AID	Name	Type	Comment
588815	Summary of the probe development efforts to identify transcriptional activators of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70).	summary	Summary (Hsp70 activators)
1203	Primary cell-based high-throughput screening assay to identify transcriptional activators of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70)	screening	Primary screen (Hsp70 activators in singlicate)
1252	Dose response cell-based high-throughput screening assay to identify transcriptional activators of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70)	confirmatory	Dose response (Hsp70 activators in triplicate)
1259	Cytotoxicity counterscreen assay for transcriptional activators of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70)	confirmatory	Dose response counterscreen (cytotoxocity in triplicate)
651945	Late-stage results from the probe development effort to identify transcriptional activators of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70): fluorescence-based biochemical quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay to assess Hsp70 gene expression changes	other	Late-stage assay (Hsp70 gene expression changes)
651948	Late-stage results from the probe development effort to identify transcriptional activators of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70): chemiluminescence-based biochemical western blot assay for transcriptional activators of heat shock protein Hsp70	other	Late-stage assay (Hsp70 transcriptional activators)
651950	Late stage assay for the probe development effort to identify transcriptional activators of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70). Luminescence-based-cell-based high-throughput dose response assay for Hsp70 activators	other	Late stage dose response (Hsp70 activators in triplicate)
651992	Late-stage results from the probe development effort to identify transcriptional activators of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70): yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) quenching assay to assess changes in trafficking of DeltaF508-CFTR	other

Source (MLSCN Center Name): The Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center
Center Affiliation: The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI)
Assay Provider: Richard Morimoto, Northwestern University
Network: Molecular Library Screening Center Network (MLSCN)
Grant Proposal Number: 5 R21 NS056337-02
Grant Proposal PI: Richard Morimoto

External Assay ID: DOWNSTREAM GENES_AG_FLUO_QPCR

Name: Late-stage results from the probe development effort to identify transcriptional activators of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70): fluorescence-based biochemical quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay to assess gene expression changes in downstream target genes.

Description:

The human heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) family is evolutionarily conserved among all organisms from archaebacteria to humans, suggesting an essential role in cell survival (1, 2). Under circumstances of transient cell stress, the heat shock response and activities of molecular chaperones can restore protein homeostasis. In human disease, however, misfolded proteins can accumulate when polyglutamine-expansion proteins are chronically expressed over the life of the cell. Elevated expression of molecular chaperones suppresses protein misfolding/aggregation and toxicity phenotypes in various model systems of Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Mutations in the respective proteins huntingtin, tau, alpha-synuclein, and superoxide dismutase (SOD1), associated with these diseases, result in the appearance of misfolded species that adopt alternate conformations. These observations led to the proposal that a common feature of diverse diseases of protein conformation is the appearance of alternate folded states that self-associate and form toxic species and protein aggregates.

A role for Hsp70 family proteins in controlling these events has been widely studied. Studies with mammalian tissue culture cells, transgenic mice, Drosophila, and C. elegans have established that the heat shock response can be activated in cells expressing aggregation-prone proteins, suggesting a role for molecular chaperones as an adaptive survival response (3, 4). Moreover, a direct relationship with polyglutamine diseases is suggested by the co-localization of several heat shock proteins, including Hdj-1, Hdj-2, Hsp70 and ubiquitin with polyglutamine aggregates in the tissues of affected individuals, transgenic mice and tissue culture cells (5). Finally, overexpression of Hsp70 can suppress the toxicity associated with the accumulation of misfolded proteins (6-8). High throughput screening initiatives aimed at the identification of compounds that enhance the heat shock response, in particular Hsp70, will provide insights into this conserved cellular process and may lead to novel therapeutics for these devastating disorders.

References:

1.Gupta, R.S., and Singh, B. 1994. Phylogenetic analysis of 70 kD heat shock protein sequences suggests a chimeric origin for the eukaryotic cell nucleus. Curr Biol 4:1104-1114.
2.Lindquist, S., and Craig, E.A. 1988. The heat-shock proteins. Annu Rev Genet 22:631-677.
3.Satyal, S.H., Schmidt, E., Kitagawa, K., Sondheimer, N., Lindquist, S., Kramer, J.M., and Morimoto, R.I. 2000. Polyglutamine aggregates alter protein folding homeostasis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:5750-5755.
4.Wyttenbach, A., Carmichael, J., Swartz, J., Furlong, R.A., Narain, Y., Rankin, J., and Rubinsztein, D.C. 2000. Effects of heat shock, heat shock protein 40 (HDJ-2), and proteasome inhibition on protein aggregation in cellular models of Huntington's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:2898-2903.
5.Cummings, C.J., Mancini, M.A., Antalffy, B., DeFranco, D.B., Orr, H.T., and Zoghbi, H.Y. 1998. Chaperone suppression of aggregation and altered subcellular proteasome localization imply protein misfolding in SCA1. Nat Genet 19:148-154.
6.Krobitsch, S., and Lindquist, S. 2000. Aggregation of huntingtin in yeast varies with the length of the polyglutamine expansion and the expression of chaperone proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:1589-1594.
7.Kazemi-Esfarjani, P., and Benzer, S. 2000. Genetic suppression of polyglutamine toxicity in Drosophila. Science 287:1837-1840.
8.Warrick, J.M., Chan, H.Y., Gray-Board, G.L., Chai, Y., Paulson, H.L., and Bonini, N.M. 1999. Suppression of polyglutamine-mediated neurodegeneration in Drosophila by the molecular chaperone HSP70. Nat Genet 23:425-428.

Keywords:

Hsp70, HSPA1A, HSF1, heat shock transcription factor 1, Glutamate-cysteine ligase, modifier subunit, GCLM, Ddit3 DNA-damage inducible transcript 3, CHOP, Hspa5 heat shock protein 5, BiP, Hmox1 heme oxygenase (decycling) 1, HO-1, chaperone, agonist, activator, QPCR, RTPCR, qRT-PCR, RNA, polymerase chain reaction, PCR, mouse embryo fibroblasts, MEFs, mouse 8-gene multiplex, celastrol, primers, cDNA, mRNA, counterscreen, streptavidin-phycoerythrin, SAPE, fluorescence, late stage, late stage AID, assay provider, powders, Scripps, Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, Molecular Library Screening Center Network, MLSCN.

Targets

Data Table(Active)    Data Table(All)

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PID§		Name	Substance		Panel Targets	Description	Additional Information
			Active	Inactive
1		Hsp70	1		heat shock 70 kDa protein 1A [Mus musculus] [gi:124339829]		Taxonomy id: 10090 Gene id: 193740
2		GCLM	1		glutamate--cysteine ligase regulatory subunit [Mus musculus] [gi:6680019]		Taxonomy id: 10090 Gene id: 14630
3		CHOP	1		DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein [Mus musculus] [gi:160707929]		Taxonomy id: 10090 Gene id: 13198
4		BiP	1		Heat shock protein 5 [Mus musculus] [gi:29748016]		Taxonomy id: 10090 Gene id: 14828
5		HO-1	1		heme oxygenase 1 [Mus musculus] [gi:6754212]		Taxonomy id: 10090 Gene id: 15368

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§ Panel component ID.

Assay Overview:

The purpose of this assay is to determine whether powder samples of a compound identified as a transcriptional activator of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) modulates the gene expression of Hsp70 involved in the heat shock response and protein homeostasis, as well as the expression of four other stress-responsive proteostasis network pathways in addition to the heat shock response. These are the regulatory subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCLM), the proapoptotic growth-arrest-inducible and DNA-damage-inducible gene (CHOP), the UPR-inducible heat shock protein 5 gene (BiP), and heme oxidase 1 (HO-1). In this assay, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) are incubated with test compound and harvested. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is performed using mouse 8-gene multiplex probe sets. RNA product is detected by streptavidin-phycoerythrin (SAPE) fluorescence. Gene expression is normalized to TATA-box binding protein (TBP) housekeeping gene and compared to levels in cells treated with DMSO only. As designed, test compounds that induce an increase in target gene expression will result in an increase in amplified RNA product and an increase in well fluorescence. Cells are treated with test compound in a 7-point dilution series from 0.15 to 10 uM).

Protocol Summary:

Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were maintained on Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% v/v fetal bovine serum (FBS), 0.1 mM nonessential amino acids, 100 U/ml penicillin/streptomycin, and 55 uM 2-mercaptoethanol. The cells were seeded at a density of 12,000 cells/well in 96-well plates with an overnight incubation at 37 C in 5% CO2. Cells were treated with test compound and the reference positive controls MG132 (1 uM), geldanamycin (1 uM), tunicamycin (1 uM), and sulphoraphane (1 uM). Untreated and DMSO-treated cells served as negative controls. Cell lysis with 50% [v/v] Panomics Lysis Mixture (Lysis Mixture + 10 ul/ml Proteinase K) was performed 6 hours post-compound treatment. Lysed cells were heated at 50 C to ensure appropriate lysis and the plates were then frozen at -80 C. Cell lysates, thawed at room temperature on the day of the assay, were pooled with mouse 8-gene multiplex probe sets and with 8 different sets of magnetic capture beads in a 100 ul/well volume. Biomek FX was used at every liquid transfer step to reduce variability by human error. The eight plates containing lysate-probe-bead mixtures were incubated at 54 C +/- 1 C on a shaking platform for an overnight incubation in the dark (18-20 hours). The following day the hybridization plates were compressed by transferring the hybridized lysates into a single magnetic capture plate. The plate was kept on a magnet to hold the beads and then washed with Panomics Wash Buffer 2.0 on a BioTek ELx405 select plate washer to remove any unbound sample. This step was followed by serial hybridizations and washings of the branched DNA (bDNA) pre-amplifier (1 hour, 50 C), bDNA amplifier (1 hour, 50 C), label probe (1 hour, 50 C), and streptavidin-phycoerythrin (SAPE, 30 minutes, room temperature). The plate was then washed with SAPE wash buffer to remove unbound SAPE and each well was analyzed with the Luminex FlexMap3D. SAPE fluorescence measured from each bead was proportional to the number of mRNA transcripts captured by the beads.

Fold inductions in gene expression were obtained for each gene per well by normalizing the raw data first to the DMSO control and then to the TATA-box binding protein (TBP) housekeeping gene.

PubChem Activity Outcome and Score:

The following applies to each panel in this assay:

Compounds were considered active in up-regulating stress responsive pathways if they caused a greater than or equal to 2.0-fold induction in gene expression compared to the DMSO levels (set at 1.0) at any compound concentration tested.

Overall Outcome and Score:

The overall outcome was active if the compound was active in at least one panel, inactive otherwise.

The overall score is 0 if the compound was inactive, otherwise the score is taken as the fraction of panels where the compound is active, multiplied by 100.

The PubChem Activity Score range for active compounds is 100-100. There are no inactive compounds.

List of reagents:

Mouse embryo fibroblast (MEF) cells (provided by Assay Provider)
DMEM (Invitrogen)
Mouse 8-gene multiplex probe sets (Luminex Technology)
Luminex FlexMap3D (Luminex Technology)

This assay was performed by the assay provider with powder samples of purchased test compound.

Grant Number: 5 R21 NS056337-02