of both sexes slightly decreased upon increasing the HTO administered doses. The results indicated that the administration of HTO to infants led to a significant increase of liver tumors in male mice, but not in females. In female mice, ovarian tumors were observed for the high-dose group of injected HTO.
Yin H et al; J Radiat Res 43 (4): 345-51 (2002)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Previously we reported hematopoietic death as an effect of tritiated water (HTO) in drinking water in the concentration range from 5.92 x 10+11 to 1.85 x 10+10 Bq/dm3. In the present study the effects of HTO in a lower concentration range from 9.25 x 10+9 Bq/dm3 (0.240 Gy/day) to 3.70 x 10+8 Bq/cudm (0.096 Gy/day) are reported. Female (C57BL/6N and C3H/He)F1 mice were maintained on drinking water containing various levels of HTO. Mice survived for > 150 days with a high incidence of tumor development (70 to 80%). In the dose-rate range from 9.25 x 10+9 Bq/cudm (0.240 Gy/day) to 1.85 x 10+9 Bq/cudm (0.048 Gy/day) the main cause of death was thymic lymphoma. However, at a dose-rate of 9.25 x 10+8 Bq/cudm (0.024 Gy/day) the incidence of thymic lymphoma sharply decreased, while the incidence of other tumors increased. The tumor type became more diverse at lower concentrations of HTO. The latent period of tumor development was shorter and the life-shortening effect was more marked by (3)H beta-irradiation in this study than b X- or gamma-irradiation reported in other investigations.
Yamamoto O et al; Int J Radiat Biol 68 (1): 47-54 (1995)
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ The carcinogenicity of (3)H administrated as tritiated water ((3)H2 O) was tested in mice by intraperitoneal injection or oral administration, and in rats by intraperitoneal injection producing thymic lymphoma and myeloid leukeamia in mice and mammary tumours [tumour type not specified] in rats.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V100D 295 (2012)
For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Tritium oxide (30 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10.2 Ecological Information

10.2.1 Ecotoxicity Excerpts

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Using an integrated approach linking different levels of biological organisation, the genotoxic, cytotoxic, developmental and survival impact of tritiated water (HTO) were investigated in the embryo-larvae of marine mollusc Mytilus edulis. One-hour-old embryos were exposed to a range of concentrations (0.37-370 kBq/mL) of HTO, which delivered a dose between 0.02 and 21.41 mGy over the exposure period for different end points. Detrimental effects, if any, were monitored at different levels of biological organisation (i.e. DNA, chromosomal, cellular and individual). Genotoxic effects were assessed using molecular and cytogenetic approaches which included analysis of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and chromosomal aberrations (Cabs). Cytotoxic effects were evaluated by determining the proliferative rate index (PRI) of the embryo-larval cells. Developmental and survival effects were also monitored every 24 hr up to 72 hr. Results in general indicated that HTO significantly increased cytogenetic damage, cytotoxicity, developmental abnormalities and mortality of the embryo-larvae as a function of concentration or radiation dose. The analysis of RAPD profiles also revealed qualitative effects in the HTO exposed population compared to controls. However, while the embryo-larvae showed dose or concentration dependent effects for mortality, developmental abnormalities and induction of SCEs, the dose-dependent effects were not apparent for Cabs and PRI at higher doses. The study contributes to our limited understanding of the impact of environmentally relevant radionuclides on non-human biota and emphasises the need for further investigations to elucidate potentially long term damage induced by persistent, low levels of other radionuclides on commercially and ecologically important species, in order to protect human and ecosystem health.
Hagger JA et al; Aquat Toxicol 74 (3): 205-17 (2005)
/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Tritium ((3)H) is a radioactive element of ecological concern because of its release into aquatic ecosystems from nuclear power plants. However, the acute and chronic effects of tritiated water (HTO) on aquatic organisms are poorly documented, as are its effects on oxidative stress. In addition, the effects of HTO in combination with other contaminants remain largely unexamined. Herein, we document the effect of HTO on a primary aquatic producer (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) by measuring growth and oxidative stress using fluorimetric (H(2) DCF-DA) determination of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production. The maximum cell density of the alga (1.65 X 10+6 cells/mL) ) was reduced by 23% (1.27 X 10+6 cells/mL ) at the highest exposure tested (59 MBq/mL HTO), whereas cells exposed to 0.9 MBq/mL showed a significantly enhanced maximum cell density of 1.90 X 10+6 cells/mL , an increase of 15%. With regard to oxidative stress, exposure to HTO (0.04, 0.16, and 2.8 MBq/mL) induced an early dose-dependent peak in ROS production after 14-15 min of exposure, followed by a slow decrease in ROS which stabilized after 60 min. Moreover, this study showed that the presence of HTO may influence the impact of other conventional, nonradioactive contaminants, such as copper, a well known oxidizing trace metal for aquatic organisms. A significant synergic effect of copper and HTO on ROS production was observed. This synergic effect on oxidative stress was shown to be linked to an enhanced copper uptake rate measured in the presence of HTO (> 4 times). We conclude that HTO should be considered as a sensitizer when in a mixture with other contaminants, especially through interactions on the antioxidant system of algae.
Rety C et al; Environ Toxicol 27 (3): 155-65 (2012)
/AQUATIC SPECIES/ This study was designed to investigate radiation-induced vertebral malformations in medaka embryos irradiated with beta particles from tritium. Embryos of two inbred strains (HO4 and HO5) of medaka, Oryzias latipes, were exposed either to different concentrations of tritiated water (9.25-37 MBq/mL) or to 137Cs gamma rays (dose rates of 0.44-1.89 Gy/day) continuously from morula to hatching. The newly hatched fry were removed from the radiation field and kept under usual conditions for 1 month. Young fish were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, cleared in 1% KOH, stained with alizarin red S, and kept in glycerine. There was almost no difference in the response to radiation between medaka strains. No marked reduction of hatching rate was observed after chronic irradiation with beta particles and gamma rays, but a considerable reduction in survival of fry was detected in irradiated groups within 1 month after hatching. From observation of whole-mounted skeleton specimens, the following vertebral malformations were found in irradiated groups: fusion of two or more vertebrae, incomplete formation of vertebrae, and lack of vertebral process. The incidence of vertebral malformations increased significantly in both groups irradiated with tritium beta particles and 137Cs gamma rays. A similarity in the incidences was also observed between beta-particle- and gamma-irradiated groups. The RBE /relative biological effectiveness/ of beta particles relative to gamma rays was estimated to be 1 based on the dose-response relationships observed.
Hyodo-Taguchi Y, Etoh H; Radiat Res 135 (3): 400-4 (1993)
/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Embryos of medaka, Oryzias latipes, were exposed to tritiated water and (137)Cs gamma rays continuously from the one-cell stage until hatching (10 days at 26 °C). Germ cells in the gonads of newly hatched fry were counted in histological sections and compared with controls. The accumulated dose for 50% survival of germ cells was 195 rad for tritium beta rays and 350 rad for (137)Cs gamma rays. Female progeny were produced using Yamamoto's method. The 50% survival doses for female germ cells treated in a manner similar to that described above were 140 rad for beta rays and 305 rad for gamma rays. When embryos of medaka were irradiated with gamma rays below an accumulated dose of 475 rad or treated with tritiated water at a concentration of 0.2 mCi/mL or lower, the dose response of the germ cells showed an exponential relationship. It appeared that there was no threshold or significant dose-rate effect for either beta or gamma rays on germ cell survival, and that tritium beta rays were more effective than (137)Cs gamma rays in germ cell killing.
Etoh H, Hyodo-Taguchi Y; Radiat Res 93 (2): 332-9 (1983)

10.2.2 Natural Pollution Sources

Tritium occurs in nature only in equilibrium with amounts produced by cosmic rays or man-made nuclear devices. /Tritium/
Katz JJ; Deuterium and Tritium, Tritium. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (1999-2014). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 4 Dec 2000

10.2.3 Probable Routes of Human Exposure

In general, internal exposure from tritium at pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs) accounts for 20-40% of the total radiation dose. Tritium usually reaches equilibrium concentration after a few hours inside the body and is then excreted from the body with an effective half-life in the order of 10 d. In this study, tritium metabolism was reviewed using its excretion rate in urine samples of workers at Korean PHWRs. The tritium concentration in workers' urine samples was also measured as a function of time after intake. On the basis of the monitoring results, changes in the tritium concentration inside the body were then analyzed.
Kim HG, Kong TY; Radiat Prot Dosimetry 152(4): 406-9 (2012)

11 Literature

11.1 Consolidated References

11.2 NLM Curated PubMed Citations

11.3 Springer Nature References

11.4 Thieme References

11.5 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Literature

11.6 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Literature

11.7 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Literature

12 Patents

12.1 Depositor-Supplied Patent Identifiers

12.2 WIPO PATENTSCOPE

12.3 Chemical Co-Occurrences in Patents

12.4 Chemical-Disease Co-Occurrences in Patents

12.5 Chemical-Gene Co-Occurrences in Patents

13 Classification

13.1 MeSH Tree

13.2 ChEBI Ontology

13.3 ChemIDplus

13.4 EPA DSSTox Classification

13.5 MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology

14 Information Sources

  1. CAS Common Chemistry
    LICENSE
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    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
  2. ChemIDplus
    ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/ChemIDplus
  3. EPA DSSTox
    CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
    https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/
  4. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
  5. ChEBI
  6. ChEMBL
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    Access to the web interface of ChEMBL is made under the EBI's Terms of Use (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html). The ChEMBL data is made available on a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/).
    http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/termsofuse.html
  7. Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
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    https://haz-map.com/About
  8. Japan Chemical Substance Dictionary (Nikkaji)
  9. SpectraBase
  10. Springer Nature
  11. Thieme Chemistry
    LICENSE
    The Thieme Chemistry contribution within PubChem is provided under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
  12. Wikidata
  13. Wikipedia
  14. PubChem
  15. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
    LICENSE
    Works produced by the U.S. government are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any such works found on National Library of Medicine (NLM) Web sites may be freely used or reproduced without permission in the U.S.
    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
  16. MolGenie
    MolGenie Organic Chemistry Ontology
    https://github.com/MolGenie/ontology/
  17. PATENTSCOPE (WIPO)
  18. NCBI
CONTENTS