AID	Name	Type	Comment
435007	Summary of Broad Institute MLPCN Beta Cell Apoptosis Inhibition Project	summary	Summary assay

Keywords: insulin, beta cell, ELISA, INS1E insulinoma cells, Type I diabetes

Assay Overview:
This assay measures glucose-induced insulin secretion, the gold standard for beta-cell function. The insulin stimulatory index can be measured by ELISA, after 1-hour incubation with "high glucose" (typically 16.7 mM) in the experimental buffer, in comparison with "low glucose" (typically 1.67 mM). The rat INS-1E cell line is derived from a clone selected for high levels of insulin secretion in response to glucose, and thus serves as a good model of beta-cell function. Beta cells treated with cytokines lose their insulin secretory response to glucose. Small molecules that can promote beta-cell survival should restore insulin secretion.

Protocol: ELISA-based readout of insulin production

INS-1E cells were seeded in 96-well plates at 20,000 cells per well and incubated for 48 h in 100 uL of fresh RPMI containing 1% FBS and the cytokine cocktail (10 ng/mL IL-1 beta (R&D Systems, 501-RL), 25 ng/mL TNF-alpha (R&D Systems, 410-MT), 50 ng/mL IFN-gamma (R&D Systems, 485-MI)), in the presence or absence of compounds. Cells were washed and incubated for 2 h in KRBH (135 mM NaCl, 3.6 mM KCl, 5 mM NaHCO3, 0.5 mM NaH2PO4, 0.5 mM MgCl2, 1.5 mM CaCl2, 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 0.1% BSA) without glucose. Cells were subsequently incubated with KRBH containing 2 or 15 mM glucose for 1 h. The supernatant was taken for measurement of released insulin. Insulin was measured with a rat insulin ELISA kit (Alpco).

ALPCO INSULIN ELISA PROTOCOL
ASSAY PROCEDURE:
Bring all reagents and microplate strips to room temperature prior to use. Gently mix all reagents before use. A standard curve must be performed with each assay and with each microplate if more than one is run at a time. All standards, samples, and the control should be run in duplicate

1. Ensure that microplates are at room temperature prior to opening foil pouch. Designate enough microplate strips for the standards, desired number of samples, and control. The remaining strips should be stored at 2-8 deg C in the tightly sealed foil pouch containing the desiccant.

2. Pipette 5 ul of each standard or sample into its respective wells.

3. Pipette 75 ul of Working Strength Conjugate into each well.

4. Incubate for 2 hours, shaking at 700-900 rpm on a horizontal microplate shaker at room temperature (18-25 degrees C).

5. Wash the microplate 6 times with 250 ul Working Strength Wash Buffer with a microplate washer. Alternatively, use a wash bottle to fill the wells, and then discard the liquid, inverting and firmly tapping the microplate on absorbent paper towels between washes. After the final wash with either the microplate washer, remove any residual Wash Buffer and bubbles from the wells by inverting and firmly tapping the microplate on absorbent paper towels.

6. Pipette 100 ul of TMB Substrate into each well.

7. Incubate for 15 minutes at room temperature (18-25 degrees C) on a horizontal microplate shaker (700-900 rpm).

8. Pipette 100 ul of Stop Solution into each well. Gently shake the microplate to stop the reaction. Remove bubbles before reading with microplate reader.

9. Place the microplate in a microplate reader capable of reading the absorbance at 450nm with a reference wavelength of 620-650nm. The microplate should be analyzed within 30 minutes following the addition of Stop Solution.

PRESENCE OF CONTROLS: Neutral control wells (NC) and positive control wells (PC) were included on every plate.

EXPECTED OUTCOME: Active compounds result in increasing readout signal.

ACTIVE CONCENTRATION LIMIT:
For each sample, the highest valid tested concentration (HVC) was determined and the active concentration limit (AC_limit) was set to equal to (10)(HVC).

NORMALIZATION:
The raw signals of the plate wells were normalized using the 'Neutral Controls' method in Genedata Assay Analyzer (v7.0.3):
The median raw signal of the intraplate neutral controls (NC) is set to a normalized activity value of 0.
A normalized activity value of 100 is defined as (2)(NC).
A normalized activity value of -50 is defined as (0.5)(NC).
Experimental wells values were scaled to this range.

PATTERN CORRECTION: No plate pattern correction algorithm from Genedata Condoseo (v.7.0.3) was applied.

MEASUREMENT USED TO DETERMINE ACTIVE CONCENTRATION(AC): AC50
AC values were calculated using the curve fitting strategies in Genedata Screener Condoseo (7.0.3).
AC values were calculated up to the active concentration limit described for each sample.

PUBCHEM_ACTIVITY_OUTCOME:
Activity_Outcome = 1 (inactive) when:
a) curve fit is constant where activity is > -30% and < 30% at all tested concentrations, or
b) AC > AC_limit, or
c) compound shows activity but in a direction opposite to the expected outcome
in these cases, values describing curve fitting parameters (Sinf, S0, Hill Slope, log_AC50, log_AC50_SE) are set to null

Activity_Outcome = 2 (active) when:
AC <= AC_limit

Activity_Outcome = 3 (inconclusive) when:
a) Curve fitting strategy resulted in a constant fit with activity >= 30% but <= 70%, or
b) The fit was not valid due to poor fit quality.

PUBCHEM_ACTIVITY_SCORE:

PUBCHEM_ACTIVITY_SCORE = 0 when PUBCHEM_ACTIVITY_OUTCOME = 1 (inactive) or 3 (inconclusive)

PUBCHEM_ACTIVITY_SCORE = (-10)[Log(AC)], where AC is in molar, when PUBCHEM_ACTIVITY_OUTCOME = 2 (active)
Scores relate to AC in this manner:

120 = 1 pM
90 = 1 nM
60 = 1 uM
30 = 1 mM
0 = 1 M

PUBCHEM_ACTIVITY_SCORE = 100 when the curve fit is constant and showing full inhibition at all tested concentrations.

NOTE:

The individual dose data point columns ('Activity_at_xxuM') reported here represent the median of valid (unmasked) replicate observations at each concentration. These values are the inputs to a curve fitting algorithm.

All other data columns represent values which are derived during the curve fitting algorithm; this may sometimes include automatic further masking of some replicate data points.
Occasionally this results in perceived inconsistencies: for example, between the derived 'Maximal_Activity' and the apparent most active data point.

Grant Number: DP2 DK083048