AID	Name	Type	Probe	Comment
1209	HTS identification of compounds inhibiting phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) via a fluorescence intensity assay.	confirmatory
1220	HTS identification of compounds inhibiting phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) via a fluorescence intensity assay using a high concentration of mannose 6-phosphate	confirmatory
1545	Summary - Compounds inhibiting phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) via a fluorescence intensity assay.	summary	2
1553	Screening for Phosphomannose Isomerase inhibitors in cellular based assay using Hela cells.	other
1574	Summary assay for the identification of compounds that inhibit PHOSPHO1	summary	1
1620	Toxicity Screening of PMI Inhibitors in Hela cells	other

Data Source: Sanford-Burnham Center for Chemical Genomics (SBCCG)
Source Affiliation: Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute (SBMRI, San Diego, CA)
Network: NIH Molecular Libraries Screening Centers Network (MLSCN)
Grant Number: R03 MH082386-01
Assay Provider: Dr. Hudson H. Freeze, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, San Diego, CA

Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG) are autosomal recessive defects in the synthesis of N-linked oligosaccharide chains. CDG group I (CDG-I) defects are defined as those caused by mutations in genes encoding enzymes used for the synthesis and transfer of lipid linked oligosaccharide (LLO) to newly synthesized proteins in the lumen of the ER. The steps in this pathway and the genes encoding them are very similar from yeast to human. It requires 30-40 single gene products, each dependent on the previous step in the linear sequence to produce and transfer the LLO to protein. Therefore, mutations in any step may cause a type of CDG. There is considerable overlap in the clinical presentations between different types of CDG and a broad diversity within each type. The most common form of CDG, called Type Ia (CDG-Ia), is caused by defects in PMM2 (Man-6-P to Man-1-P), the gene that encodes phosphomannomutase. Mortality is 20% in the first 5 yrs, but then patients stabilize. Currently, there is no treatment for the CDG-Ia.

CDG-Ib patients, who are deficient in phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) catalyzing conversion of Man-6-P to Fru-6-P, are successfully treated with free mannose. Unfortunately, mannose therapy is not effective for CDG-Ia patients, most likely due to efficient Man-6-P consumption in the PMI reaction. It is believed that patients with Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation Type Ia (CDG-Ia) will benefit from dietary mannose if there is a simultaneous reduction of phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) activity. This would allow a modest intracellular accumulation of Man-6-P and drive metabolic flux into the glycosylation pathway using the residual PMM2 activity. It is assumed that a non-competitive inhibitor would work best in this setting; however, identification of chemical probes with diverse modes of action (MOA) would be advantageous for further characterization of PMI and PMM variants.

The purpose of this assay is to identify inhibitors of human PMI. This is accomplished by using a G6PD- NADPH-coupled assay. In the assay PMI activity is detected through conversion of its product, fructose-6-phosphate, to glucose-6-phosphate catalyzed by phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) and subsequent oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconolactone concomitant with NADP-to-NADPH conversion catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH). The NADPH is then detected via a resazurin-diaphorase fluorogenic reaction.

This assay is performed in the presence of near-Km concentrations of the PMI substrate, mannose-6-phosphate, to ensure the identification of inhibitors with diverse MOAs.

This dose response assay is developed and performed to confirm hits originally identified in "HTS identification of compounds inhibiting phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) via a fluorescence intensity assay" (AID 1209) and to study the structure-activity relationship on analogs of the confirmed hits. Compounds are either acquired from commercial sources or synthesized internally.

PMI assay materials:

1) Human PMI protein was provided by Dr. Hudson Freeze (Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, San Diego, CA).
2) Substrate working solution: 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 0.4 mM Mannose-6-phosphate, 1.6 U/ml Diaphorase, 0.2 mM Resazurin.
3) Enzyme working solution: 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 0.44 mM NADP+, 9.048 mM MgCl2, 0.01% Tween 20, 4.6 ug/ml phosphoglucose isomerase, 30 ng/ml PMI, 1.8 ug/ml G6PDH.

PMI Dose-response confirmation protocol:

1) 9 uL of Substrate working solution was added to columns 3-24 of a Greiner 384-well black plate (cat # 784076) using a WellMate bulk dispenser (Matrix)
2) 9 ul of Substrate working solution without mannose-6-p was added to columns 1 and 2 (positive control)
3) Dose-response curves contained 10 concentrations of compounds obtained using 2-fold serial dilution. Compounds were serially diluted in 100% DMSO, and then diluted with water to 10% final DMSO concentration.
4) 2 uL compounds in 10% DMSO were transferred into columns 3-22. Columns 1-2 and 23-24 contained 4 uL of 10% DMSO.
5) 9 uL of Enzyme working solution was added to the whole plate using a Thermo Multidrop Combi dispenser.
6) Plates were incubated at room temperature for 30 min.
7) The plates were read on an Analyst plate reader (Molecular Devices), Ex544, Em590.
8) Data analysis was performed using CBIS software (ChemInnovations, Inc).

The compounds were tested in 1 or more concentration ranges.

Range1 0-100 uM
Range2 0-1 uM
Range3 0-10 uM
Range4 0-50 uM
Range5 0-5 uM
Range6 0-0.5 uM
For all samples in each range that resolved to an IC50 the results were averaged and reported as IC50_Range. The IC50 results for all of the IC50s were averaged to produce IC50_Mean.

Compounds with an IC50_Mean < 100 uM are considered to be active in this assay.

To simplify the distinction between the inactives of the primary screen and of the confirmatory screening stage, the Tiered Activity Scoring System was developed and implemented. Its utilization for the PMI assay is described below.

Activity Scoring
Activity scoring rules were devised to take into consideration compound efficacy, its potential interference with the assay and the screening stage that the data was obtained. Details of the Scoring System will be published elsewhere. Briefly, the outline of the scoring system utilized for the PMI assay is as follows:

1) First tier (0-40 range) is reserved for primary screening data data and is not applicable to this assay.

2) Second tier (41-80 range) is reserved for dose-response confirmation data and is not applicable to this assay.

3) Third tier (81-100 range) is reserved for resynthesized true positives and their analogues

a. Inactive compounds of the confirmatory stage are assigned a score value equal 81.
b. The score is linearly correlated with a compound's inhibitory potency and, in addition, provides a measure of the likelihood that the compound is not an artifact based on the available information.
c. The Hill coefficient is taken as a measure of compound behavior in the assay via an additional scaling factor QC:
QC = 2.6*[exp(-0.5*nH^2) - exp(-1.5*nH^2)]
This empirical factor prorates the likelihood of target-specific compound effect vs. its non-specific behavior in the assay. This factor is based on expectation that a compound with a single mode of action that achieved equilibrium in the PMI inhibition assay demonstrates the Hill coefficient value of 1. Compounds deviating from that behavior are penalized proportionally to the degree of their deviation.
d. Summary equation that takes into account the items discussed above is
Score = 82 + 3*(pEC50 - 3)*QC,
where pEC50 is a negative log(10) of the EC50 value expressed in mole/L concentration units. This equation results in the Score values above 50 for compounds that demonstrate high potency and predictable behavior. Compounds that are inactive in the assay or whose concentration-dependent behavior are likely to be an artifact of that assay will generally have lower Score values.

Grant Number: R03 MH082386-01